Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Genetically modified crops (GM)'
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Hall, Clare R. "Genetically modified food and crops : perceptions of risks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4719.
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The debate around genetically modified food and crops has proved to be complex and far-reaching, involving diverse stakeholder groups and many issues. Although the extent of global uptake of GM crops has been substantial (23 countries and 114.65 million hectares by 2007), it is significant that four countries are responsible for 86% of all GM plantings, and that a number of key food markets (for example the EU and Japan) remain largely "GM-free‟. This suggests that there is reluctance on the part of many countries to embrace GM technology. There are likely many reasons for this, but one significant issue is that of the perception of the risks associated with the technology. There is a distinction between risk that exists in the world and that can be measured (objective risk) and risk that is perceived by an individual to exist and that is constructed by them based on their values and preferences. When technical measurement of actual risks is not possible, peoples‟ own perceptions of risks become important. This thesis aims to investigate the topic of risk perceptions associated with GM food and crops. Different stakeholder groups have been targeted, and a range of methodologies from a variety of disciplines have been employed to investigate what factors can be shown to influence risk perception. A range of factors were identified from existing literature, as having potential impact on risk perceptions. A number of these were investigated, some of which were found to have some influence on levels of risk perception. Results demonstrate that factors influencing peoples‟ perceptions of risk relating to GM food and crops, include the uncertainty associated with the technology, and trust in regulators, policy makers and others with control over the future development of the technology. Other factors found to be important to levels of risk perception held by different stakeholder groups, were a range of socio-demographic and cultural variables, the relationship between perceived risks and benefits, the equity of impacts, and the influence of third parties. There are a number of implications for the development of the GM debate arising from the findings. First, as there are socio-demographic and cultural factors linked to the perceptions of risk associated with GM technologies in food and agriculture, it is important to recognise that different people will react differently to the technology. Specifically, results from this thesis show that it may be that men, those who are more highly educated, those with a less ecocentric worldview, and those living in urban areas, are likely to respond more favourably to targeted promotional campaigns. As regards the farming community, results show that the first farming adopters are likely to be those who are both owners and tenants, not in an urban fringe location, potato growers, and not barley growers. Second, this thesis provides evidence that third parties are particularly important to farmers, thus it is crucial to recognise that there is potentially a long chain of action and reaction amongst many different stakeholders and actors impacting on farmers' levels of risk perception, and hence willingness to adopt the technology. Third, results from this research demonstrate that the linked issues of the relationship between risks and benefits, and the equity of (positive and negative) impacts, require that all stakeholders are content that they will receive a share of the benefits (if any) to be derived from the technology, and that neither they nor any other group of stakeholders are unduly impacted by the risks or negative impacts (if any) of the technology. Important here is the recognition that perceptions are as important as actual impacts. Fourth, the issue of trust has been shown by the results obtained by this research to be extremely important to peoples' perceptions of risk. It can be concluded that trust is of wider social and political importance that relates to the need to ensure greater democratisation of decision-making in order to re-establish trust in authorities. In the case of GM food this may require a rethinking of the EU legislation relating to the technology. This also relates to point below about the delivery of messages and education. Information sources must be trusted by those at whom the messages are aimed. More importantly though, if people are to trust decision making processes, there needs to be stakeholder involvement at an early stage of decision making, that allows some impact on decisions taken. In the case of the GM debate it may indeed be too late as decisions about the technology, its applications, the regulatory processes and its inclusion within the food chain are well established. Perhaps the best that can be hoped for is that lessons will be learnt and applied to future technology developments of relevance to the food chain, such as, nano-technology. Finally, this thesis has shown that uncertainty is central to peoples' perceptions of risk. This could be addressed through a combination of additional research into what is uncertain to people, the impacts and implications of the technology, more effective dissemination of existing knowledge, and impartially delivered messages and education strategies from trusted sources that address the concerns that people have about the technology. Importantly however there must be an acknowledgement that uncertainty is not restricted to "knowledge deficit‟ but encompasses the scientific uncertainties inherent within the technology, and is framed by the social and cultural values of those whose views are considered. This thesis uniquely targeted diverse groups and employed a combination of different methods from a variety of disciplines. By doing this the study has increased understanding of the views of two groups (campaigners and farmers) who are crucial to the uptake of the technology, and who are seldom researched in the area of attitudes to GM technologies. The diversity of groups, methods and disciplines brought together in this thesis is important because the issue of GM has proved to be complex and far-reaching, and previous discussions of risk perceptions have been complex and disjointed. All groups investigated here are stakeholders in the process, and as such their views and concerns relating to risk perceptions of GM technologies ought to be taken into consideration.
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Meyu, Louria SUNTA ANAK. "DO EXPORTS AND GMO REGULATIONS DETERMINE ADOPTION RATE OF GM CROPS BY EXPORTING COUNTRIES." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2770.
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This thesis examines the role of exports and GMO regulations of the exporting country on the adoption of GM crops by its farmers. The analytic sample includes five major exporting countries including Argentina, Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. I focus only on the crop that is widely grown in each country. The crops are cotton, maize, and soybean. GMO regulations indices, which were constructed by Vigani et al, consists of four categories of different regulations related to import of GMO products. Relative impact of different aspects of GMO regulations on exports are assessed to get a better understanding of domestic production decisions of farmers in major exporting countries. The result for the approval process, risk assessment and international agreement suggested that, these regulations are not significant to influence the adoption rate of the GM crops. The exporting countries, especially the developing countries, usually reluctant to implement the GM regulations because of the high cost of completing the procedures.
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Walter, Diana Joyce, and dianawalter@internode on net. "The Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crop Plants on the Microbiology of the Rhizosphere." Flinders University. Biotechnology, 2005. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070301.161014.
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The effect of genetically modified crop plants on the microbiology of the rhizosphere was investigated using the single-gene Bt cotton as a case study. The project compared the rhizosphere microbiota of four Ingard® 1cotton plant varieties that were closely matched with their non-GM parental strains. The plants were grown in
three different Australian soils, ie, a vertisol from a cotton-growing region, and two soils, a fine sandy loam and a red sand from South Australia that had not been exposed to cotton.
At the time of the commencement of the project, the only commercially available genetically modified plants were cotton and carnations. The cotton industry in Australia is worth $1.5b annually, and care of the soil and the dynamics of its living microbial consortia needs to be understood for optimum management to enable
agricultural sustainability. The general outline of the thesis incorporated four main sections:
1. Experimental setup and analysis of the soils and plants to be used, quantification of the Cry1A(c) plant-produced Bt protein, and its
persistence in the soil environment.
2. Measurement of the selected microbial populations of bacteria, fungi, AMfungi,
protozoans and nematodes, by counting and estimation by dilution and most-probable number methods.
3. Assessment of selected metabolic pathways to determine the effects on the soil microbial community by chemical and other biochemical methods
4. An overall analysis between different group ratios of expression of each of the variables tested, and the summary of the risk analysis and conclusion.
The outcome of this work was the acquisition of scientific data to produce an environmental impact report. The findings of this study showed that generally the microbial populations and the products of major metabolic pathways correlated more closely within the non-GM and GM plant rhizospheres of the paired trials than those
of separate trials, indicating that soil and plant cultivar had a stronger environmental effect. The results obtained from the paired trials did not show that there were consistent effects on the rhizosphere soil microbiota that could be attributed to the presence of the Cry1A(c) Bt plant protein on the selected strains of cotton plants.
The results from the tests of the paired trials correlate highly with previously published work that the risk factors of genetically modified cotton plants on the microbiology of the rhizosphere soil were found be negligible and not consistent across trials.
1 ® Monsanto Co. St Louis, MO.
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O'Brolchain, F. "Global justice, patents and genetically modified crops." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517435.
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Costa, Font Monserrat. "Consumer Acceptance, Choice and Attitudes towards Genetically Modified (GM) Food." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7059.
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La introducció de noves tecnologies en l'àmbit agroalimentari ha revolucionat la eficiència pel que fa al sector productiu, si bé també ha tingut efectes rellevants pel que fa a la demanda, que cal analitzar amb profunditat. Aquest és el cas dels productes modificats genèticament, que solen ser productes de consum habitual, per la qual cosa han creat una important polèmica.Hi ha diferents agents del mercat que participen en aquest debat, com és el cas dels productors, els quals en poden obtenir benefici pel que fa a millores en eficiència i reducció de costos. Tanmateix, és essencial tenir en compte l'opinió dels consumidors alhora d'analitzar els límits comercials de les noves tecnologies.
Per a conèixer l'opinió dels consumidors cal entendre el seu procés d'elecció i de valoració dels productes agroalimentaris, com també el seu comportament a l'hora de prendre decisions en el mercat alimentari.
Aquesta tesis comença amb una extensa revisió bibliogràfica en relació a les actituds dels consumidors vers els productes modificats genèticament.
Seguidament s'analitza la intenció de compra dels consumidors utilitzant experiments d'elecció. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi s'ha assolit amb els subsegüents capítols on s'han analitzat els diferents elements cognitius que porten a l'individu a la intenció final de compra. La metodologia emprada ha estat principalment equacions estructurals i experiments d'elecció.
S'han emprat diferents bases de dades per a poder contrastar totes les hipòtesis plantejades en l'estudi.
La principal contribució d'aquesta tesi ha estat determinar quins son els elements que cal considerar per entendre el procés de decisió del consumidors vers els aliments modificats genèticament, com també determinar que existeix un clar escepticisme en la societat pel que fa a aquests productes. Les conclusions d'aquesta tesi posen en manifest la necessitat de una millor estratègia de comunicació que permeti als consumidors una percepció de millor i major qualitat d'informació en relació a aquests productes.
The introduction of new technologies in food production not only has revolutioned its productive efficiency but has exerted important demand side effects that cannot be dismissed and require careful analysis. This is especially the case of genetically modified (GM) food, typical daily consumed products (e.g. GM milk, tomato, maize, etc) given its considerable interest and worldwide public controversy. Several stakeholders are place, on the one hand, farmers and manufactures perceive potential benefits from efficiency improvements as well as costs, mainly resulting from the need to reimburse intellectual property rights for new foods. From a demand side, GM food brings new products in the food chain and ultimately fulfils to an extent a latent consumer's preference for diversity. Hence, in order to determine the limits of technology dissemination and transfer it becomes a key issue to examine and disentangle which demand side factors stand behind technology acceptance. This calls for a better understanding of consumer choice, its valuation and the behavioural decision making process.
The valuation of a new technology good implies the provision of information from several sources - public and private, formal and informal, etc - while conditioning on the credibility and trustworthiness of each relevant information source. Given the information available, a further issue concerns attitude expression and formation, which ultimately leads to the final question regarding product valuation and consumer preference. Interestingly, attitude formation for the case of new food generations is found to be explained by a combination of risk and benefit perceptions, based on different elements such as a general attitude towards science, knowledge, trust, education and values, among others.
