Relevant bibliographies by topics / Genetically engineered crops

Academic literature on the topic 'Genetically engineered crops'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Genetically engineered crops"

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Davis, Lance A. "Genetically Engineered Crops." Engineering 2, no. 3 (September 2016): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2016.03.007.

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Gurian-Sherman;, D. "Risks of Genetically Engineered Crops." Science 301, no. 5641 (September 26, 2003): 1845d—1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.301.5641.1845d.

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Gould, Fred. "Evolutionary Biology and Genetically Engineered Crops." BioScience 38, no. 1 (January 1988): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310643.

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Winklerprins, Antoinette M. g. A. "Genetically Engineered Crops as Necessary Invention." Geographical Review 107, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gere.12257.

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Meeusen, R. L., and G. Warren. "Insect Control with Genetically Engineered Crops." Annual Review of Entomology 34, no. 1 (January 1989): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002105.

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Brunke, K. "Insect control with genetically engineered crops." Trends in Biotechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1991): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(91)90063-n.

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Keeler, Kathleen H. "Can Genetically Engineered Crops Become Weeds?" Nature Biotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1989): 1134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1189-1134.

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Biddle, Justin B. "Genetically engineered crops and responsible innovation." Journal of Responsible Innovation 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2017.1287522.

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Mishra, Maneesh, and Swati Kumari. "Biosafety issues related to genetically engineered crops." MOJ Current Research & Reviews 1, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojcrr.2018.01.00045.

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Benítez Candia, Nidia, Gabriela Ulke Mayans, Pilar Gómez Paniagua, Claudia Rezende Ribeiro, José Velázquez Franco, Daigo Kamada, Laura Mendoza de Arbo, and Danilo Fernández Ríos. "Perception of genetically engineered crops in Paraguay." GM Crops & Food 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2021.1969835.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Genetically engineered crops"

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Moore, Elizabeth Louise. "Science, internationalization, and policy networks, regulating genetically-engineered food crops in Canada and the United States, 1973-1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ53851.pdf.

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Sheumack, Michele Denise, and n/a. "StarLink(TM) Corn: A Case Study." Griffith University. School of Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040401.151800.

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The 18 September 2000 disclosure that StarLink corn, a genetically engineered variety not approved for human consumption, had been detected in food was a seminal event in agricultural biotechnology. This thesis presents a comprehensive case study of the StarLink incident (part one), reviews the StarLink situation in terms of crisis management theory (part two) and develops crisis management theory using the StarLink incident as an example of a crisis (part three). Part one provides background information, then a meticulous day-by-day account of StarLink-related events. Part two presents a detailed overview of crisis management theory, then examines the StarLink situation in terms of pre-crisis (warning signals, preconditions for a crisis, crisis trigger), crisis (how Aventis, the biotechnology provider, managed the crisis and opinions concerning crisis handling) and post-crisis (lessons learned). Part three develops crisis management theory using the StarLink situation as an example of a crisis. It evaluates whether the StarLink incident possessed characteristics predicted for modern crises and suggests other factors which may become more prevalent and significant in future crises. The StarLink incident delivers certain practical lessons for managers, regulators and others and demonstrates a number of characteristics of modern crises.
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Sheumack, Michele Denise. "StarLink(TM) Corn: A Case Study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365599.

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The 18 September 2000 disclosure that StarLink corn, a genetically engineered variety not approved for human consumption, had been detected in food was a seminal event in agricultural biotechnology. This thesis presents a comprehensive case study of the StarLink incident (part one), reviews the StarLink situation in terms of crisis management theory (part two) and develops crisis management theory using the StarLink incident as an example of a crisis (part three). Part one provides background information, then a meticulous day-by-day account of StarLink-related events. Part two presents a detailed overview of crisis management theory, then examines the StarLink situation in terms of pre-crisis (warning signals, preconditions for a crisis, crisis trigger), crisis (how Aventis, the biotechnology provider, managed the crisis and opinions concerning crisis handling) and post-crisis (lessons learned). Part three develops crisis management theory using the StarLink situation as an example of a crisis. It evaluates whether the StarLink incident possessed characteristics predicted for modern crises and suggests other factors which may become more prevalent and significant in future crises. The StarLink incident delivers certain practical lessons for managers, regulators and others and demonstrates a number of characteristics of modern crises.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
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Jhala, Amitkumar. "Environmental biosafety of genetically engineered crops: Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as a model system." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/874.

