Academic literature on the topic 'Genre features'
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Journal articles on the topic "Genre features"
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Tarasova, Irina A. "“Genre”: A nomadic concept or an aesthetic universal?" International Journal “Speech Genres” 32, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2021-4-32-252-258.
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The article raises the problem of the metadisciplinary interpretation of the term “genre”, which can be equally well defined as a nomadic concept or as an artistic universal. The author focuses on the question of the configuration of features defining the concept of genre in philology, art history, and musicology. Taking as a basis the general aesthetic principles of genre specification – functional, thematic, and structural – the author analyzes their genre-forming potential in various artistic forms and comes to the conclusion that understanding genre as a communicative and formally meaningful category provides an interdisciplinary dialogue, but at the same time, genre dominants can be different. For speech genres, such a dominant is a communicative goal, for painting genres – a subject content. The semantic parameter of the genre is interpreted in a similar way in literary criticism and musicology. The division into primary and secondary genres is a common feature for both philology and musicology. The structural parameter includes compositional features and elements of genre style, and the specific weight of this parameter is especially high in canonical (protoliterary and literary) and primary musical genres. The meaning of the structural features of the genre is inversely proportional to the visualization of an artistic form. This parameter is least significant for the genre identification of a painting.
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Belenkiy, Yuri Mikhaylovich. "Sitcom Genre Features." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik41120-132.
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The article deals with the main features of sitcom that make it an independent genre. The term “situation comedy” is compared to other comedy subgenres, such as comedy of manners and comedy of intrigue in its first sense etc. The emergence of TV sitcom properties is analyzed from the historic prospective. During all the years of its existence sitcom has managed to retain the combination of theatrical aesthetics and the nature of television which makes it not only an independent genre, but also a unique television product in a sense.
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Starostina, Nina. "About the stylistic features of the Fujian musical genre Nanyin." Herald of Culturology, no. 2 (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/hoc/2021.02.07.
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The article deals with the stylistic features of the Fujian musical genre Nanyin. The history of the genre, Nanyin and Liyuan as a pair of genres, instrumental composition, plots, notation, and modal fea-tures of Nanyin are considered. A special place is given to the similarity of the Nanyin genre and music for guqin zither.
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Carliner, Saul, and Timothy Boswood. "Genre." Information Design Journal 12, no. 2 (November 19, 2004): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.12.2.05car.
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This paper presents a case for a genre-based approach to research into online communication. Questions about the appropriateness and extensiveness of research-based guidelines for communicating online exist. These questions include the appropriateness of transferring guidelines from research on print communication online without first re-verifying them, the appropriateness of generalizing conclusions from context-based, small sample-sized usabilty studies, the extent of generalizability of empirical studies, and the limited scope of guidelines that focus almost exclusively on physical features of text. Genre – ‘a familiar pattern, a way of organizing information that has become so common that readers will probably recognize each new instance as belonging to the genre’ (Price & Price, 2002:272) – provides an alternative, contextually-based approach. It is a useful context because most online communication occurs within the confines of a specific genre and, as genres become more common, users develop expectations about the type of content presented and the format of its presentation. Three methods can help researchers understand the nature of online genres: (1) discourse analysis helps researchers identify the features of a genre, (2) usability studies help researchers assess whether the features promote effective user performance (and, if so, how), and (3) design team research identifies why features were included and which other alternatives were considered, rejected, and why. An effective study of genre uses all three. Focusing on genre, too, allows researchers within sub-disciplines of communication to focus their work on their areas of specialty.
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Varakuta, Maryna, Daryna Kupina, and Maryna Votintseva. "Genre Hybrids in the Symphonical Creativity of Ye. Petrychenko as a Reflection of Time Trends." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 66, no. 2 (December 2021): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2021.2.13.
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"Some peculiarities of genre interaction are considered (based on the symphonic creativity of a modern Ukrainian composer – Yevhen Petrychenko). It was found out that the symphony genre is open to various interactions, resulting in complex genre hybrids that allow the symphony to realize all its potential and extend the “life” of the genre. It has been proved that the awareness of the peculiarities of the genre hybrid is possible only at the level of seperate works and is situational. Two types of interactions that characterize genre hybrids are identified. This is an equal combination of genres, which is reflected in the genre name and the superiority of one genre with the scattered manifestation of the characteristics of other genres. It was revealed that Symphony No.1 “Requiem” by Petrychenko demonstrates the first type of genre interaction, because it combines genre features of symphony, suite, requiem and quartet, in which the dominant genre role is played by symphony, features of other genres are sporadic and subordinate to laws of symphony genre. The first chamber symphony also belongs to the first type of genre interaction, but shows minimal influence of other genres, due to the complexity of the chamber symphony genre. At the same time, in the Symphony “Antitheses” the genres of symphony, cantata and vocal cycle interact, which is reflected in the genre denotation (vocal symphony), principles of development, form and drama of the work. The prospects of research of genre hybrid forms open ways to the comprehension of features of modern academic music. Keywords: symphony, genre hybrid, genre interaction, the symphonic creativity of Yevhen Petrychenko, Ukrainian music, modern academical music. "
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Xiao, Liang, and Liming Deng. "Generic Variation & Private Intention: A Multi-Dimensional Exploration of Book Reviews and Prefaces." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0003.
