Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Génomique intégrative'
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Carat, Solenne. "Génomique intégrative du coactivateur transcriptionnel PRC." Nantes, 2010. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=e47e15ea-a685-4ec3-9239-0a8bf6758367.
Full textEmergence over the last few years of high throughput technologies like DNA microarray and more recently next generation sequencing now allows an exhaustive analysis of genome with several regulation levels including expression measure of all cell genes, DNA – transcription factors interactions, and also DNA methylation. It thus becomes indispensable to integrate these different data to be able to understand and then to model all these mechanisms involved in global cell function. This understanding will then enable to apprehend the sources of deregulation involved in many pathologies. The goal of my PhD is to understand the impact of PRC (PGC-1 Related Coactivator) transcriptional coactivator on the coordination of mitochondrial and cellular proliferation, from human tumor cell line XTC. UC1, rich in mitochondria. To do so, PRC and transcription factors ERRa, NRF1, GABP, CREB and YY1 involved in these two processes have been studied with ChIP-chip. Positive genes for these transcription factors are then compared with transcriptome of the same cells under siRNA PRC effects. Integration of these different data of transcriptome and ChIP-chip, coupled with study of motifs discovery, will allow to construct the transcriptional regulatory networks necessary to the understanding of PRC pathways. These networks will make possible the detection of therapeutic targets allowing to correct pathological condition
Raharijaona, Mahatsangy. "De la génomique fonctionnelle vers la génomique intégrative de pathologies humaines." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=25b4b481-43e1-4f92-972a-91de3442828f.
Full textThe complete human genome sequence has contributed to the expansion of genomics. This field notably describes how a genome is expressed, how some sets of genes and their products work together in biological systems. High-throughput technologies for genome research, like microarrays which were used in this thesis, were set up. This work deals with transcriptomic variations observed in different physiological or pathological conditions. We appreciated the effect of genetic and environmental factors on expression profiles, to detect biomarkers specific to pathological subclasses of lymphoma and thyroid lesions. To understand molecular mechanisms underlying these gene expression modifications, we integrated gradually other genomic data. This included detections of genomic deletions or amplifications using CGH arrays, or the identification of transcription factor binding sites by sequence analysis or by ChIP-chip methodology. With this combined approach, modeling biological networks modeling is then conceivable. It will allow a better understanding of a biological system and to detect more reliable therapeutic targets
Roche, Magali. "Analyse intégrative génomique et épigénomique de tumeurs hypophysaires à prolactine." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070145.
Full textSanya, Daniel Ruben Akiola. "Biologie intégrative du métabolisme lipidique chez les levures du genre Blastobotrys." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA002/document.
Full textAscomycetous oleaginous yeasts are among the highest known producers of lipids of our era that may supply lipids compounds, derived chemicals and organic acids from simple or complex carbon sources. We chose oleaginous yeasts species of Blastobotrys genus for defining a new model organism for fatty acid production and lipids, because these oleaginous yeasts natively produce higher lipids rate than Yarrowia lipolytica in the same conditions and can metabolize glucose and xylose. Most of the metabolic engineering studies on these yeast species focused on other molecules compounds than lipids. We characterized the oleaginous traits of two strains belonging to two different species of genus Blastobotrys, using glucose, xylose, glycerol, fructose, cellobiose, sucrose, galactose, starch and oleic acid as substrates with a C/N ratio of 60. We found the higher lipid production (35%) on cellobiose and glucose (32%).Next, in order to further understand the lipid metabolism in Blastobotrys, we explored the effect of temperature on cell physiology, lipid production and lipid profile using YNB medium with 30 g/L glucose. No markedly transition were found from the hyphae to budding form or reversely on YNB medium under four temperatures (28°C, 37°C, 42°C, 45°C). The lipids production is favored at 28°C and C18:1 is the most abundant fatty acid in the lipid profile. We successfully transformed the yeast species B. raffinosifermentans using the Xplor2 system. We increased lipid accumulation by over-expressing two native diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes, DGA1 and DGA2. Our best strain, derived from the parental strain G1212, produced 26.5 g/L lipid from 30g/L glucose in shake-flask experiments. This strain also produced citric acid like Y. lipolytica. We didn’t find significant overall elevated expression in lipid synthesis pathway for DGA1 gene when lipid production was favored on contrary to DGA2 gene. This work represents one of the first metabolic engineering of B. adeninivorans for lipid production
Fu, Yu. "Analyse intégrative de données génomiques et pharmacologiques pour une meilleure prédiction de la réponse aux médicaments anti-cancer." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS560.
Full textIntegrated analysis of genomic and pharmacological data to better predict the response to targeted therapiesThe use of targeted therapies in the context of cancer personalized medicine has shown great improvement of patients’ treatment in different cancer types. However, while the therapeutic decision is based on a single molecular alteration (for example a mutation or a gene copy number change), tumors will show different degrees of response. In this thesis, we demonstrate that a therapeutic decision based on a unique alteration is not optimal and we propose a mathematical model integrating genomic and pharmacological data to identify new single predictive biomarkers as well as combinations of biomarkers of therapy response. The model was trained using two public large-scale cell line data sets (the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer, GDSC and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, CCLE) and validated with cell line and clinical data. Additionally, we also developed a new method for improving the detection of somatic mutations using whole exome sequencing data and propose a new tool, cmDetect, freely available to the scientific community
Prifti, Edi. "Une approche bioinformatique intégrative pour la recherche de cibles physiopathologiques dans les maladies complexes : une application aux données transcriptomiques." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066175.
Full textAilloud, Florent. "Le pouvoir pathogène chez Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II génomique intégrative et paysages transcriptomiques en relation avec l'adaptation à l'hôte." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0009/document.
Full textRalstonia solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium globally distributed with a particularly broad host range. This organism is biologically diverse and is adapted to all types of soil, to planktonic lifestyle and to many plant hosts and natural reservoirs. This bacterium is a species complex and its genetic, phenotypic and host range diversity is a direct consequence of adaptation mechanisms. Phylogenetic analyses have divided this species complex into four distinct phylotypes correlating mostly with strains’ geographical origin. This thesis focuses on using phylotype II strains as an experimental model due to their adaptation to specific hosts: Moko strains pathogenic to banana, ‘Brown rot’ strains adapted to potatoes and emergent pathological variant NPB strains. Our main research topic is the understanding of host adaptation processes. In order to tackle this problematic we sequenced about ten genomes as a starting point of (i) a taxonomic revision of the species complex (ii) a comparative genomic analysis and (iii) an in planta transcriptomic analysis. Together, these complementary approaches allow a more systemic view of this organism’s genetic and phenotypic complexity
Commo, Frederic. "Analyse génomique en médecine de précision : Optimisations et outils de visualisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS132/document.
Full textIn oncology, a new paradigm tries to impose itself ; analyzing patient’s tumors, and identifying molecular alterations matching with targeted therapies to guide a personalized therapeutic orientation. Here, We discuss the molecular alterations possibly relevant for a therapeutic orientation, as well as the methods used for their identification : among the alterations of interest, copy number variations are widely used, and we more specifically focus on comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). We show, using well characterized cell lines, that identification of CNV is not trivial. In particular, the choice for centralizing profiles can be critical, and different strategies for adjusting profiles on a theoretical 2n baseline can lead to erroneous interpretations. Next, we show, using tumor samples, that a major consequence is to include, or miss, targetable alterations within the decision procedure. This work lead us to develop a comprehensive workflow, dedicated to aCGH analysis. This workflow supports the major aCGH platforms, ensure a full traceability of the entire process and provides interactive visualization tools to assist the interpretation. This workflow, called rCGH, has been implemented as a R package, and is available on Bioconductor. The interactive visualization tools are available on line, and are ready to be installed on any institutional server
Eychenne, Thomas. "Étude intégrative du rôle de deux sous unités essentielles du Médiateur de la transcription dans la mise en place des complexes de pré-initiation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS266/document.