This thesis begins with an extensive review of the literature on attitudes towards GM agro-food products- chapter 2- by means of a literature review. Next it conducts a study on consumers' final intentions towards agro - food products, entailing the application of choice experiments - chapter 3. moreover, the main core of this dissertation is aiming at examining what gives rise to the final choice (chapters 4 to 6). The methodologically employed relies on structural equation modelling, although in each chapter different databases have been used. The relative strengths of each database allow us taking into account the information required to test specific hypotheses. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in chapter 7 which summarises the main findings of each chapter and put them in context of the main discussion questions examined in this thesis.
The main contribution of this thesis has been to point out a set of features that condition choice, intentions and revealed purchase intentions regarding GM food. Our wok is innovative in that: 1) it contains an innovative literature review; 2) develops choice modelling of scenarios that includes, apart from methodological features, the choice between GM processed and organic food; and 3) unlike most of behavioural analysis it exploits using structural equation modelling, several theoretical structures that explain decision making and, particularly, the role of broader attitudes towards science and technology in influencing purchase intentions alongside the effect of both risks attitudes and risk perceptions in determining consumer acceptance.
The sequence and findings of the thesis can be summarized as follows: drawing from an exhaustive review of published finding regarding public intentions towards GM food we conclude that there is consumer's scepticism explaining a negative valuation towards GM food. However, the most important outcome has been to find that final purchasing intention is the result of a complex decision process which only has been partially explained in the literature. Therefore, upon the definition of a general theoretical model this thesis has tried to explain in the different chapters some specific issues of such model as well as to validate it in a croos - country exercise in the last chapter. Results from this study rises a key policy implication: the need of a well defined communication stralegy to provide information in such a way that allows individuals to feel adequately informed.
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West, Brianna Rose. "Hyperspectral imagery combined with machine learning to differentiate genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola." Thesis, West, Brianna Rose (2022) Hyperspectral imagery combined with machine learning to differentiate genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64579/.
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Canola, also known as rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), is an oilseed that produces a healthy food-grade oil, canola meal by-product, and biofuel. It is the fourth most grown grain in Australia. Genetically modified (GM) canola currently represents approximately twenty percent of national canola production; hence, with clashing public and industry perceptions of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), transparency and traceability must be enabled throughout the supply chain to protect markets and relationships with consumers. GM canola must not cross-contaminate non-GM canola as our largest export market, Europe, has extremely strict protocols on GMOs. GM and non-GM canola cannot be differentiated by the human eye, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods currently the main alternative, which is expensive and time-consuming. This thesis evaluates the potential to differentiate GM from non-GM canola using the novel, rapid, and non-destructive technique of hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning.
Hyperspectral imagery captures and processes wavelengths beyond simply red, green, and blue. It has a pre-existing multitude of uses including the characterisation and variety identification of other grains. In this study 500 images each of non-GM and GM canola seeds were captured. Seeds were placed on a black background with two lights sources. Images were captured from the 400nm to 1000nm wavelengths, a total of 80 bands, at a 25-millisecond exposure time. These images were run through a convolutional neural network in Keras for analysis. The high dynamic range and raw files were combined into a NumPy file for the hyperspectral image generator. Contrary to expectations, however, the models using the bitmap image files performed similarly to the models receiving the hyperspectral images. Regardless, both produced high validation accuracies around 90%, indicating a detectable phenotypical difference between the two, and further studies could lead to the development of a new approach to GM canola detection.
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Karampaxoglou, Thaleia. "Genetically Modified Food and Crops : Risks and Intellectual Property Rights." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119766.
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This paper attempts to present and analyze problems that may arise from the use of Genetically Modified (GM) products and issues raised by the Intellectual Property (IP) rights that Genetic Engineering (GE) companies have on their products. Arguments in favor and against the existence of health risks and environmental risks of GM products are presented. The European policy of the socioeconomic effects of the GM products is discussed and is proposed the application of the precautionary principle for the prevention of unintended consequences from the GM products to other than health and environmental domains. The need of IP rights is supported, but is also suggested an IP rights flexibility. Do IP rights violate the rights of all people to a nourishing life, natural resources, the right to decide about what they eat and the right to live in a viable ecosystem? Finally, I provide an analysis of the effects on the farmers due to the IP rights on GM crop for cultivation and state dependency issues that may occur.
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Costello, Alexandra Jane. "The effect of GM label variation on perceptions of genetically modified foods." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1983.
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This thesis investigates the factors which are suggested to affect perceptions of genetically modified (GM) foods. It first tests the extent to which the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and perceived 'outrage' are able to predict intentions towards buying GM foods using linear regression. It then focuses on how GM label design characteristics and linguistic variations influence perceptions of GM foods including measures of hazard perception and purchase intention using ANOVA repeated measures. Modelling is then used to identify whether label variations affect the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, namely attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control or whether their effect is by some other psychological process. As a result of the first six studies a model is proposed to explain the psychological process by which GM label variations affect behavioural intention for a specified product. The last two studies investigate the extent to which the previous findings generalise across products type using four different product types, two natural and two synthetic. The principle finding from this research is that some GM informational label design factors such as GM content, wording and use of the colour red have a strong stable effect across product type, whilst others such as label shape and font size are less consistent. The modelling suggests that GM label variations affect attitudes in particular, and to some extent subjective norms and perceived behavioural control which are then predictive of the behavioural intention. to buy GM foods. This thesis provides recommendations for those wishing to inform the public about the GM status of their product.
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Wickson, Fern. "From risk to uncertainy Australia's environmental regulation of genetically modified crops /." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060727.135007/index.html.
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Atkinson, Emily. "Habermas, biopower, and the regulation of genetically modified crops and foods." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45129.
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In this paper I combine insights from Habermas’s analysis of the democratic public sphere and Foucault’s concept of biopower to delineate barriers to democratic engagement in health and environmental policy processes, with a focus on rational-critical debate in the public sphere. I begin by demonstrating how Habermas’s approach provides a normative basis for critiquing certain power relations based on how they affect the information and opinions circulating in the public sphere and the development of forums for rational-critical debate. I then explain how Foucault’s concept of biopower draws attention to the more specific mechanisms through which those power relations have the effects that they do in health and environmental policy processes, especially over time. Finally, I apply these insights to the regulation of genetically modified crops and foods in Canada and argue that democratic engagement in this policy process will only improve if unequal power relations that hinder rational-critical debate are mitigated.
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Reynolds, Laurence. "The production, governance and contestation of genetically modified food and crops." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528859.
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Sadaqat, Hafeez Ahmad. "Genetic and physiolgical basis of drought tolerance in oilseed brassicas." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367179.
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Woplin, Rachel Elspeth. "Use of genetic modification to produce novel starch phenotypes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310779.
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McDonald, Anne-Lise Nadia Marina. "An evaluation of attitudes and behaviours towards food-related risks." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390638.
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モニカ, ラコヴィタ, and Monica Racovita. "Policies of genetically modified crops in India: food security and biosafety politics." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12252585/?lang=0, 2011. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12252585/?lang=0.
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Hughes, Emma. "A nation's nature : framing the public discussion of genetically modified crops in Britain." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47377/.
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Two key cultural concepts, 'nation’ and ‘nature’, have shaped the British debate on genetic modification (GM). The thesis uses focus groups, semi-structured interviews and newspaper analysis to explore how the concepts of nation and nature are used at different moments during the process of communication. It examines media influence within the GM debate and also considers other resources that audiences draw upon when talking about GM. The study found that, although most focus group participants reproduced dominant media frames, they were not just passive consumers of the media. They creatively synthesised a wide range of cultural resources in support of those frames. The thesis, however, concludes that it is not accurate to describe such activity as 'resistance'. The study found that the media provide crucial discursive resources for the construction of identity. This has a significant effect on how people understand themselves, the modes of action they consider appropriate, who they trust and how they understand social difference. The thesis concludes that nationality is still a key way in which people make sense of the world but that Britain is principally depicted as a nation of consumers rather than citizens. GM is predominantly depicted as unnatural. The research indicates that framing risk debates around nature premises physiological as opposed to social risks. Both nature and nation are 'categories of certainty'; they have been used within the Western world to structure how people understand themselves and the world around them. The focus on these categories puts ideas of security and fear at the centre of the GM debate. Frames promoted by environmental NGOs dominated the coverage. The study considers their implications and argues NGOs should not be exclusively concerned with making 'pragmatic', politically expedient demands that do not challenge the basis of inequality. Rather, they should be contributing to a political project which envisages new ways of organising society.
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Sutela, S. (Suvi). "Genetically modified silver birch and hybrid aspen:target and non-target effects of introduced traits." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526206844.