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AbstractBased on Bhatia’s multi-dimensional analytical framework for discourse analysis, we explore key issues involved in genres construction such as private intention, manipulation of generic value and interdiscursive strategies. Two prefaces and two book reviews by expert linguists were collected and analyzed at great length from both text-internal and text-external perspectives. Meanwhile, four professionals from relevant disciplines were interviewed for their insights into the issues investigated. Through examining textual features, covert interdiscursivity and narrative accounts of the professional writers, the following findings are generated. 1) Generic variation occurs within and between the two genres due to expert writers’ intentional manipulation of generic value. 2) Interdiscursive strategies like “genre embedding”, “genre bending” and “genre mixing” are exploited by expert writers to achieve their particular private intention. Specifically, preface genre can be presented, to some extent, as a research article mixed with some promotional flavor, and features of research article genre, promotional genre and introductory genre are found mixed in the review genre. 3) Representations of the preface and book review genres such as linguistic feature, move structure and interdiscursivity are ultimately affected by generic value, authors’ private intention, professional practice and disciplinary culture. The findings have important implications for ESP/EAP writing practitioners and learners.
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Ma, Benjamin, Timothy Greer, Dillon Knox, and Shrikanth Narayanan. "A computational lens into how music characterizes genre in film." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): e0249957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249957.
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Film music varies tremendously across genre in order to bring about different responses in an audience. For instance, composers may evoke passion in a romantic scene with lush string passages or inspire fear throughout horror films with inharmonious drones. This study investigates such phenomena through a quantitative evaluation of music that is associated with different film genres. We construct supervised neural network models with various pooling mechanisms to predict a film’s genre from its soundtrack. We use these models to compare handcrafted music information retrieval (MIR) features against VGGish audio embedding features, finding similar performance with the top-performing architectures. We examine the best-performing MIR feature model through permutation feature importance (PFI), determining that mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) and tonal features are most indicative of musical differences between genres. We investigate the interaction between musical and visual features with a cross-modal analysis, and do not find compelling evidence that music characteristic of a certain genre implies low-level visual features associated with that genre. Furthermore, we provide software code to replicate this study at https://github.com/usc-sail/mica-music-in-media. This work adds to our understanding of music’s use in multi-modal contexts and offers the potential for future inquiry into human affective experiences.
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Ismanto, Brizky Ramadhani, Tubagus Maulana Kusuma, and Dina Anggraini. "Indonesian Music Classification on Folk and Dangdut Genre Based on Rolloff Spectral Feature Using Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithm." IJCCS (Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetics Systems) 15, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijccs.54646.
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Music Genre Classification is one of the interesting digital music processing topics. Genre is a category of artistry, in this case, especially music, to characterize and categorize music is now available in various forms and sources. One of the applications is in determining the music genre classification on folk songs and dangdut songs.The main problem in the classification music genre is to find a combination of features and classifiers that can provide the best result in classifying music files into music genres. So we need to develop methods and algorithms that can classify genres appropriately. This problem can be solved by using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The genre classification process begins by selecting the song file that will be classified by the genre, then the preprocessing process, the collection features by utilizing feature extraction, and the last process is Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification process to produce genre types from selected song files. The final result of this research is to classify Indonesian folk music genre and dangdut music genre along with the 83.3% accuracy values that indicate the level of system relevance to the results of music genre classification and to provide genre labels on music files as to facilitate the management and search of music files.
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Makarowska, Olga. "Жанры меметического интернет-дискурса: IQkartka / аткрытка." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, no. 43 (November 26, 2018): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2018.43.12.
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The article is dedicated to a new network genre — the someecard as a component of the Polish-speaking and Russian-speaking mimetic Internet discourse. The main task of the research is to reveal the principal features of someecards as an Internet genre. For this purpose, we address a number of issues related to the appearance of this genre and its place among other hybrid genres. The functions of a someecard are set — genre-forming features, features of themes, manifestations of genre creativity and the availability of genre links.
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Mordovtseva, Nataliia. "Features of pedagogical communication in the context of speech genres." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University 2, no. 8 (346) (2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-8(346)-2-110-118.
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The article focuses on the theoretical disclosure of basic concepts on the problem of pedagogical communication of future primary school teachers, the peculiarities of language genres. The teacher's ability to organize work in the classroom largely determines the performance of pedagogical interaction. First, the teacher uses typical speech organization models - speech genres. It is noted that the pedagogical speech genre is a historically established unit of professionally oriented communication, which is characterized by a special communicative task, a certain content, methods of speech and the expected reaction of the interlocutor, as well as an environment that allows the language concept to be fully realized. Some approaches of scientists on the definition of the concepts of «pedagogical communication», «genre of speech», «speech genre», classification of genres are presented. It is emphasized that a competent choice of language means, mastery of all genres of pedagogical speech testifies to the language competence of the teacher. Any genre is a complex model that includes several components. The choice of each of the genres is based on the implementation of the task of language pedagogical communication, which was set by the teacher. The participation of future teachers in the construction of pedagogical discourse will help them in the future to independently build a model of any pedagogical or social phenomenon in accordance with the norms of cultural activities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Genre features"
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Brigadoi, Ivan. "Genre classification using syntactic features." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-454667.
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This thesis work adresses text classification in relation to genre identification using different feature sets, with a focus on syntactic based features. We built our models by means of traditional machine learning algorithms, i.e. Naive Bayes, K-nearest neighbour, Support Vector Machine and Random Forest in order to predict the literary genre of books. We trained our models using as feature sets bag-of-words (BOW), bigrams, syntactic-based bigrams and emotional features, as well as combinations of features. Results obtained using the best features, i.e. BOW combined with bigrams based on syntactic relations between words, on the test set showed an enhancement in performance by 2% in F1-score over the baseline using BOW features, which translates into a positive impact of using syntactic information in the task of text classification.