Full textTranscription is the first step of gene expression. In eukaryotes, messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription is a highly regulated process. Transcription begins with the binding of a specific transcription factor on a DNA regulatory sequence. This enable the recruitment of co-activators, followed by general transcription factors (GTFs) and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to form preinitiation complex (PIC). Mediator is a co-activator complex which is essential in this process. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mediator is composed of 25 subunits, among which 10 are essential for cell viability, organized into four distinct modules. The main role of this complex is to transmit regulatory signal to PIC components. Although Mediator has been the subject of a large numbers of studies, its complexity prevents the detailed understanding of how it acts in vivo. During my PhD, I focused my work on the study of the two essential subunits Med7 and Med10. Both of these subunits belong to the middle module, poorly studied so far. We obtained a collection of temperature-sensitive mutants of Med7 and Med10 in yeast S. cerevisiae. We used different molecular biology and functional genomics to characterize these mutants. The work on Med10 subunit enabled us to highlight in vivo a functional link between Mediator and TFIIB, one of the GTFs. Notably, we have shown a new contact between Med14 subunit and TFIIB. Our ChIP-seq analysis shows that Mediator middle module, and in particular Med10 subunits, is crucial for PIC assembly genome-wide. These data also permit us to show that Mediator influence PIC formation in relation to promoter architecture. Taken together, these results indicates that Mediator in crucial to orchestrate the incorporation of the different proteins into the PIC. This work permit us to improve our understanding of how functional interplay between Mediator, TFIIB, other GTFs, and the promoter architecture leads to gene-specific transcription
Hejblum, Boris. "Analyse intégrative de données de grande dimension appliquée à la recherche vaccinale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0049/document.
Full textGene expression data is recognized as high-dimensional data that needs specific statisticaltools for its analysis. But in the context of vaccine trials, other measures, such asflow-cytometry measurements are also high-dimensional. In addition, such measurementsare often repeated over time. This work is built on the idea that using the maximum ofavailable information, by modeling prior knowledge and integrating all data at hand, willimprove the inference and the interpretation of biological results from high-dimensionaldata. First, we present an original methodological development, Time-course Gene SetAnalysis (TcGSA), for the analysis of longitudinal gene expression data, taking into accountprior biological knowledge in the form of predefined gene sets. Second, we describetwo integrative analyses of two different vaccine studies. The first study reveals lowerexpression of inflammatory pathways consistently associated with lower viral rebound followinga HIV therapeutic vaccine. The second study highlights the role of a testosteronemediated group of genes linked to lipid metabolism in sex differences in immunologicalresponse to a flu vaccine. Finally, we introduce a new model-based clustering approach forthe automated treatment of cell populations from flow-cytometry data, namely a Dirichletprocess mixture of skew t-distributions, with a sequential posterior approximation strategyfor dealing with repeated measurements. Hence, the automatic recognition of thecell populations could allow a practical improvement of the daily work of immunologistsas well as a better interpretation of gene expression data after taking into account thefrequency of all cell populations
Cerapio, Arroyo Juan Pablo. "Integrative genomic study of hepatocellular carcinoma from Peru." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS057.
Full textN the last decade Latin American is the region with highest incidence rise for liver cancer. Latest reports have shown the occurrence of unusual early onset of HCC in this region. This is specially prevailing in Peru, where a bimodal age-based distribution has been reported. This distribution delineated two subpopulations, an early-onset and a late-onset (≤44 and > 44 years old). The main characteristics of this HCC presentation are equilibrated sex ratio (M:F, 1.6), high number of poorly and undifferentiated tumors (86%), big tumors (12.3 cm-diameter), high AFP values in serum (1.42E+05 ng/ml), a considerable number of non-cirrhotic livers (89%) and high HBV infection rate (74%).These peculiarities of HCC development in Peruvian patients emphasize the needs to provide further insight into the molecular principles that, with HBV infection or other factors, could lead to this HCC presentation. For these reasons an integrative genomic analysis was conducted using gene expression and DNA methylation profiles of Peruvian patients' surgical specimens (tumour/non-tumour pairs). Overall, Peruvian HCC was characterized at the transcriptomic level by a gain of proliferative signals involving epigenome modifiers, massive loss in hepatocyte markers, aberrant sensing and signalling of hormones and primary metabolites, such as the retinoids. From the clinical standpoint, Peruvian HCC featured a hybrid phenotype between proliferative and non-proliferative classes that are presumed mutually exclusive in the unifying classification. Whether this human genome epidemiology is linked to ethnic factors or to etiological cues remains to be explored
Voillet, Valentin. "Approche intégrative du développement musculaire afin de décrire le processus de maturation en lien avec la survie néonatale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0067/document.
Full textOver the last decades, some omics data integration studies have been developed to participate in the detailed description of complex traits with socio-economic interests. In this context, the aim of the thesis is to combine different heterogeneous omics data to better describe and understand the last third of gestation in pigs, period influencing the piglet mortality at birth. In the thesis, we better defined the molecular and cellular basis underlying the end of gestation, with a focus on the skeletal muscle. This tissue is specially involved in the efficiency of several physiological functions, such as thermoregulation and motor functions. According to the experimental design, tissues were collected at two days of gestation (90 or 110 days of gestation) from four fetal genotypes. These genotypes consisted in two extreme breeds for mortality at birth (Meishan and Large White) and two reciprocal crosses. Through statistical and computational analyses (descriptive analyses, network inference, clustering and biological data integration), we highlighted some biological mechanisms regulating the maturation process in pigs, but also in other livestock species (cattle and sheep). Some genes and proteins were identified as being highly involved in the muscle energy metabolism. Piglets with a muscular metabolism immaturity would be associated with a higher risk of mortality at birth. A second aspect of the thesis was the imputation of missing individual row values in the multidimensional statistical method framework, such as the multiple factor analysis (MFA). In our context, MFA was particularly interesting in integrating data coming from the same individuals on different tissues (two or more). To avoid missing individual row values, we developed a method, called MI-MFA (multiple imputation - MFA), allowing the estimation of the MFA components for these missing individuals
Girard, Nicolas. "Tumeurs intra-thoraciques : mutations oncogéniques et problématiques cliniques : prédisposition génétique au cancer broncho-pulmonaire chez le patient non-fumeur : hétérogénéité inter- et intra- tumorale des cancers broncho-pulmonaires : étude génomique intégrative des tumeurs épithéliales du thymus." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00926538.
Full textBordron, Philippe. "Analyse des systèmes bactériens : une approche in silico pour intégrer les connaissances du vivant." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743412.
Full textVeaudor, Théo. "Vers la reprogrammation métabolique de la cyanobactérie modèle Synechocystis pour la production durable de biocarburants : structuration des flux du carbone par CP12 et implications sur l’équilibre bioénergétique, l’hydrogénase et l’intégrité génomique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS257/document.
