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1

Carlson, A. J., and Nicholas Cooper. "Houses of the Gentry, 1480-1680." Sixteenth Century Journal 32, no. 2 (2001): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671852.

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2

Carpenter, Christine. "Gentry and Community in Medieval England." Journal of British Studies 33, no. 4 (October 1994): 340–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386061.

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There is now a strong case for banning the word “community” from all academic writing and an even stronger one for banning it from the vocabulary of politics. As one early modern historian has put it, the word is becoming a “shibboleth.” It is employed where “group” or “society,” for example, would be more appropriate, and, worst of all, its use is often not just a matter of slack thought but expresses an implicit hankering for some mythical past when there were “communities.” The increasing overworking of the word by politicians and other public figures can be related to an uneasy feeling that the sense of belonging and of mutual obligation implicit in the idea of “community” are disappearing. Accordingly, if they call things “communities” often enough, that will somehow create them. This prelapsarian attitude to communities is, as we shall see, quite as fundamental to historical use of the term. It is the purpose of this article to examine critically how the word has been applied in relation to the medieval English gentry, to ask whether there can be any legitimate use in this context, and to look at the types of identity, whether communitarian or not, that may have obtained among this important group within medieval society.Historiographically, the “gentry community,” as is well-known, first appeared in the seventeenth century, specifically in the work of Alan Everitt.
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3

Coss, P. R. "THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH GENTRY." Past and Present 147, no. 1 (1995): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/147.1.38.

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4

Rodwell, Dennis. ""Gentry"? Heritage Conservation for Communities." Change Over Time 8, no. 1 (2018): 74–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cot.2018.0004.

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5

Coss, P. "Hilton, Lordship and the Culture of the Gentry." Past & Present 195, Supplement 2 (January 1, 2007): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtm020.

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6

Baker, Bruce E., and Betty N. Smith. "Jane Hicks Gentry: A Singer among Singers." Journal of American Folklore 113, no. 448 (2000): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/541304.

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7

Smeeton, Donald Dean, Margaret Aston, and Colin Richmond. "Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages." Sixteenth Century Journal 29, no. 1 (1998): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544486.

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8

Bowden, Caroline, and Frances Payne. "Women of the english nobility and gentry, 1066-1500." Women's History Review 6, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612029700200269.

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9

Huliuk, Ihor. "Not for Sale, but for Own Need”: Trade of the Volhynian Gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Second Half of the 16th — First Half of the 17th Century." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(79) (August 3, 2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.235163.

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The article analyzes socioeconomic processes in the early modern Europe, in particular trade in its separate regions. It considers the classical economic model focused on the industry and agriculture, which Eastern and Western Europe followed in their multifaceted development. It studies legislation, namely the Second Lithuanian Statute and the Sejm Constitutions for assessing the involvement of gentry representatives in commerce. It indicates that the activity of the Volhynian gentry in the internal trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was due to both external changes in the market, primarily the demand for products from Eastern Europe, and the tendency observed on the continent when running a household became a business that made incomes grow. It analyzes general criticism in the intellectual circles of the trade activity of the gentry as such, which could lead to a certain deterioration of traditions. Man-knight and man-merchant intersections in the society of that time were acceptable if a nobleman traded goods from his own estates and could prove it with an oath.The article also investigates key areas of trade of the Volhynian gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of documentary material of court books of the 16th–17th-century Volhynia and previously published sources of economic nature. It studies main range of goods sold and bought by the representatives of the elite, observes the participation of the Volhynian gentry in trade operations with the core centers of the Polish-Lithuanian economy, and their involvement in local fairs and tradings. It shows the role of intermediaries, first of all representatives of the Jewish community and peasants from the gentry fоlwarks, in the trade enterprise of the gentry.
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10

Gunn, S. J. "PEERS, COMMONS AND GENTRY IN THE LINCOLNSHIRE REVOLT OF 1536." Past and Present 123, no. 1 (1989): 52–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/123.1.52.

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11

Reed, Bradly Ward. "Gentry Activism in Nineteenth-Century Sichuan: The Three-Fees Bureau." Late Imperial China 20, no. 2 (1999): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/late.1999.0010.

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12

PAYLING, S. J. "Murder, Motive and Punishment in Fifteenth-Century England: Two Gentry Case-Studies." English Historical Review CXIII, no. 450 (February 1, 1998): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cxiii.450.1.

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13

Hopper, Andrew James. "The Self-Fashioning of Gentry Turncoats during the English Civil Wars." Journal of British Studies 49, no. 2 (April 2010): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649765.