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To, Kwok-kuen, and 杜國權. "A study of variation theory to enhance students' genre awareness and learning of genre features." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/212616.
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Reading is an important capability to assist in learning. When students are promoted to higher levels at primary school, they have to read more informative texts instead of narrative texts. A number of studies have indicated that many primary school students have difficulty comprehending informative texts.
The ways in which teachers structure lesson content and students experience the lesson are important in helping students understand informative texts in terms of genres and genre features. To help students take on the challenges arising from reading informative texts, teachers play a vital role in bringing students to encounter critical aspects of understanding informative texts and make it more possible for students’ discernment happen. In the light of this, this study aims to investigate how structures of lessons and patterns of variation and invariance affect the learning outcomes of students’ understanding of genres and the genre features of informative texts, and even their future learning.
This study features a design-based approach to two rounds of trial lessons. Phenomenography and variation theory are adopted as the theoretical framework. In the first round of trial lessons, there were 38 students from a primary 6 class divided into 2 groups. One group was given a lesson which was structured both sequentially and hierarchically. The lesson for the other group was, however, framed in a hierarchical structure only. The former lesson emphasized the use of similar examples while the latter focused on the use of different examples to teach students the meaning of genre features of informative texts.
In the second round, there were 39 students from a primary 5 class also divided into 2 groups. Although the structures of the lessons for the two groups were similar to those in the first round, the object of learning was to enhance students’ understanding of informative texts and the delayed post-test was conducted only in this round. The students in both rounds of trial lessons, who were from the same school, were taught by the same teacher.
The data was analysed and triangulated with the post-lesson interview data and verbatim lesson record. The students’ different learning outcomes stemmed from the different structures of the lessons and the adoption of the patterns of variation and invariance. The students who had more opportunities to encounter the patterns of variation and invariance serving as contrasts tended to perform better than those who did not. The appropriate teaching arrangements enhanced students’ understanding of genre awareness and genre features, and contributed to generation of learning.
The findings of this study support variation theory as a powerful pedagogical tool for improving students’ understanding of informative texts and enabling students to generate new learning after teacher instruction. One implication of the findings for teachers is that appropriate teaching arrangements, including the structure of a lesson and patterns of variation and invariance, are of paramount importance. As a result of such arrangements, students are more likely to develop a powerful way of reading informative texts. Teachers are instrumental in preparing the necessary conditions of learning.published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Назаренко, Олена В`ячеславівна, Елена Вячеславовна Назаренко, Olena Viacheslavivna Nazarenko, and V. Kadurina. "Genre and stylistic features of modern English discourse of fantasy." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39943.
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Fantasy is a genre of unscientific fiction that is rooted in various kinds of myths, legends, fairy tales, utopias. Fantasy is usually built on the antithesis: good and evil, order and chaos, harmony and dissonance; hero embarks on a journey, fighting for truth and justice. Many stories of this genre take place in imaginary worlds where magic is commonplace.
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Xia, Baiqiang. "Learning 3D geometric features for soft-biometrics recognition." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10132/document.
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La reconnaissance des biomètries douces (genre, âge, etc.)trouve ses applications dans plusieurs domaines. Les approches proposéesse basent sur l’analyse de l’apparence (images 2D), très sensiblesaux changements de la pose et à l’illumination, et surtout pauvre en descriptionsmorphologiques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’exploiterla forme 3D du visage. Basée sur une approche Riemannienne d’analysede formes 3D, nous introduisons quatre descriptions denses à savoir: lasymétrie bilatérale, la moyenneté, la configuration spatiale et les variationslocales de sa forme. Les évaluations faites sur la base FRGCv2 montrentque l’approche proposée est capable de reconnaître des biomètries douces.A notre connaissance, c’est la première étude menée sur l’estimation del’âge, et c’est aussi la première étude qui propose d’explorer les corrélationsentre les attributs faciaux, à partir de formes 3DSoft-Biometric (gender, age, etc.) recognition has shown growingapplications in different domains. Previous 2D face based studies aresensitive to illumination and pose changes, and insufficient to representthe facial morphology. To overcome these problems, this thesis employsthe 3D face in Soft-Biometric recognition. Based on a Riemannian shapeanalysis of facial radial curves, four types of Dense Scalar Field (DSF) featuresare proposed, which represent the Averageness, the Symmetry, theglobal Spatiality and the local Gradient of 3D face. Experiments with RandomForest on the 3D FRGCv2 dataset demonstrate the effectiveness ofthe proposed features in Soft-Biometric recognition. Furtherly, we demonstratethe correlations of Soft-Biometrics are useful in the recognition. Tothe best of our knowledge, this is the first work which studies age estimation,and the correlations of Soft-Biometrics, using 3D face
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Buco, Stefani. "The video essay as a persuasive genre: A qualitative genre analysis with a focus on evaluative and persuasive linguistic features." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159814.
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So called ‘video essays’ on films and cinema have gained substantial popularity on the video sharing internet site YouTube in the past years. This essay explores this relatively recent type of video production from the perspective of genre analysis in order to investigate whether a pattern of form, content and style can be identified, which would suggest the emergence of a new genre. Previous research has investigated a similar genre, the film review, by identifying its pervasive or obligatory moves or stages (Taboada, 2011; de Jong & Burgers, 2013). However, video essays seem to be a rather subjective form of communication, with a clear persuasive purpose. For this reason, linguistic elements expressing evaluation, assessment, feelings and opinions are analyzed in the following under the umbrella term for evaluative language use, that is Appraisal (White, 2015). Five video essays from different creators were chosen for the present analysis, which is focused on situational, structural, and Appraisal elements. The analysis shows that there indeed are similarities between the video essays, pertaining both to their situational context and structure, and their use of evaluative language. Several overall pervasive moves were found, which suggests that the essays follow a specific structural pattern. The evaluative language indicates an intention of persuading the viewer.
