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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic markers'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Chesnokov, Yu V. "GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-3-11-15.

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With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.
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2

Bretting, Peter K., and Mark P. Widrlechner. "GENETIC MARKERS AND PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 472a—472. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.472a.

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When suitably deployed, genetic markers facilitate all phases of plant genetic resource management, from acquisition through enhancement. This paper will review the kinds of plant genetic resources and genetic markers, analytical methods for marker data, and specific applications of genetic markers to plant genetic resource management, such as (i) assessing a collection's “gaps” and redundancy; sampling strategies; characterizing newly acquired germplasm; maintaining “trueness to type”; monitoring genetic shifts; monitoring germplasm viability and health; developing optimal utilization strategies from genetic marker data; exploiting associations among horticulturally meritorious traits and genetic markers. Finally, general conclusions and forecasts regarding future prospects for applying genetic markers to these tasks will be presented.
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3

Salava, J., Y. Wang, B. Krška, J. Polák, P. Komínek, R. W. Miller, W. M. Dowler, G. L. Reighard, and A. G. Abbott. "Molecular genetic mapping in apricot." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 2 (July 30, 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6113-cjgpb.

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A genetic linkage map for apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) has been constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in 80 BC1 individuals derived from a cross LE-3246 × Vestar. From 26 different primer combinations, a total of 248 AFLP markers were scored, of which, 40 were assigned to 8 linkage groups covering 315.8 cM of the apricot nuclear genome. The average interval between these markers was 7.7 cM. One gene (PPVres1) involved in resistance to PPV (Plum pox virus) was mapped. Two AFLP markers (EAA/MCAG8 and EAG/MCAT14) were found to be closely associated with the PPVres1 locus (4.6 cM resp. 4.7 cM). These markers are being characterized and they will be studied for utilization in apricot breeding with marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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4

Skibinski, David. "Genetic markers." Nature 365, no. 6446 (October 1993): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365578a0.

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5

Neale, David B., and Claire G. Williams. "Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping in conifers and applications to forest genetics and tree improvement." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-076.

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It is now technically possible to construct high-density restriction fragment length polymorphism maps for almost any conifer. Hundreds of new genetic markers will become available for forest genetics research and tree-improvement applications. Having a large number of genetic markers will improve efficiency in studies in which isozymes or other markers have traditionally been applied (e.g., genetic variation in populations, paternity analysis, varietal identification, and seed-orchard efficiency). High-density restriction fragment length polymorphism maps may make it possible to (i) identify quantitative trait loci and (ii) practice marker-assisted selection in conifer breeding.
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6

Teneva, A., K. Dimitrov, Caro Petrovic, M. P. Petrovic, I. Dimitrova, N. Tyufekchiev, and N. Petrov. "Molecular genetics and SSR markers as a new practice in farm animal genomic analysis for breeding and control of disease disorders." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, no. 3 (2013): 405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1303405t.

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Molecular genetics investigates the genetic makeup of individuals at the DNA level. That includes the identification and mapping of molecular genetic markers and genetic polymorphisms. Molecular genetic markers (DNA markers) are one of the most powerful means for the genomic analysis and allow the connection of hereditary traits with genomic variation. Molecular marker technology has developed rapidly over the last decade and two shapes of specific DNA based marker, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) prevail applications in modern genetic analysis. Genomic simple sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellites) have been used for a variety of purposes, including gene tagging, physical mapping, genome mapping, estimation of genetic diversity, phylogenetic and conservation genetic purposes in farm animal breeding. SSR analyses are applied successfully in parentage verification and pedigree analysis, as disease markers and to locate the mutation in genetic disorders in livestock animals. The ultimate use of SSRs markers is for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), marker assisted selection (MAS) in order to practice genomic selection and improve the farm animal health. Developments in ?omics? technologies, such as genomic selection, may help overcome several of the limitations of traditional breeding programmes and will be especially beneficial in breeding for lowly heritable disease traits that only manifest themselves following exposure to pathogens or environmental stressors in adulthood. The current paper provides a brief overview of the present - day application of microsatellites markers in animal breeding and make significant contribution to the overall farm animal health and resistance to disease.
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7

Schwartz, C. E. "22. Genetic Markers." Tumor Biology 8, no. 2-3 (1987): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000217518.

