Journal articles: 'Genetically modified crops (GM)'

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Jones, Jonathan D. G. "Why genetically modified crops?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1942 (May 13, 2011): 1807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0345.

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This paper is intended to convey the message of the talk I gave at the Theo Murphy meeting at the Kavli Centre in July 2010. It, like the talk, is polemical, and conveys the exasperation felt by a practitioner of genetically modified (GM) plant science at its widespread misrepresentation. I argue that sustainable intensification of agriculture, using GM as well as other technologies, reduces its environmental impact by reducing pesticide applications and conserving soil carbon by enabling low till methods. Current technologies (primarily insect resistance and herbicide tolerance) have been beneficial. Moreover, the near-term pipeline of new GM methods and traits to enhance our diet, increase crop yields and reduce losses to disease is substantial. It would be perverse to spurn this approach at a time when we need every tool in the toolbox to ensure adequate food production in the short, medium and long term.

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Boskovic, Jelena, Vasilije Isajev, Zeljana Prijic, Veselinka Zecevic, Zdravko Hojka, and Gordana Dozet. "Assessing ecological risks and benefits of genetically modified crops." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 1 (2010): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1001089b.

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Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc.

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Almeida, Carla, and Luisa Massarani. "Farmers prevailing perception profiles regarding GM crops: A classification proposal." Public Understanding of Science 27, no. 8 (April 4, 2018): 952–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662518766281.

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Genetically modified organisms have been at the centre of a major public controversy, involving different interests and actors. While much attention has been devoted to consumer views on genetically modified food, there have been few attempts to understand the perceptions of genetically modified technology among farmers. By investigating perceptions of genetically modified organisms among Brazilian farmers, we intend to contribute towards filling this gap and thereby add the views of this stakeholder group to the genetically modified debate. A comparative analysis of our data and data from other studies indicate there is a complex variety of views on genetically modified organisms among farmers. Despite this diversity, we found variations in such views occur within limited parameters, concerned principally with expectations or concrete experiences regarding the advantages of genetically modified crops, perceptions of risks associated with them, and ethical questions they raise. We then propose a classification of prevailing profiles to represent the spectrum of perceptions of genetically modified organisms among farmers.

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Knight, John G., Damien W. Mather, and David K. Holdsworth. "Genetically modified crops and country image of food exporting countries." British Food Journal 107, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700510615035.

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PurposeMany countries have held back from planting genetically modified (GM) food crops due to perceived negative reaction in export and domestic markets. Three lines of research have tested the reality of this fear.Design/methodology/approachIn‐depth interviews were conducted in European countries with key companies and organisations in the European food sector. Supermarket intercepts were used to ascertain purchasing intent for products from countries that do or do not produce GM crops. A purchasing experiment was conducted, where cherries labelled as GM, organic or conventional were on sale in a roadside stall.FindingsFood distribution channel members expressed concern about possibility of contamination or mix‐up between GM and non‐GM food. However, presence of GM crops in a country does not cause negative perception of food in general from that country. Approximately 30 per cent of consumers in the purchasing experiment proved willing to purchase GM cherries when there was a defined consumer benefit – either lower price or spray‐free.Practical implicationsCountries that have not yet planted GM food crops need to be cautious about possible negative impacts on channel member perceptions of non‐GM versions of the same crop from the same country. However, planting GM crops does not appear likely to damage the overall reputation of a food‐supplying country. GM applications in non‐food areas seem unlikely to damage perceptions of country image in relation to supply of food products from that country.Originality/valueProvides useful information for those planning to plant GM food crops.

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Dunwell, Jim M. "Genetically modified (GM) crops: European and transatlantic divisions." Molecular Plant Pathology 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2014): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12087.

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Su, Stefani, Idil Daloglu Ezhuthachan, and Punita Ponda. "Genetically modified foods and food allergy." Journal of Food Allergy 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200012.

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Genetic modification of foods is one of the many ways of processing that can enhance foods to increase desirable qualities, such as herbicide tolerance, bacteria and insect resistance, improved nutritional value, and delayed ripening. However, a theoretical potential to increase the allergenicity of food proteins has been the subject of concern from critics. To prevent adverse effects from genetically modified (GM) crops, national and international organizations tightly regulate their production and recommend rigorous safety testing. Some safety tests were developed to assess potential allergenicity by studying the product’s similarity to known allergenic proteins, its resistance to pepsin digestion, and its binding to immunoglobulin E (IgE) from sera of patients with known relevant allergies. To date, these safety assessments have only identified rare GM foods with the potential to lead to immunologic reactions. These foods were stopped from being marketed commercially, and the products on the market now have passed required safety assessments. The rise in the prevalence of food allergy preceded the commercialization of GM foods and has also occurred in countries with limited access to GM crops, which highlights a lack of causative association between the two. Several studies provided further reassurance with no evidence of higher potency in specific IgE binding to GM foods. There are no studies that demonstrate adverse reactions due to GM food consumption, and GM foods may have the beneficial potential to silence major allergenic proteins. Therefore, physicians and other health-care professionals should counsel patients that the scientific data do not support an increased risk of allergic responses to GM foods.

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Akram, Muhammad Zeeshan, Sema Yaman, Hassan Jalal, Sibel Canoğulları Doğan, Sana Shahid, and Basit Shaukat Ali. "Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Crops to Domestic Animals: A Review." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, sp1 (December 10, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.110-118.2773.