Full textBiotechnology is a powerful tool allowing exploitation of biological circuits to produce compounds with multiple uses (medicine, nutrition, industrial…). Cyanobacteria have valuable genetic and trophic properties which could reduce the costs and the environmental footprint of these processes (photosynthesis, CO₂ fixation, assimilation of diverse nitrogen sources…). They also naturally produce energetic molecules such as H₂ from which new and sustainable biofuels sectors may rise. However, a global and fine understanding of their physiology is required in order to design an efficient biological chassis with these organisms. They are genetically manipulable but also exhibit a strong versatility favoring fixation of mutations that can be either beneficial or harmful to their large-scale cultivation. Over the course of my PhD, I constructed and studied mutants of a CO₂ fixation regulator whose activation is linked to photosynthesis. I showed that the Calvin cycle activity synchronizes carbon fluxes and redox status in Synechocystis and that its deregulation affects the metabolism in a pleiotropic manner. I was specifically interested into the carbon/nitrogen balance in this species and its urea metabolism which is of prime interest in biotechnology. I demonstrated that the latter was in competition with the hydrogenase for the insertion of nickel into their respective catalytic centers. Scarcity of this metal leads to selection of mutants thriving upon prolonged exposure to urea that retained a high capacity of H₂ production in presence of this nitrogenic substrate. This work shows that the metabolism of Synechocystis can be altered in favor of other cellular processes. Omics approaches allow global identification of the physiological responses induced as well as the biological compensation mechanisms. These observations are discussed with regards to biotechnological implications of genetic instability and the need to strengthen our understanding of metabolic and genetic plasticity in cyanobacteria
Lemoine, Frédéric. "Intégration, interrogation et analyse de données de génomique comparative." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112180.
Full textOur work takes place within the « Microbiogenomics » project. Microbiogenomics aims at building a genomic prokaryotic data warehouse. This data warehouse gathers numerous data currently dispersed, in order to improve functional annotation of bacterial genomes. Within this project, our work contains several facets. The first one focuses mainly on the analyses of biological data. We are particularly interested in the conservation of gene order during the evolution of prokaryotic genomes. To do so, we designed a computational pipeline aiming at detecting the areas whose gene order is conserved. We then studied the relative evolution of the proteins coded by genes that are located in conserved areas, in comparison with the other proteins. This data were made available through the SynteView synteny visualization tool (http://www. Synteview. U-psud. Fr). Moreover, to broaden the analysis of these data, we need to cross them with other kinds of data, such as pathway data. These data, often dispersed and heterogeneous, are difficult to query. That is why, in a second step, we were interested in querying the Microbiogenomics data warehouse. We designed an architecture and some algorithms to query the data warehouse, while keeping the different points of view given by the sources. These algorithms were implemented in GenoQuery (http://www. Lri. Fr/~lemoine/GenoQuery), a prototype querying module adapted to a genomic data warehouse
Méar, Loren. "Recherche de biomarqueurs de l’endométriose par des approches de protéomique et de génomique intégrative Endometriosis screening in patients attending an IVF clinic: a proof-of-concept retrospective cohort study. Polymorphisms and endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analyses The eutopic endometrium proteome in endometriosis reveals candidate markers and molecular mechanisms of physiopathology Biomarqueurs de l’endométriose : où en sommes-nous ?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV099.
Full textEndometriosis is a common gynecological estrogen dependent disorder, affecting 10% of women in reproductive age. The disease is characterized by the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity. Although asymptomatic forms of endometriosis, this disease results in chronic pelvic pain and infertility. This strongly and negatively impacts the quality of life of women with endometriosis.To date, the diagnosis of endometriosis takes many years because of the lack of non-invasive diagnostic tools. The identification of biomarkers seems to be a priority in the field of endometriosis research.Interestingly, “Omics” technologies demonstrated their relevance for the search, identification and characterization of potential disease biomarkers with significant achievements in many areas of human health.The present project aims at discovering potential biomarkers of endometriosis using a panel of approaches, among which proteomics and integrative genomics.Four axes of research have been followed for this project: i) development of a biological test to identify high risk population for women undergoing IVF procedure; ii) multiple meta-analyses to identify potential genetic markers associated with endometriosis risk; and finally identify potential biomarkers of endometriosis using iii) integrative genomics for a retrospective transcriptomics-based study and iv) differential proteomics of eutopic endometrium.These combined approaches, based on strong interdisciplinarity, allowed us to improve our knowledge of endometriosis and to identify potential biomarkers especially polymorphisms predisposing to endometriosis and a molecular signature of the disease at protein level.Upon confirmation, our results could lead to the development of a non-invasive and early diagnosis of this debilitating disease. In the future, our research should thus contribute to improve the care of patients
Larmande, Pierre. "Mutualiser et partager, un défi pour la génomique fonctionnelle végétale." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20177.
Full textIn this document, we present research topic developed in the context of heterogeneous data integration in plant functional genomic. Plant functional genomic is a biological framework where several disciplines and techniques take part in the discover of genes function. It generates a large quantity of data which the scientists manage in various ways. However, many data sources, complementary or overlapping, are necessary to enrich information about genes function. The problem comes from the distribution, the autonomy and the heterogeneity of these sources. That drags biologists seeking information, to integrate results manually. The objective of this thesis is to make easier the scientists searches and to reach in a transparent way information resulting from several data sources. For that, we propose two approaches in order to evaluate the advantages and the disadvantages of them. Firstly we propose the integration of sources through the adaptation of a mediation system: Select. Successor of DISCO, Le Select allows the integration of heterogeneous and distributed data sources through a relationnal integration model. Secondly, we propose the creation of a user personalized environment that integrate data sources through workflows of Web services. This system is based on BioMOBY system and its Central Registry. To conclude, we propose a methodology adapted to the needs for similar integration projects
Pons, Nicolas. "Réseau de régulation de l'expression des gènes : Détection de motifs et intégration de données génomiques et post-génomiques : Application chez les streptocoques." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112062.
Full textModelling the transcriptional regulatory networks allow to set insights in the adaptation mechanisms of living organisms to environmental changes. Here, we propose to build the topological structure of gene expression regulatory networks through the characterization of DNA binding sites. The motif detection is based on bioinformatic approaches combining transcription global analyses (intragenomic approach) and genome comparisons (intergenomic approach). The intragenomic approach consists of comparing upstream sequences of coregulated genes according to transcriptomic data. On the other intergenomic approach, the upstream sequences of orthologous genes are compared. This lies on the expectation that regulatory schemes are conserved between orthologous genes of phylogenetically close bacteria. To build up the orthologous classification, we have developed an original algorithm called Scissors. The algorithm has been optimized to exclude paralogous genes. Scissors has been validated on synthetic genome banks as well as by biological expertise. In order to facilitate the integration of these two approaches, we developed the plateform called iMOMi composed of relational database and a set of software dedicated to the detection of regulatory motifs. The plateform has been used in the experimental studiefds of regulation of several metabolisms in Lactococcus lactis IL1403 as well as Streptococcaea and Firmicutes. The biological relevance of iMOMi has been validated by the DNA binding site characterization of CodY, FruR and FhuR regulators
Villoutreix, Romain. "Echelle spatiale et temporelle de l’adaptation chez Arabidopsis thaliana : intégration de la plasticité phénotypique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10155/document.
Full textBased on a hierarchically spatial and/or temporal sampling of natural populations, I aimed at (i) making an ecological characterization (climate, soil and competition) lacking for this model plant in genomics, (ii) characterizing the extent of phenotypic variation existing at different spatial scales, by measuring many traits and their phenotypic plasticity in controlled greenhouse conditions and in an experimental field at the University of Lille 1, (iii) identifying the traits under selection using three approaches : FST – QST comparisons, phenotype-ecology relationships and genotypic gradients of selection, (iv) identifying the selective agents potentially responsible for adaptive phenotypic variation, and (v) identifying the genetic basis associated with natural variation by a GWA mapping approach. The experiments conducted during this thesis suggest that a significant amount of variation exists for many phenotypic traits at a large spatial scale (World or France), but also at a very fine scale (even within many populations). While a significant part of this variation may have been shaped by non-selective processes, the other part of this variation is suggested to have been shaped by local adaptation. The pattern of local adaptation revealed by the different methods is very complex and appears to be the result of nested selection pressures varying at different geographic scales, (France scale and within-population scale), and acting on different traits or plasticities. In agreement with this pattern, the genetic basis associated with phenotypic natural variation was shown to be highly dependent on the geographical scale considered
Vachon, Julien. "Intégration de la toxicogénomique à l'évaluation du risque à la santé humaine : une étude exploratoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27611.