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8

Herrera, Victoria L. M., and Nelson Ruiz-Opazo. "Beyond genetic markers." Journal of Hypertension 12, no. 8 (August 1994): 847???856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199408000-00001.

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9

Nam, Vu Tuan, Pham Le Bich Hang, Nguyen Nhat Linh, Luu Han Ly, Huynh Thi Thu Hue, Nguyen Hai Ha, Ha Hong Hanh, and Le Thi Thu Hien. "Molecular markers for analysis of plant genetic diversity." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (May 24, 2021): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/4/15326.

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Genetic diversity plays an important role in diversity conservation at multiple levels and supports to monitor and assess genetic variation. In plants, genetic diversity provides the ability to adapt and respond to environmental conditions that helps plants to survive through changing environments. Genetic diversity analyses based on molecular genetic markers are effective tools for conservation and reintroduction of rare and endangered species. In recent years, the development of various chemical and molecular techniques for studying genetic diversity has received great attention. While biochemical markers are primarily used in the diagnosis of pathogens, DNA markers have been developed and widely applied for identification of species and population based on the genotype of an organism that is more stable and not easily affected by the environmental factors. PCR-based molecular marker tools, such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are used for analysing the difference in the targeted DNA sequences. With the rapid and robust development of genomic sequencing technology it is now possible to obtain and analyse DNA sequences of the whole genome of studied organisms. However, each type of DNA markers has different principles, as well as the pros and cons of specificity. In this article, we review methods and point out DNA markers, which are considered as reliable and widely used tools for the detection of genetic variation. In addition, we present the application of DNA marker in analysing genetic diversity of wild, domestic and medicinal plants, as well as some perspectives on the future of DNA marker’s application in the analysis of genetic diversity.
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10

Beeman, Richard W., and Susan J. Brown. "RAPD-Based Genetic Linkage Maps of Tribolium castaneum." Genetics 153, no. 1 (September 1, 1999): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.1.333.

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Abstract A genetic map of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) integrating molecular with morphological markers was constructed using a backcross population of 147 siblings. The map defines 10 linkage groups (LGs), presumably corresponding to the 10 chromosomes, and consists of 122 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, six molecular markers representing identified genes, and five morphological markers. The total map length is 570 cM, giving an average marker resolution of 4.3 cM. The average physical distance per genetic distance was estimated at 350 kb/cM. A cluster of loci showing distorted segregation was detected on LG9. The process of converting RAPD markers to sequence-tagged site markers was initiated: 18 RAPD markers were cloned and sequenced, and single-strand conformational polymorphisms were identified for 4 of the 18. The map positions of all 4 coincided with those of the parent RAPD markers.
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11

Bonnin, Isabelle, Jean-Marie Prosperi, and Isabelle Olivieri. "Genetic Markers and Quantitative Genetic Variation in Medicago truncatula (Leguminosae): A Comparative Analysis of Population Structure." Genetics 143, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 1795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.4.1795.

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Abstract Two populations of the selfing annual Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Leguminoseae), each subdivided into three subpopulations, were studied for both metric traits (quantitative characters) and genetic markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA and one morphological, single-locus marker). Hierarchical analyses of variance components show that (1) populations are more differentiated for quantitative characters than for marker loci, (2) the contribution of both within and among subpopulations components of variance to overall genetic variance of these characters is reduced as compared to markers, and (3) at the population level, within population structure is slightly but not significantly larger for markers than for quantitative traits. Under the hypothesis that most markers are neutral, such comparisons may be used to make hypotheses about the strength and heterogeneity of natural selection in the face of genetic drift and gene flow. We thus suggest that in these populations, quantitative characters are under strong divergent selection among populations, and that gene flow is restricted among populations and subpopulations.
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12

Lācis, Gunārs. "Characterisation of Latvia Fruit Crop Genetic Resources by Application of Molecular Genetics Methods." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0014.