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Abstract The efforts to improve forest trees could be accelerated by means of genetic engineering. Thus, the performance and effects of genetically modified (GM) trees have been investigated in numerous studies, which have generally concluded that GM trees have similar effects on environment and/or other organisms as do conventionally bred trees. In the present study, GM silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × tremuloides Michx.) lines were utilized to study the influence of transgenes to the transcription of related endogenous genes and to the production of soluble phenolic compounds in relation to ectomycorrhizal symbiosis or herbivory. The GM silver birch lines had altered lignin composition, whereas the hybrid aspen lines produced the hemoglobin of Vitreoscilla sp. (VHb). The Pt4CL1a lines were generated using biolistic transformation and monitored under greenhouse conditions for three growing seasons. The Pt4CL1a and PtCOMT silver birch lines, with altered lignin syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, had also reduced transcript levels of endogenous genes, Bp4CL1 and BpCOMT, respectively. This indicates that these members of the 4CL and COMT multigene families are likely to contribute to the monolignol biosynthesis pathway of silver birch. No unintended effects were detected in the PtCOMT or Pt4CL1a lines in relation to ECM symbiosis or performance of insect larvae. Moreover, in soluble phenolic compounds, alterations were found mainly in cinnamic acid derivatives, a group of compounds involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols. In addition, the responses of the studied hybrid aspen lines that were exposed to herbivory for 24 hours were found to be comparable. Furthermore, the proportional weight gain of lepidopteran larvae was alike when fed with leaves of the VHb and non-transgenic hybrid aspen lines. Taken together, no unintended changes were found in the GM silver birch lines with altered lignin composition or in the VHb hybrid aspen lines. However, it is acknowledged that these short-term studies that were conducted under controlled conditions have certain limitationsTiivistelmä Puiden ominaisuuksia on mahdollista muuttaa geenitekniikkaa käyttämällä huomattavasti perinteistä jalostusta nopeammin. Geneettisen muuntamisen vaikutuksia puiden ominaisuuksiin ja vuorovaikutussuhteisiin on selvitetty useissa tutkimuksissa geenitekniikkaan liitettyjen riskien arvioimiseksi. Muunnettuja kohdeominaisuuksiaan lukuun ottamatta geneettisesti muunnettujen (GM) puiden ei ole yleisesti ottaen tutkimuksissa havaittu eroavan ympäristövaikutuksiltaan perinteisellä jalostuksella tuotetuista puista. Tässä työssä tutkittiin siirrettyjen geenien vaikutuksia GM-rauduskoivun (Betula pendula Roth) sekä hybridihaavan (Populus tremula L. × tremuloides Michx.) endogeenisten geenituotteiden ja liukoisten fenoliyhdisteiden määriin. Lisäksi työssä tarkasteltiin ligniinirakenteeltaan muunnettujen rauduskoivulinjojen ektomykorritsasymbioosia sekä ligniinimuunnettujen ja Vitreoscilla sp. -bakteerin hemoglobiinia (VHb) tuottavien hybridihaapalinjojen lehtien laatua perhostoukkien ravintona. Biolistisella geeninsiirrolla tuotetuista Amerikan haavan 4-kumaraattikoentsyymi A-ligaasi -geeniä (Pt4CL1) ilmentävistä rauduskoivulinjoista yhdessä havaittiin ligniinin syringyyli- ja guaiasyyliyksikköjen suhteessa muutos. Havaittu muutos aiheutui todennäköisesti koivun Bp4CL1-geenituotteiden määrän vähenemisestä. Myös kaffeaatti/5-hydroksylaatti O-metyylitransferaasi -geeniä (PtCOMT) ilmentävissä, ligniinirakenteeltaan muunnetuissa rauduskoivulinjoissa havaittiin endogeenisen BpCOMT-geenin tuotteiden määrän väheneminen. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että Bp4CL1- ja BpCOMT-geenien tuottamat entsyymit toimivat rauduskoivun monolignolien biosynteesissä. Ligniiniominaisuuksiltaan muunnettujen rauduskoivujen liukoisista fenoliyhdisteistä todettiin muutoksia ensisijaisesti kanelihappojohdannaisissa, jotka liittyvät läheisesti monolignolien biosynteesireittiin. Ektomykorritsasymbioosissa tai perhostoukkien kasvunopeudessa ei havaittu kasvien geneettisestä muuntamisesta johtuvia eroja. Merkitseviä eroja ei todettu myöskään hybridihaapalinjojen herbivoria-vasteissa. On kuitenkin otettava huomioon, että kaikki tutkimuksen kokeet suoritettiin kasvihuoneissa käyttäen vasta juveniilivaiheessa olevia kasveja. Jotta abioottisten ja bioottisten ympäristötekijöiden sekä GM-puiden vuorovaikutusta olisi mahdollista arvioida kokonaisvaltaisesti, puita pitäisi tutkia pitkäaikaisissa kenttäkokeissa
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Magnier, de Maisonneuve Alexandre. "The economics of regulatory standards : the case of GM thresholds in seed production /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418049.
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De, Beer Taryn Lynne. "Stakeholder involvement in the development of genetically modified (GM) food labelling policy in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19959.
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Like many other countries worldwide, South Africa has come under public pressure to introduce mandatory GM labelling. Although there is an increased understanding about the social and political implications of GM labelling in developed countries, there is still a research gap with regard to implications for developing countries. South Africa, as a country that consumes, produces and trades GM food, represents a fitting case study to investigate these dimensions in the context of a developing economy. There has been very little understanding about how the mandatory labelling law for GM food developed in South Africa. This study, thus, aims to analyse how this policy developed and has been implemented in South Africa, in order to draw wider conclusions about GM food labelling in developing countries. This has been achieved through review of the relevant literature, in-depth interviews with 27 stakeholders from industry, government, NGOs and the academic and scientific community, and document analysis. A stakeholder analysis approach was used for framing and informing the research findings of this study. This framework provided a stakeholder perspective through which to examine the policy development process of mandatory GM labelling. Findings from this research project reveal that the policy governing the mandatory labelling of GM foods in South Africa was developed and shaped by many significant events and decisions. However, the law evolved within a context of conflict from a diversity of stakeholders. Stakeholders, who participated in and contributed towards the process, had their own degree of "interest and power", which influenced and impacted on the GM labelling policy-making and the implementation processes. Research revealed that there were important issues that emerged during the policy development and implementation phases. These included: the effectiveness of stakeholder participation; the use of a "may contain" label; the percentage of the threshold level; and labelling costs. The stakeholders' viewpoints on each of these issues differed among different groups.
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Blomberg, Patrik. "Non-target Effects of Genetically Modified Trees." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1348.
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Beaulieu, Julie. "Exploration of high-density oligoarrays as tools to assess substantial equivalence of genetically modified crops." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97904.
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Since the early 1990s, the concept of substantial equivalence has been a guiding principle of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Health Canada's regulatory approach toward products of plant biotechnology destined for the food and livestock feed markets. To assess substantial equivalence in terms of chemical composition, genetically modified (GM) plants are compared to conventional counterparts at the level of macro- and micro-nutrients, allergens and toxicants. Such targeted comparative analyses are limited in their scope and their capacity to detect unintended changes in chemical composition. There is a need to develop more effective testing protocols to improve the substantial equivalence assessment of GM crops. The objective of this thesis was to explore high-density oligoarrays as tools to assess substantial equivalence of Roundup Ready(TM) soybean. Three conventional and two GM soybean varieties were selected according to the similarity of their performance in field trials. Total RNA was extracted from first trifoliate leaves harvested from soybean plants grown in a controlled environment until the V2 stage. To annotate the 37 776 soybean probesets present on the multi-organism Soybean Affymetrix GeneChip(TM), consensus sequences were aligned with TIGR Soybean Gene Index tentative consensus sequences using BLASTN. After redefining the chip description file to exclude non-soybean probesets, the effects of three different normalization methods (Robust Multichip Average (RMA), Microarray Analysis Suite (MAS 5.0) and Model-Based Expression Index) were compared and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM for R-Bioconductor) was applied to detect differential gene expression between conventional and GM soybean varieties. Eleven candidate genes were selected for further studies.
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Newcomb, Ellyn Margaret. "Effects of GM Disclosure Statements on Consumer Perceptions of Selected Food Products in Survey and Sensory Panel Settings." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6699.
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The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (PL 114-216) will require nearly all foods sold in the U.S. to bear a statement disclosing whether they contain genetically modified (GM) material. Past studies suggest the presence of such a statement could have profound effects on consumers; however, research comparing consumer response towards different GM-disclosure statements is scarce. PL 114-216 states that GM foods shall not be considered more or less safe than their non-bioengineered counterparts, nevertheless it would benefit regulators and food manufacturers to be aware of the possible effects such disclosures might have on consumers. In a nationwide survey, multiple disclosure statements with varying degrees of public familiarity were compared to evaluate consumer perceptions and attitudes associated with each statement. Average consumer knowledge level of GM processes was also measured. The statements were then paired with actual food items to determine whether specific product categories influenced consumer responses. A select few of these statements and foods were included in a taste panel, allowing researchers to analyze if disclosure statements affected a consumer's sensorial experience. Results suggested that consumers were most favorable towards statements indicating the absence of GM-material, however they also responded less negatively towards new disclosure statements that do not have negative connotations. Additionally, consumers may react differently depending on the food accompanying a particular disclosure, although the taste panel data found no evidence that statements affected actual eating experience. Importantly, data from both surveys and taste panel suggested a disclosure statement may affect consumer willingness to buy a product.
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Lee, Marina Stella Robin Jane. "Increasing the feasibility of General Surveillance of Genetically Modified maize." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670299.
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Els cultius Modificats Genèticament (MG) podrien tenir efectes negatius sobre el medi ambient, és per això que a la Unió Europea és obligatori el seguiment post-comercialització a llarg plaç, anomenat Seguiment General (SG), “General Surveillance-GS” en anglès. Malgrat aquesta obligatorietat, el SG que s’està duent a terme actualment no té la capacitat necessària per a detectar els efectes ambientals dels cultius MG. Per això, l’objectiu de la tesi és millorar la capacitat de detecció del SG a través de: a) la selecció d’artròpodes no-diana adients per al seguiment del panís MG, i b) identificar les xarxes de seguiment ambiental existents en el territori i determinar si les dades que generen tindrien la sensibilitat necessària per a detectar efectes ambientals del maneig agrícola a llarg plaç, com per exemple del cultiu del panís MG.
Dos dels tàxons més adients per al seguiment dels possibles efectes ambientals del panís MG són les papallones (Lepidoptera:Papilionoidea) i els caràbids (Coleoptera:Carabidae), ja que podrien ser molt sensibles tant als impactes dels panissos resistents a insectes (Bt) com als tolerants a herbicides (HT).
Per a determinar l’abundància, la variabilitat i la distribució de papallones i caràbids en l’agroecosistema del panís, durant dos anys es van mostrejar diferents hàbitats i localitats de tres zones de cultiu de panís al nordest de la Península Ibérica.
Les papallones es van mostrejar mitjançant recomptes visuals i van ser abundants en tots els hàbitats mostrejats. La majoria de les espècies observades estarien exposades als efectes del cultiu del panís MG perquè les plantes larvàries eren presents en tots els hàbitats, incloent els camps de panís. Es va desenvolupar i aplicar un sistema per a seleccionar les papallones més adients per al seguiment dels impactes del panís MG. Les espècies més adients depenien de la regió geogràfica, però els indicadors que es podrien mostrejar amb menys esforç en les tres regions serien les agrupacions d’espècies i les espècies Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg) i Pieris napi (L.).
Els caràbids es van mostrejar mitjançant trampes de gravetat i van ser més abundants en els marges dels camps de panís. L’espècie indicadora més adient va ser l’omnívor Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer), ja que va satisfer els criteris d’abundància, rellevància, sensibilitat i facilitat de mostreig. Seria recomanable realitzar el seguiment del grup de caràbids carnívors com a indicadors de biodiversitat i control biològic d’invertebrats.
La xarxa de seguiment ambiental més adient va ser la xarxa de seguiment de les papallones de Catalunya (CBMS). Es van analitzar dades obtingudes de 29 punts de mostratge durant un període de 15 anys. Aleshores es va determinar la capacitat de la prova-t de Welch per a detectar diferències en l’abundància de 12 indicadores en dos tipus de paisatge. La capacitat de detecció va ser molt bona per a alguns indicadors (es podria detectar un canvi poblacional del 30%). La capacitat de detecció depenía del tamany mostral i de la variabilitat i augmentava ràpidament quan s’agregàven espècies i anys de dades.