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Bernardo, Alexandre. "Features for the Classification and Clustering of Music in Symbolic Format." Master's thesis, Department of Informatics, University of Lisbon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/13947.
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Music Information Retrieval is, nowadays, a highly active branch of research and development in the computer science field, and focuses several topics, including music genre classification. The work presented in this paper focus on Track and Genre Classification of music stored using MIDI format, To address the problem of MIDI track classification, we extract a set of descriptors that are used to train a classifier implemented by a Neural Network, based on the pitch levels and durations that describe each track. Tracks are classified into four classes: Melody, Harmony, Bass and Drums. In order to characterize the musical content from each track, a vector of numeric descriptors, normally known as shallow structure description, is extracted. Then they are used as inputs for the classifier which was implemented in the Matlab environment. In the Genre Classification task, two approaches are used: Language Modeling, in which a transition probabilities matrix is created for each type of track (Melody, Harmony, Bass and Drums) and also for each genre; and an approach based on Neural Networks, where a vector of numeric descriptors is extracted from each track (Melody, Harmony, Bass and Drums) and fed to a Neural Network Classifier. Six MIDI Music Corpora were assembled for the experiments, from six different genres, Blues, Country, Jazz, Metal, Punk and Rock. These genres were selected because all of them have the same base instruments, such as bass, drums, piano or guitar. Also, the genres chosen share some characteristics between them, so that the classification isn't trivial, and tests the classifiers robustness. Track Classification experiments using all descriptors and best descriptors were made, showing that using all descriptors is a wrong approach, as there are descriptors which confuse the classifier. Using carefully selected descriptors proved to be the best way to classify these MIDI tracks. Genre Classification experiments showed that the Single-Instrument Classifiers achieved the best results. Four genres achieved higher than 80% success rates: Jazz, Country, Metal and Punk. Future work includes: genetic algorithms; structurize tracks and songs; merge all presented classifiers into one full Automatic Genre Classification System
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Motta-Roth, Desiree. "Rhetorical features and disciplinary cultures : a genre-based study of academic book reviews in linguistics, chemistry, and economics." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1995. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157910.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e ExpressãoMade available in DSpace on 2016-01-08T19:31:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 102608.pdf: 7519023 bytes, checksum: 99c53c81079d4b01202f1fd46fd9d8c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995
Investigação das conexões existentes entre retórica e discursos disciplinares, através da análise textual de cento e oitenta resenhas acadêmicas em inglês em lingüística, economia e química, e de entrevistas com editores de resenhas de revistas acadêmicas internacionais em cada área. Exame das diferenças e semelhanças existentes entre os movimentos retóricos e os termos de elogio e crítica comumente empregados por resenhadores em cada disciplina para avaliar e descrever novas publicações. As regularidades de função, conteúdo e forma da informação podem definir a existência de um mesmo gênero textual. As variações específicas em cada disciplina sugerem a necessidade de se desenvolver programas de ensino de línguas para fins acadêmicos que explorem as características macroestruturais de gêneros textuais, sem deixar de considerar as idiossincrasias das práticas discursivas em cada disciplina. Concluiu-se que a apropriação de um mesmo gênero textual responde à organização epistemológica da área de conhecimento específica, evidenciando-se assim as conexões entre texto e contexto de produção. A exploração da diversidade de valores e recortes epistemológicos das culturas disciplinares pode contribuir para a formação de leitores e escritores mais críticos em relação às práticas discursivas encontradas em textos acadêmicos em suas respectivas disciplinas.
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Vellala, Abhinay. "Genre-based Video Clustering using Deep Learning : By Extraction feature using Object Detection and Action Recognition." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statistik och maskininlärning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176942.
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Social media has become an integral part of the Internet. There have been users across the world sharing content like images, texts, videos, and so on. There is a huge amount of data being generated and it has become a challenge to the social media platforms to group the content for further usage like recommending a video. Especially, grouping videos based on similarity requires extracting features. This thesis investigates potential approaches to extract features that can help in determining the similarity between videos. Features of given videos are extracted using Object Detection and Action Recognition. Bag-of-features representation is used to build the vocabulary of all the features and transform data that can be useful in clustering videos. Probabilistic model-based clustering, Multinomial Mixture model is used to determine the underlying clusters within the data by maximizing the expected log-likelihood and estimating the parameters of data as well as probabilities of clusters. Analysis of clusters is done to understand the genre based on dominant actions and objects. Bayesian Information Criterion(BIC) and Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) are used to determine the optimal number of clusters within the given videos. AIC/BIC scores achieved minimum scores at 32 clusters which are chosen to be the optimal number of clusters. The data is labeled with the genres and Logistic regression is performed to check the cluster performance on test data and has achieved 96% accuracy
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Ljubomirovic, Marija. "Genredrag i argumenterandetexter : En studie av undervisningens betydelse för eleversskrivande i årskurs 6." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105426.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur undervisning med genrepedagogiska drag påverkar elevers argumenterande texter i åk 6. Studien utgår från tre frågeställningar som ligger till grund för undersökningen. Dessa frågor rör vilka genredrag elever använder i argumenterande texter före undervisning, hur undervisningen genomförs och vilka genredrag elever använder i argumenterande texter efter undervisningen. Materialet för studien baseras på observationer av genrepedagogiskt baserad undervisning och elevtextanalyser av argumenterande texter skrivna av elever i årskurs 6. Till grund för studien ligger den sociokulturella teorin där läraren stöttar eleverna i sitt lärande samt cykeln för undervisning och lärande. För att analysera texterna före och efter undervisning används en checklista med genretypiska drag för den argumenterande genren. Studien visar tydligt att före undervisning med genrepedagogiska drag har eleverna svårigheter med att skriva väl fungerande argumenterande texter. Med stöd av undervisning om genredrag i argumenterande texter utvecklar eleverna sitt skrivande och skriver i högre grad texter med genrespecifika drag. Dock visar studien att ytterligare stöttning av läraren och mer tid för att lära sig de genretypiska dragen för en text behövs för att eleverna ska klara av att göra egna kreativa val i sina texter.