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Genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted at large scale worldwide. In most of the countries, GM crops are processed into livestock feed. The land is used for cultivation of GM plants has been increased in recent years; in 2012 GM plants were grown on over 170 million hectares in 28 countries by 17.3 million farmers and extended to 185.1 million hectors in 2016 worldwide. GM plants have been used as feed for animals and the number of studies has proved their safety for animal and public health. This paper reviews the possible effects of GM crops on livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals by reviewing different type of studies, in which parameters such as performance, reproductive and health assessment were investigated. The most of peer-reviewed papers evaluating the effects of feeding animals with transgenic crops were based on GM plants with improved agronomic traits i.e. herbicide-tolerant plants and pets-tolerant plants; however, in some cases GM plants with boosted nutritional properties assessed. In most experiments, either Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, Roundup Ready (RR) soybean or both fed to animals. Measurable differences in various parameters were mostly observed in Bt maize and soybean fed separately or simultaneously to animals. In this review, scientific studies showing the effects of the use of GM products in the nutrition of domestic animals on performance, health and reproductive parameters are investigated.

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De Steur, Hans, Ellen J. Van Loo, Jasmien Maes, Godelieve Gheysen, and Wim Verbeke. "Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Late Blight-Resistant Genetically Modified Potatoes." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060280.

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The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops remains highly contested in the European Union (EU). While research has mainly focused on public and consumer opinions, few studies have investigated farmers’ reactions towards such crops. This study aims to determine farmers’ willingness to adopt a late blight-resistant (LBR) GM potato cultivar (Bintje) in Flanders, Belgium (n = 384). The findings demonstrate that more than half (54.7%) of the farmers have the intention to adopt this GM potato if it becomes available. Farmers’ willingness to adopt is mainly influenced by ethical concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (negative) and perceived economic benefits of LBR GM potatoes (positive). Knowledge about GM technology decreases the likelihood of being indifferent, as compared to being willing to adopt or being opposed. As such, efforts to improve knowledge alone would not be considered an effective strategy to improve adoption rates among farmers. Socio-economic concerns about GMOs, environmental benefit perceptions of LBR GM potatoes, and socio-demographic and farm variables were not significant as potential determinants of farmers’ likelihood to adopt this GM potato. Our findings lend support to a potentially favorable climate to introduce this GM potato in Flanders, Belgium, an EU region where opt-out measures to restrict cultivation of approved GM crops were not taken.

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DALE, P. J. "The environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops: a review." Journal of Agricultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2002): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602001971.

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Evaluating environmental impact is more complex than statistical analysis; it requires value judgements about which kinds of environmental impacts are acceptable and which are not. The new EU Directive on the release and commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops (2001-18-EC) includes a requirement for an assessment of indirect effects on the environment of farming practices associated with the introduction of a GM crop. There is also a requirement for post-commercialization monitoring to address impacts of scale and time. Both of these additions to the regulations present challenges in deciding how environmental impacts should be measured, and in judging their acceptability. Impacts can also be socio-economic. These frequently require scientific tools to help to resolve them. The demands by some food sectors for zero GM content in crop produce is likely to prove difficult or impossible to verify by analytical procedures. It will probably be necessary to agree on levels of tolerance of the presence of GM material in “non-GM” crop produce. It is important that the future use of biotechnology in agriculture is considered in the context of a broader discussion about our vision for agriculture and the environment over the coming decades.

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Kamthan, Ayushi, Abira Chaudhuri, Mohan Kamthan, and Asis Datta. "Genetically modified (GM) crops: milestones and new advances in crop improvement." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 129, no. 9 (July 5, 2016): 1639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2747-6.

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Vega Rodríguez, Angelo, Cristina Rodríguez-Oramas, Esther Sanjuán Velázquez, Arturo Hardisson de la Torre, Carmen Rubio Armendáriz, and Conrado Carrascosa Iruzubieta. "Myths and Realities about Genetically Modified Food: A Risk-Benefit Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062861.

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The development and consumption of genetically modified (GM) crops are surrounded by controversy. According to proponents, only molecular biology approaches and genetic engineering tools are realistic food shortage solutions for the world’s ever-growing population. The main purpose of this study is to review the impact of GM products on human, animal, and environmental health. People still reject GM crops not only because of safety concerns, but also for moral reasons. Toxicity, allergies, and possible horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to the environment or to other species have been associated with the marketing of GM products. Moreover, the scarce data available about the long-term implications of using GM crops is another opponent concern. Nevertheless, science has evidenced no harm from GM crops use to date but has, instead, reported several benefits that result from their commercialization, such as economic, environmental, and health benefits for the general public. Legislation and policies about GM product labeling standards are being discussed. To overcome emerging food security challenges, considering quality scientific information is essential rather than leaving the issue and merely moving toward moral discussion. Hence, a risk–benefit analysis is necessary.

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Saha, Shantanu, Vishal Soodan, and Shivani Rakesh Shroff. "Predicting Consumer Intentions to Purchase Genetically Modified Food." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.293245.

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Environmentalist are sceptical towards the burgeoning interests of consumers in GM crops and the products are under careful observation of the scientific researchers and policymakers present all around the globe. The objective of the paper is to examine the Developing Nation consumers intention towards GM Food as a purchase choice. To elucidate the role played by determinant factors such as Environmentalism and Emotional Involvement followed by factors from TPB was used to determine the consumer intentions. The study has exploited the hypermarket trends of Indian city, Chandigarh, which is capital to states of Haryana and Punjab, by using a cross-sectional survey comprising of 744 number of consumers. Result shows that among the five determinant factors, Attitude, Environmentalism and Perceived Behavioral Control are the key determinants that play a substantial role in influencing consumers to purchase GM Food. The findings of the study will prove beneficial in augmenting the adoption of GM Food by increasing social desirability and meeting the food security demand of India.

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Obi-Egbedi, Ogheneruemu, Omowunmi Ogungbite, and Isaac Oluwatayo. "Genetically Modified Crops’ Technology and its Awareness among Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.4.22.