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A large diversity of fruit crop accessions is maintained at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit- Growing, which consists of modern cultivars, landraces and selections from local breeding programmes, as well as germplasm that has resulted from scientific exchange and co-operation with other institutes. Presently, the germplasm collection comprises 2509 accessions of 17 fruit crops; 676 accessions are designated as national genetic resources. Conservation of germplasm itself has little value without characterisation and further utilisation of the stored plant material. To intensify these activities, DNA-based technologies have been implemented in the characterisation of germplasm. Two main groups of molecular markers have been utilised: non-specific markers and gene-specific (functional) markers, subsequently applicable for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Genotyping protocols based on SSR, RAPD and Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers have been developed for twelve fruit crops for use in plant material identification, True-to-Type verification and evaluation of genetic diversity and internal collection structure. In total, 790 accessions have been genotyped using any of the mentioned markers. These markers have been harmonised with the European cooperative programme for plant genetic resources working group (ECPGR WG) recommended sets to ensure international data exchange. Gene specific molecular markers have been applied to apple and pear (resistance to scab), strawberry (resistance to Gnomonia fragariae), sweet cherries and plums (self-incompatibility).
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13

Xiao-Gu, Zhang, Tong Jin-Gou, and Xiong Bang-Xi. "Applications of microsatellite markers in studies of genetics and breeding of fish." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (August 2006): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cjb2006104.

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AbstractThe microsatellite, or short sequence repeat (SSR), is a powerful genetic marker, useful in many areas of fish genetics and breeding. Polymorphic microsatellite loci have been frequently applied to the analysis of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and genomic mapping. These co-dominant markers have also been applied to the classification and systematics, parentage identification, germplasm conservation, and breeding programme of food fish.
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14

Bataillon, Thomas M., Jacques L. David, and Daniel J. Schoen. "Neutral Genetic Markers and Conservation Genetics: Simulated Germplasm Collections." Genetics 144, no. 1 (September 1, 1996): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.1.409.

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Abstract This study examines the use of neutral genetic markers to guide sampling from a large germplasm collection with the objective of establishing from it a smaller, but genetically representative sample. We simulated evolutionary change and germplasm sampling in a subdivided population of a diploid hermaphrodite annual plant to create an initially large collection. Several strategies of sampling from this collection were then compared. Our results show that a strategy based on information obtained from marker genes led to retention of the maximum number of neutral and nonneutral alleles in the smaller sample. This occurred when demes were composed of self-fertilizing individuals or when no migration occurred among demes, but not when demes of an outcrossing population were connected by high levels of migration.
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15

A. A. Hussein, Mohammed, Manal Eid, Mehdi Rahimi, Faten Zubair Filimban, and Diaa Abd El-Moneim. "Comparative Assessment of SSR and RAPD markers for genetic diversity in some Mango cultivars." PeerJ 11 (September 28, 2023): e15722. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15722.

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Genetic improvement mainly depends on the level of genetic variability present in the population, and the degree of genetic diversity in a population largely determines the rate of genetic advancement. For analyzing genetic diversity and determining cultivar identities, a molecular marker is a useful tool. Using 30 SSR (simple sequence repeat) and 30 RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, this study evaluated the genetic divergence of 17 mango cultivars. The effectiveness of the two marker systems was evaluated using their genetic diversity characteristics. Additionally, the effects of SM (simple matching) and Dice similarity coefficients and their effects on mango clustering were evaluated. The findings showed that SSR markers generated 192 alleles, all of which were polymorphic (100%). With RAPD markers, 434 bands were obtained, 361 of which were polymorphic (83%). The average polymorphic information content (PIC) for RAPD and SSR was 0.378 and 0.735, respectively. Using SSR markers resulted in much higher values for other genetic diversity parameters compared to RAPD markers. Furthermore, grouping the genotypes according to the two similarity coefficients without detailed consideration of these coefficients could not influence the study results. The RAPD markers OPA_01, OPM_12 followed by OPO_12 and SSR markers MIAC_4, MIAC_5 followed by mMiCIR_21 were the most informative in terms of describing genetic variability among the cultivars under study; they can be used in further investigations such as genetic mapping or marker-assisted selection. Overall, ‘Zebda’ cultivar was the most diverse of the studied cultivars.
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16

Weller, J. I., M. Soller, and T. Brody. "Linkage analysis of quantitative traits in an interspecific cross of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum x lycopersicon pimpinellifolium) by means of genetic markers." Genetics 118, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.2.329.