Full textHuman health risk assessment (HHRA) must be adapted to the challenges of the 21st century, and toxicogenomics data are at the centre of the paradigm that regulatory agencies worldwide are trying to implement. However, the use of toxicogenomics data in HHRA is still limited. The study aims to explore the state of the use of toxicogenomics in HHRA and to characterise individual and organisational factors that impede such a use. The study was conducted in two parts. The first part consisted in an online survey targeted at Canadian risk assessors. Twenty-nine (29) completed surveys were returned after two months of solicitation. The second part consisted in a scoping review of the toxicogenomics publications on trihalomethanes. The scoping review identified nine (9) publications satisfying the eligibility criteria, and were included in the analysis. Results show that the use of toxicogenomics in HHRA is still marginal, 85% of survey respondents having reported having never used such data in their practice. The main individual factor impeding the use of toxicogenomics in HHRA is the lack of knowledge of toxicogenomics by risk assessors (68% of respondents are “not at all” or “only a little” familiar with the concept). The main organisational factors are the lack of recognised guidelines guiding the use of toxicogenomics in HHRA, and the lack of leadership and support of organisations towards the development of such guidelines and towards training of risk assessors. Results from the scoping review show that the low availability (n=9) and the low or uncertain quality of toxicogenomics publications (3/9 satisfying the essential quality criteria) can also be an important barrier. The results allowed to suggest interventions aimed at supporting the use of toxicogenomics data in HHRA.
Zerbato, Madeleine. "Caractérisation de l'intron de groupe II P1.LSU/2 en vue de son utilisation en ciblage génomique." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0024/document.
Full textIn ex vivo hematopoietic gene therapy, lentiviral vectors can be used to transduce hematopoietic progenitors. However, the use of non site-specific integrating vectors may lead to insertional mutagenesis. I evaluated the level of transduction of hematopoietic progenitor cells at the single-cell level by measuring vector copy number in individual colony-forming cell units. It was shown that the frequency of transduced progenitor cells and the distribution of VCN in hematopoietic colonies may depend upon experimental conditions. Nevertheless, the use of vectors that can target the integration of the transgene into a specific-site of the host genome would overcome genotoxicity issues. I evaluated the use of a group II intron for genomic targeting. Group II introns are self-splicing mobile elements that can integrate into precise genomic locations by homing. Engineered group II introns are commonly used for targeted genomic modifications in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes, probably due limited catalytic activation in these cells. I studied the brown algae Pylaiella littoralis Pl.LSU/2 group II intron which is uniquely capable of in vitro ribozyme activity at unusually low level of magnesium. Recombinant Pl.LSU/2 IEP expressed in Escherichia coli was purified and showed a reverse transcriptase activity either alone or associated with intronic RNA. The Pl.LSU/2 intron was showed to splice accurately in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and splicing efficiency was improved by the maturase activity of the intron-encoded protein. However, spliced transcripts were not expressed, and intron splicing was not detected in human cells, as well as homing of Pl.LSU/2 in E. coli and S. cerevisiae
Guérillot, Romain. "Etude des éléments intégratifs et conjugatifs de la famille TnGBS et des éléments transposables apparentés." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066097.
Full textMobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) play a major role in bacterial evolution by conferring genome plasticity. TnGBS is a new family of atypical integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) that exploits an insertion sequence (IS) transposase instead of a phage integrase for their stabilization. This work shows that TnGBS represent a wide and diverse family of ICE, specific to the genus Streptococcus. The characterization of different conserved functions identifies key genetic determinants involved in their mobility. More specifically, we demonstrate that they take advantage of plasmidic theta replication to promote their mobility. The study of their transposase leads to the identification of new MGE families and permits to propose a transposase domain implicated in their insertion specificity upstream promoters. The different modular associations identified in this study contribute to blur the line between the different types of MGEs
Castel, David. "Inférence du réseau génétique d'Id2 dans les kératinocytes humains par intégration de données génomiques à large échelle." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2007. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2007/interne/2007/2007EVRY0026.pdf.
Full textWe report in the present study the characterization of the genetic regulatory network of Id2, a dominant negative regulator of bHLH, to further understand its role in the control of the proliferation/differentiation balance in human keratinocytes. To identify Id2 gene targets, we first used gene expression profiling in cells exhibiting Id2 overexpression or knock-down. At the same time we screened an siRNA library using an siRNA microarrays approach to characterize Id2 transcriptionnal regulators. These results, with additional phenotypic observations, show that Id2 exert a key role in the control of keratinocyte commitment into differentiation or proliferation. Furthermore, we unravel new functions of Id2 in anaphase promotion and DNA recombination control. Overal, our results alllowed a first description of Id2 genetic regulatory network topology
Da, Cunha Violette. "Réseaux de régulation et éléments intégratifs et conjugatifs de la famille TnGBS dans l’adaptation de Streptococcus agalactiae." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066014.
Full textS. Agalactiae (GBS) was initially described as responsible for bovine mastitis, but is now recognized as a leading cause of infections in neonates causing pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitidis. However, this bacterium is primarily a commensal of the human digestive and genitourinary tracts. To colonize and to adapt to this broad range of environments, GBS utilizes transcriptional regulators. Using transcriptomic approaches, we have characterized some of these regulatory systems. In particular, we have demonstrated that the D-alanylation of the LTA is under the control of a dual feedback loop involving the two TCS DltRS and CiaRH. This dual regulation ensure a fine-turning of the expression of the dlt operon expression and consequently of the net charge of the bacterial cell surface. We have also shown that the loci encoding the virulence factors Srr and PI-2a are regulated by two transcription factors of RofA-like family, and also regulated by CovRS regulatory system belonging to the core genome. The EGMs are the major contributor of genome evolution by lateral gene transfer. We have characterized a new family of ICEs ,the TnGBS, corresponding to the first family of ICEs whose excision/integration is mediated by a DDE transposase. Another characteristic of this family is their insertion specificity upstream promoters sequences. The characterization and the comparative analysis of TnGBS related elements led to define the proteins implicated in the different steps of the conjugation process. The TnGBS related elements can be classified in subgroups sharing the tranposase but associated with two different conjugation machineries
Philippe, Cathy. "Analyse intégrée de données de génomique et d’imagerie pour le diagnostic et le suivi du gliome malin chez l’enfant." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112368/document.