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Genetically Modified (GM) crops are crops modified through genetic engineering to improve their quality. Although safety concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are still being debated, the food security benefits have led to adoption by many counties. In Nigeria, where most farmers are uneducated and likely unaware of the agricultural technology, the government approved its first biotechnology crop for commercialization in 2018. Level of farmers’ awareness is crucial to acceptance of GM crops, although; this has not been fully explored in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to assess farmers’ awareness for GM crops and the factors that determine their awareness in Oyo state, Nigeria, using primary data collected in 2018 with the aid of well-structured questionnaires from 242 smallholder farmers. Principal component analysis and Tobit regression model were used for data analysis. Results showed that farmers were aged 43 years with farm size of 3.57 ha, farming experience of 14 years and 11 years of education. Most farmers were male (71.90%), married (67.36%), not members of farmer groups (64.46%) and sourced their seeds from non-credible sources (85.12%). Most farmers (52.07%) had either not heard of or did not know of any benefits/costs of GM crops, hence; were not aware of GM crops. Factors that influenced awareness of GM crops were being a male farmer, years of education and source of seeds. The study concluded that increasing years of education and ensuring use of credible seed sources will increase awareness of the costs and benefits of GM crops among farmers.

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Mazur, Małgorzata, Zbigniew Sieradzki, Beata Król, and Krzysztof Kwiatek. "Occurrence of genetically modified rape in feedingstuffs." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 3 (2017): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5650.

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European Union law enforces labeling of products containing above 0.9% of GMO. The aim of this study was detection and quantification of genetically modified rape in feedingstuffs. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis was based on Real Time PCR method. Amongst 432 examined samples of feed, 56 contained GM rape line GT73. Only in 8 of them did the content of GM rape exceed 0.9%. The source of GT73 rape contamination was rapeseed meal imported to Poland from the eastern countries, mainly Ukraine, which was confirmed in shipping documents attached to the samples. The efficient monitoring of GMO, especially for rape, is very important, because of the high possibility of contamination of traditional crops with GM varieties

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Jolly, Curtis, Kenrett Y. Jefferson-Moore, and Greg Traxler. "Consequences of Biotechnology Policy for Competitiveness and Trade of Southern U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006866.

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The effect of policy decisions on the competitiveness of genetically modified (GM) crops was examined. The United States has been an early innovator in the development and use of biotechnology crops and has expanded its export market share of the three major GM crops: soybeans, cotton, and corn. Cotton, soybeans, and corn are all grown in the southern states, but these states have an apparent comparative advantage only in the production of cotton, which may be strengthened with the adoption of genetically modified cotton. The influence of biotechnology on the competitiveness of soybeans and corn for the southern states through the introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is not clear but is probably negligible.

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Stefani, F. O. P., and R. C. Hamelin. "Current state of genetically modified plant impact on target and non-target fungi." Environmental Reviews 18, NA (December 2010): 441–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a10-022.

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For two decades, genetic engineering has made it possible to develop crops and trees designed for yield improvement and simplified culture management. This, combined with field deployment of monocultures over large areas, can result in environmental stress and unwanted potential side effects. The commercial production of genetically modified (GM) crops and the recent development of GM trees raise concerns about their potential impact on the environment, in general, and on the biodiversity of non-target organisms, in particular. Fungi are spread worldwide and play key roles in ecosystems. They have been closely associated with plants since they emerged from the oceans. This review critically examines research monitoring the potential effects of GM crops and GM trees on target and non-target fungi. Parsing public databases for peer-reviewed publications about GM plant impacts on fungi yielded 149 studies, a relatively modest number considering the diversity of crops and ecosystems studied. Analysis of these publications showed that the effects of GM plants expressing herbicide and insect tolerance on fungi are understudied while they dominate the GM area worldwide. Experiments monitoring the impact of GM crops and GM trees with enhanced antifungal activity towards target fungi showed, for the most part, significant decreases in disease severity caused by fungal pathogens. Significant changes, expressed as an increase or decrease in fungal development, abundance, and diversity of non-target fungi, were observed in 18 out of 60 studies and all of them involved GM plants expressing traits that were unexpected to affect fungi. The remaining 42 studies did not identify a significant impact on fungal populations. Therefore, in spite of the fact that GM plants have been commercialized since 1996, no clear generalized trend can be identified and it appears that a case-by-case approach is the safest.

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Vogel, G. "GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS: Tracing the Transatlantic Spread of GM Rice." Science 313, no. 5794 (September 22, 2006): 1714a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.313.5794.1714a.

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Paarlberg, Robert. "Are genetically modified (GM) crops a commercial risk for Africa?" International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 2, no. 1/2 (2006): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtg.2006.009128.

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Ulum, Muhammad Bahrul. "REGULATING BIOSAFETY OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN INDONESIA: LIMITS AND CHALLENGES." UUM Journal of Legal Studies 12, Number 1 (January 31, 2021): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.1.7.

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The global use of genetically modified (GM) crops is rapidly expanding. While the advent of this agricultural biotechnology offers new promises to cater to the rising demand for Indonesia’s food security, the government should ensure its safety. This paper examines the regulatory regime over biosafety in Indonesia by considering the global fragmentation of biosafety regulation that debates its impact on environmental and health aspects. After Indonesia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which both specifically become the global guideline on how domestic biosafety policies are regulated, environmental and health issues are among the priorities which the use of GM crops contests to the precautionary approach. Amidst the insufficient scientific ground on its safety, GM crops' use is supposed to result in adverse impacts, and the suspicion over the safety of such a new cutting-edge agricultural technology ended with a series of rejections. This paper's results reveal that amongst the global contention over the regulatory regime on biosafety, which resulted in the bifurcation of the biosafety regulation, Indonesia has added to the new polarization. This polarization includes the release of GM crops certification, and Indonesia's desire to regulating biosafety deliberates over the definition and translation of biosafety in the domestic regulatory regime against the global regulatory diversity of biosafety.