La conclusió general d’aquesta tesi és que el SG dels panissos MG es podria millorar considerablement a través del mostratge de papallones i caràbids. A més, les dades generades per les xarxes de seguiment de papallones permetrien augmentar força la capacitat de detecció d’efectes ambientals.El cultivo de plantas Modificadas Genéticamente (MG) podría tener efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente. Por esta razón, en la Unión Europea es obligatorio el seguimiento post-comercialización de estos cultivos, llamado Seguimiento General (SG) o “General Surveillance-GS” en inglés. Sin embargo, en su forma actual, el GS carece de la capacidad necesaria para la detección de efectos ambientales de los cultivos MG. Así, el objetivo de esta tesis es potenciar la capacidad de detección del SG mediante: a) la selección de artrópodos no-diana que sean buenos indicadores para el seguimiento del maíz MG, y b) el análisis de datos generados por redes de seguimiento ambiental para determinar si tendrían la sensibilidad necessaria para detectar efectos ambientales derivados de prácticas agronómicas o de los cultivos MG. La literatura indica que dos de los taxones más adecuados para el seguimiento de los posibles efectos ambientales del maíz MG son las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) y los carábidos (Coleoptera: Carabidae), ya que pueden ser sensibles a los impactos de maíces resistentes a insectos (Bt) y tolerantes a herbicidas (HT). Durante dos años se muestrearon diferentes hábitats y localidades en tres zonas de cultivo maicero en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica para determinar la abundancia, variabilidad y distribución de las mariposas y carábidos en el agroecosistema del maíz. Las mariposas se muestrearon mediante recuentos visuales y fueron abundantes en todos los hábitats muestreados. La mayoría de las especies observadas podrían estar expuestas a los efectos del cultivo del maíz MG ya que se encontraron plantas nutricias de las larvas en todos los hábitats, incluidos los campos de maíz. A partir de los resultados de campo y de la literatura, se desarrolló y aplicó un sistema para seleccionar las mariposas más adecuadas para el seguimiento de los impactos del maíz MG. Las mejores indicadoras dependieron fuertemente de la región considerada, sin embargo, en este estudio las indicadoras que se podrían muestrear con el menor esfuerzo fueron los indicadores multiespecie, Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg) y Pieris napi (L.). Los carábidos se muestrearon mediante trampas de gravedad y fueron más abundantes en los márgenes de los campos de maíz por lo que éste sería la mejor localización para el seguimiento. El mejor indicador fue el omnívoro Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer), cumpliendo los criterios de abundancia, relevancia, sensibilidad y facilidad de muestreo. También se recomienda el seguimiento del grupo de carábidos carnívoros como indicador de biodiversidad y de control biológico de invertebrados. La red de seguimiento ambiental que podría utilizarse con mayor facilidad es la red de seguimiento de mariposas de Cataluña (CBMS). Se analizaron los datos obtenidos en 29 puntos de muestreo durante un período de 15 años. Se determinó la capacidad de la prueba-t de Welch para detectar diferencias en la abundancia de 12 indicadores en dos tipos de paisaje. La capacidad de detección fue muy buena para algunos indicadores (pudiéndose detectar un cambio poblacional del 30%). La capacidad de detección dependía del tamaño muestral y de la variabilidad, y crecía rápidamente a medida que se agrupaban especies y años de datos. La conclusión principal de la tesis es que el SG de los maíces MG se podría mejorar considerablemente a través del muestreo de determinadas mariposas y carábidos. Asimismo, se podrían utilizar los datos generados por las redes de seguimiento de mariposas ya que permitirían incrementar la capacidad de detección de efectos ambientales sin incurrir en elevados costes.
Genetically Modified (GM) crops could adversely affect the environment, therefore long-term post-market monitoring (General Surveillance, GS) is mandatory in the EU. However, in its current form, GS lacks the required sensitivity to detect environmental effects of GMs. The aim of this thesis is to increase the effect detection capacity of GS through a) selection of suitable non-target arthropods (NTAs) to monitor GM maize, and b) identify suitable environmental surveillance networks (ESNs) and determine if their data is sufficiently sensitive to detect long term environmental effects of agricultural practices –such as GM cultivation. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) and carabids (Coleoptera:Carabidae) were identified as the most appropriate surrogate taxa for monitoring effects of GM maize on non-target organisms due to their potential sensitivity to impacts of GM maize expressing insect resistance (Bt) or herbicide tolerance (HT). A two-year field survey was carried out in different maize agroecosystems in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula to determine abundance, variability and distribution of carabids and butterflies across different habitats and sites. Butterfly adults were sampled by transect-counts and they were abundant in all habitats sampled. Most species could be exposed to effects of GM maize because their larval host plants were present in maize fields and neighbouring habitats. A step-by-step selection procedure was developed and applied, finding that the most appropriate species for monitoring GM effects depended on the region considered. Of these, the indicators requiring the lowest sampling effort were the multispecies pools and the single species Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg) and Pieris napi (L.). Carabid adults were sampled by pitfall trapping and they most abundant in field margins. The best indicator was the omnivore Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer), satisfying criteria of abundance, relevance, sensitivity and ease of sampling. In addition, the carnivore group was a good indicator of biodiversity and invertebrate biological control. The most suitable environmental surveillance network (ESN) in the study region was the Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (CBMS). A 15-year dataset from 29 recording sites was analysed to determine the capacity of Welch’s t-test to detect differences in abundance of 12 farmland butterfly indicators across land-use types. Detection capacity was very good (a change below 30% could be detected) for some indicators and it depended mainly on sample size and variability of the data. Detection capacity rapidly improved when species were aggregated into multispecies indicators and when the longer time periods were used. The main conclusion of this thesis is that GS of GM maizes could be substantially improved through field sampling of butterflies and carabids; and that data from butterfly monitoring schemes would allow to greatly increase effect detection capacity.
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Evans, Jean Mary. "The introduction of novel genes into wheat and barley cells by microprojectile bombardment." Thesis, Open University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388322.
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Jansen, van Rijssen Fredrika W. "Analysis of the credibility of South African risk governance of genetically modified organisms and pesticides." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37369.
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In this study, two diverse scientific areas of research, namely, biological-chemical and public administration, were drawn upon to find an answer for improved risk governance of genetically modified organisms (GMO/GM) and pesticides. The need for such a study appeared from the constraints experienced with regulatory approval of GMO crops in South Africa. The knowledge gained from research on risk governance of GMOs could also be applied to pesticides. Protracted procedures causing delays in approval and increasingly stringent regulatory requirements of GMOs resulted in negative implications for research, development and commercialisation. Approval of several South African co-developed GMOs has been delayed or rejected that resulted in withdrawal or reducing of research activities, apart from appeals against decisions. The objective of the study was to identify some of the reasons for delays as experienced in risk assessments and to propose remedial actions, including the critical interface between role players in risk governance. The approach taken in this research was to obtain, by means of a questionnaire, a broad view of risk governances of GMOs as measured with criteria of good governance experienced by scientists of biotechnology and related disciplines. This was followed by another questionnaire with focus on one specific area that caused delays for GMO permit applicants. The investigation included analysis of South African legislation, guidelines and interviews. The research on risk assessment narrowed down to the two areas, illustrated by South African applicable case studies, namely, food risk/safety assessment of GMO cassava and environmental risk assessment of GMO sorghum. Approaches to improve assessments are being recommended. Uncertainty in risk assessment is an important reality because of humankind‘s limited knowledge of nature. Uncertainty is further addressed by precautious management, described as the precautionary principle is a norm legislated by the South African government in line with international agreements (the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety). The terminology, precautionary approach and principle are used interchangeably in literature. The application of the precautionary principle in South African legislation and the difficulty that could be experienced in decision making are illustrated in the case study on ‗possible unintended changes in endogenous allergens‘ in GMO maize. The research showed the importance of timely risk communication between risk assessors, risk managers (decision makers) and stakeholders in advance of the commencement of risk assessment. The importance of timely consideration of socio-economic impact of GMOs and pesticides is touched on. Risk governance structures, for both GMOs and pesticides are proposed, based on the most democratic and transparent governance models taking into consideration the European initiatives for improved risk governance. This included an interface for interaction among role players, namely, risk assessors, risk managers, scientists and stakeholders. The up-front role of an array of scientists, as the most trustworthy communicators in contentious scientific issues, is of specific importance because of the fast developing and very broad field of genetic modification of many crops. South Africa‘s national research institutes should play a much bigger role as scientific advisors in scientific risk policy making and framing for risk assessments. It is of great importance that risk assessments are focused on risks and not on the gathering of bucketsful of data; therefore, training in approaches to assessment of risk should be a priority. To achieve improvement on risk governance, the importance of policy development and the roles of all participants should be clear. Proposals for future research cover the many aspects that comprise trust in governance and the increased awareness of consumers and stakeholders of environmental risks and food safety. This study also paves a way for research on governance of phytopesticides and phytomedicines because of growing interest in these rich sources of new information that could be of great benefit to mankind.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Paraclinical Sciences
Unrestricted
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Moore, Elizabeth Louise. "Science, internationalization, and policy networks, regulating genetically-engineered food crops in Canada and the United States, 1973-1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ53851.pdf.
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Ceddia, Michele Graziano. "Policy analysis for the widespread introduction of genetically modified crops : the case of herbicide tolerant oilseed rape." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428515.
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Konduru, Srinivasa Prasad Kalaitzandonakes Nicholas G. "Three essays on the potential economic impacts of biotech crops in the presence of asynchronous regulatory approval." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6642.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 8, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Nader, Richard Harrison. "Cultural impacts on public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology: comparison between South Korea and the United States." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4976.
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According to Millar (1996), the gulf between science and society is growing. Technologies
are tools cultures develop to solve society's problems. The rapid dispersion of science and
technology across cultural borders through trade, technology transfer and exchange,
increasingly requires people in different cultures to make choices about accepting or
rejecting artifacts of science and technology such as genetically modified (GM) foods,
which originate primarily from the United States.
These issues challenge policy makers and scientists to account for the affects of different
cultural perspectives on controversial scientific issues. Given the controversy across
cultures over acceptance or rejection of genetically modified (GM) foods, GM foods are an
excellent example with which to begin to reveal how culture impacts public perceptions of
the risk and benefits of science and technology in different societies. This research will: 1. Define public awareness and understanding of science, specifically
GM foods; 2. Examine culture's impact on knowledge, including different cultural
approaches to research; and 3. Compare recent findings of a bi-national public opinion
survey on GM comparing in South Korea and the United States. The proposed research
outlines two research questions:
1) How and in what ways do South Koreans and Americans differ in their opinions about
GMOs? This question is important for gathering current points of contrast about how the
two cultures may differ; and
2) What role does culture play on opinion formation about GM foods?
Through grounded theory, the researcher will investigate how cultural differences help
explain opinion on public perceptions of GM foods. Is it possible to identify common
cultural factors that impact public perceptions of GM foods between South Koreans and
Americans? The study will utilize both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Higher
education is a major producer of new science and technology. The study is significant for
higher education administrators who must understand cultural factors impacting science
internationally and globalization of the academic enterprise.
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Bell, Howard A. "The tritrophic interactions between a pest noctuid, beneficial biological control agents and genetically modified crops expressing anti-insect genes." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250188.
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Linn, Matthew D. "The Effects of Bt Corn on Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Growth and Survival." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1398864027.
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Waite, Aldious A. "Consumer Knowledge, Perception and Attitudes of Unlabeled Genetically Modified Foods of an Educated Population in the State of Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2026.