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Abstract Linkage relationships between loci affecting quantitative traits (QTL) and marker loci were examined in an interspecific cross between Lycopersicon esculentum and Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium. Parental lines differed for six morphological markers and for four electrophoretic markers. Almost 1700 F-2 plants were scored with respect to the genetic markers and also with respect to 18 quantitative traits. Major genes affecting the quantitative traits were not found, but out of 180 possible marker x trait combinations, 85 showed significant quantitative effects associated with the genetic markers. The average marker-associated main effect was on the order of 6% of the mean value of the trait. Most of the main effects were apparently due to linkage of QTL to the marker loci rather than to pleiotropy. Fourteen of the traits showed at least one highly significant effect of opposite sign to the overall difference between the parental lines, demonstrating the ability of this design to uncover cryptic genetic variation. Significant variance and skewness effects on the quantitative traits were found to be associated with the genetic markers, suggesting the possible presence of loci affecting the variance and shape of quantitative trait distribution in a population. Most marker-associated quantitative effects showed some degree of dominance, generally in the direction of the L. pimpinellifolium parent. When the significant marker-associated effects were examined in pairs, 12% showed significant interaction effects. The results of this study illustrate the potential usefulness of this type of analysis for the detailed genetic investigation of quantitative trait variation in suitably marked populations.
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17

Chern, Eunice C., Larry Wymer, Kristen Brenner, Kevin Oshima, and Richard A. Haugland. "Persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and associated genetic markers from wastewater treatment plant effluents in freshwater microcosms." Journal of Water and Health 20, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.152.

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Abstract Limited information exists on the environmental persistence of genetic markers for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in treated wastewaters. Here, the decay rate constants of culturable cells and genetic markers for four diverse groups of FIBs, such as enterococci, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides, were investigated in freshwater microcosms seeded with disinfected and non-disinfected secondary-treated wastewaters. Decay rate constants of genetic markers and culturable cells varied significantly among the different FIB groups. Water temperatures (winter vs. fall/spring/summer) significantly affected the decay of all genetic marker and cell types; however, genetic marker decay were not found to be significantly different in disinfected (chlorination/ultraviolet) and non-disinfected wastewater-seeded microcosms or, for example, lake- and river-receiving waters. No evidence was seen that decay rate constants of FIB genetic markers from treated wastewater were substantially different from those observed in similar, previously reported microcosm studies using raw sewage. Unexpected relationships between decay rate constants of genetic markers and culturable cells of Bacteroides were observed. Results suggest that decay rate constants of FIB genetic markers determined from other studies may be applicable to treated wastewaters. Results of this study should be informative for ongoing efforts to determine the persistence of FIB genetic markers relative to surviving pathogens after wastewater treatment.
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18

Navarro, C., S. Cavers, A. Pappinen, P. Tigerstedt, A. Lowe, and J. Merilä. "Contrasting Quantitative Traits and Neutral Genetic Markers for Genetic Resource Assessment of Mesoamerican Cedrela Odorata." Silvae Genetica 54, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2005): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2005-0041.

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Abstract We compared within-population variability and degree of population differentiation for neutral genetic markers (RAPDS) and eight quantitative traits in Central American populations of the endangered tree, Cedrela odorata. Whilst population genetic diversity for neutral markers (Shannon index) and quantitative traits (heritability, coefficient of additive genetic variation) were uncorrelated, both marker types revealed strong differentiation between populations from the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica and the rest of the species’ distribution. The degree of interpopulation differentiation was higher for RAPD markers (FST = 0.67 for the sampled Mesoamerican range) than for quantitative traits (QST = 0.30). Hence, the divergence in quantitative traits was lower than could have been achieved by genetic drift alone, suggesting that balancing selection for similar phenotypes in different populations of this species. Nevertheless, a comparison of pair-wise estimates of population differentiation in neutral genetic markers and quantitative traits revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.66) suggesting that, for C. odorata, neutral marker divergence could be used as a surrogate for adaptive gene divergence for conservation planning. The utility of this finding and suggested further work are discussed.
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19

McCallum, John, Susan Thomson, Meeghan Pither-Joyce, Fernand Kenel, Andrew Clarke, and Michael J. Havey. "Genetic Diversity Analysis and Single-nucleotide Polymorphism Marker Development in Cultivated Bulb Onion Based on Expressed Sequence Tag–Simple Sequence Repeat Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 6 (November 2008): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.6.810.