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Almeida, Vicente Eduardo Soares de, Karen Friedrich, Alan Freihof Tygel, Leonardo Melgarejo, and Fernando Ferreira Carneiro. "Use of genetically modified crops and pesticides in Brazil: growing hazards." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 22, no. 10 (October 2017): 3333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320172210.17112017.

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Abstract Genetically modified (GM) crops were officially authorized in Brazil in 2003. In this documentary study, we aimed to identify possible changes in the patterns of pesticide use after the adoption of this technology over a span of 13 years (2000 to 2012). The following variables were analyzed: Pesticide use (kg), Pesticide use per capita (kg/inhab), Pesticide and herbicide use per area (kg/ha) and productivity (kg/ha). Contrary to the initial expectations of decreasing pesticide use following the adoption of GM crops, overall pesticide use in Brazil increased 1.6-fold between the years 2000 and 2012. During the same period, pesticide use for soybean increased 3-fold. This study shows that the adoption of GM crops in Brazil has led to an increase in pesticide use with possible increases in environmental and human exposure and associated negative impacts.

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Luh, Yir-Hueih, Wun-Ji Jiang, and Yu-Ning Chien. "Adoption of genetically-modified seeds in Taiwan." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 669–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-03-2013-0037.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated analysis of determining factors of farmers’ genetically modified (GM) technology adoption behavior, with a special emphasis on information acquisition, knowledge accumulation, product attributes and technology traits. Design/methodology/approach – Extending the expected profit maximization framework into a random utility model which accommodates joint decisions of information acquisition and technology adoption, the authors use the full information maximum likelihood method to yield both consistent and efficient estimates. The model is applied to a field survey collecting a sample of 141 randomly selected bananas farmers. Findings – The empirical results indicate information acquired through social network will increase the probability of adoption. Knowledge accumulation as depicted by education and farming experience is found to play a role in farmers’ technology adoption, whereas disease-resistant technology trait and flavor-enriching product attribute of GM bananas also appear to be important determinants for GM seeds adoption in Taiwan. Practical implications – Empirical evidence supports significance of technology traits and product attributes in farmer's GM technology adoption, suggesting the close collaboration between industry, government and academia is the key to successful commercialization of GM crops. Social implications – Understanding the determinants of farmers’ GM technology adoption can serve as the basis for promoting new biotechnology, and thus can facilitate the establishment of tenable solutions to food security issues. Originality/value – This paper is the first attempt to incorporate information acquisition into the behavioral analysis of GM technology adoption. The present study also extends previous literature by considering influential factors related to both consumers’ and producers’ preferences in modeling technology adoption.

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Xu, Ruomei, Yanrui Wu, and Jingdong Luan. "Analysis of farmers’ willingness to adopt genetically modified insect-resistant rice in China." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-08-2015-0102.

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Purpose Genetically modified (GM) crops, particularly GM grain crops, have been controversial since their commercialization in 1996. However, only a few studies have investigated farmers’ attitudes toward adopting GM grain crops in China. The purpose of this paper is to explore farmers’ willingness to adopt GM insect-resistant rice prior to its commercial release in China and determines the factors that affect farmers’ prospective adoption decisions. Design/methodology/approach The data are collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the farmers’ potential willingness to adopt GM rice and level of awareness of GM rice and socioeconomic characteristics. Ordered and binary probit models are applied to identify the key factors that affect the farmers’ decision to adopt GM insect-resistant rice. Findings Descriptive statistics show that most farmers have little knowledge of GM rice, approximate 35.5 percent of farmers could plant GM rice, and over half of the respondents are uncertain whether or not they will adopt the new crops. The results of econometric analyses show that increasing output and income, and simplicity in crop management, have positive effects on prospective adoption, whereas the high-seed price of GM rice has a significantly negative effect. Health implications also have a significantly positive effect on the farmers’ decision to adopt GM grain crops. A comparative analysis of ordered and binary probit models demonstrates that farmers are more deliberate in their decisions when they have fewer choices. Aside from the above-mentioned variables, the following factors are also statistically significant in the probit model: government technicians’ recommendations, neighbors’ attitudes, level of environmental risks, and the farmer’s age. Originality/value Information on the major risks and benefits of GM rice was provided to the farmers in the questionnaire. The farmers were then asked to choose from the three ordered alternative answers, namely, “accept,” “uncertain,” and “reject”. Both ordered and binary probit models were applied to comparatively analyze the collected data. This study is one of a handful of studies that employ these econometric models to identify and explain the underlying factors that affect farmers’ decisions. The relevant findings have important implications for future agricultural policy in China.

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Almeida, Carla, Luisa Massarani, and Ildeu de Castro Moreira. "Perceptions of Brazilian small-scale farmers about genetically modified crops." Ambiente & Sociedade 18, no. 1 (March 2015): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc891v1812015en.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Brazil towards genetically modified (GM) crops based on a sample of 15 focus groups involving 111 individuals. The analysis of the corpus shows heterogeneous perceptions regarding these crops, shaped by diverse factors, including economic prospects and concerns with the impact on health and the environment. There are many misgivings about these effects among the farmers, who are keen to receive unbiased information on the topic. These uncertainties affect them more as consumers, as most would prefer eating GM-free food, than as producers, as they consider other aspects, especially economic feasibility, when deciding what to grow. Although most farmers believe they should have a voice in decision-making on agricultural issues, few have made concerted efforts to be heard.