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Genetically modified (GM) foods technology is a novel idea for improving food and crop production, but the supposed health risk of GM foods, such as possible negative long-term health effects to humans, animals and the environment, have provoked the European Union to create assessment protocols to monitor and regulate the safety of GM foods and crops. This research investigates the perception and attitudes of unlabeled GM foods of the WKU faculty and staff. A survey was administered via WKU Qualtrics, and chi-square tests were performed to see how the benefits and disadvantages of GM foods may affect the purchasing decisions of the educated consumer, and to see if the WKU faculty and staff wants GM foods to be labeled or not. The research confirms that the benefits and disadvantages of GM foods do affect the purchasing decisions of the educated consumer. The survey revealed that about 60% of the WKU faculty and staff buys GM foods, and 40% do not buy GM foods, and approximately 92% of the WKU faculty and staff wants GM foods to have proper labeling and information. The research provides information about how the educated consumer of Kentucky may feel about unlabeled GM foods.
The research also recommends some trade-off benefits of GM foods, including that approximately 35% of the WKU faculty and staff reported that they would buy GM foods if it helps to lower cholesterol and fight diabetes, and 20% say they would buy GM foods if it is cheaper than other foods. Some of the disadvantages of GM foods are that the pesticide chemicals used in the production methods of GM foods are toxic to humans, animals, and the environment. Approximately 54% of the participants say they would not buy GM foods because they are concerned about how it may affect their long-term health, and about 35% reported that they don’t buy GM foods because of improper labeling and information.
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Kotey, Daniel Ashie. "Genetically modified (GM) maize cultivation by smallholders in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: Effects on target and non-target organisms and adoption challenges." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5161.
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The use of genetically modified (GM) maize technology is subject to compliance with stewardship requirements and the adoption of specific management practices that promote the long-term effectiveness and environmental sustainability of the technology. For smallholders to comply with these requirements and adopt the desired management practices to ultimately benefit from the technology, they require information that creates awareness of the value of these requirements. To determine what information farmers receive about GM maize and how this information is disseminated to farmers, face to face interviews were conducted with 81 extension personnel and 210 smallhoder GM maize farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The effect of Bt maize introduction and management practices in smallholder maize agroecosystems in the Eastern Cape on Bt maize target [Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] and non-target insect pests [Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] and a snail species, [Cornu aspersum (Müller) (Gastropoda: Helicidae)] was determined through laboratory, field and cage experiments. The effect of smallhoder farmers‟ GM maize cultivation practices on the profitability of GM maize technology was also determined through on-farm trials in different localities of the Eastern Cape identified as hot-spots for stem borer and weed infestation. Results of surveys indicated that extension personnel had a low level of awareness of GM maize technology stewardship requirements. GM maize technology was also largely disseminated to smallholder farmers through non-participatory approaches and print media sourced from GM seed companies. Although farmers had a high level of contact with extension services, they lacked access to information about GM maize technology. Smallholder farmers‟ level of awareness about GM maize and compliance with the requirement for the planting of non-Bt maize refuge areas adjacent to Bt maize was also very low. While Bt maize event (MON810) commonly cultivated by smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province had a variable effect on A. segetum under laboratory conditions, it had no effect on the incidence of plants damaged by A. segetum and C. aspersum under field conditions. The incidence of H. armigera damage on Bt maize plants was however significantly affected by Bt maize. Populations of B. fusca collected from smallholder maize fields in the province were observed to be still highly susceptible to Bt maize. Results of on-farm evaluation of the profitability of GM maize revealed that stem borer pressure, growing conditions, input supplies and market access affect the productivity and profitability of GM maize cultivation. Challenges within the extension and advisory services of the Eastern Cape which can militate against smallholder farmers‟ ability to benefit from GM maize technology and sustain the long-term efficacy of the technology were identified during this study. Given these challenges and the fact that the cultivation of GM maize may not be profitable under typical smallholder maize cultivation conditions and management practices, dissemination approaches that provide farmers the opportunity to evaluate GM maize technology alongside alternate technologies under their conditions, may prove beneficial.
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Cobaiashi, Denise Mayumi. "Avaliação da metodologia de detecção e quantificação por PCR em tempo real de organismos geneticamente modificados em alimentos: aspectos de produção, processamento e amostragem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-10092012-152647/.
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O recente crescimento da produção de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) no mundo tem demandado novas políticas de controle de plantio e comercialização de produtos alimentícios produzidos com ingredientes GM. Vários aspectos influenciam a análise de detecção e quantificação de OGM em alimentos, e em última instância, o monitoramento e atendimento à legislação e rotulagem. Este estudo se propôs a avaliar três destes aspectos, através da metodologia de análise de PCR em tempo real: a degradação de DNA e a presença adventícia de culturas GM e não-GM, ambas decorrentes da produção e processamento dos grãos em matérias-primas e produtos para consumo, bem como os planos de amostragem existentes para coleta de material alimentício destinado às análises de OGMs. Resultados demonstraram que os processos de fabricação degradam o material genético em diferentes graus em algumas matrizes de alimentos, viabilizando ou não, a análise por PCR em tempo real. Na cadeia de manufatura de subprodutos de soja, milho, arroz e trigo, 45% das amostras apresentaram detecção para uma cultura diferente da principal, sendo 44% deste total, GM. A adoção de metodologias de análise que se restringem à detecção de poucos genes-alvo, ou aplicadas somente a amostras compostas de soja ou milho, já não são mais suficientes para o rastreamento e quantificação dos alimentos contendo matérias-primas geneticamente modificadas. O plano de amostragem proposto foi representativo e delineado sob medida para avaliação de bebida à base de soja produzida em escala industrial, porém mais matrizes necessitam ser testadas para uma avaliação global das estratégias de amostragem.The recent increase in genetically modified organisms (GMO) production is requiring new control policies for cultivation and commercialization of food products containing GM ingredients. There are many factors that can influence detection and quantification of GMO ingredients in food products, and these can ultimately influence the monitoring, labeling and legislation observance. In this work, we intended to evaluate three of these factors, using real-time PCR analysis method: DNA degradation; adventitious presence of GM and non-GM cultures, both caused by grain production and raw materials and finished products processing; and the available sampling plans for the collection of food material for GM analysis. Results in some food matrices showed that the manufacturing processes can degrade the genetic material in different degrees, allowing or not, the real-time PCR analysis. Regarding the soya beans, maize, rice and wheat manufacturing chains, 45% of the samples presented positive detection for a secondary crop, of which 44% were GM. The adoption of analysis methodologies restricted to a few target-genes, or applied solely to samples composed by soya or maize is simply not enough for tracking and quantification of food containing GM raw material. The sampling plan was representative and fit-for-purpose for one tested soya-based beverage and produced in industrial scale, however, more lots and matrices need to be analyzed for a global evaluation of the sampling strategies.
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Fu, Tzu-Yu Richard. "Spontaneous hybridization and introgression from oilseed rape B. napus to wild cabbage B. oleracea and its application for ecological risk evaluation of genetically modified crops." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508444.
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Puta, Usanda. "Effects of genetically modified maize (MON810) and its residues on the functional diversity of microorganisms in two South African soils." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/419.
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Genetically modified (GM) crops are commercially cultivated worldwide but there are concerns on their possible negative impacts on soil biodiversity. A glasshouse study was conducted to determine effects of Bt maize residues on soil microbial diversity. Residues of Bt maize (PAN 6Q-308B) and non-Bt maize (PAN 6Q-121) were incorporated into the soil and corresponding maize seeds planted. The treatments were replicated three times. Fertilizer and water application were similar for both treatments. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was destructively sampled from each treatment and analyzed for microbial community level physiological profiles using Biolog plates with 31 different carbon substrates. Absorbance in the Biolog plates was recorded after 72 h of incubation at 20oC. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore counts were also determined. Field studies were conducted at the University of Free State and University of Fort Hare Research Farms to determine the effects of growing Bt maize on soil microbial diversity. One Bt maize cultivar (PAN6Q-308B) and non-Bt maize (PAN6Q-121) were grown in a paired experiment at University of Free State farm, while two Bt maize (DKC61-25B and PAN6Q-321B) and their near-isogenic non-Bt maize lines (DKC61-24 and PAN6777) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Fertilization, weed control and water application, were similar for both Bt maize cultivars and their non-Bt maize counterparts. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected by uprooting whole plants and collecting the soil attached to the roots. The samples were analysed for microbial diversity and for arbuscular mycorrhizae fungal spore counts. Principal component analysis showed that soil microbial diversity was affected more by sampling time whereas genetic modification had minimal effects. Presence of residues also increased the diversity of microorganisms. Mycorrhizal fungal spores were not affected by the presence of Bt maize residues. Growing Bt maize had no effect on the soil microbial diversity in the rhizosphere.
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Borgato, Ednaldo Alexandre. "Identificação de Amaranthus palmeri, caracterização da resistência múltipla a herbicidas inibidores da ALS e da EPSPS e controle químico baseado no uso das novas tecnologias transgênicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-16052018-125757/.
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A planta daninha Amaranthus palmeri é nativa dos Estados Unidos, porém foi pela primeira vez relatada no Brasil no ano de 2015. Embora comprovadamente com resistência múltipla aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e da EPSPS, até o momento não foram investigadas as bases moleculares da resistência. Além disso, por causa da recente introdução da planta daninha no país, alternativas de manejo com culturas tolerantes a herbicidas necessitam ser estudadas. Sendo assim, os objetivos desse trabalho são de caracterizar a espécie de planta daninha introduzida no país, identificar os mecanismos de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e da EPSPS presentes no biótipo, e propor abordagens de manejo em ambientes dos novos eventos transgênicos resistentes a herbicidas. Um bioensaio utilizando marcadores genéticos foi desenvolvido para confirmar que a população coletada no estado do Mato Grosso (BR-R) é A. palmeri, e não A. tuberculatus, outra espécie dióica do gênero Amaranthus. Os resultados de experimentos de curvas de dose-resposta e acúmulo de chiquimato indicaram que a BR-R possui alto nível de resistência, com DL50 de 4.426 e 3.400 g glyphosate ha-1 no primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente, mais que o dobro da dose típicamente recomendada para o controle da espécie e, adicionalmente, observou se acúmulo mínimo de chiquimato a concentração de 1 mM nos tecidos das plantas tratadas com o herbicida. BR-R também foi resistente a herbicidas dos grupos químicos das sulfoniluréias e imidazolinonas. O mecanismo de resistência ao glyphosate encontrado nesta população foi a super expressão gência, através do aumento no número de cópias do gene da EPSPS no genoma da planta BR-R, entre 50 e 179 cópias adicionais. Além disso, duas substituições de aminoácidos foram observadas na sequência da ALS, W574L e S653N, conferindo resistência tanto a sulfoniluréias quanto a imidazolinonas. No experimento utilizandos os herbicidas correspondentes às culturas geneticamente modificadas com novos traits de tolerância a herbicidas observou se, de uma forma geral, que as associações de herbicidas apresentaram níveis de controle mais satisfatórios. Assim, esta pesquisa confirma a introdução de da espécie A. palmeri no Brasil, assim como a resistência múltipla aos herbicidas inibidores da EPSPS e da ALS. Seu manejo é mais eficaz através da associação de herbicidas, garantindo assim o uso racional das novas tecnologias de culturas geneticamente modificadas com tolerância a herbicidas.Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is a weed species native to the United States, but it was reported in Brazil for the first time in 2015. Despite this population being resistant to EPSPS and ALS inhibitors, the molecular basis of its multiple resistance is unknown up to date. Because of this species introduction to Brazil, alternatives of management with the new herbicide-tolerant crops technologies need to be studied. The objectives of this research are to characterize the weed species introduced to Brazil, identify the mechanisms conferring resistance to ALS and EPSPS inhibitors herbicides, and to propose management approaches in environments with the new genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. A genotyping bioassay using genetic markers was developed to confirm that the species collected in the state of Mato Grosso (BR-R) is indeed A. palmeri and not A. tuberculatus, another dioceous species in the Amaranthus genus. Dose-response experiments and shikimate accumulation bioassay data indicate high level of resistance, with LD50 of 4,426 and 3,400 g glyphosate ha-1 in the first and second experiments, respectively, higher than the double rate tipically recommended to control it, and minimal accumulation in BR-R with 1 mM of glyphosate in treated plants in the leaf disks assay. BR-R also was resistanto to sulfonilurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The mechanism conferring resistance to glyphosate identified in this population was gene amplification, with increased EPSPS copy number - between 50 and 179 more copies in BR-R. Besides, two target-site mutations were identified in the ALS gene sequencing, W574L and S653N, conferring resistance to sulfonilureas and imidazolinones. The weed control experiment, overal, herbicide tank mixtures achieved higher levels of control. Therefore, this research confirms the introduction of A. palmeri to Brazil, as well as its multiple resistance to EPSPS and ALS inhibitor herbicides. Its control is more efficient with herbicide mixtures, which guarantees more susteinable use of the new herbicide-tolerant crop technologies.