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Bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) is a globally significant crop, but the structure of genetic variation within and among populations is poorly understood. We broadly surveyed genetic variation in a cultivated onion germplasm using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and sequenced regions flanking expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSRs to develop single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Samples from 89 inbred and open-pollinated (OP) bulb onion populations of wide geographical adaptation and four related Allium L. accessions were genotyped with 56 EST-SSR and four genomic SSR markers. Multivariate analysis of genetic distances among populations resolved long-day, short-day, and Indian populations. EST-SSR markers frequently revealed two major alleles at high frequency in OP populations. The median proportion of single-locus polymorphic loci was 0.70 in OP and landrace populations compared with 0.43 in inbred lines. Resequencing of 24 marker amplicons revealed additional SNPs in 17 (68%) and five SNP assays were developed from these, suggesting that resequencing of EST markers can readily provide SNP markers for purity testing of inbreds and other applications in Allium genetics.
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20

Valchev, Georgi Nikolaev. "Genetic markers in neuroblastoma." Varna Medical Forum 8, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14748/vmf.v8i2.6037.

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21

M. Valdes, Ana. "Genetic Markers of Osteoarthritis." Current Rheumatology Reviews 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339710793205639.

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22

McGuffin, Peter, and Elizabeth Sturt. "Genetic Markers in Schizophrenia." Human Heredity 36, no. 2 (1986): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000153604.

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23

Robberecht, Wim. "Genetic markers of ALS." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2000): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660820052415835.

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24

Robberecht, Wim. "Genetic markers of ALS." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders 1, no. 2 (January 2000): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660820052415925-1.

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25

Tronov, V. A., D. N. Artamonov, and L. B. Gorbacheva. "Genetic markers of melanoma." Russian Journal of Genetics 46, no. 2 (February 2010): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795410020031.

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26

Tabrizi, A. "Genetic markers in sepsis." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 192, no. 1 (January 2001): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1072-7515(00)00748-1.

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27

Kruglyak, Leonid, and Linda McAllister. "Who needs genetic markers?" Nature Genetics 18, no. 3 (March 1998): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0398-200.

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28

Forcina, Giovanni, Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Fred Y. Y. Tuh, Sacramento Moreno, and Jennifer A. Leonard. "Markers for genetic change." Heliyon 7, no. 1 (January 2021): e05583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05583.

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29

MacGregor, Terry, Madan Bhattacharyya, Brett Tyler, Ravindra Bhat, August F. Schmitthenner, and Mark Gijzen. "Genetic and Physical Mapping of Avr1a in Phytophthora sojae." Genetics 160, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.3.949.

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Abstract The interaction between soybean and the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae is controlled by host resistance (Rps) genes and pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes. We have mapped the Avr1a locus in F2 populations derived from four different P. sojae races. Four RAPD and nine AFLP markers linked to Avr1a were initially identified. Nine markers were used to compare genetic linkage maps of the Avr1a locus in two distinct F2 populations. Distorted segregation ratios favoring homozygous genotypes were noted in both crosses. Segregation analysis of all the markers in one F2 population of 90 progeny generated a map of 113.2 cM encompassing Avr1a, with one marker cosegregating with the gene. The cosegregating DNA marker was used to isolate P. sojae BAC clones and construct a physical map covering 170 kb, from which additional DNA markers were developed. Three markers occurring within the BAC contig were mapped in an enlarged population of 486 F2 progeny. Avr1a was localized to a 114-kb interval, and an average physical to genetic distance ratio of 391 kb/cM was calculated for this region. This work provides a basis for the positional cloning of Avr1a.
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30

Le, Ngoc Trieu, Thach Bich Thai, and Van Long Nguyen. "Comparison between scot and CBDP techniques in assessment genetic diversity and variation of two populations of bigfin reef squid (<i>Sepioteuthis lessoniana</i> d’Orbigny) in Con Dao and Phu Quoc islands, Vietnam." Academia Journal of Biology 46, no. 2 (June 23, 2024): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/19316.