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Macewicz, Jerzy. "Czy Europa zaakceptuje uprawy roślin genetycznie zmodyfikowanych? – argumenty i kontrargumenty." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2013.11.3.05.

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This paper is a review of recent publications dealing with the consequences of the release of genetically modified (GM) crops into the environment. The summary of arguments and for and against is an attempt to summarize the debate in the media. This highly publicized issue, although only one aspect of the conflict between the biotech lobby, environmentalists, and consumers. The controversy arises from the fact that neither the benefits nor the risks of GM crops are clearly defined. The study contains a summary of claims that there is a serious potential risk to the environment of positive cultivation of GM crops, with uncertain effects, and that basic manipulation of heredity could have tragic consequences. European skepticism about GM crops increases from year to year. This paper coincides with the Polish government’s introduction of a ban on the cultivation of genetically modified maize and potatoes on Polish territory. In conclusion, while a move away from GM crops is likely, the author argues that ultimately there is no turning back.

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Gebretsadik, Kiros, and Ashenafi Kiflu. "Challenges and Opportunities of Genetically Modified Crops Production; Future Perspectives in Ethiopia, Review." Open Agriculture Journal 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501819010240.

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Introduction:Genetically modified (GM) crop species were proven to be a solution for the increasing food consumption in many countries. The cultivation of transgenic plants is increasing from time to time. In 2017 alone, 27 different genetically modified (GM) crop species were produced in 40 countries.Explanation:Biotechnology is revolutionizing science, promising to solve hunger, malnutrition and production demands of industrial raw materials from plants. However, there are biosafety concerns that GM crops may have unintended and hazardous impacts on living organisms well-being and environment both on target and non-target organisms. To tackle such potential problems many countries are implementing international as well as national biosafety regulations. America, Brazil, Belgium, China and India are among the top GM crop users in the world, whereas Egypt, Sudan, South Africa and Burkina Faso are leading GM crop producers in Africa. Ethiopia has also developed its own policy and biosafety regulations for biotechnology products.Conclusion:The Ethiopian government has given due attention to GM crops as a tool for the transformation of agricultural productivity and quality. Before a couple of years, Bt cotton (cotton containing toxic protein fromBacillus thuringiensis) has been introduced to Ethiopia and is expected to bring fundamental change in the production of fibers for the textile industries and also will have crucial consequence to the forthcoming use of the modern biotechnological Science in the country. The introduction of Bt cotton is a typical example worth mentioning here which shows a relative flexibility of the current Ethiopian biosafety regulation. This paper reviews the possible challenges and opportunities of using GM crops in Ethiopia.

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Dobbs, Mary. "Genetically modified crops, agricultural sustainability and national opt-outs: Enclosure as the loophole?" Common Market Law Review 54, Issue 4 (August 1, 2017): 1093–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2017090.

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EU Member States face a quandary: after decades of demanding powers to choose whether or not to cultivate GM crops, the EU has returned some limited but significant powers to them. A directive permits Member States to “opt-out” from GM cultivation, provided that they meet relevant criteria. Member States need to decide urgently and carefully whether and how to restrict GM crops, as the permeable nature of the environment facilitates the spread of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) once cultivated. One consideration is agri-sustainability. In principle, GM crops could promote agri-sustainability, including through increasing agrobiodiversity, as they facilitate introducing new traits or species into an ecosystem. However, the nature of their modifications allows for the applicability of patenting law, which enables the legal “enclosure” of the crops’ genetic make-up. This impacts negatively upon the long-term availability of plant genetic resources and agrobiodiversity, as farmers and other breeders operate in a context where accidental cultivation of patented material can still attract liability. This article argues that legal enclosure could justify imposing restrictions on GM cultivation in order to conserve agrobiodiversity as an exhaustible natural resource essential to agri-sustainability. To improve the likelihood of restrictions being upheld legally at both the EU and WTO level, such justifications must be distinguished clearly from any broader environmental concerns, as both the EU and WTO impose stringent restrictions where environmental objectives are raised.

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Schnurr, Matthew A., Lincoln Addison, Sylvia Bawa, and Christopher Gore. "Genetically Modified Crops and Gender Relations in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Review." Journal of Development Perspectives 4, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jdevepers.4.1-2.0009.

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Abstract Since their release in the early 1990s, genetically modified (GM) crops have been lauded as a tool to redress stagnating yields and food insecurity among poor farmers. The potential for GM crops to alleviate poverty for farmers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will likely hinge on their ability to enhance women’s overall well-being, yet there is little research that evaluates if (and how) the technology has such transformative potential. This article reviews the existing scholarship on this topic by grouping it into three strands: (1) the impacts of GM crops on labor processes, (2) gender and patterns of adoption, and (3) the consequences of GM crops for intra-household gender relations. Each area is characterized by contradictory findings, reflecting the diversity and complexity of gender relations in different contexts. Our review suggests that further research should build on mixed-method approaches that involve long-term interactions with households in order to generate robust and gender-disaggregated data that yield nuanced, context-specific analysis.

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Sieradzki, Zbigniew, Małgorzata Mazur, Beata Król, and Krzysztof Kwiatek. "Prevalence of genetically modified soybean in animal feedingstuffs in Poland." Journal of Veterinary Research 65, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0012.