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Castro, Valdinéia Aparecida Oliveira Teixeira de. "Análise comparativa de mapas protéicos de amostras de soja convencionais e tolerantes ao herbicida glifosato visando à inocuidade alimentar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-02022010-134832/.
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A soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao herbicida glifosato tem sido a cultura derivada da engenharia genética mais cultivada atualmente no mundo. Como todo alimento GM a soja tem sido alvo de investigação em relação a sua Biossegurança. Novas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas e aplicadas neste campo de pesquisa, sendo que métodos rápidos e eficientes de análise proteômica têm sido utilizados para avaliação e monitoramento da segurança e inocuidade alimentar, indicando mudanças no perfil protéico entre variedades convencionais e GM. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os mapas protéicos de amostras de soja convencionais e suas derivadas geneticamente modificadas tolerantes ao herbicida glifosato, utilizando técnicas de análise proteômica com ênfase para inocuidade alimentar. Foram utilizadas seis amostras de soja, sendo três convencionais parentais e três derivadas GM, cultivadas entre 2004-2005, em Goiás. O extrato bruto protéico foi submetido à análise por eletroforese unidimensional e bidimensional. A eletroforese 2D, foi realizada utilizando tiras com gradiente de pH de 3-10 e 4-7. As imagens dos mapas protéicos das seis variedades, produzidas em replicatas, foram analisadas pelo software ImageMaster 2D Platinum. O potencial alergênico do extrato protéico bruto foi avaliado para todas as variedades utilizando soro de pacientes alérgicos à soja através de immunoblotting. Nos resultados obtidos observou-se a presença das principais frações protéicas da soja pela eletroforese unidimensional sem alteração significativa entre as amostras parentais e GM, exceto para uma banda de 115 kDa presente nas amostras parentais, mas ausente nas amostras GM. A partir da análise por eletroforese 2D foram identificadas as formas peptídicas correspondentes às frações de β-conglicinina e glicinina bem como diversas outras proteínas encontradas na soja como o inibidor de tripsina e a lipoxigenase. Através do software foi possível observar que um spot apresentou diferença estatística entre as amostras analisadas, expresso em maior concentração nas amostras GM do que nas parentais. Nos testes de alergenicidade, os extratos protéicos das variedades GM demonstraram reatividade similar em relação as suas respectivas variedades parentais. A proteína de 115 kDa foi sequenciada e identificada como a proteína precursora da cadeia α da β-conglicinina e o spot das amostras GM que apresentou diferença estatística significativa foi identificado como a proteína precursora de G4 glicinina. A diferença observada entre as variedades parentais e GM para as subunidades α de β-conglicinina e G4 glicinina pode ter ocorrido devido a variações normais observadas entre diferentes variedades de soja. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade de aplicação das ferramentas proteômicas na identificação de alterações de perfis protéicos de amostras de soja parentais e GM. Pelos dados obtidos podemos concluir que as diferenças apresentadas não comprometem a inocuidade alimentar das amostras de soja GM em relação a suas respectivas variedades parentais.Genetically modified soya-tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate culture has been derived from the more cultivated genetic engineering in the world today. As GM soya beans whole food has been investigated in relation to your biosafety. New strategies have been developed and applied research in this field, and fast and efficient methods of analysis proteomics have been used for assessment and monitoring of food security and safety, indicating changes in own protein profile between conventional and GM varieties. The aim of this work was to assess the maps soy protein samples of conventional and genetically modified their derived to the herbicide glyphosate-tolerant, using Proteomics analysis techniques with emphasis on food safety. Six samples were used for conventional soya, three and three derived from GM parental, grown between 2004-2005. The crude protein extract own was subjected to analysis by electrophoresis one-dimensional and two-dimensional. 2D electrophoresis using Strip was held with pH gradient of 3-10 and 4-7. Protein maps images of six varieties produced in replicates have been analysed by the 2D Platinum software ImageMaster. The potential allergenic in crude protein extracts was evaluated for all varieties using allergic patient serum soya by immunoblotting. In the results obtained noted the presence of the main protein fractions of soya by one-dimensional electrophoresis without significant change between parental and GM samples, except for a band of 115 parental kDa present in the sample, but absent in GM samples. From the analysis by 2D electrophoresis peptides forms were identified corresponding to fractions of β-conglicinina and glicinina as well as several other proteins found in soy as trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase. Through the software has been possible to observe that a spot presented statistical difference between the samples tested, expressed in greater concentration in the samples GM in parenting. In tests of allergenicity, GM varieties protein extracts showed similar reactivity in respect of their parental varieties. 115 KDa protein was sequenced and identified as the protein precursor of α subunit of β-conglicinina and the spot that GM samples presented significant statistical difference was identified as the G4 glicinina protein precursor. The difference between parental and GM varieties for subunits α of β-conglicinina and G4 glicinina may have occurred due to normal variation between different varieties of soy. The results demonstrate the viability of applying the tools Proteomics in identification of protein profiles changes of soya samples parental and GM. By data obtained can be concluded that the differences do not compromise the safety of food GM soybean samples with regard to their parental varieties.
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Vogliano, Christopher T. "Knowledge Base and Perception Registered Dietitians Hold on the Genetic Modification of Foods." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1353297827.
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Lieberman, Sarah Zilda. "An analysis of the internal and external repercussions of the European Union’s ’de facto’ moratorium on the authorisation of new genetically modified crops and foods." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437975.
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Holefors, Anna. "Genetic transformation of the apple rootstock M26 with genes influencing growth properties /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5477-8.pdf.
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Monteiro, Guilherme Fowler de Avila. "Direitos de propriedade, estratégia e ambiente institucional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-20102010-175412/.
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A presente tese investiga como o Ambiente Institucional influencia o modo de governança de direitos de propriedade e a estratégia das firmas. O estudo divide-se em duas partes. A primeira parte empreende uma investigação teórica que se constitui em três etapas. Primeiro, examina-se o modelo de direitos de propriedade de Barzel (1994, 1997, 2003). Segundo, analisa-se uma abordagem de estratégia competitiva baseada em direitos de propriedade (Property Rights Perspective; Foss e Foss, 2001). Especificamente, argumenta-se que tal abordagem representa uma extensão do modelo de Barzel e demonstra-se que os conceitos introduzidos na etapa anterior possibilitam uma formulação mais geral da Property Rights Perspective, conduzindo a uma definição de estratégia competitiva que concilia as noções de strategizing e economizing (Williamson, 1991). A terceira etapa, por fim, examina particularmente o estabelecimento de estratégias de proteção de direitos de propriedade. Um modelo heurístico baseado em Williamson (1996) é proposto e com base nele três formas básicas de proteção são definidas em função da qualidade do Ambiente Institucional: estratégia centrada no sistema legal, no estabelecimento de mecanismos privados e no abandono de atributos valiosos. A segunda parte da pesquisa busca evidências empíricas que suportem o modelo teórico. O estudo examina três casos de proteção de direitos de propriedade sobre a tecnologia transgênica em sementes de soja: EUA, Brasil e Argentina. Cada um dos casos representa, respectivamente, uma forma de proteção de direitos como definido pelo modelo heurístico. A pesquisa examina também evidências econométricas que consolidam a análise empírica. De forma geral, o presente estudo desenvolve uma abordagem para o exame da apropriação de valor, colocando-se na interface entre a Economia de Direitos de Propriedade, o estudo da Estratégia e a análise do Ambiente Institucional.The current thesis investigates how the Institutional Environment influences the mode of governance of property rights and the strategy of firms. The study is divided into two parts. The first part undertakes a theoretical investigation consisting of three steps. In the first step, the author examines the model of property rights developed by Barzel (1994, 1997, 2003). In the second step, an approach to competitive strategy based on property rights (Property Rights Perspective, Foss and Foss, 2001) is analyzed. Specifically, the author states that this approach represents an extension of Barzels model and demonstrates that the concepts introduced in the previous step allow a more general formulation of the Property Rights Perspective, leading to a definition of competitive strategy that reconciles the notions of strategizing and economizing (Williamson, 1991). The last step examines particularly the establishment of strategies for protection of property rights. A heuristic model based on Williamson (1996) is proposed and three strategies for protection of property rights are defined in terms of the quality of the Institutional Environment: strategy based on the legal system, on the establishment of private mechanisms, and on the abandon of valuable attributes. The second part of the research seeks empirical evidence to support the theoretical model. The study examines three cases of protection of property rights on genetically modified (GM) technology in soybean seeds: the US, Brazil, and Argentina. Each case represents, respectively, a strategy as defined by the heuristic model. The research also examines econometric evidence that consolidate the empirical analysis. Overall, the current study develops an approach for examining the appropriation of value, placing itself in the interface between the Property Rights Economics, the study of Strategy, and the assessment of the Institutional Environment.
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Myhrman, Martin, and Robin Uppman. "Ett Färgat Köpbeteende : En studie om färgers påverkan på konsumenters uppfattning av märkning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19449.