Full textCerebral malignant tumors are the leading cause of death among pediatric cancers with a median survival from 12 to 14 months and an overall survival of 20% at 5 years for high grade gliomas. This work proposes some innovative methods for the analysis of heterogeneous genomic multi-Block data, with the main objective of increasing biological knowledge about such tumors. These methods extend works of Tenenhaus and Tenenhaus (2011), who introduce Regularized Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis (RGCCA) as a general statistical framework for multi-Block data analysis. As a first step, we extended RGCCA to handle large-Scale data with kernel methods (KGCCA). As a second step, SGCCA for variable selection within the RGCCA context is studied and leads to an additional constraint on the L1-Norm of the weight vectors. Then, as a third step, we focused on the nature of the links between blocks, with 2 other developments. On one hand, multi-Block logistic regression (multiblog) enables to predict a binary variable, such as response to treatment. On the other hand, the Cox model for multi-Block data (multiblox) enables the assessment of the instant risk, for instance, of relapse. We applied these methods to the joint analysis of Gene Expression and Copy Number Aberrations, acquired on a cohort of 53 young patients with a primary High Grade Glioma. Results are detailed in the last chapter of this work
Al, Jawhari Mustafa. "Intégration génomique de l’herpèsvirus humain de type 6 (HHV-6) : étude des modifications chromosomiques associées et de l’éventuelle réactivation en présence de drogues." Limoges, 2014. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f6317566-3244-4bf2-84eb-b2e52647ba8a/blobholder:0/2014LIMO330B.pdf.
Full textHuman herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus that exists as 2 types A and B. This virus is able to integrate in human chromosome telomeres, with globally 1% of prevalence; the impact of this integration is not yet known. HHV-6 reactivation was associated to the Drug hypersensitivity syndrome or DRESS. We show that detection and monitoring of human herpesvirus reactivation in DRESS patients are possible via quantitative PCR technic applied on saliva. The interpretation of results can be different according to the type of analyzed virus. With the purpose of knowing if the HHV-6 can be reactivated from an integrated virus and so be the cause of DRESS symptoms, a B cell line, established from a patient who has the CIHHV-6, was treated by four molecules incriminated in the DRESS. Two HHV-6 transcripts were detected randomly and independently of treatment. The protein p41 was not detected, which shows that these molecules do not cause any reactivation since the integrated virus and do not use this mechanism to cause the DRESS. The study of a wide cohort of 414 patients with hematological and nephrological diseases revealed a prevalence of 2% of CIHHV-6 (5/249 hematology; 0/165 nephrology). 3 patients had the integration into the chromosome 17. The site of integration using a double labeling viral probe/subtelomeric probe was found to be more precisely in subtelomeric region, regardless of the chromosome in question. The effect of the integration of HHV-6 on the cell was studied by FISH technics. We have detected repeatedly a loss in the subtelomeric region and a telomeres amplification in chromosome which carrying the CIHHV-6. A telomeric dysfunction and chromosomal instability have been demonstrated. We reported that two of our lines carrying the CIHHV-6 likely use the two known ways to maintain telomeres: the telomerase expression and a profile of ALT
Bellanger, Xavier. "Transfert, accrétion et mobilisation des éléments intégratifs conjugatifs et des îlots génomiques apparentés de "Streptococcus termophilus" : Un mécanisme clef de l'évolution bactérienne ?" Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10125/document.
Full textAnalyses of genomes had suggested that numerous bacterial genomic islands would be integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) or elements deriving from them. ICEs excise under a circular form by site-specific recombination, transfer by conjugation, and integrate in a recipient cell. The type of elements is very widespread in genomes of bacteria and archaea. Various related genomic islands are integrated at the 3' of the fda ORF in different Streptococcus thermophilus strains. This family includes 2 integrative and potentially conjugative elements, of which ICESt3, and 4 elements deriving from ICEs by deletion and named CIMEs (cis mobilizable elements). This work has demonstrated that ICESt3 transfers between S. thermophilus and related species. This element is the first conjugative element identified in this streptococcus. The ICESt3 transfer to a cell already carrying an ICE or a CIME leads to the characterization of site-specific accretions of ICESt3 and a related genomic island. Using donor cell harboring a CIME-ICE tandem, the co-transfer of the CIME and the ICE, the transfer of the ICE and the transfer of the only CIME were obtained, demonstrating conjugative mobilization of a CIME by ICESt3. Thus, the genomic islands from S. thermophilus evolve by site-specific accretion and conjugative mobilization. Moreover, an analysis of sequences from databases and an analysis of literature strongly suggest that CIMEs are widespread and that site-specific accretions between genomic islands play a key role in bacterial evolution
Teissier, Marc. "Intégration de données génomiques (mutations, gènes majeurs, marqueurs SNP, haplotypes) dans les modèles d'évaluations génétiques des chèvres laitières pour améliorer l'efficacité de la sélection." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0142/document.
Full textFollowing Céline Carillier’s PhD (2012-2015), genomic evaluations based on the ssGBLUP were implemented in 2018 in the dairy goat breeds Alpine and Saanen. The objective of breeders is to improve the accuracy of genomic evaluations in order to maximize genetic gain for traits of interest. In our first study, we looked at the effect of the size of the reference population (limited for these breeds) on the accuracy of genomic evaluations. The increase of the training population was not systematically associated with an increase of genomic accuracies. The ssGBLUP has some biases and tends to overestimate or underestimate genomic value estimates. To avoid these biases, hyperparameters were introduced into the construction of the ssGBLUP genomic relationship matrix. An analysis of these hyperparameters (, and ) was carried out and we found that the choice of them improves bias while having a limited impact on genomic accuracy. For the Alpine and Saanen breeds, the biases are close to 1 for a between 0.1 and 0.3 and a between 3 and 4. The hyperparameter has little effect on accuracy and bias and its default value (0,95) seems to be optimal. In a second part of my thesis, we focused on the integration of causal mutations or QTLs into genomic evaluation models to improve genomic accuracy. Causal mutations and QTLs were detected in the Alpine and Saanen breeds such as the s1 casein gene for protein content or DGAT1 for fat content. Other studies have shown a QTL, located on chromosome 19, in the Saanen breed. It was detected for different traits: milk, fat and protein content, udder floor position and rear udder attachment. The use of genotypes for s1 casein or DGAT1 in genomic evaluation models (gene content) was inefficient in improving evaluation accuracy. The gene content is a multi-trait method where the "gene content" is a second trait correlated to the selected trait. Whether for protein or fat content, accuracies with gene content were between -11% and 0% lower than the ssGBLUP accuracies for the Alpine and Saanen breeds. We have shown by adequately weighting SNPs in an ssGBLUP (approach called Weighted ssGBLUP and noted WssGBLUP), the accuracy of evaluations could be improved. This method assigns weights to SNPs based on their association with traits. These weights are integrated into the construction of the genomic relationship matrix. Gains up to +5% for the Alpine breed and +14% for the Saanen breed were observed compared to the ssGBLUP. The WssGBLUP is more suitable for the Saanen breed because QTLs are present on the majority of traits. For the Alpine breed, WssGBLUP was interesting for the protein content. The ssGBLUP remained the most interesting method when the trait had a polygenic genetic architecture. Finally, in the last study, we focused on haplotype genomic evaluation models. Haplotypes were constructed either by grouping several consecutive SNPs or by using the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs. The haplotypes are then used to build a haplotypic relationship matrix or converted to pseudo-SNPs to build a genomic relationship matrix. In the Alpine breed, the accuracy of the haplotypic ssGBLUP (or pseudo-SNPs) was increased between -1% and 19% compared to an ssGBLUP based on SNP information. On the other hand, in the Saanen breed, the accuracy was increased between -3% and +6% compared to a ssGBLUP. Finally, we applied the WssGBLUP approach using pseudo-SNPs. In the Saanen breed, an improvement in accuracy up to +16% compared to a ssGBLUP was observed. The highest gains (above +10%) were obtained for traits with an identified QTL (milk, fat and protein yields, protein content, udder floor position and rear udder attachment). In the Alpine breed, accuracy gains between -8% and +5% were observed compared to ssGBLUP depending on the trait except for fat yield and fat content where the gains reach +19%
Meygret, Alexandra. "Caractérisation d'éléments conjugatifs intégratifs (ICE) chez Mycoplasma hominis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0177/document.