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Abstract Introduction Globally, genetically modified (GM) crops were grown on 191.7 million hectares in 2018, which were mostly sown with soybean, maize, cotton, oilseed rape, and rice. The most popular traits introduced through genetic modification include herbicide and pest insect resistance. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify genetically modified soybean used in animal feed in Poland. Material and methods This research was based on the real-time PCR technique. All methods for GM soybean events were adopted from the EURL GMFF database of methods and previously verified to meet the minimum criteria of acceptance. Over 15 years of research, 665 samples were examined in total. Results The most common GM soybean event was MON40-3-2, tested for from the beginning of the investigation. Next, in decreasing order of frequency, were MON89788, MON87701, and A2704-12. In the majority of samples (606; 91%) GM soybeans were identified at a content level above the 0.9% GM content threshold for mandatory labelling. Only 59 soybean samples (9%) were identified as GM negative. GM negative results were mainly identified during the analyses in the last three years of the study, from 2017 to 2019. Conclusion Our data clearly indicate that the majority of soybean used in Poland for animal feeding was genetically modified.

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Devos, Yann, Matty Demont, Koen Dillen, Dirk Reheul, Matthias Kaiser, and Olivier Sanvido. "Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in the European Union. A review." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29, no. 1 (March 2009): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008051.

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Gheysen, G., J. Maes, M. Valcke, E. I. R. Sanou, S. Speelman, and M. Heijde. "Well Informed Farmers and Consumers are Positive About Gm Crops in Europe and Africa." Afrika Focus 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03202005.

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Genetically modified (GM) crops are cultivated globally on more than 185 million hectares, but the use of GM crops in Europe and Africa is very limited. Politicians are reluctant to allow such crops because they fear negative public reaction. The political hostility in the EU towards GM crops also has a significant impact on how African policy makers form their opinions for accepting GM crops in their own countries. However, studies reveal that specific types of GM food are welcomed by consumers and that few Europeans avoid GM labels when buying food. Similarly, African farmers and consumers are generally positive about GM crops. Policy makers should take these results into account when a decision needs to be made on whether or not to allow GM crop cultivation in their country.

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Balias, Giorgos. "Seeds of Distrust: The Co-existence of Genetically Modified and Conventional or Organic Crops in Greece." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 14, Issue 12 (December 1, 2005): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2005044.

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One of the most important problems relating to genetically modified organisms is that of the co-existence of conventional and organic crops with genetically modified crops. Can they co-exist? In this article the author examines the relevant provisions of European, Greek and international environmental law to argue for the adoption of a special legislative regime for dealing with the problems associated with the co-existence of GM and conventional or organic crops before presenting guidelines for responsible legislation on coexistence.

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Nam, Kyong-Hee, Eun Mi Ko, Do-Young Kim, In-Soon Pack, Jung-Ho Park, and Chang-Gi Kim. "Drought-Simulation Facility for Assessing Tolerance and Risks of Genetically Modified Crops." Journal of the Korean Society of International Agricultue 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12719/ksia.2014.26.3.303.

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Antofie, Maria-Mihaela, and Camelia Sand-Sava. "Genetically Modified Crops in Romania before and after the Accession of the European Union." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040458.

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Modern biotechnology entered the world science arena after 1972, and in less than 22 years the first genetically modified crop was placed on the market. The analysis of relevant biosafety portals and official and scientific documents was applied in this study to reveal positive and negative issues of the Romanian biosafety framework before and after the European Union (EU) accession. The success in cultivating highly productive GM soybean was rapidly embraced by Romania between 1999 and 2005. Before 2007, Romania was cited among the Mega Biotech Countries, with a cultivation of 87.500 ha. After the accession to the European Union, Romania stopped any GM crop cultivation. There was an immense effort to harmonize with the EU regulatory framework between 2005 and 2007. The monitoring system for GM crops has been in place since 2007. Public research on aspects of GMOs started before 1996 and continues to develop. The analysis of our results supports the idea that Romania is a perfect example of a country committed to embracing GM crop cultivation for 7 years, followed by almost complete phasing out of GM crop cultivation to comply with all requirements for EU accession in less than 1 year.

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Karaca, Umit, Corinne Alexander, and Dirk Maier. "Does On-Farm Quality Assurance Pay? A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Grainsafe Program." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, no. 3 (December 2007): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023257.

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Since the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops, the commodity grain system has been under pressure to segregate GM and non-GM crops. Starting at the level of the grain handler, members of the grain supply chain have successfully used quality assurance and identity preservation programs to segregate non GM crops. Producers delivering high-value, identity-preserved crops have become interested in implementing these quality management systems at the farm level. We conduct a cost-benefit analysis that shows that quality assurance program may be profitable for producers, depending on their farm size and equipment management strategy.

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Mundle, Malay. "Are transgenic food crops safe for human consumption?" Journal of Comprehensive Health 2, no. 2 (October 24, 2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v02i02.002.

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The current controversy about genetically modified crops should be appreciated by Community Medicine specialists. GM crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. This is usually done to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species, like resistance to certain pests, or diseases, or environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, or resistance to chemical treatments or improving the nutrient profile of the crop1Farmers in the world have largely adopted GM technology at present. In 2012, GM crops were planted in 28 countries of which 20 were developing countries. It was also the first year in which developing countries grew 52% of the total GM harvest. Approximately 17.3 million farmers grew GM crops; and 90% of them were small-land holding farmers in developing countries. Farmers grew 11 different transgenic crops commercially on 160 million hectares of land.2

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Dargent, Eduardo, and Madai Urteaga. "The Power of the Seed: Timing, Quick Structural Change, and Genetically Modified Crop Regulations in the Andes." Comparative Politics 51, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 539–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041519x15647434970108.

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Regulation concerning GM crops around the world range from total prohibition to full openness and state-wide promotion. The Andean countries in Latin America provide an interesting setting to analyze the possible causes for this variation. Despite having similar conditions to plant GM crops, Colombia and Bolivia allow GM crop cultivation, while Ecuador and Peru do not. Interestingly, Evo Morales, Bolivia's leftist president, could not ban GM crop production, and Alan Garcia (2006–2011) in Peru, despite his pro-GM stance, failed to adopt a permissive regulation. We argue that two factors explain these divergent outcomes regarding GM seed sowing and reform efforts in Andean countries: (i) the time in which regulatory measures were attempted, and (ii) the quick structural change that GM seeds generate once introduced into a country.