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14

Sheller, Tina H., and Charles G. Steffen. "From Gentlemen to Townsmen: The Gentry of Baltimore County, Maryland, 1660-1776." William and Mary Quarterly 51, no. 3 (July 1994): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2947453.

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15

Briceland, Alan V., and Albert H. Tillson. "Gentry and Common Folk: Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier, 1740- 1789." William and Mary Quarterly 50, no. 4 (October 1993): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2947492.

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16

Nightingale, P. "KNIGHTS AND MERCHANTS: TRADE, POLITICS AND THE GENTRY IN LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND." Past & Present 169, no. 1 (November 1, 2000): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/169.1.36.

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17

Ruggiu, Fran??ois-Joseph. "The urban gentry in England, 1660-1780: a French approach." Historical Research 74, no. 185 (August 2001): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00127.

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18

Youngs, Deborah. "Estate Management, Investment and the Gentleman Landlord in Later Medieval England1." Historical Research 73, no. 181 (June 1, 2000): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00099.

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Abstract This article is based on a booklet of accounts for the small estate of Newton, Cheshire. Compiled 1498-1506 by Newton's gentry landlord, they provide rare information on the management and investment strategies of a minor gentleman for his demesne lands. It is to the gentry that historians have generally turned for evidence of enterprise and investment on medieval estates; but few specific examples have been found. This article offers a detailed example supporting the view of the enterprising gentleman, and arguing that a wider diversity of investment was undertaken on a medieval north Midland's estate than is usually appreciated.
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19

Quitt, Martin H. "Immigrant Origins of the Virginia Gentry: A Study of Cultural Transmission and Innovation." William and Mary Quarterly 45, no. 4 (October 1988): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936981.

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20

Doust, Janet L. "Exploring Gentry Women on the New South Wales Frontier in the 1820s and 1830s." Women's History Review 18, no. 1 (February 2009): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020802608090.

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21

Pomeranz, Kenneth. "PRAYING FOR POWER: BUDIMISM AND THE FORMATION OF GENTRY SOCIETY IN LATE-MING CHINA." Ming Studies 1995, no. 1 (August 1995): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/014703795788763654.

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22

Fryer, Darcy R., and Lorri Glover. "All Our Relations: Blood Ties and Emotional Bonds among the Early South Carolina Gentry." William and Mary Quarterly 59, no. 1 (January 2002): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3491664.

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23

Britain, David. "Beyond the “gentry aesthetic”: elites, Received Pronunciation and the dialectological gaze." Social Semiotics 27, no. 3 (March 12, 2017): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2017.1301794.

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24

Rothery, Mark. "The Reproductive Behavior of the English Landed Gentry in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Journal of British Studies 48, no. 3 (July 2009): 674–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598216.

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25

Wang, Lisha, Meilan JIANG, Tomio MIWA, and Takayuki MORIKAWA. "Investigation on railway investment-induced neighborhood change and local spatial spillover effects in Nagoya, Japan." Journal of Transport and Land Use 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 715–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2021.1763.

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Previous studies have proven the significant causal relationship between railway investment and gentrification in some cities. However, most of them have focused on the gentry and less on the effect on other social classes. To observe how railway investment affects neighborhood change for different population types, this study investigated the investment effects of two urban railway lines separately on the neighborhood change of the gentry, older population, and students in Nagoya, Japan. These two railway lines consisting of a subway and an elevated railway opened in the same year and were located in different areas of the city. Moreover, the spatial autocorrelation in panel data was considered to investigate possible local spillover effects. Finally, we observed that the railway investments in highly urbanized areas were more likely to induce gentrification. In addition, railway investment has some significant treatment effects on students compared to the older population.
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26

Scammell, Jean. "The Formation of the English Social Structure: Freedom, Knights, and Gentry, 1066-1300." Speculum 68, no. 3 (July 1993): 591–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2864967.

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27

Kilbride, Daniel. "Cultivation, Conservatism, and the Early National Gentry: The Manigault Family and Their Circle." Journal of the Early Republic 19, no. 2 (1999): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124953.

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28

Aoki, Yasushi. "To be a member of the leading gentry: the Suffolk voluntary subscriptions of 1782." Historical Research 76, no. 191 (February 1, 2003): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.d01-17.

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Abstract This article examines the Suffolk voluntary subscription campaign conducted to raise funds for the building of naval ships in 1782. By carefully analysing the list of subscribers, as well as by looking into the initial process of the campaign, it demonstrates the importance of the county's leading gentry group. Special attention is paid to Sir Charles Davers of Rushbrooke, one of the principal proposers of the patriotic project, who contributed the comparatively large sum of £300.
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29

Houlbrooke, Ralph. "'Public' and 'private' in the funerals of the later Stuart gentry: Some Somerset examples." Mortality 1, no. 2 (January 1996): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713685831.