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Однорал, О. А. "Жанрово-стилістичні особливості дискурсу сучасних англомовних казок." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/52119.
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Дискурс — це складне і важливе поняття в лінгвістиці. Цей термін є багатозначним, але найвлучніше його можна назвати, «мовою, зануреною в життя», тобто мовлення з усіма залученими до нього екстралінгвістичними факторами. Дискурс відображає у собі реальну картину світу і реагує на її зміни. Через дослідження певного дискурсу можна дослідити зміни у мові та мовленні, які зумовлені різноманітними екстралінгвістичними факторами, тобто зовнішніми умовами, що впливають на сказане, прослідкувати за тенденцією цих змін.Дискурс - это сложное и важное понятие в лингвистике. Этот термин является многозначным, но метко его можно назвать, «языком, погруженным в жизнь», то есть речь со всеми вовлеченными в него экстралингвистическими факторами. Дискурс отражает в себе реальную картину мира и реагирует на ее изменения. Через исследование определенного дискурса можно исследовать изменения в языке и речи, обусловленные различными экстралингвистическими факторами, то есть внешними условиями, влияющими на сказанное, проследить за тенденцией этих изменений.
Discourse is a complex and important concept in linguistics. This term is ambiguous, but it can be called "language immersed in life," that is, it is a speech with all extralinguistic factors involved in it. Discourse reflects the real picture of the world and responds to its changes. Through the study of a certain discourse, it is possible to investigate changes in language and speech conditioned by various extralinguistic factors, that is, external conditions that affect what has been said, to track the trend of these changes.
Books on the topic "Genre features"
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Linguistic features and genre profiles of scientific English. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995.
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Lefer, Marie-Aude, and Svetlana Vogeleer, eds. Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.
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Vilimonovic, Larisa. Structure and Features of Anna Komnene’s Alexiad. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980389.
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The Alexiad, written in the twelfth century by a Byzantine princess, Anna Komnene, tells the story of the Byzantine Empire during the reign of her father, offering accounts of its political and military history, including its involvement with the First Crusade. Structure and Features of Anna Komnene’s Alexiad: Emergence of a Personal History introduces new methods of research for studying the Alexiad, aiming primarily at analysing Anna Komnene’s literary expression. The book’s approach focuses mainly on the author, the subject, the structure and the inner stylistic features, as well as the genre itself. The result is a substantially new outlook on the main Byzantine historiographical work of the twelfth century.
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Fang, Alex Chengyu, and Jing Cao. Text Genres and Registers: The Computation of Linguistic Features. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45100-7.
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Otte, Kerstin. The equine IGF genes: Structural and transcriptional features. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1997.
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Nolte, Dorothee. Umbruchs-Fragen: Das Genre des Interview-Porträts in der spanischen transición. Berlin: Verlag Walter Frey, 1994.
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Tudományegyetem, Eötvös Loránd, ed. Function and genres: Studies on the linguistic features of discourse types. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2008.
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Di Qual, Anna. Eric J. Hobsbawm tra marxismo britannico e comunismo italiano. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-400-4.
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By developing the biographical genre though a “translocal micro-history” approach, the research aims to study the figure of Eric J. Hobsbawm focusing on his elective affinity with Italy. It examines the ways in which the encounter of the English historian with this country took place and was renewed from the fifties until the new Millennium. First, it analyzes the relationships networks which Hobsbawm created in Italy or with Italians worldwide; secondly, it considers the results that these interactions provoked at the level of scientific production and political reflection, trying to capture at the same time the transformations that his political identity underwent in contact with the Italian Communist Party. Moreover it try to explore the features that his reputation reached in Italy, discussing the influences his production exerted on Italian historiographical context and on Italian public opinion.
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Maroni, Gustavo. An atlas of Drosophila genes: Sequences and molecular features. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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Tammemagi, Martin Carl. Tobacco smoking, p53 tumour suppressor gene alterations, and clinicopathologic features and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Genre features"
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Dash, Niladri Sekhar, and S. Arulmozi. "Genre of Text." In History, Features, and Typology of Language Corpora, 35–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7458-5_3.
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Lefer, Marie-Aude, and Svetlana Vogeleer. "Introduction." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 1–5. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.01int.
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Biber, Douglas. "Using multi-dimensional analysis to explore cross-linguistic universals of register variation." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 7–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.02bib.
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Neumann, Stella. "Cross-linguistic register studies." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 35–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.03neu.
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Granger, Sylviane. "A lexical bundle approach to comparing languages." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 59–72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.04gra.
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Hasselgård, Hilde. "Discourse-structuring functions of initial adverbials in English and Norwegian news and fiction." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 73–92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.05has.
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Gómez González, María de los Ángeles. "Canonical tag questions in English, Spanish and Portuguese." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 93–126. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.06gom.