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Kavhiza, Nyasha John, Meisam Zargar, Svetlana Igorevna Prikhodko, Elena Nikolaevna Pakina, Kheda Magomed-Salihovna Murtazova, and Magomed Ramzanovich Nakhaev. "Improving Crop Productivity and Ensuring Food Security through the Adoption of Genetically Modified Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020439.

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The food security challenge is one of the most topical issues of the 21st Century. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the least food-secure region, and solutions are constantly being sought to alleviate the problem. The region’s exponentially growing population is in dire need of affordable and nutritious food. The “Gene Revolution” (genetic engineering) presents opportunities in which food security can be ensured in SSA. Genetic modification (GM) has potential to solve myriad problems currently being experienced in SSA agriculture, hence improving yields and reducing the costs of production. Most of the SSA countries have a precautionary stance towards GM crops; thus, only a handful of countries have approved the commercialized production of transgenic crops. The lack of understanding and sound knowledge about the GM system is reflected in the formulation of policies and regulatory frameworks for biosafety and their implementation. There is need to conscientize the policymakers and the public about the general principles of genetic engineering for better decision making. Considering the multiple beneficial aspects demonstrated by transgenic crops it will not be prudent to ignore them. The versatility of GM technology makes it adaptable to the food crisis in SSA.

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Paranjak, R. P., B. M. Kalyn, and B. V. Gutyj. "Prospects of transgenic plants in the agro-sphere of Lviv region." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (April 26, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9009.

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The state and prospects of the use of transgenic plants in agriculture of Lviv region are considered in the paper. Transgenic plants are a kind of genetically modified organisms obtained by biotechnological methods using trans-transfer (between unrelated species) genes. In recent years, such cultures have become widespread in the world. The vast majority of soy, corn and other crops are planted with GM varieties. In the EU countries there is no broad perception of such cultures and there are significant restrictions on their distribution. Approximately 70 types of GMOs are allowed in the EU, including many decorative products (flowers) and about 58 GMOs for use in food and feed. In the world, 168 lines of genetically modified plants: corn, rape, cotton, potatoes, soya, rice, tomatoes, wheat and others were registered and allowed to be used for industrial production of food and feed. Our country also has some experience in obtaining transgenic organisms. According to unofficial data, in Ukraine transgenic 60–70% soybeans, 10–20% corn, 5% rape. In the near future, Ukraine should develop a clear concept of attitude towards GMOs, and the absence of a position on this issue complicates the planning of activities of the agro-sector. In the Lviv region there are prospects for growing GM varieties of soybean, corn and sunflower; there is evidence that a significant part of the crops of the first belongs to the modified varieties. Growing of GM sunflower in comparison with the usual one will have limited competitive advantages. Of the other crops that the area is specialized in, one can name potatoes whose GM varieties are used mainly for technical needs, and wheat, whose GM varieties have not yet been sufficiently tested. In the world market, there is a demand for genetically modified crops, an estimated 68% of Ukrainian agroholdings claim to be willing and able to grow GM crops for their legalization in Ukraine.

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Zhou, Xiaoli, Jingang Liang, Ying Luan, Xinyuan Song, and Zhengguang Zhang. "The influence of genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant maize CC-2 on rhizosphere bacterial communities revealed by MiSeq sequencing." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 8 (August 31, 2020): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/216/2020-pse.

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Genetically modified (GM) crops have brought huge economic benefits to mankind, however, at the same time, their safety issues are drawing growing attention. This investigation was conducted to assess whether the long-term cultivation of GM glyphosate resistant maize CC-2 effects bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil. A 2-year follow-up trial was conducted, and soils were sampled at various plant developmental stages. The bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere soil was analysed by the high-throughput sequencing and compared with the near-isogenic non-GM maize Zheng 58. We showed here that long-term cultivation of CC-2 has no significant effect on the structure and diversity of bacterial communities, while different growth stages had significant effect. These results provided a reliable theoretical basis for the future cultivation and increased commercialisation of CC-2.

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Raman, Ruchir. "The impact of Genetically Modified (GM) crops in modern agriculture: A review." GM Crops & Food 8, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2017.1413522.

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Herman, Rod A., and William D. Price. "Unintended Compositional Changes in Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: 20 Years of Research." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, no. 48 (February 25, 2013): 11695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf400135r.

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Hoekenga, Owen A., Jannavi Srinivasan, Gerard Barry, and Andrew Bartholomaeus. "Compositional Analysis of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Key Issues and Future Needs." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, no. 35 (June 19, 2013): 8248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf401141r.

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Huesing, Joseph E., David Andres, Michael P. Braverman, Andrea Burns, Allan S. Felsot, George G. Harrigan, Richard L. Hellmich, et al. "Global Adoption of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Challenges for the Public Sector." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, no. 2 (January 11, 2016): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05116.

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König, A., A. Cockburn, R. W. R. Crevel, E. Debruyne, R. Grafstroem, U. Hammerling, I. Kimber, et al. "Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops." Food and Chemical Toxicology 42, no. 7 (July 2004): 1047–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.019.

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Láng, L. "Seed production aspects of genetically modified crop varieties." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.50.2002.3.9.