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The Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) techniques were used to analyze the genetic diversity and variation of two bigfin reef squid populations in waters surrounding the Con Dao and Phu Quoc islands of Vietnam for technical comparison. The two used techniques reflected different levels of pairwise genetic similarity among individuals depended on the investigated population. Gene differentiation (GST) between the two investigated populations was 0.0767 and 0.0373 leaded to the genetic distance between them was 0.0381 and 0.0228, and the gene flow was Nm = 6.0195 and 12.9061 migrants per generation between the populations based on SCoT and CBDP techniques, respectively. Genetic variation within individuals of both populations (WP) played the key role in the total genetic variation of whole species in surveyed geographic regions with the distribution of 91.44% based on SCoT data and 93.76% based on CBDP data, the distribution of genetic variation among populations (AP) was small. For whole species in the surveyed region, the CBDP markers showed higher genetic diversity, while the SCoT markers reflected the differentiation and genetic distance between the two investigated populations better. Overall, the abilities to detect polymorphisms and the number of revealed loci using SCoT markers were better than using CBDP markers, while the ability to distinguish samples and the primer combination to detect the differences among investigated samples using CBDP markers were better than using SCoT markers, and the overall utility was comparable between these two marker systems. The results from this study prove that the CBDP technique can also be used in studies of animal population genetics.
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31

Hallerman, Eric M., and Jacques S. Beckmann. "DNA-Level Polymorphism as a Tool in Fisheries Science." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1075–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-131.

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Several methods for the visualization of genetic polymorphisms at the nucleic acid level have been developed. Such polymorphisms promise to be exceedingly numerous, and may form the basis for a number of scientific and practical applications in fisheries science. An expanded number of genetic markers should increase the statistical power of marker-based studies in population genetics, for example, improving the sensitivity of biological stock assessments and of studies assessing the impact of stocking programs upon natural populations. Utilization of such genomic markers could contribute to the rapid elaboration of piscine genomic maps and to development of markers for health- and production-related traits in fishes.
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Szczechura, Wojciech, Mirosława Staniaszek, and Hanna Habdas. "Tomato Molecular Markers." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-011-0001-y.

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Tomato Molecular MarkersTomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) is one of the most popular vegetable grown in many regions of the world. Due to its high taste quality and nutritional value increase interest in the cultivation of this species and its consumption. Using the latest achievements in fields of genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology, breeders can create new varieties with improved useful traits. Introduction of DNA markers, especially those based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has led to breakthrough in the plants genetic research, including tomato. They are successfully used for plant genomes mapping, phylogenetics studies, selection of parental forms in plant breeding, and above all to identify the genes of important traits. For tomato have been identified and mapped 9309 molecular markers. High-density genetic maps development gives an opportunity to use them in genetic research and breeding programs. Identification of DNA markers closely linked to studied gene can significantly facilitate the identification of desirable traits in material breeding, or accelerate the plants selection for elimination of genotypes with undesirable genes. Material breeding selection using molecular markers, defined as MAS (marker-assisted-selection) is increasingly being used in tomato breeding programs, contributing to facilitated identification of genes or QTL and their transfer into the cultivated species from wild form.
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33

Geng, Jian-Feng, Cheng-Song Zhu, Xiao-Wei Zhang, Yan Cheng, Yuan-Ming Zhang, and Xi-Lin Hou. "A Genetic Linkage Map of Nonheading Chinese Cabbage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 6 (November 2007): 816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.6.816.