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Taboada, Maite, Marta Carretero, and Jennifer Hinnell. "Loving and hating the movies in English, German and Spanish." In Genre- and Register-related Discourse Features in Contrast, 127–61. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.87.07tab.
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Ghosal, Arijit, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Bibhas Chandra Dhara, and Sanjoy Kumar Saha. "Genre-Based Classification of Song Using Perceptual Features." In Intelligent Computing, Networking, and Informatics, 267–76. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1665-0_26.
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Kim, Yunhyong, and Seamus Ross. "Formulating Representative Features with Respect to Genre Classification." In Text, Speech and Language Technology, 129–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Genre features"
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Zottesso, Rafael H. D., Yandre M. G. Costa, and Diego Bertolini. "Music genre classification using visual features with feature selection." In 2016 35th International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society (SCCC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sccc.2016.7836004.
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Lee, Yong-Bae, and Sung Hyon Myaeng. "Text genre classification with genre-revealing and subject-revealing features." In the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/564376.564403.
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Toldova, S., T. Davydova, M. Kobozeva, and D. Pisarevskaya. "DISCOURSE FEATURES OF BLOGS IN SUBCORPUS OF RUSSIAN RU-RSTREEBANK." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-747-761.
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The paper presents a corpus study of the discourse features in the corpus of blogs. It is based on the data of Ru-RSTreebank annotated within the framework of the Rhetorical Structure theory [Mann, Thompson 1988]. The Ru-RSTreebank represents genres of news and popular science, scientific papers, and blogs texts. Blog subcorpus contains such topics as travelling, cosmetics, sports and health, psychology, IT and tech and some others. Blogs texts constitute a specific genre as they combine properties of written and spoken discourse. The purpose of the paper is to investigate discourse features of blogs in comparison with other genres. We analyze the variation in rhetoric relations distribution among genres, and single out the differences in discourse connectives usage. Furthermore, we check the distribution of other discourse features reported in different studies for spoken discourse and for social media in the Ru-RSTreebank blogs subcorpus. The general frequency analysis and the experiments on RandomForest classifier application to genre recognition have shown that the most important rhetoric relations specific to blogs are Evaluation and Contrast, that there is a tendency to use shorter discourse units and not to express the discourse relations overtly via subordinative conjunctions.
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Sebeleva, Anastasia Valerievna, and Olga Vladislavovna Moilashova. "ON THE PROBLEM OF GENRE EVOLUTION." In IV Международная научно-практическая конференция "Научные исследования и инновации". KDU, Moscow, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.978-5-7913-1168-9-2021-140-146.
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Modern researchers have difficulties in establishing clear boundaries of genres. Scientists opinions on these issues differ. The complexity of the classification of works is associated with historical changes in literature, which entail the evolution of genres. The authors of the article attempt to systematize the data of the theory of literature and determine the stable content and formal features of the genre.
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Jin, Sung Ho, Tae Meon Bae, Jin Ho Choo, and Yong Man Ro. "Video genre classification using multimodal features." In Electronic Imaging 2004, edited by Minerva M. Yeung, Rainer W. Lienhart, and Chung-Sheng Li. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.526252.
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Silva, Diego Furtado, Micael Valterlânio da Silva, Ricardo Szram Filho, and Angelo Cesar Mendes da Silva. "On the Fusion of Multiple Audio Representations for Music Genre Classification." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Musical. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcm.2021.19423.
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Music classification is one of the most studied tasks in music information retrieval. Notably, one of the targets with high interest in this task is the music genre. In this scenario, the use of deep neural networks has led to the current state-of-the-art results. Research endeavors in this knowledge domain focus on a single feature to represent the audio in the input for the classification model. Due to this task’s nature, researchers usually rely on time-frequency-based features, especially those designed to make timbre more explicit. However, the audio processing literature presents many strategies to build representations that reveal diverse characteristics of music, such as key and tempo, which may contribute with relevant information for the classification of genres. We showed an exploratory study on different neural network model fusion techniques for music genre classification with multiple features as input. Our results demonstrate that Multi-Feature Fusion Networks consistently improve the classification accuracy for suitable choices of input representations.
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Costa, Yandre M. G., Luiz S. Oliveira, Alessandro L. Koerich, and Fabien Gouyon. "Comparing textural features for music genre classification." In 2012 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2012 - Brisbane). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252626.
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Levering, Ryan, Michal Cutler, and Lei Yu. "Visual features in genre classification of html." In the 18th conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1286240.1286257.
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Clark, Malcolm, and Stuart Watt. "Classifying XML Documents by Using Genre Features." In 18th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2007.120.
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Clark, Malcolm, and Stuart Watt. "Classifying XML Documents by Using Genre Features." In 18th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2007.4312894.
Full textReports on the topic "Genre features"
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Arredondo, Tina. Impact of Suburban Landscape Features on Gene Flow of the Model Invasive Grass, Brachypodium sylvaticum. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6378.
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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.
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Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.
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Perl, Avichai, Bruce I. Reisch, and Ofra Lotan. Transgenic Endochitinase Producing Grapevine for the Improvement of Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator). United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568766.bard.