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Titel: Ett Färgat Köpbeteende Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Martin Myhrman & Robin Uppman Handledare: Jonas KågströmDatum: 2015 - 05 Syfte: Bakgrunden till att vi har utfört denna studie är att forskning om färgers påverkan på beslutsfattande inom ämnet marknadsföring är begränsad, tidigare forskning har även pekat på att vidare forskning borde beröra vilka faktorer som skulle kunna påverka konsumenters uppfattning om genmodifierade produkter. Således är vårt syfte:“Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur färgkodad märkning kan kompensera för den negativa uppfattningen som kan råda kring genmodifierade livsmedel.” Metod: För att besvara vårt syfte har vi valt att utföra ett experiment. Studien genomfördes på 120 respondenter på en högskola i Sverige, testpersonerna utförde ett smaktest där de tre olika betingelserna var märkta med olika färger (röd, blå och grön). Den data vi fick in analyserades sedan med hjälp av statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS Statistics 22, därefter har vi tolkat och diskuterat resultaten. Resultat & Slutsats: Vårt huvudsakliga fynd är att röd färg på negativ märkning genererar lägre betalningsvilja än grön och blå färg, vårt resultat korroborerar tidigare forskning som bland annat menar att röd färg bidrar till en aggressivare sinnesstämning och ett mer analytiskt tänkande. I övrigt har vi sett tendenser till att färgen på märkningen inte påverkat varken smakupplevelsen eller hälsouppfattning. Förslag till vidare forskning: Flertalet av våra resultat har inte uppnått statistisk signifikans, vilket troligtvis beror på att vårt urval har varit för litet, vidare forskning borde replikera vår studie på ett större urval. Utöver detta förslag till framtida forskning anser vi att följande bör undersökas:- Hur påverkar färgmärkning uppfattningen om andra GMO-produkter?- Hur blir köpbeteendet påverkat av olika färgnyanser?- Hur förhåller sig varumärke och färg till varandra i köpbeslut? Uppsatsens bidrag: Vår studie har bidragit till att branschen bör tänka på att använda färger med viss försiktighet när det kommer till märkning. Vidare har vi visat att färger påverkar kunders betalningsvilja, vilket är vårt bidrag till ämnet marknadsföring.Title: A Colorful Consumer Behavior Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Martin Myhrman & Robin Uppman Supervisor: Jonas KågströmDate: 2015 – 05 Aim: The background of our study was grounded in the fact that the research of colors impact are limited in the field of marketing. Studies have also shown that future research should examine which factors that affect consumer’s perception of genetically modified products. The aim of our study is as follows: “The aim of this study is to examine how colored labeling might compensate for the negative perception of genetically modified products.” Method: In this study we have performed an experiment. The experiment took place at a University in Sweden and we had 120 respondent commits. The respondents were asked to perform a taste test in which the color of a label was manipulated between three test groups (red, blue and green). The collected data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22, further the results were interpreted and discussed. Result & Conclusions: Our main finding is that the color red on a negative label generated a lower willingness to pay than both blue and green. This result confirms previous research which among other things says that the color red trigger an aggressive mindset and encourage analytical thinking. Furthermore we have seen trends that indicate that colors do not affect the taste and health perception. Suggestions for future research: Many of our results have not been statistically significant, which probably depends on our relatively limited sample, further research should replicate our study with a wider sample. In addition to this suggestion we would like to see further research concerning:- Colors impact on the perception of other GMO products.- The impact of color shades on consumer behavior.- The relation between brands and colors in buying decisions. Contribution of the thesis: Our contribution to people working with marketing is that they should be aware that colored labels may affect the consumer perception. Furthermore we have shown that colors affect consumer’s willingness to pay, which is our contribution to the field of marketing.
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Pizella, Denise Gallo. "As contribuições da avaliação ambiental estratégica para a tomada de decisões sobre a liberação comercial de plantas geneticamente modificadas no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-06052010-083401/.
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A liberação comercial de plantas geneticamente modificadas (PGMs) é assunto controverso, devido ao desconhecimento quanto aos potenciais impactos ambientais e sócioeconômicos que pode suscitar a curto, médio e longo prazo. De modo a regular as deliberações sobre o uso de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs) mecanismos regulatórios que se propõem a prever tais impactos estão sendo criados em diversas nações, sendo a análise de risco (AR) o instrumento de estudo ambiental normalmente empregado nos processos decisórios. No entanto, há contestações sobre seu uso como única ferramenta de análise ambiental de PGMs, já que não possibilita a avaliação dos impactos cumulativos, indiretos, de longo prazo e dos interesses das nações delineados em suas políticas, planos e programas (PPPs). Um instrumento proposto por alguns autores passível de abarcar tais considerações é a Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica, que busca inserir a variável ambiental durante as fases de planejamento que resultam na elaboração de PPPs. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o sistema regulatório envolvendo a liberação em escala comercial de PGMs no Brasil e as potenciais contribuições da AAE para o processo decisório, contemplando os princípios de uma boa governaça ambiental nos processos decisórios. Para tanto, aplicou-se um questionário eletrônico a agentes sociais interessados pelo tema visando identificar suas visões sobre o assunto, analisou-se os procedimentos utilizados na deliberação sobre o algodão MON1445 resistente ao herbicida glifosato e, por fim, efetuou-se a avaliação dos instrumentos análise de risco, estudo de impacto ambiental (EIA) e AAE quanto à inserção da variável ambiental nas tomadas de decisão. Os resultados obtidos foram: com relação ao sistema regulatório, cujos pressupostos encontram-se na Lei de Biossegurança, evidenciou-se a falta de legitimidade nas tomadas de decisão, as quais são realizadas pela CTNBio, enquanto que a Constituição brasileira atribui aos órgãos ambientais a deliberação sobre atividades potencialmente poluidoras, dentre estas aquelas que envolvam OGMs; a deficiência dos mecanismos de participação social, pois as audiências públicas ocorrem mediante decisão da CTNBio; a falta de acesso às informações, devido a não implementação do Sistema de Informações sobre Biossegurança (SIB), além do descumprimento de diversas legislações, que configuram no desrespeito à justiça ambiental. Em razão destes fatores, conclui-se que o sistema regulatório brasileiro sobre PGMs não se baseia em uma boa governança ambiental. Quanto aos instrumentos de avaliação de impactos ambientais, a análise de risco, em função dos aspectos acima levantados, não se adequa para a avaliação prévia de PGMs, podendo ser utilizada como uma metodologia que subsidie o EIA ou a AAE. O EIA, por sua vez, não tem a atribuição de avaliar ações que envolvam territórios abrangentes, mas sim de atividades pontuais que se dão em etapas posteriores de planejamento. Já a AAE contribuiria para a tomada de decisões no tocante à liberação comercial de PGMs, em função de seus princípios de transparência, envolvimento social, planejamento ambiental, abrangência de extensos recortes territoriais, avaliação de impactos cumulativos e de longo prazo e monitoramento ambiental contínuo. Deste modo, recomendou-se a utilização da AAE no planejamento ambiental envolvendo liberações comerciais de PGMs no Brasil.The commercial release of genetically modified crops (GMCs) is controversial, due to the lack of knowledge about the potential environmental and socio-economic impacts that can lead to short, medium and long term. In order to regulate the deliberations on the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), regulatory mechanisms that are proposed to predict such impacts are being created in many nations, with risk analysis (RA) being the instrument normally used in environmental studies for decision-making. However, there are some doubts about its use as the only tool of environmental analysis of PGMs, since it does not allow the assessment of cumulative, indirect and long-term impacts and the interests of the nation outlined in their policies, plans and programs (PPPs). An instrument proposed by some authors likely to embrace such considerations is the Strategic Environmental Assessment, which seeks to insert the environmental variable during the planning stages that result in the development of PPPs. This thesis aimed to evaluate the regulatory system involving the commercial release of GMCs in Brazil and the potential contribution of SEA to decisionmaking process, incorporating the principles of good governance. To this end, we applied an electronic questionnaire to some social actors to identify their views on the subject, reviewed the procedures used in the deliberation of the glyphosate-resistant cotton MON1445 and, finally, we performed the evaluation of risk analysis, environmental impact statement (EIS) and SEA as tools of environmental parameter insertion in decision-making. The results obtained were: with respect to the regulatory system, whose assumptions are in the Biosafety law, there was a lack of legitimacy in decision-making, which are held by CTNBio, while the brazilian Constitution assigns the decision on potentially polluting activitities (among which is those related to the GMOs) to the environmental agencies; the deficiency of the mechanisms of social participation, since decisions for public hearings are taking by CTNBio; lack of access to information due to non-implementation of the Information Biosafety System (IBS), and the disrespect of various laws, whith disregard for environmental justice. Because of these factors, the brazilian regulatory system on PGMs is not based on good environmental governance. With regard to instruments for environmental studies, risk analysis, according to the aspects mentioned above, is not suitable for prior assessment of GMCs and can be used as a methodology that assists EIS or SEA. The EIS, in turn, does not have the assignment to assess actions that involve extensive territories, but the pontual activities that take place in later stages of planning. SEA, in turn, would contribute to the decision-making regarding the commercial release of GMPs, according to its principles of transparency, social involvement, environmental planning, coverage of extensive territorial areas, assessment of cumulative and long-term impacts and continuous environmental monitoring. Thus, recommendations were made for the use of SEA in environmental planning involving commercial releases of GMPs in Brazil.
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Wisch, Lucas Nataniel. "INTERAÇÕES ENTRE LEPIDÓPTEROS-PRAGA DA SOJA E ENTOMOPATÓGENOS, COM ÊNFASE EM BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS QUE EXPRESSA A PROTEÍNA CRY1AC." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2016. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2291.
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Soybean is the main crop of economic importance and commercially produced on a large scale in Brazil. Nevertheless many are the factors that affect the productive potential of this oilseed, among them stand out the insects of the order Lepidoptera. As an alternative to control these pests, many growers have adopted the use of Bt soybean, which expresses the Cry1Ac toxin. However, the large area with this technology can generates a main concern that is Cry1Ac exposure to target and non-target insects and its entomopathogens, such Metarhizium rileyi and nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The aim of this study were to elucidate the HD-73 impacts, that expresses Cry1Ac, i) in the immune system of S. frugiperda in order to investigate whether Bt challenge parental induce "immune priming or transgenerational effects"; ii) on virulence and occlusion body yield in Spodoptera frugiperda iii) level of larval mortality of the noctuid species when applied simultaneously or sequentially with NPV and M. rileyi; and iv) the biological parameters of the noctuid species, when exposed in conjunction with entomopathogens. In the immune assay, neonate larvae were exposed ad libitum to different concentrations of HD-73 (0, 15, 33, 72.6 μg.ml-1), in the fifth instar were extracted the haemolymph and measured the number of haemocytes, total protein and phenoloxidase activity (PO). Neonate offspring of those individuals were inoculated with 0 and 40 μg.ml-1 of HD-73 and again was quantified the same immune components in fifth instar larvae, including antibacteriana activity. In addition, biological parameters were observed in these tests. In the evaluation of Cry1Ac impacts on virus infectivity in S. frugiperda, neonate were exposed to HD-73 (0, 10, 40 and 80 μg.ml-1) until the end of the third instar and early of the fourth instar was inoculated with viruses (0, 103 and 104 OB.larvae-1). For this assay was evaluated larval weight (4 DAE), mortality, number of OB/caterpillar and subsequently, virulence test (LC50). Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, S. frugiperda, Chrysodeixis includens and Rachiplusia nu caterpillars were simultaneously or sequentially exposed to entomopathogens, HD-73, M. rileyi and their viruses, and record mortality and biological parameters of these interactions. The sublethal concentrations of HD-73 did not cause changes in the immune system of the parental, as well as there was no evidence for acquired immunity in the offspring. Sublethal concentration of HD-73 affected the biological components of S. frugiperda, providing lower larval and pupal weight, reduced fecundity and egg viability. HD-73 proved lower OB yield/caterpillar and lower virulence of the virus multiplied in caterpillars prior exposed to 10 μg.ml-1. The interactions did not affect the biological parameters of these noctuids. In most cases was observed negative effect in the interactions between HD-73 and viruses, but may be promising simultaneous inoculation of HD-73 and M. rileyi to control S. eridania and S. frugiperda. Sublethal concentrations of HD-73 did not provide larger mortality of Plusiinae in interactions with M. rileyi and viruses, except for HD-73+ M. rileyi that had positive and negative effects on C. includens.