Full textMycoplasmas are small-genome bacteria derived from Gram-positive ancestors by a succession of genetic material losses. It has long been considered that genetic reduction was the only force governing the evolution of these bacteria, however, horizontal transfers of large chromosomal regions within and between mycoplasma species have recently been reported. Conjugative and integrative elements (ICE) found in some species of mycoplasma may be responsible for these transfers. These ICEs encode the systems necessary for excision, conjugative transfer and integration into a recipient cell.Mycoplasma hominis is a commensal genital mycoplasma that can be responsible for gynecological infections, neonatal infections and extragenital infections. Preliminary analysis of M. hominis genomes had showed the presence of coding regions characteristic of ICEs. The objectives of this thesis were to search for and characterize ICEs in one reference strain and 11 fully sequenced M. hominis clinical isolates and to determine the prevalence of these ICEs in the M. hominis species. To do so, a retrospective study over a period of 6 years was conducted on clinical isolates collected at the Bordeaux University Hospital. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones as well as resistance mechanisms were determined, providing a collection of clinical isolates characterized for the study of ICEs.ICEs of 27-30 kpb were found in one or two copies in seven of the 12 M. hominis sequenced strains. Only five of these ICEs seemed functional since circular forms of extrachromosomal ICE were detected. All M. hominis ICEs exhibited a similar structure consisting of a 4.0-5.1 kb module composed of five to six juxtaposed CDSs, encoding proteins that share common structural features with transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors, involved in polynucleotide recognition and signal transduction in symbiotic bacteria. The characterization of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in M. hominis clinical isolates collected at Bordeaux University Hospital enabled us to obtain a collection of 183 isolates isolated between 2010 and 2015, of which 14.8% harbored the tet(M) gene responsible for tetracycline resistance, 2.7% were resistant to levofloxacin and 1.6% were resistant to moxifloxacin by mutation in topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase genes. Screening of 120 of these clinical isolates revealed a high prevalence of ICEs in M. hominis, measured to be 45%. The proportion of ICEs was not higher in isolates carrying the tet (M) gene, suggesting that ICEs were not responsible for the spread of tetracycline resistance.Additional mating experiments will be necessary to confirm the functionality of the ICEs found in the M. hominis species. However, the conserved and specific structure of M. hominis ICEs and the high prevalence in clinical strains suggest that these ICEs may confer a selective advantage for the physiology or pathogenicity of the bacteria. This work opens the way for future studies that will provide a better understanding of horizontal gene transfers and virulence factors in M. hominis
Poulin-Laprade, Dominic. "Étude de la régulation transcriptionnelle des éléments intégratifs et conjugatifs de la famille SXT/R391." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7934.
Full textLepoivre, Cyrille. "Apports de l' analyse et l'intégration de données génomiques pour l'étude de la transcription et des réseaux de régulation dans le système hématopoïétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4065.
Full textOne of the fundamental challenges of modern biology is to better understand the mechanisms regulating gene expression, on which the functioning and differentiation of cells depend. In particular, disorders in these mechanisms may be the cause of diseases such as cancer. High throughput technologies of the post-genomic era allow mass production of data including gene expression, binding sites of transcription factors and chromatin state. These data a wealth of information for the study of regulatory mechanisms. However, the amount and heterogeneity of these data raise many bioinformatics issues related to access, visualization, analysis and integration of these.This thesis addresses a number of these aspects, through several projects:- bioinformatics characterization of antisense transcripts produced by bidirectional promoters during thymocyte development,- development and integration of a compendium of gene interactions of various kinds (physical interactions, regulations, etc.), and a graph visualization tool,- the study of a transdifferentiation system of pre-B lymphocytes into macrophages by induction of CEBPa, and the construction of a regulation model, thanks to the integrated analysis of DNA microarrays, ChIP-seq and sequence data.This work provides an illustration of some of the bioinformatics issues related to the exploitation of these data and methodologies to efficiently extract biological information, particularly to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of transcription and its regulation in the hematopoietic system
Lariviere, Delphine. "Méthodes bioinformatiques d'analyse de l'histoire évolutive des familles de gènes ˸ intégration de données, indices évolutifs, et analyses fonctionnelles appliquées aux familles de gènes impliquées dans la réponse des plantes aux stress environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0041.
Full textThe study of gene families and their evolutive history brings precious evidences for the functional annotation of families. The functional transfer depends on one hand on the relationship between genes, and on another hand on the sequence divergence. In order to facilitate the comprehension of gene families, the inference of their evolutive history must be correlated to functional evidences and annotations. This inference is possible through the integration of several heterogeneous data. Evolutive evidences can come from several different data sources and need several tools . It is therefore important to clearly identify both these sources and tools, but also to implement their integration in a common analysis specific to the studied organisms. After studying plant genomes specificities, and their specific mode of evolution, we responded to this problematic through the development of an integrative system containing expertingly chosen data, and implemented tools dedicated to the analysis of gene families. The system also propose a synthetic visualisation analytic tool and an original method to integrate syntenic data for gene family analysis. This system has then been used to study gene family of interest, implied in abiotic stress resistance in plants, that allows us to discuss the intake of the system for gene family analysis
Dahmane, Narimane. "Caractérisation des éléments intégratifs conjugatifs de la famille ICESt3 et des facteurs influençant leur mobilité." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0269/document.
Full textIntegrative Conjugative Elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements that can be horizontally transferred from a bacterium to another, eventually regardless of the species or any other classification, allowing them to benefit from a broad host spectrum. ICEs can carry adaptive genes that can significantly improve the bacterial fitness and allow its adaptation to new ecological niches. In this work, ICEs related to ICESt3 were found in the commensal and opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus salivarius. In silico analysis highlighted the diversity of the ICESt3 family within this species, especially concerning their recombination and regulation modules, but also their adaptive genes likely available for the oral and digestive microbial community of the human host. The functionality of two ICEs found in S. salivarius was experimentally confirmed through their ability to transfer in intra- and interspecific manners. This work also allowed the identification of host factors affecting ICESt3 mobility, and revealed the importance, for the transfer and the acquisition of this ICE, of cell surface molecules such as lipoproteins, teichoic acids and exopolysaccharides. In conclusion, this thesis allowed expanding the knowledge regarding the mobile genetic elements of the ICESt3 family. This work demonstrated that these elements contribute to genome evolution of different streptococci species and gene exchanges between bacteria originated from food and the human gut flora. Finally, this study contributes to a better comprehension of the mechanisms and host factors influencing the mobility of these mobile genetic elements
Carene, Dimitri. "Décrypter la réponse thérapeutique des tumeurs en intégrant des données moléculaires, pharmacologiques et cliniques à l’aide de méthodes statistiques et informatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS589.