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The original objectives are listed below: 1. Design vectors for constitutive expression of endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum strain P1. Design vectors with signal peptides to target gene expression. 2. Extend transformation/regeneration technology to other cultivars of importance in the U.S. and Israel. 3. Transform cultivars with the endochitinase constructs developed as part of objective 1. A. Characterize foliar powdery mildew resistance in transgenic plants. Background of the topic Conventional breeding of grapevines is a slow and imprecise process. The long generation cycle, large space requirements and poor understanding of grapevine genetics prevent rapid progress. There remains great need to improve existing important cultivars without the loss of identity that follows from hybridization. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is the most important fungal pathogen of grapevines, causing economic losses around the world. Genetic control of powdery mildew would reduce the requirement for chemical or cultural control of the disease. Yet, since the trait is under polygenic control, it is difficult to manipulate through hybridization and breeding. Also, because grapevines are heterozygous and vegetatively propagated cultivar identity is lost in the breeding process. Therefore, there is great need for techniques to produce transgenic versions of established cultivars with heterologous genes conferring disease resistance. Such a gene is now available for control of powdery mildew of grapevines. The protein coded by the Endochitinase gene, derived from Trichoderma harzianum, is very effective in suppressing U. necator growth. The goal of this proposal is to develop transgenic grapevines with this antifungal gene, and to test the effect of this gene on resistance to powdery mildew. Conclusions, achievements and implications Gene transfer technology for grape was developed using commercial cultivars for both wine and table grapes. It paved the way for a new tool in grapevine genetic studies enabling the alteration of specific important traits while maintaining the essential features of existing elite cultivars. Regeneration and transformation technologies were developed and are currently at an advanced stage for USA wine and Israeli seedless cultivars, representing the cutting edge of grape genetic engineering studies worldwide. Transgenic plants produced are tested for powdery mildew resistance in greenhouse and field experiments at both locations. It is our ultimate goal to develop transgenic grapes which will be more efficient and economical for growers to produce, while also providing consumers with familiar products grown with reduced chemical inputs.
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Prusky, Dov, and Jeffrey Rollins. Modulation of pathogenicity of postharvest pathogens by environmental pH. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587237.bard.
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Until recently, environmental pH was not considered a factor in determining pathogen compatibility. Our hypothesis was that the environmental pH at the infection site, which is dynamically controlled by activities of both the host and the pathogen, regulates the expression of genes necessary for disease development in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This form of regulation ensures that genes are expressed at optimal conditions for their encoded activities.Pectate lyase encoded by pelB, has been demonstrated to play a key role in virulence of C. gloeosporioides in avocado fruit. Polyglacturonase synergism with oxalic acid production is considered to be an essential pathogenicity determinant in the interactions of S. sclerotiorum with its numerous hosts. A common regulatory feature of these virulence and pathogenicity factors is their dependence upon environmental pH conditions within the host niche to create optimal conditions for expression and secretion. In this proposal we have examined, 1) the mechanisms employed by these fungi to establish a suitable pH environment, 2) the molecular levels at which genes and gene products are regulated in response to environmental pH, and 3) the molecular basis and functional importance of pH-responsive gene regulation during pathogenicity. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1. Characterize the mechanism of local pH modulation and the effect of ambient pH on the expression and secretion of virulence factors. 2. Provide evidence that a conserved molecular pathway for pH-responsive gene expression exists in C. gloeosporioides by cloning a pacC gene homologue. 3. Determine the role of pacC in pathogenicity by gene disruption and activating mutations. Major conclusions 1. We determined the importance of nitrogen source and external pH in the secretion of the virulence factor pectate lyase with respect to the ambient pH transcriptional regulator pacC. It was concluded that nitrogen source availability and ambient pH are two independent signals for the transcriptional regulation of genes required for the disease process of C. gloeosporioides and possibly of other pathogens. 2. We also determined that availability of ammonia regulate independently the alkalinization process and pelB expression, pecate lyase secretion and virulence of C. gloeosporioides. 3. Gene disruption of pacC reduced virulence of C. gloeosporioides however did not reduced fully pelB expression. It was concluded that pelB expression is regulated by several factors including pH, nitrogen and carbon sources. 4. Gene disruption of pacC reduced virulence of S. slcerotiourum Creation of a dominant activating
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Gutnick, David, and David L. Coplin. Role of Exopolysaccharides in the Survival and Pathogenesis of the Fire Blight Bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568788.bard.
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Fireblight, a disease of apples and pears, is caused by Erwinia amylovora. Mutants of E. amylovora that do not produce the extreacellular polysaccharide (EPS), amylovoran, are avirulent. A similar EPS, stewartan, is produced by E. stewartii, which caused Stewart's wilt of corn, and which has also been implicated in the virulence of this strain. Both stewartan and amylovoran are type 1 capsular polysaccharides, typified by the colanic acid slime produced by Escherichia coli. Extracellular polysaccharide slime and capsules are important for the virulence of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals and to enhance their survival and dissemination outside of the host. The goals of this project were to examine the importance of polysaccharide structure on the pathogenicity and survival properties of three pathogenic bacteria: Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia stewartii and Escherichia coli. The project was a collaboration between the laboratories of Dr. Gutnick (PI, E. coli genetics and biochemistry), Dr. Coplin (co-PI, E. stewartii genetics) and Dr. Geider (unfunded collaborator, E. amylovora genetics and EPS analysis). Structural analysis of the EPSs, sequence analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters and site-directed mutagenesis of individual cps and ams genes revealed that the three gene clusters shared common features for polysaccharide polymerization, translocation, and precursor synthesis as well as in the modes of transcriptional regulation. Early EPS production resulted in decreased virulence, indicating that EPS, although required for pathogenicity, is anot always advantageous and pathogens must regulate its production carefully.