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The seed multiplication of genetically modified (GM) plants requires a modification of the multiplication process used for conventional seed. The difference compared to conventionally-bred varieties involves the detection of the modified character during variety maintenance, seed multiplication and processing, the need for separate storage, processing and transportation, the extra cleaning required for the transportation, storage and processing equipment, and the extra administration necessary for the documentation and labelling of GM seed lots. All in all this results in the lower exploitation of seed-producing capacity and in additional costs. The appearance of GM plants also has an effect on the breeders and seed multipliers of conventional varieties, however, since the possibility of contamination cannot be excluded. The producers of seed free of GMs (within the tolerance threshold) are forced to employ costly cultivation techniques (temporal and spatial isolation, removal of volunteer plants) and laboratory tests (for GM contamination) if their varieties are to stay on the market and if it is to remain possible to produce GM-free products in the future.

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Hall, Clare. "Identifying farmer attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) crops in Scotland: Are they pro- or anti-GM?" Geoforum 39, no. 1 (January 2008): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.06.003.

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Pangilinan, Christian, and Jacqueline Bagunu. "Perception towards genetically modified crops of the local farmers in Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines: a basis for an intervention program on GM crops." International Journal of Scientific World 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v3i2.4688.

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<p>This descriptive research was undertaken to unveil the perception of the local farmers in Magalang, Pampanga towards GM crops with the aid of a written survey instrument administered to respondents from February to March 2014.In general, it was observed that despite inadequate information regarding GM crops, their implication and impact on human health, environment and economy, and their ambivalent view about the improved nutritional quality and other health benefits of GM crops, the farmers in Magalang, Pampanga consider GM crops safe for human consumption and a solution for food security. The respondents are very positive with regards to the improved yield and low production cost that these GM crops can offer. This suggests that the local farmers are primarily concerned with the quantity of produce as well as profit of their farming activity, their business and livelihood, rather than the quality of the produce in terms of effect on human health and the environment. Lastly, the local farmers are willing to accept, to adopt and to patronize GM crops. Findings from this research can serve as a basis for an intervention program that the local government or other organizations can initiate to address local farmers’ perception regarding GM crops.</p>

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Sohn, Soo-In, Subramani Pandian, Young-Ju Oh, Hyeon-Jung Kang, Tae-Hun Ryu, Woo-Suk Cho, Eun-Kyoung Shin, and Kong-Sik Shin. "A Review of the Unintentional Release of Feral Genetically Modified Rapeseed into the Environment." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121264.

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Globally, the cultivation area of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasing dramatically. Despite their well-known benefits, they may also pose many risks to agriculture and the environment. Among the various GM crops, GM rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated, mainly for oil production. At the same time, B. napus possesses a number of characteristics, including the ability to form feral populations and act as small-seeded weeds, and has a high potential for hybridization with other species. In this review, we provide an overview of the commercialization, approval status, and cultivation of GM rapeseed, as well as the status of the feral rapeseed populations. In addition, we highlight the case studies on the unintentional environmental release of GM rapeseed during transportation in several countries. Previous studies suggest that the main reason for the unintentional release is seed spillage during transport/importing of rapeseed in both GM rapeseed-cultivating and -non-cultivating countries. Despite the fact that incidents of unintentional release have been recorded often, there have been no reports of serious detrimental consequences. However, since rapeseed has a high potential for hybridization, the possibilities of gene flow within the genus, especially with B. rapa, are relatively significant, and considering their weedy properties, effective management methods are needed. Hence, we recommend that specific programs be used for the effective monitoring of environmental releases of GM rapeseed as well as management to avoid environmental and agricultural perturbations.

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Daba, Tadessa, Tesfaye Disasa, and Melaku Alemu. "Advances in Plant Breeding, Polemics of Genetically Modified Crops and Biosafety Frameworks in Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 11 (October 15, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n11p80.

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Ethiopia is one of the top African countries with fast population growth that requires technological interventions for improving agricultural production. Agriculture is entirely the source of food or nutrition security, raw material for agro-industries and export commodities for the country. The abrupt population increase augmented with challenges derived by climate change and newly emerging problems necessitate the use of modern plant breeding techniques. This paper provides insights of advancements in new crop improvement research, discourses associated with genetically engineered crops and biosafety frameworks in the country. Ethiopia has begun evaluation and use of genetically modified (GM) crops. The classical agricultural researches are being undertaken for more than five decades but require embracing modern tools to better address agricultural challenges. As compared to conventionally developed elite varieties, GM crops are found to be more advantageous based on their traits of interest in various ways. In handling GM research, there was no compromise on the biosafety procedures and regulations of the country. Bollworm resistant cotton, insect resistant and drought tolerant maize have already been evaluated incompliance with the country’s biosafety framework and released for general use while few GM crops are still under confined or contained evaluations. Opponents are emerging in the country with the adoption of the technology and misinformation is undergoing using various media outlets. Public research and regulatory institutes have been providing evidence based information using all possible means. Continuous public awareness enhancement is equally important with the adaptation and use of new technologies.

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D'Hertefeldt, Tina, Rikke B. Jørgensen, and Lars B. Pettersson. "Long-term persistence of GM oilseed rape in the seedbank." Biology Letters 4, no. 3 (April 2008): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0123.

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Coexistence between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM plants is a field of rapid development and considerable controversy. In crops, it is increasingly important to understand and predict the GM volunteer emergence in subsequent non-GM crops. Theoretical models suggest recruitment from the seedbank over extended periods, but empirical evidence matching these predictions has been scarce. Here, we provide evidence of long-term GM seed persistence in conventional agriculture. Ten years after a trial of GM herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape, emergent seedlings were collected and tested for herbicide tolerance. Seedlings that survived the glufosinate herbicide (15 out of 38 volunteers) tested positive for at least one GM insert. The resulting density was equivalent to 0.01 plants m −2 , despite complying with volunteer reduction recommendations. These results are important in relation to debating and regulating coexistence of GM and non-GM crops, particularly for planting non-GM crops after GM crops in the same field.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetically modified crops (GM)'

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