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30

Terry, George D., and Richard Waterhouse. "A New World Gentry: The Making of a Merchant and Planter Class in South Carolina, 1670-1770." William and Mary Quarterly 47, no. 4 (October 1990): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937983.

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31

Neville, Cynthia J. "A Gentry Community: Leicestershire in the Fifteenth Century, c. 1422-c. 1485.Eric Acheson." Speculum 70, no. 2 (April 1995): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2864896.

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32

Burchardt, Jeremy. "Reconstructing the Rural Community: Village Halls and the National Council of Social Service, 1919 to 1939." Rural History 10, no. 2 (October 1999): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001783.

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Although rural leisure in the half-century before the First World War is an under-researched subject, its most striking features seem to have been (at least according to the existing historiography) that it was dominated by the gentry and clergy, and restricted both in scope and quantity. The robust rural popular culture of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had come under increasing pressure from gentry and clerical attempts to reform and sanitise it, initially through evangelical organisations such as the Society for the Suppression of Vice in the 1790s, but by the 1840s on a broad front due to the middle-class vogue for promoting ‘rational recreation’. Partly as a result of this, many popular pastimes either fell into disuse or became emptied of much of their former spontaneity in the second half of the century, a commonly cited example of the former being cock-fighting and of the latter maypole-dancing. In their place came carefully marshalled dinners and prize-givings sponsored by the gentry and clergy. On these occasions the labourers (and sometimes their families too) were sat down at trestle tables in some appropriate venue, often the squire's park, and edifying speeches were made by representatives of local landed society. The role of the rural workforce in all this was entirely passive, except for one or two labourers who might be singled out to give a speech of gratitude to the presiding landowner for his beneficence, and the ritual ‘loyal toasts’.
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33

Hughes, Ann. "The King, the Parliament, and the Localities during the English Civil War." Journal of British Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1985): 236–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385833.

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Debate over the nature of central-local relationships has played an important part in recent discussion of the origins and course of the English Civil War. It is an oversimplification, but not a caricature, to say that two distinct sets of views are current. The first, and in many ways the most consistent and coherent, arguments are those found in the work of the local historians who have developed the idea of the county community as the most important focus for the activities of the provincial gentry and, in more general form, in Morrill's The Revolt of the Provinces and Hutton's The Royalist War Effort. In this work a clear separation is seen between local and national issues or preoccupations. The majority of the county gentry, and still more the ranks below them, were ill informed about national developments and concerned with the activities of central government mainly as they affected the stability of their local communities. Only a small minority of activists were genuinely committed to the Royalist or the Parliamentarian side in the Civil War; the most characteristic provincial response to the divisions of 1642 was reluctance to become involved, as shown both in widespread neutralism among individuals and in collective attempts at local pacification. Gradually the whole of England was drawn, willy-nilly, into the war, but allegiance was determined largely by contingent military factors: the proximity of London or of the king's army or the relative effectiveness of the small numbers of local partisans.
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34

Aoki, Yasushi. "To be a member of the leading gentry: the Suffolk voluntary subscriptions of 1782*." Historical Research 76, no. 191 (February 2003): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00166.

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35

Baptist, Edward E., and Lorri Glover. "All Our Relations: Blood Ties and Emotional Bonds among the Early South Carolina Gentry." Journal of the Early Republic 21, no. 4 (2001): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3125158.

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36

Harris, Alana. "Building the docklands settlement: gender, gentility, and the gentry in east london, 1894–1939." Material Religion 9, no. 1 (March 2013): 60–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175183413x13593689723515.

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37

Lee, Sylvia W. S. "“Co-branding” a Cainü and ­­a Garden: How the Zhao Family Established Identities for Wen Shu (1595–1634) and Their Garden Residence Hanshan." Nan Nü 18, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-00181p03.

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This paper examines two paintings by Wen Shu (1595–1634), each of which was inscribed by her husband who declared that Wen Shu painted what she saw in their garden residence Hanshan. With this claim, the family reinforced the image of “Wen Shu the artist” as a cloistered gentry woman and an amateur painter despite the fact that she painted for financial reasons. At the same time, this claim exalted the existing image of Hanshan. By establishing images for Wen Shu and Hanshan, the family worked together to reaffirm and enhance their social standing. This research contributes to the understanding of how a woman painter and her family utilized, participated in, and derived benefits from the prevalent garden culture of seventeenth-century China.
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38

Payling, S. J. "Elizabeth Noble. The World of the Stonors: A Gentry Society. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009. Pp. ix+224. $95.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 49, no. 4 (October 2010): 882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654925.