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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is considered as a model plant species for multipurpose uses with whole plant utilization for several purposes including industril, food, animal feed, fiber, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and bioproduct markets. Therefore, flax is in the process of genetic engineering to meet the market requirements. Prior to commercial release of genetically engineered (GE) flax, a risk assessment was conducted to determine intra- and inter-specific pollen-mediated gene flow and for quantifing and mitigating the adventitious presence (AP) of volunteer flax in canola (Brassica napus L.). The results of pollen-mediated gene flow study (crop-to-crop) suggest that about 1.85% outcrossing would occur in adjunct area, when two flax cultivars were grown in close proximity of 0.1 m apart. Some rare gene flow events were recorded maximum up to 35 m distance from the pollen source but at a very low frequency. The genus Linum has several wild and weedy species, distributed in many parts of the world. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the potential for gene introgression from GE flax to wild relatives, the occurrence, the phylogeny of flax wild relatives and reported interspecific hybridization. The results demonstrated that cultivated flax has ability to hybridize and form viable F1 plants with at least nine species of Linum; however, none of these species have been reported to occur in Canada. Hybridization of flax with many other wild relatives has either not been studied or reported. However, based on the evidence of reported work, gene flow from GE flax to wild or weedy relatives may occur elsewhere depending on species distribution, sympatry, concurrent flowering, ploidy level and sexual compatibility. The results of the experiments to mitigate the adventitious presence of flax volunteers in canola suggest that combinations of pre-plant followed by post-emergence herbicides were most effective for reducing volunteer flax density and AP in glufosinate-resistant canola. Post-emergence application of imazamox+imazethapyr, however, was not effective for controlling volunteer flax in imidazolinone-resistant canola. Best management practices were developed to mitigate transgene movement from GE flax to ensure co-existance of GE, conventional and organic flax without market harm.
Plant Science
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Jhala, Amitkumar Jayendrasinh. "Environmental biosafety of genetically engineered crops flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as a model system /." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/874.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2010.
Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on April 22, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.
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Magnan, André. "The Canadian Wheat Board and the Creative Re-constitution of the Canada-UK Wheat Trade: Wheat and Bread in Food Regime History." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24822.

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This dissertation traces the historical transformation of the Canada-UK commodity chain for wheat-bread as a lens on processes of local and global change in agrofood relations. During the 1990s, the Canadian Wheat Board (Canada’s monopoly wheat seller) and Warburtons, a British bakery, pioneered an innovative identity-preserved sourcing relationship that ties contracted prairie farmers to consumers of premium bread in the UK. Emblematic of the increasing importance of quality claims, traceability, and private standards in the reorganization of agrifood supply chains, I argue that the changes of the 1990s cannot be understood outside of historical legacies giving shape to unique institutions for regulating agrofood relations on the Canadian prairies and in the UK food sector. I trace the rise, fall, and re-invention of the Canada-UK commodity chain across successive food regimes, examining the changing significance of wheat- bread, inter-state relations between Canada, the UK, and the US, and public and private forms of agrofood regulation over time. In particular, I focus on the way in which changing food regime relations transformed the CWB, understood as the nexus of institutions tying prairie farmers into global circuits of accumulation. When in the 1990s, the CWB and Warburtons responded to structural crises in their respective industries by re-inventing the Canada-UK wheat trade, the result was significant organizational and industry change. On the prairies, the CWB has shown how – contrary to expectations -- centralized marketing and quality control may help prairie farmers adapt to the demands of end-users in the emerging ‘economy of qualities’. In the UK, Warburtons has led the ‘premiumisation’ of the bread sector, traditionally defined by consumer taste for cheap bread, over the last 15 years. The significance of the shift towards quality chains in the wheat-bread sector is analyzed in light of conflicts over the proposed introduction of genetically engineered (GE) wheat to the Canadian prairies.
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Books on the topic "Genetically engineered crops"

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Genetically engineered foods. San Diego, CA: Blackbirch Press, 2005.