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. LX Senescence-Induced Ribonuclease in Tomato: Function and Regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586455.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Natural leaf senescence, which occurs even when growth conditions are near optimal, has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. However, the successful design of such strategies requires a better insight into the senescence machinery and control in higher plants. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as ribonucleases (RNases) and proteases. Previously we had identified and characterized the tomato LX RNase gene demonstrating its transcript to be highly and specifically induced during senescence. This reported study was focused on LX but also had broadened our research to other senescence-associated nucleic acids degrading enzymes to learn about their function and the regulation of their encoding genes. Beside tomato we used parsley and Arabidopsis for the study of: the bi-functional nuclease which has a role in senescence. The study of different senescence- associated nucleases in few plant systems will allow a more general view on function and regulation of these enzymes in senescence. The specific original proposed objectives included: 1. Study the consequences of alterations in LX RNase level on tomato leaf senescence and general development; 2. Analyze stimuli which may participate in senescence-specific activation of the LX gene; 3. Clone the senescence-associated BFNI nuclease gene homologue from tomato. 4. Further characterize the sequences required for senescence-specific gene expression. Homozygous transgenic plants in which LX gene was either inhibited or over-expressed were generated. In both of these LX mutated plants no major phenotypic consequences were observed, which may suggests that LX is not essential for plant growth under optimal growth conditions. Lack of any abnormalities in the LX over-expressing lines suggests that special system exist to allow function of the RNase only when needed. Detailed analyses of growth under stress and consequences to RNA metabolism are underway. We have analyzed LX expression on the protein level demonstrating that it is involved also in petal senescing. Our results suggest that LX is responding to complex regulation involving developmental, organ dependent factors and responds differently to hormonal or environmental stimuli in the different plant organs. The cloned 1.4 kb promoter was cloned and its analysis revealed that probably not all required elements for senescence induction are included. Biochemical analysis of senescence-associated be-functional nucleases in the different plants, tomato, parsley and Arabidopsis, suggests they belong to a sub-class within the type I plant nucleases. The parsley PcNUC1/2 nuclease protein was purified from senescing leaves its and activity was studied in vitro revealing endo-, double strand, nucleolytic activity and exo-nucleolytic activity. Its encoding gene was cloned and found to be induced on the mRNA level. The promoter of the related Arabidopsis BFNI nuclease was shown in both tomato and Arabidopsis to be able and direct senescence-specific expression suggesting that, at least part, the gene is regulated on the transcriptional level and that the mechanism for this senescence-specific regulation is conserved between different plants. Few plants in which the BFNI gene is mutated were identified which are subjected now to detailed analysis. Our results suggest that the senescence-related nucleic acid degrading enzymes share similarities in both function and regulation between different plants and possibly have important functions in processes un-related to senescence. Still, the function of these enzymes, at least in some cases is not essential to plant development under optimal growth conditions. We are now at the stage which permits in depth investigation of the specific functions and mode of molecular regulation of senescence-associated nucleases with the aid of the research tools developed. The isolated senescence-specific promoter, shown to be active in heterologous plant system, could be utilized in agricultural-related biotechnological applications for retardation of senescence.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.
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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Genetic and chemical intervention in ROS signaling pathways affecting development and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699866.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotior11111. The focus in this project was on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum, Our stated objectives: To take advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (amenability of S. sclerotiorumto manipulations coupled with chemical genomics and next generation sequencing) developments to address and extend our fundamental and potentially applicable knowledge of the following questions concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum: (i) How do defects in genes involved in ROS signaling affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do phosphotyrosinephosphatases affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity and how are they linked with ROS and other signaling pathways? And (iii) What is the nature of activity of newly identified compounds that affect S. sclerotiori,111 growth? What are the fungal targets and do they interfere with ROS signaling? We have met a significant portion of the specific goals set in our research project. Much of our work has been published. Briefly. we can summarize that: (a) Silencing of SsNox1(NADPHoxidase) expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. (b) A catalase gene (Scatl), whose expression was highly induced during host infection is involved in hyphal growth, branching, sclerotia formation and infection. (c) Protein tyrosine phosphatase l (ptpl) is required for sclerotial development and is involved in fungal infection. (d) Deletion of a superoxidedismutase gene (Sssodl) significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants yet pathogenicity was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. (e) We have participated in comparative genome sequence analysis of S. sclerotiorumand B. cinerea. (f) S. sclerotiorumexhibits a potential switch between biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles (g) During plant microbe interactions cell death can occur in both resistant and susceptible events. Non pathogenic fungal mutants S. sclerotior111n also cause a cell death but with opposing results. We investigated PCD in more detail and showed that, although PCD occurs in both circumstances they exhibit distinctly different features. The mutants trigger a restricted cell death phenotype in the host that unexpectedly exhibits markers associated with the plant hypersensitive (resistant) response. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, chemical effectors and reverse genetics, we have established that this restricted cell death is autophagic. Inhibition of autophagy rescued the non-pathogenic mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that autophagy is a defense response in this interaction Thus the control of cell death, dictated by the plant (autophagy) סr the fungus (apoptosis), is decisive to the outcome of certain plant microbe interactions. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both Pls have initiated utilizing (as stated as an objective in our proposal) state of the art RNA-seq tools in order to harness this technology for the study of S. sclerotiorum. The Pls have met twice (in Israel and in the US), in order to discuss .נחd coordinate the research efforts. This included a working visit at the US Pls laboratory for performing RNA-seq experiments and data analysis as well as working on a joint publication (now published). The work we have performed expands our understanding of the fundamental biology (developmental and pathogenic) of S. sclerotioז111וז. Furthermore, based on our results we have now reached the conclusion that this fungus is not a bona fide necrotroph, but can also display a biotrophic lifestyle at the early phases of infection. The data obtained can eventually serve .נ basis of rational intervention with the disease cycle of this pathogen.