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39

Enis, Cathryn. "Catholic Gentry in English Society, The Throckmortons of Coughton from Reformation to Emancipation, edited by Peter Marshall and Geoffrey Scott." Reformation 15, no. 1 (November 13, 2010): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/refm.v15.200.

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40

Christelow, Stephanie Mooers. "Vassals, Heiresses, Crusaders, and Thugs: The Gentry of Angevin Yorkshire, 1154-1216.Hugh M. Thomas." Speculum 70, no. 1 (January 1995): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2864770.

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41

French, Henry. "The ‘remembered family’ and dynastic senses of identity among the English gentry c .1600–1800." Historical Research 92, no. 257 (May 25, 2019): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12274.

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42

Wcislo, Francis W. "Soslovie or Class? Bureaucratic Reformers and Provincial Gentry in Conflict, 1906-1908." Russian Review 47, no. 1 (January 1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130441.

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43

Kivelson, Valerie A. "The Effects of Partible Inheritance: Gentry Families and the State in Muscovy." Russian Review 53, no. 2 (April 1994): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130823.

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44

Miles, Steven B. "Out of Place: Education and Identity among Three Generations of Urban Panyu Gentry, 1850-1931." Twentieth-Century China 32, no. 2 (2006): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2006.0004.

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45

Лисейцев, Д. В. "Костромские “выборные дети боярские” в 1612-1618 гг.: провинциальное дворянство на исходе Смуты." Canadian–American Slavic Studies 47, no. 3 (2013): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04703009.

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This article is devoted to changes that took place during the final stage of the Time of Troubles (1612-1618) at the top of the Kostroma provincial nobility – among vybornye deti boiarskie. By studying the collective biography of the Kostroma nobility of this category, it can be concluded that during the Troubles the top layer of the provincial nobility received a unique opportunity to enhance their own welfare and to have more successful careers. At the beginning of the XVII century the Kostroma district ceased to be a place of exile for proscribed nobles, due to which local noble families received an opportunity to lead the gentry militiamen of their district and to promote their own representatives at the Sovereign’s court (Gosudarev dvor).
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46

Carlitz, Katherine. "THE DAUGHTER, THE SINGING-GIRL, AND THE SEDUCTION OF SUICIDE." NAN NÜ 3, no. 1 (2001): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852601750122982.

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AbstractThis paper examines how the suicides of singing-girls and young gentry women were commemorated by the poets Kang Hai (1475-1541) and Wang Jiusi (1468- 1551) whose devotion to wine, women, and song were, and still are, legendary. Witnessing the suicides of mutually-related female family members as well as a concubine of a mutual friend, these two poets valorized these deaths in terms of qing (passion). The girls of good family defy their elders in order to consummate their suicides, and Wang's songs for the concubine singing-girl are filled with evocations of sensual satisfaction. Thus, in the writings of Kang and Wang we see how the norms of the chastity cult were made not restrictive but alluring; the author suggests that this helped the poets to conquer the imagination of the governing class, with the ultimate results that they were able to diffuse these images throughout the whole of society.
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47

Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling, and Valerie A. Kivelson. "Autocracy in the Provinces: The Muscovite Gentry and Political Culture in the Seventeenth Century." Slavic and East European Journal 42, no. 1 (1998): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/310077.

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48

SHERLOCK, PETER. "Episcopal Tombs in Early Modern England." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 55, no. 4 (October 2004): 654–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904001502.

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The Reformation simultaneously transformed the identity and role of bishops in the Church of England, and the function of monuments to the dead. This article considers the extent to which tombs of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century bishops represented a set of episcopal ideals distinct from those conveyed by the monuments of earlier bishops on the one hand and contemporary laity and clergy on the other. It argues that in death bishops were increasingly undifferentiated from other groups such as the gentry in the dress, posture, location and inscriptions of their monuments. As a result of the inherent tension between tradition and reform which surrounded both bishops and tombs, episcopal monuments were unsuccessful as a means of enhancing the status or preserving the memory and teachings of their subjects in the wake of the Reformation.
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49

Trumbach, Randolph. "Henry French and Mark Rothery. Man's Estate: Landed Gentry Masculinities, 1660–1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. 292. $125.00." Journal of British Studies 53, no. 1 (January 2014): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.199.

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50

Ropp, Paul S. "“NOW CEASE PAINTING EYEBROWS, DON A SCHOLAR'S CAP AND PIN”: THE FRUSTRATED AMBITION OF WANG YUN, GENTRY WOMAN POET AND DRAMATIST." Ming Studies 1998, no. 1 (January 1998): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/014703798788754291.

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