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Environmental safety of genetically engineered crops. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2010.

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Vaughn, Brandon C. Genetically engineered crops and proposed oversight. Edited by Fernandez-Cornejo Jorge and United States. General Accounting Office. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Grover, Lindsay M. Genetically engineered crops: Biotechnology, biosafety, and benefits. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2011.

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Gurian-Sherman, Doug. Failure to yield: Evaluating the performance of genetically engineered crops. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009.

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A, Wilson Kimberly, ed. Changing the nature of food: Genetically engineered food. London: Vision, 2000.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Genetically engineered crops for pest management in U.S. Agriculture: Farm-level effects. Washington, D.C. (1800 M St., NW, Washington 20036-5831): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2000.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Genetically engineered crops for pest management in U.S. agriculture: Farm-level effects. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2000.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. APHIS and biotechnology: Protecting plant health through rigorous regulation of genetically engineered organisms. Washington, D.C.]: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2012.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. APHIS and Biotechnology: Protecting plant health through rigorous regulation of genetically engineered organisms. [Riverdale, Md.]: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Genetically engineered crops"

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Mittu, Bharti, Mahaldeep Kaur, Abida Bhat, Jasmeet Kour, and Kawaljeet Kour. "Genetically engineered potato." In Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security, 117–35. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003278566-8.

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Kumar, G. Raja Krishna, Nalini Eswaran, and T. Sudhakar Johnson. "Genetically Engineered Jatropha: A New Bioenergy Crop." In Genetically Modified Crops, 237–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5932-7_10.

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Meyer, Rolf. "Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Crops." In Genetically Engineered Food, 188–204. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527602631.ch10.

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Meyer, Rolf. "Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Crops." In Genetically Engineered Food, 201–18. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527609468.ch10.

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Dhanyalakshmi, K. H., H. V. Chaithra, R. S. Sajeevan, and K. N. Nataraja. "Transgenics for Targeted Trait Manipulation: The Current Status of Genetically Engineered Mulberry Crop." In Genetically Modified Crops, 221–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5932-7_9.

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Acharjee, Sumita. "Genetically Engineered Chickpea: Potential of an Orphan Legume to Achieve Food and Nutritional Security by 2050." In Genetically Modified Crops, 97–114. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5897-9_6.

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Herren, Hans R. "Genetically engineered crops and sustainable agriculture." In Methods for Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plants, 35–39. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8033-6_4.

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Glenna, Leland, and Kristal Jones. "Genetically Engineered Crops and Rural Society." In Plant Biotechnology, 93–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06892-3_8.

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Ricroch, Agnès E., and Marcel Kuntz. "Evaluation of Genetically Engineered Crops Using Proteomics." In Proteomics in Foods, 503–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5626-1_25.

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Redenbaugh, Keith, William Hiatt, Belinda Martineau, and Donald Emlay. "Determination of the Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops." In ACS Symposium Series, 72–87. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0605.ch007.

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Conference papers on the topic "Genetically engineered crops"

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Roush, Rick. "Resistance management in insect resistant genetically-engineered crops." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93214.

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Storer, Nicholas. "Insect resistant genetically-engineered crops: Regulations, acceptance, and barriers." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93212.

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Romeis, Jörg. "Environmental effects of insect resistant genetically-engineered crops and implications for regulation." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93255.

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Sussman, Michael. "International Standards for Food Authenticity and Allergen Detection from ISO TC 34/SC 16 Horizontal Methods for Molecular Biomarker Analysis." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mylm7606.