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Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt, known as nonheading chinese cabbage in China, is an important vegetable in eastern Asia and its genetic improvement requires a genetic linkage map. The first genetic linkage map of nonheading chinese cabbage using 112 doubled haploid lines derived from a released F1 hybrid cultivar Shulü between two lines SW-3 and Su-124 was constructed in this paper. One hundred thirty-eight molecular markers were mapped into 14 linkage groups. Among these markers, there were 77 sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers, 27 simple sequence repeat markers, 21 random amplification polymorphic DNA markers, and 13 intersimple sequence repeat markers. Chi-square tests showed that 54 markers are distorted from Mendelian segregation ratios, and the direction of the distortion is mainly toward the maternal parent SW-3. The distortion affects not only the estimation of genetic distance, but also the order of distorted markers on a same linkage group. Given a specific marker order, the authors proposed a multipoint approach to correct the linkage map in an unbiased manner in an F2 population while considering distorted, dominant, and missing markers. A new method was used to correct the linkage map in the doubled haploid population mentioned earlier considering new, distorted, and missing markers. The total length of the corrected linkage map was 1923.75 cM, with an average marker spacing of 15.52 cM. The map will facilitate selective breeding and mapping of quantitative trait loci.
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Ali, Azam, Nazim Hussain, Muhammad Shahzad, I. Inamullah, and Qurban Ali. "X chromosomal analysis in population genetics and forensic science: A mini review." Genetika 53, no. 3 (2021): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2103379a.

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The human X chromosome analysis has been applied to decipher the genetic structure of populations for applications in medical genetics and for human identification, parentage analysis and kinship analysis. Although it has not been studied on vast level with regard to human populations with comparison to other of its counterparts like autosomal markers, Y chromosome and mtDNA yet it is important for great potential in studying oncology, various diseases and forensic science applications. In this mini review, a snapshot of X chromosomal properties as genetic marker has been entailed. The structure and potential multiplex oriented kits utilizing X chromosomal markers have been discussed. Moreover, concerns of different researchers over X chromosomal published data have been referred to point out need of analyzing X chromosomal markers to unravel their role in population genetics, medical genetics and human identification.
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35

Teneva, A., and M. P. Petrovic. "Application of molecular markers in livestock improvement." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004135t.

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With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.
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36

Crawford, A. M., K. G. Dodds, A. J. Ede, C. A. Pierson, G. W. Montgomery, H. G. Garmonsway, A. E. Beattie, K. Davies, J. F. Maddox, and S. W. Kappes. "An autosomal genetic linkage map of the sheep genome." Genetics 140, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 703–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/140.2.703.

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Abstract We report the first extensive ovine genetic linkage map covering 2070 cM of the sheep genome. The map was generated from the linkage analysis of 246 polymorphic markers, in nine three-generation full-sib pedigrees, which make up the AgResearch International Mapping Flock. We have exploited many markers from cattle so that valuable comparisons between these two ruminant linkage maps can be made. The markers, used in the segregation analyses, comprised 86 anonymous microsatellite markers derived from the sheep genome, 126 anonymous microsatellites from cattle, one from deer, and 33 polymorphic markers of various types associated with known genes. The maximum number of informative meioses within the mapping flock was 222. The average number of informative meioses per marker was 140 (range 18-209). Linkage groups have been assigned to all 26 sheep autosomes.
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37

Thompson, Paul G., Liang L. Hong, Kittipat Ukoskit, and Zhiqiang Zhu. "Genetic Linkage of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers in Sweetpotato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 1 (January 1997): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.1.79.

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RAPD marker analyses were completed on parents and progeny of two sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] crosses to determine the feasibility of genetic linkage map construction. A total of 100 primers was tested and 96 produced amplified genomic DNA fragments. The average number of polymorphisms per primer was 0.69. A total of 134 polyphorphic markers was observed and 74 (60%) segregated 1 band present : 1 band absent as needed for use in genetic linkage mapping of polyploids. The 60% of RAPD markers that segregated 1:1 shows that genetic linkage mapping of the hexaploid sweetpotato by RAPD marker analysis is feasible. Linkage was determined for all markers that segregated 1:1 and five pairs of linked markers were found. These were the first linked molecular markers found in sweetpotato and they show that construction of a genetic linkage map is feasible. A genetic linkage map will be a valuable tool to assist in genetic improvements.
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Guo, Baozhu, Manish K. Pandey, Guohao He, Xinyou Zhang, Boshou Liao, Albert Culbreath, Rajeev K. Varshney, Victor Nwosu, Richard F. Wilson, and H. Thomas Stalker. "Recent Advances in Molecular Genetic Linkage Maps of Cultivated Peanut." Peanut Science 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps13-03.1.