Full textCancer is the most frequent cause of death in the world, with 8.2 million death / year. Large-scale genome studies have shown that each cancer is characterized by a unique genomic profile. This has led to the development of precision medicine, which aims at targeting treatment using tumor genomic alterations that are patient-specific. In hormone-receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative early breast cancer, clinicopathologic characteristics are not sufficient to fully explain the risk of distant relapse, despite their well-established prognostic value. The main objective of this thesis project was to use statistical and computational methods to assess to what extent genomic alterations are involved in distant breast cancer relapse in addition to classic prognostic clinicopathologic parameters. This project used clinical and genomic data (i.e., copy numbers and driver gene mutations) from the PACS04 and METABRIC trial.In the first part of my thesis project, I first evaluated prognostic value of copy numbers of predefined genes including FGFR1, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; CCND1, Cyclin D1; ZNF217, Zinc Finger Protein 217; ERBB2 or HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor, as well as a panel of driver gene mutations. Results from the PACS04 trial showed that FGFR1 amplification increases the risk of distant relapse, whereas mutations of MAP3K1 decrease the risk of relapse. Second, a genomic score based on FGFR1 and MAP3K1, allowed to identify three levels of risk of distant relapse: low risk (patients with a MAP3K1 mutation), moderate risk (patients without FGFR1 copy number aberration and without MAP3K1 mutation) and high risk (patients with FGFR1 amplification and without MAP3K1 mutation). Finally, this genomic score was validated in METABRIC, a publicly available database. In the second part of my thesis project, new prognostic genomic biomarkers of survival were identified using penalized methods of LASSO type, taking into account the block structure of the data.Keywords: Copy number aberrations (CNA), mutations, breast cancer (BC), biomarkers, variable selection methods, dimension reduction, cox regression
Puymège, Aurore. "Diversité, dynamique et mobilité des éléments intégratifs conjugatifs (ICE) de Streptococcus agalactiae intégrés dans l'extrémité 3' du gène codant un ARNt Lysine." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0147/document.
Full textIntegrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs) and related elements are widespread in bacteria and play a key role in horizontal gene transfer. ICEs excise by site-specific recombination as a circular intermediate, promote their own transfer by conjugation and then integrate into a replicon of the recipient cell. Streptococcus agalactiae is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe human invasive neonatal infections as well as infections in animals (bovine, fish...). Previous in silico analysis of eight sequenced genomes of S. agalactiae identified in each genome a different element integrated in the tRNALys CTT gene with four putative ICEs. This study, carried on 246 other genomes of S. agalactiae, confirmed the prevalence and diversity of elements integrated in this locus with 98% of the strains carrying an element (ICE, trans or cis mobilizable elements composite elements...). A novel family of putative mobilisable elements which can integrate in the oriT of ICE has been characterized. Functional analysis of 5 ICEs demonstrated that four can excise of the chromosome but that only ICE_FSLS3-026_tRNALys and ICE_515_tRNALys can transfer by conjugation inside the species or to S. pyogenes for one of them. Composite elements have been obtained after transfer of ICE_515_tRNALys to a recipient strain already carrying an element integrated in the same locus. One of this composite element is able to excise and transfer by conjugation to a new strain leading to cis-mobilization of the resident element.In conclusion, ICEs and cis and trans mobilizable elements are widespread in S. agalactiae and contribute to the genomic plasticity in this bacterial species
Chaffanel, Fanny. "Diversité génétique et phénotypique d'une collection de souches de Streptococcus salivarius : étude des éléments intégratifs et des capacités d’adhésion aux cellules des écosystèmes digestif et buccal." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0070/document.
Full textStreptococcus salivarius is a commensal bacterium present in the oral cavity and all along the digestive tract (Eckburg et al., 2005; Hao & Lee, 2004). It is frequently found attached to tongue or to stomach and intestinal walls within biofilms (Cvitkovitch et al., 2003). In a biofilm, the cellular density implies a physical proximity between bacteria of different species which is favorable for genetic exchange between them. These horizontal transfers permit the bacteria to acquire genes of adaptation such as virulence and antibiotic resistance genes (Kolenbrander et al., 2010; Molin & Tolker-Nielsen, 2003). Largely present in the bacterial genomes, although not widely studied, the integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and the integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs) probably play a major role in these transfers and in the adaptation of strains to their environment. The objective of this thesis is to study within S. salivarius the integrative elements (prevalence, diversity and transfer of one ICE) as well as the adhesion capacity to the cells of the oral and digestive ecosystems. A MLST study (MultiLocus Sequence Type) has allowed the classification of 212 strains of the S. salivarius collection from the DynAMic laboratory in 96 Sequence Types and to reveal the diversity of these strains. Among these, 138 were selected as representative of the diversity of the collection for ulterior studies. PCR research of integrative elements of these strains has shown that more than 70% of these strains present at least one integrative element carrying at least one antibiotic resistance gene. Therefore the diversity of the antibiotic resistance phenotypes observed were able to be correlated to the diversity of the integrative elements found (Tn916, Tn3872, Tn6002, Tn2009, MEGA) or described for the first time (IQ element) in S. salivarius. The diversity and prevalence of the ICE and IME in S. salivarius were characterized within the completely sequenced genomes of 19 strains. This analysis has allowed the detection of 27 ICE belonging to 2 superfamilies (Tn916 and Tn5252) and 4 distinctive families (ICESt3, Tn916, Tn1549 and TnGBS2) which are integrated into 12 different integration sites. The analysis also allowed the detection of 37 IME which are integrated in 7 different sites as well as 10 MEGA elements integrated in two different genes. The study of the ICE of the ICESt3 family which are described for the first time in S. salivarius in this work showed that they are integrated in the site already described (at the 3’ end of the fda gene), but also in 2 new sites (at the 3’ end of the rpsl and rpmG genes). In parallel to these studies, the adhesion capacity of S. salivarius strains to saliva and gastro-intestinal epithelial cells has been studied. The results have shown that adhesion capacity to the saliva of 24 strains are much diversified and strain dependent. Likewise, the capacity of adhesion to gastro-intestinal epithelial cell lines Caco2 and HT29-MTX of 14 of these strains is strain dependent but also cellular line dependent. These results have allowed the selection of the F6-1 strain of which the adhesion phenotype to HT29-MX and HT29-CL16E cells is particularly high and dependent on the secretion of mucus. The study of mutants of this strain has shown that its adhesion capacity is dependent both on some of their surface proteins and on the gastro-intestinal epithelial cell lines. Finally, conjugative transfer experiments of the ICESt3 F6-1 rpsl were performed under different conditions. Its excision capacity has been shown and an in silico analysis indicates that this ICE could be functional. However, no transconjugant has been obtained whatever the tested conditions
Vignes, Matthieu. "Modèles markoviens graphiques pour la fusion de données individuelles et d'intéractions : application à la classification de gènes." Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10208.
Full textThe research work presented in this dissertation is on keeping with the statistical integration of post -genomics data of heterogeneous kinds. Gene clustering aims at gathering the genes of a living organism -modeled as a complex system- in meaningful groups according to experimental data to decipher the roi es of the genes acting within biological mechanisms under study. We based our approach on probabilistic graphical models. More specifically, we used Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) that allow us to simultaneously account for gene-individual features thanks to probability distributions and network data that translate our knowledge on existing interactions between these genes through a non-oriented graph. Once the biological issues tackled are set, we describe the model we used as weil as algorithmic strategies to deal with parameter estimation (namely mean field-like approximations). Then we examine two specificities of the data we were faced to: the missing observation problem and the high dimensionality ofthis data. They lead to refinements ofthe model under consideration. Lastly, we present our experiments both on simulated and real Yeast data to assess the gain in using our method. Ln particular, our goal was to stress biologically plausible interpretations of our results
Chuzeville, Sarah. "Caractérisation des fonctions codées par les éléments intégratifs conjugatifs (ICE) intégrés dans un gène codant un ARNt lysine chez Streptococcus agalactiae : rôle dans le maintien des ICE, l'adaptation et la virulence de l'hôte." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0261/document.