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ISO Technical Committee 34 “Food Products”/Subcommittee 16 “Horizontal methods for molecular biomarker analysis” works to ensure that standardized biomolecular testing and laboratory criteria are reproducible and technically sound reducing potentialdisputes between exporting and importing nations and increasing predictability in world trade. Harmonized, easy to handle methods of analysis with defined patterns and known nomenclatures bring more customers to the market. TC 34/SC 16 has increased international stakeholders’ participation in standardizing biomarker testing, improved the quality and relevance of these standards and continues to increase transparency in international markets, particularly for food authenticity, varietal identification and genetically engineered (GMO) products. ISO standards have been adopted by Codex Alimentarius and many governments throughout the world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO.org) was formed in 1946. It is an independent, nongovernmental voluntary consensus standard body based in Geneva, Switzerland with a membership of 165 national standards bodies. The US ISO member is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI.org) a consortium of US standardization organizations. ISO TC 34/SC 16 was created in 2008. There are 45 participating countries. Contributing organizations in liaison with TC 34/SC 16 include AOAC International, Cereals and Grains Association, the European Commission, the International Seed Testing Association, the US Pharmacopeia, the European Plant Protection Organization and the International Plant Protection Convention. The scope of TC 34/SC 16 is, "Standardization of biomolecular testing methods applied to foods, feeds, seeds and other propagules of food and feed crops." The US delegation responsible for developing the US position for standards development in food authenticity and allergen detection is called the US Technical Advisory Group (TAG). It was delegated to the American Oil Chemist’s Society (AOCS.org) by ANSI. AOCS also hosts the TC 34/SC 16 international secretariat.
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Gould, Fred. "Will genetically engineered pests protect health, biodiversity, and crop production?" In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116892.

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Teng, Weibing, Joseph Cappello, and Xiaoyi Wu. "Viscoelastic Properties of Genetically Engineered Silk-Elastin-Like Protein Polymers." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192252.

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Genetic engineering of protein-based materials provides material scientists with high levels of control in material microstructures, properties, and functions [1]. For example, multi-block protein copolymers in which individual block may possess distinct mechanical or biological properties have been biosynthesized [2, 3]. Polypeptide sequences derived from well-studied structural proteins (e.g., collagen, silk, elastin) are often used as motifs in the design and synthesis of new protein-based material, in which new functional groups may be incorporated. In this fashion, we have produced a series of silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs) consisting of polypeptide sequences derived from silk of superior mechanical strength and elastin that is extremely durable and resilient [2, 4]. Notably, the silk-like blocks are capable of crystallizing to form virtual cross-links between elastin-mimetic sequences, which, in turn, lower the crystallinity of the silk-like blocks and thus enhance the solubility of SELPs. Consequently, SELPs may be fabricated into useful structures for biomedical applications, including drug delivery. In this study, we will characterize viscoelastic properties of SELPs, which are particularly relevant to tissue engineering applications.
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Berberoglu, Halil, Laurent Pilon, and Anastasios Melis. "Radiation Characteristics of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii and Its Genetically Engineered Strains With Less Chlorophyll Pigments." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42986.

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Photobiological hydrogen production is a sustainable alternative to thermo-chemical and electrolytic technologies with the added advantage of carbon dioxide mitigation. However, the scale-up of this technology from bench top to mass culture in industrial photobioreactors suffers from low solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency and irradiance transmittance limitations. In order to overcome these challenge, algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, can be genetically engineered to have reduced pigment concentrations in their photosystems. Thus, algae do not absorb more light than they can utilize. Moreover, reducing pigment concentration will enable solar radiation to penetrate deeper in the photobioreactor thus facilitating greater productivity in the high density mass culture. The objective of this study is to experimentally measure the radiation characteristics of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC125 and its truncated chlorophyll antenna transformants tla1 and tlaX. Their extinction and absorption coefficients are obtained from normal-normal and normal-hemispherical transmittance measurements over the spectral range from 300 to 1,300 nm. Moreover, a nephelometer with a He-Ne laser source is used to measure the scattering phase function of the microorganisms at 632.8 nm. Results indicate that the mass absorption cross-sections decrease for the truncated chlorophyll transformants while the single scattering albedo increases. Therefore, light scattering becomes more important in photobioreactors using the genetically engineered strains. The results reported can be used with the radiative transport equation (RTE) to accurately predict and optimize light transport in photobioreactors for photobiological hydrogen production and/or carbon dioxide mitigation using genetically engineered microorganisms.
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Reports on the topic "Genetically engineered crops"