A soja é a principal cultura de importância econômica e comercialmente produzida em larga escala no Brasil. Porém, diversos são os fatores que afetam o potencial produtivo desta oleaginosa, entre eles destacam-se os insetos da ordem Lepidoptera. Como alternativa para controle destas pragas, diversos produtores têm adotado o uso da soja Bt, que expressa a toxina Cry1Ac. Contudo, a expansão da área com essa tecnologia gera dúvidas quanto ao impacto da exposição de Cry1Ac aos insetos-alvo e não-alvo e seus entomopatógenos, Metarhizium rileyi e os vírus de poliedrose nuclear. Assim, os objetivos desse trabalho foram: elucidar o impacto de concentrações subletais da cepa HD-73, que expressa Cry1Ac, i) no sistema imunológico de Spodoptera frugiperda, a fim de investigar se o desafio com Bt induz a “memória imunológica”; ii) na virulência e produção de corpos de oclusão do vírus em S. frugiperda; iii) na mortalidade larval das espécies de noctuídeos, quando aplicada de forma simultânea ou sequencial com VPN e M. rileyi; e iv) nos parâmetros biológicos de noctuídeos-alvo e não-alvo, quando aplicada em conjunto com os entomopatógenos. No ensaio imunológico, lagartas neonatas foram expostas ad libitum a diferentes concentrações de HD-73 (0, 15, 33, 72,6 μg.ml-1), no quinto instar foi extraída a hemolinfa e avaliado o número de hemócitos, proteína total e atividade da fenoloxidase (PO). Neonatas descendentes destes indivíduos foram inoculadas com 0 e 40 μg.ml-1 de HD-73 e no quinto instar quantificou-se os mesmos componentes de resposta imune observados nos parentais, incluindo a atividade antibacteriana. Os parâmetros biológicos também foram observados nestes ensaios. Nas avaliações do impacto de Cry1Ac na infectividade de vírus sobre S. frugiperda, neonatas foram inoculadas com HD-73 (0, 10, 40 e 80 μg.ml-1) e mantidas até o final do terceiro instar, e no início do quarto instar ocorreu a infecção com vírus (0, 103 e 104 CO.lagarta-1), após foi avaliado o peso larval (4 DAE), a mortalidade, o número de CO.cadáver-1 e, posteriormente, teste de virulência (CL50). Lagartas de Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, S. frugiperda, Chrysodeixis includens e Rachiplusia nu, foram expostas de forma simultânea ou sequencial aos entomopatógenos, HD-73, M. rileyi e os respectivos vírus, para registrar a mortalidade e os parâmetros biológicos destas interações. As concentrações subletais de HD-73 não provocaram alterações no sistema imune dos parentais, como também não houve evidências de imunidade adquirida nas progênies. HD-73 afetou subletalmente os componentes biológicos de S. frugiperda, proporcionando menor peso larval e pupal, redução na fecundidade e viabilidade dos ovos. HD-73 proporcionou menor rendimento de CO.cadáver-1 e menor virulência dos vírus multiplicados em lagartas expostas a 10 μg.ml-1. As interações não afetaram os parâmetros biológicos dos noctuídeos em estudo. Na maioria dos casos observou-se efeito negativo nas interações entre HD-73 e vírus, mas podendo ser promissor a inoculação simultânea de HD-73 e M. rileyi no controle de S. eridania e S. frugiperda. Concentrações subletais de HD-73 não proporcionaram maior mortalidade das Plusiinae nas interações com M. rileyi e vírus, exceto na associação HD-73+M. rileyi que apresentou efeitos positivos e negativos sobre C. includens.
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YANG, HUI-CHUN, and 楊惠淳. "The Management of Ecological Impact from Genetically Modified (GM) Crops." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93271352707749853405.
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碩士國立臺北大學
資源管理研究所
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Ecology conservation is one of the important issues on human sustainable development. If genetically modified (GM) crops develop unlimitedly, there will be serious damages to the Earth ecosystem. Therefore, international conservation organizations and most countries mostly take active attitude to face ecological negative effects resulted from GM crops in consideration of ecosystem health and safety. There are two major reasons GM crops cause ecological impacts. One is the influences from GM crops and another is the change of agriculture management. The former includes the establishment of self-sustaining populations, gene transfer, and toxic effects. The exposure pathways are evolution, horizontal gene transferring, pollen spreading and microorganism decomposition. The resulted ecological effects may include receptor organism resistance occurring and threatening to non-target population. Once expanding, serious damages may occur by losing of biodiversity and ecosystem balance. Ecosystem management is a trend for natural resource management. In the world, Cartagena Protocols on Biosafety and EU 2001/18 /EC Direct both have adopted ecological risk management in their management framework to reduce or control ecological risk from GM crops. However, we still lack an integrated strategy for GM crops management in Taiwan. Through GM crops’ life cycle analysis, survey on domestic and international legal standards, and case study, seven important issues were found for GM crops in our country in this study. They are: 1. difficulty of technical operation in research, development and monitoring; 2.lack and weaknesses of regulation; 3. issue on assigning responsibility to administrative authority and management operations; 4.international cooperation feasibility; 5. consideration on ethic and moral issues; 6. education promotion on GM crop and ecological knowledge; 7. issue on the role of non-government organization (NGO) . This research tried to develop strategies for GM crop management in Taiwan. It was based on concepts of ecosystem management, sustainable agriculture, and co-existence management. It meanwhile adopted the precautionary and science-based principle, ecological risk management, and adaptive management, so as to remove or control the ecological risks from GM crops, and finally to protect ecosystem integrity. Hopefully, it can help improving social, economical and ecological sustainability by sustainable agriculture.
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Gouse, Marthinus. "The economic impact of genetically modified (GM) crops in South Africa." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25189.
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Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this documentDissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted
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Akankunda, Trace. "Meta-barcoding for assessment of risks posed by genetically modified crops to farmland arthropods." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/95093.
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The rate of adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops continues to grow at unprecedented rates 19 years after their first commercialisation. As global coverage of GM crops increases, concerns about their potential effects on the environment and specifically agro-ecosystem health intensify. To address these concerns, researchers have called for increased monitoring of agro-ecosystems to detect unforeseen adverse effects of GM crops. To date, only Europe has a statutory requirement for developers of GM products to conduct post market environmental monitoring (PMEM) in order to assess potential risks associated with their products. This might be due to lack of robust and cost effective methods for conducting PMEM. Here we propose the use of a modified meta-barcoding pipeline on an Illumina MiSeq platform as a comprehensive and cost effective approach for conducting PMEM on farmland arthropod communities. We test the method’s capacity to generate baseline data on a selection of indicator arthropod groups following guidelines issued by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). We use arthropod communities of coffee plantations in the south and south-western regions of Uganda as an exemplar for the approach. We modify the sample preparation steps of the meta-barcoding pipeline to reduce sequencing cost and successfully adapt the MiSeq Reporter program to classify arthropods using COI sequence reads produced by the MiSeq. We compile baseline data on the diversity and distribution s of six generalist predators, two parasitoids, two pollinators, four common pests and three herbivores of the coffee crop system using incidence counts. We demonstrate the method’s capacity to monitor arthropod communities at the genus and species level and discuss the application of the baseline data collected for GM risk assessment.Thesis (M.Bio.(PB)) -- University of Adelaide, Masters of Biotechnology (Plant Biotechnology), School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2015
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Knispel, Alexis L. "Post-release monitoring of genetically modified canola (Brassica napus L.) in western Canada: escape, persistence and spread of novel traits." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4224.
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Genetically modified (GM) canola (Brassica napus L.) has been widely adopted in Canada since its commercial release in 1995 and now represents over 85% of the canola grown in western Canada. Concurrently, GM canola volunteers have become an increasing management problem in cultivated fields and are ubiquitous in adjacent ruderal (non-cropped disturbed) habitats. However, systematic post-release monitoring is lacking and the ecological and agronomic impacts of escaped GM canola are poorly understood. In this dissertation, I characterize the escape, demography and distribution of GM canola in ruderal habitats in southern Manitoba, at multiple spatial and temporal scales. I characterized GM herbicide tolerance traits in 16 escaped canola populations. The progeny of 129 plants were tested in herbicide trials; 74% of plants produced glyphosate-tolerant progeny, 63% produced glufosinate-tolerant progeny, and 34% produced multiple herbicide-tolerant progeny as a result of gene flow between escaped plants. At the population-scale, four escaped GM canola populations were monitored and periodic matrix models were constructed to describe the dynamics and persistence of flowering plants. Escaped populations were observed to flower in synchrony with adjacent crops and were projected to persist for 2 to 5 years, confirming the potential for gene flow between escaped and cultivated canola populations. At the landscape-scale, the distribution of escaped canola was surveyed in three agricultural regions. Regional factors were important determinants of distribution; escaped canola density was positively correlated with canola cropping intensity and with traffic intensity, and was negatively correlated with distance to grain distribution centres. Local seed dispersal had negligible impact on distribution compared to landscape-scale anthropogenic seed inputs resulting from agricultural transport. These findings suggest that escaped canola persists as a metapopulation, where long-distance dispersal and colonization compensate for frequent extinction of local populations. Escaped populations play an important role in the persistence and spread of GM traits at large spatial scales, with substantial implications for the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops, and especially for organic and reduced-tillage farming operations. Landscape-scale management approaches, designed and implemented collaboratively by multiple stakeholders, are necessary to mitigate the risks of contamination resulting from GM trait escape. Regulation and ongoing monitoring of GM crops must acknowledge and address the dynamic regional nature of seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow.
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McLean, Michael John. "What do people think about GM pasture grasses? : an assessment of public attitudes to a new technology developed by the Molecular Plant Breeding CRC." Master's thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151610.
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