Full textHorizontal gene transfer is a rapid mechanism of evolution. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are genomic islands which can transfer by conjugation to recipient bacteria. Streptococcus agalactiae is a human and animal opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for major health and economic problems. Studies revealed the presence of numerous ICEs in S. agalactiae, in particular at the 3' end of a tRNALys encoding gene. The functionality of the element present in strain S. agalactiae 515 was demonstrated and was thus chosen as a model for this study. This work focused on the characterization of adaptive and virulence functions encoded by ICE_515_tRNALys and their transfer to other species. Results indicated that this ICE confers adhesion properties to host, increases biofilm formation and may be involved in cell aggregation. A new protein belonging to the antigens I/II family is involved in fibronectin binding and contributes to the biofilm phenotype. In addition, a new co-hemolytic CAMP factor encoded by ICE_515_tRNALys, which could be involved in virulence and bacterial survival, was identified and characterized. These virulence factors are functional in other bacterial species. This work also revealed the prevalence and evolutionary dynamics of ICE belonging to the family of ICE_515_tRNALys and adaptive functions encoded by these elements in several species of streptococci. In conclusion, ICEs of the ICE_515_tRNALys family represent vectors of phenotypic features important for virulence and survival in streptococci
Péneau, Camille. "Mécanismes moléculaires et conséquences oncogéniques des intégrations du Virus de l’Hépatite B dans les tissus hépatiques." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/PENEAU_Camille_va2.pdf.
Full textDespite the existence of an effective vaccine and of treatments that suppress viral replication, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection remains one of the most frequent chronic diseases. 39% of HBV-related deaths are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. HBV is indeed the main risk factor of HCC development in patients who generally already have a liver cirrhosis induced by the infection. However, the fact that some HBV-related HCC occur without chronic inflammation underlines the direct oncogenic properties of this DNA virus, which can promote hepatocyte cell transformation through integration into the human genome. This project aimed to describe the HBV genomes in tumor and non-tumor liver tissues from 177 patients, mostly with African and European origin, using viral capture and next-generation sequencing techniques, and characterized viral integrations according to the genetic and clinical data of the patients. We showed that non-tumor tissues contain more frequently replicating HBV DNA and a higher number of insertions, mainly located in open chromatin regions but without direct functional consequences. In tumors, on the other hand, HBV integrations are often clonal and enriched in proximity of genes involved in hepatocarcinogenesis such as TERT (in one-third of HBV-related HCC), CCNE1, or KMT2B, and can directly lead to tumor development by activating these genes in cis. HBV integrations in CCNA2 or CCNE1, for example, generate replicative stress and a specific signature of structural rearrangements, thus promoting the development of aggressive HCC in the absence of cirrhosis. We also described a novel oncogenic mechanism associated with HBV integrations based on rearrangements of the human genome delimited by integrated viral sequences, which induce copy number alterations of distant "driver" genes such as TP53 or MYC. We have therefore further characterized the viral integrations of HBV in HCC, but also those of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) which can also integrate into human DNA and promote tumor development through insertional mutagenesis by altering the same genes as HBV (TERT, CCNA2, CCNE1, KMT2B)
Coluzzi, Charles. "L'exploration des génomes par l'outil ICEFinder révèle la forte prévalence et l'extrême diversité des ICE et des IME de streptocoques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0352/document.
Full textMobile genetic elements largely contribute to the evolution and diversity of bacterial genomes through horizontal gene transfer. Among them, the integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) encode their own excision, conjugative transfer and integration. On the other hand, integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs) are autonomous for excision and integration but encode only some of the proteins needed for their conjugative transfer. IMEs therefore need a “helper” conjugative element to transfer. Despite their impact on gene flow and genome dynamics, the prevalence of ICEs remains largely underscored and very few IMEs were identified at the beginning of this study. Furthermore, although several in silico methods exist to detect genomic islands, none are dedicated to ICEs or IMEs, thus complicating exhaustive examination of these mobile elements. The Streptococcus genus belongs to the firmicutes’ phylum. Almost all streptococci are commensal bacteria or pathogenes to men and animals. Two species of Streptococcus are also used in the dairy industry as lactic ferments in order to produce fermented milk and different types of cheese. Studying the gene flux of the Steptococci genus and the impact it can have on the lifestyle of these organisms is essential, as it has a lot of interest for human health and activities. In this work, we searched for ICEs and IMEs in 124 strains of streptococci belonging to 27 species using a reference database of ICE and IME signature proteins (from their conjugation, mobilization and integration/excision modules). This exhaustive analysis led to the identification and delimitation of 131 ICEs or slightly decayed ICEs and 144 IMEs. All these elements were delimited, which allowed us to identify their integration specificities in the genomes. In total, 17 ICE integration specificities were identified. Among them, 8 had never been described before (ftsK, guaA, lysS, mutT, rpmG, rpsI, traG and ybaB/EbfC). 18 specificities were also identified for IMEs, among which only 5 were known for the firmicutes. ICEs encode high or low-specificity tyrosine integrases (13 different specificities), single serine intégrases (1 specificity), triplet of serine integrases (3 different specificities), or DDE transposases while IMEs encode either tyrosine integrases (10 different specificities) or single serine integrases (8 different specificities). ICE were grouped in 7 distinct families according to the proteins encoded by their conjugation module whereas the mobilization modules of IMEs were highly diverse, preventing them from grouping into families according to their mobilization modules. The phylogenetic analysis of the signature proteins encoded by all ICEs and IMEs showed integration module exchanges between ICEs and IMEs and several mobilization module exchanges between IMEs. The overall results reveal a strong prevalence and extreme diversity of these elements among Streptococci genomes. Better understanding and knowledge of ICEs and IMEs prompted us to build a semi-automated command-line tool to identify streptococcal ICEs and IMEs as well as to determine their insertion site
Yan, Yiqing. "Scalable and accurate algorithms for computational genomics and dna-based digital storage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS078.
Full textCost reduction and throughput improvement in sequencing technology have resulted in new advances in applications such as precision medicine and DNA-based storage. However, the sequenced result contains errors. To measure the similarity between the sequenced result and reference, edit distance is preferred in practice over Hamming distance due to the indels. The primitive edit distance calculation is quadratic complex. Therefore, sequence similarity analysis is computationally intensive. In this thesis, we introduce two accurate and scalable sequence similarity analysis algorithms, i) Accel-Align, a fast sequence mapper and aligner based on the seed–embed–extend methodology, and ii) Motif-Search, an efficient structure-aware algorithm to recover the information encoded by the composite motifs from the DNA archive. Then, we use Accel-Align as an efficient tool to study the random access design in DNA-based storage
Vignes, Matthieu. "Modèles markoviens graphiques pour la fusion de données individuelles et d'interactions : application à la classification de gènes." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178348.
Full textNous basons notre approche sur des modèles probabilistes graphiques. Plus spécifiquement, nous utilisons l'outil de champs de Markov cachés qui permet la prise en compte simultanée de données propres à chacun des gènes grâce a des distributions de probabilités et de données traduisant un réseau d'interaction au sein de l'organisme à l'aide d'un graphe non-orienté entre les gènes.
Apres avoir présenté la problématique et le contexte biologique, nous décrivons le modèle utilisé ainsi que les stratégies algorithmiques d'estimation des paramètres (i.e. approximations de type champ moyen). Puis nous nous intéresserons à deux particularités des données auxquelles nous avons été confrontés et qui amènent des développements du modèle utilisé, notamment la prise en compte de l'absence de certaines observations et la haute dimensionnalité de celles-ci. Enfin nous présenterons des expériences sur données simulées ainsi que sur données réelles sur la levure qui évaluent le gain apporté par notre travail. Notamment, nous avons voulu mettre l'accent sur des interprétations biologiques plausibles des résultats obtenus.