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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Pathogenicity and Sclerotial Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Involvement of Oxalic Acid and Chitin Synthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571357.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the nearly 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S. sclerotiorum in colonizing host plants and their linkage to fungal development may provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants. This proposal involved experiments which were successful in generating genetically-engineered plants harboring resistance to S. sclerotiorum, the establishment and improvement of molecular tools for the study of this pathogen and the analysis of the linkage between pathogenicity, sclerotial morphogenesis and two biosynthetic pathways: oxalic acid production and chitin synthesis. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity, established reliable molecular techniques to facilitate experimental manipilation and generated transgenic plants which are resistant to this econimically important fungus.
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Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle, and David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.
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Grafi, Gideon, and Brian Larkins. Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm: An Approach for Increasing Crop Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575285.bard.

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The focus of this research project is to investigate the role of endoreduplication in maize endosperm development and the extent to which this process contributes to high levels of starch and storage protein synthesis. Although endoreduplication has been widely observed in many cells and tissues, especially those with high levels of metabolic activity, the molecular mechanisms through which the cell cycle is altered to produce consecutive cycles of S-phase without an intervening M-phase are unknown. Our previous research has shown that changes in the expression of several cell cycle regulatory genes coincide with the onset of endoreduplication. During this process, there is a sharp reduction in the activity of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and activation of the S-phase CDK. It appears the M-phase CDK is stable, but its activity is blocked by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Coincidentally, the S-phase checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma (ZmRb), becomes phosphorylated, presumably releasing an E2F-type transcriptional regulator which promotes the expression of genes responsible for DNA synthesis. To investigate the role of these cell cycle proteins in endoreduplication, we have created transgenic maize plants that express various genes in an endosperm-specific manner using a storage protein (g-zein) promoter. During the first year of the grant, we constructed point mutations of the maize M-phase kinase, p34cdc2. One alteration replaced aspartic acid at position 146 with asparagine (p3630-CdcD146N), while another changed threonine 161 to alanine (p3630-CdcT161A). These mutations abolish the activity of the CDK. We hypothesized that expression of the mutant forms of p34cdc2 in endoreduplicating endosperm, compared to a control p34cdc2, would lead to extra cycles of DNA synthesis. We also fused the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the M- phase kinase, cyclin B, under the g-zein promoter. Normally, cyclin B is expected to be destroyed prior to the onset of endoreduplication. By producing high levels of this protein in developing endosperm, we hypothesized that the M-phase would be extended, potentially reducing the number of cycles of endoreduplication. Finally, we genetically engineered the wheat dwarf virus RepA protein for endosperm-specific expression. RepA binds to the maize retinoblastoma protein and presumably releases E2F-like transcription factors that activate DNA synthesis. We anticipated that inactivation of ZmRb by RepA would lead to additional cycles of DNA synthesis.
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4

Mawassi, Munir, Baozhong Meng, and Lorne Stobbs. Development of Virus Induced Gene Silencing Tools for Functional Genomics in Grapevine. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613887.bard.

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Grapevine is perhaps the most widely grown fruit crop. To understand the genetic make-up so as to improve the yield and quality of grapes and grape products, researchers in Europe have recently sequenced the genomes of Pinot noir and its inbred. As expected, function of many grape genes is unknown. Functional genomics studies have become the major focus of grape researchers and breeders. Current genetic approaches for gene function studies include mutagenesis, crossing and genetic transformation. However, these approaches are difficult to apply to grapes and takes long periods of time to accomplish. It is thus imperative to seek new ways for grape functional genomics studies. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers an attractive alternative for this purpose and has proven highly effective in several herbaceous plant species including tomato, tobacco and barley. VIGS offers several advantages over existing functional genomics approaches. First, it does not require transformation to silence a plant gene target. Instead, it induces silencing of a plant gene through infection with a virus that contains the target gene sequence, which can be accomplished within a few weeks. Second, different plant genes can be readily inserted into the viral genome via molecular cloning and functions of a large number of genes can be identified within a short period of time. Our long-term goal of this research is to develop VIGS-based tools for grapevine functional genomics, made of the genomes of Grapevine virus A (GVA) from Israel and Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) from Canada. GVA and GRSPaV are members of the Flexiviridae. Both viruses have single-stranded, positive sense RNA genomes, which makes them easy to manipulate genetically and excellent candidates as VIGS vectors. In our three years research, several major breakthroughs have been made by the research groups involved in this project. We have engineered a cDNA clone of GVA into a binary vector that is infectious upon delivery into plantlets of micropropagated Vitis viniferacv. Prime. We further developed the GVA into an expression vector that successfully capable to silence endogenous genes. We also were able to assemble an infectious full-length cDNA clones of GRSPaV. In the following sections Achievements and Detailed description of the research activities, we are presenting the outcome and results of this research in details.
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5

Bennett, Alan B., Arthur Schaffer, and David Granot. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Fructose Accumulation: A Strategy to Improve Fruit Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7571353.bard.

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The goal of the research project was to evaluate the potential to genetically modify or engineer carbohydrate metabolism in tomato fruit to enhance levels of fructose, a sugar with nearly twice the sweetness value of other sugars. The specific research objectives to achieve that goal were to: 1. Establish the inheritance of a fructose-accumulating trait identified in F1 hybrids of an inferspecific cross between L. hirsutum XL. esculentum and identify linked molecular markers to facilitate its introgression into tomato cultivars. This objective was completed with the genetic data indicating a single major gene, termed Fgr (Fructose glucose ratio), that controlled the partitioning of hexose in the mature fruit. Molecular markers for the gene, were developed to aid introgression of this gene into cultivated tomato. In addition, a second major gene encoding fructokinase 2 (FK2) was found to be a determinant of the fructose to glucose ratio in fruit. The relationship between FK2 and Fgr is epistatic with a combined synergistic effect of the two hirsutum-derived genes on fructose/glucose ratios. 2. Characterize the metabolic and transport properties responsible for high fructose/glucose ratios in fructose-accumulating genotypes. The effect of both the Fgr and FK2 genes on the developmental accumulation of hexoses was studied in a wide range of genetic backgrounds. In all backgrounds the trait is a developmental one and that the increase in fructose to glucose ratio occurs at the breaker stage of fruit development. The following enzymes were assayed, none of which showed differences between genotypes, at either the breaker or ripe stage: invertase, sucrose synthase, FK1, FK2, hexokinase, PGI and PGM. The lack of effect of the FK2 gene on fructokinase activity is surprising and at present we have no explanation for the phenomenon. However, the hirsutum derived Fgr allele was associated with significantly lower levels of phosphorylated glucose, G1c-1-P and G1c-6-P and concomitantly higher levels of the phosphorylated fructose, Fru-6-P, in both the breaker and ripe stage. This suggests a significant role for the isomerase reaction. 3. Develop and implement molecular genetic strategies for the production of transgenic plants with altered levels of enzymes that potentially control fructose/glucose ratios in fruit. This objective focused on manipulating hexokinase and fructokinase expression in transgenic plants. Two highly divergent cDNA clones (Frk1 and Frk2), encoding fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4), were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and a potato fructokinase cDNA clone was obtained from Dr. Howard Davies. Following expression in yeast, each fructokinase was identified to code for one of the tomato or potato fructokinase isoforms Transgenic tomato plants were generated with the fructokinase cDNA clone in both sense and antisense orientations and the effect of the gene on tomato plants is currently being studied.
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