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ABSTRACT The competitiveness of peanuts in domestic and global markets has been threatened by losses in productivity and quality that are attributed to diseases, pests, environmental stresses and allergy or food safety issues. Narrow genetic diversity and a deficiency of polymorphic DNA markers severely hindered construction of dense genetic maps and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in order to deploy linked markers in marker-assisted peanut improvement. The U.S. Peanut Genome Initiative (PGI) was launched in 2004, and expanded to a global effort in 2006 to address these issues through coordination of international efforts in genome research beginning with molecular marker development and improvement of map resolution and coverage. Ultimately, a peanut genome sequencing project was launched in 2012 by the Peanut Genome Consortium (PGC). We reviewed the progress for accelerated development of peanut genomic resources in peanut, such as generation of expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) (252,832 ESTs as December 2012 in the public NCBI EST database), development of molecular markers (over 15,518 SSRs), and construction of peanut genetic linkage maps, in particular for cultivated peanut. Several consensus genetic maps have been constructed, and there are examples of recent international efforts to develop high density maps. An international reference consensus genetic map was developed recently with 897 marker loci based on 11 published mapping populations. Furthermore, a high-density integrated consensus map of cultivated peanut and wild diploid relatives also has been developed, which was enriched further with 3693 marker loci on a single map by adding information from five new genetic mapping populations to the published reference consensus map.
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39

Meuwissen, T. H. E., B. J. Hayes, and M. E. Goddard. "Prediction of Total Genetic Value Using Genome-Wide Dense Marker Maps." Genetics 157, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.4.1819.

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Abstract Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques will make dense marker maps available and genotyping many individuals for these markers feasible. Here we attempted to estimate the effects of ∼50,000 marker haplotypes simultaneously from a limited number of phenotypic records. A genome of 1000 cM was simulated with a marker spacing of 1 cM. The markers surrounding every 1-cM region were combined into marker haplotypes. Due to finite population size (Ne = 100), the marker haplotypes were in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL located between the markers. Using least squares, all haplotype effects could not be estimated simultaneously. When only the biggest effects were included, they were overestimated and the accuracy of predicting genetic values of the offspring of the recorded animals was only 0.32. Best linear unbiased prediction of haplotype effects assumed equal variances associated to each 1-cM chromosomal segment, which yielded an accuracy of 0.73, although this assumption was far from true. Bayesian methods that assumed a prior distribution of the variance associated with each chromosome segment increased this accuracy to 0.85, even when the prior was not correct. It was concluded that selection on genetic values predicted from markers could substantially increase the rate of genetic gain in animals and plants, especially if combined with reproductive techniques to shorten the generation interval.
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40

Yang, Huiying, and Jerome I. Rotter. "Subclinical Markers of Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 9, no. 3 (1995): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/456197.

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Genetic studies can be greatly aided by the use of subclinical markers that are closer to the basic defect and thus likely to detect more individuals with the abnormal genotype. At least two approaches are generally used to characterize subclinical markers. One is the family study approach. The detection of subclinical abnormalities in unaffected relatives similar to those found in the probands can distinguish between an inherited predisposition and a secondary abnormality due to the disease process. The second approach is the combination of subclinical marker with genetic marker studies. Specific association of a subclinical marker with a genetic marker indicates genetic determination of the subclinical marker. The identification of a genetically determined subclinical marker can help to define a more homogeneous disease group for genetic studies. The most studied subclinical markers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) for ulcerative colitis (UC) and intestinal permeability for Crohn's disease (CD). Even so, for these as well as several other promising subclinical markers, there is an obvious need for more twin, family and genetic marker studies. An elevated intestinal permeability in a proportion of unaffected relatives of CD patients has been observed in the majority of family studies. ANCAs, a highly specific marker for UC, have been found with a significantly increased prevalence in unaffected relatives of UC patients compared with spouses of the patients. Moreover, the distribution of the ANCAs is familial rather than random, suggesting heterogeneity within UC. In combination with genetic marker studies (human leukocyte antigen [HLA] class II genes), the authors observed a differential association: ANCA-positive UC was associated with DR2, while ANCA-negative UC associated with DR4. These data lead to the conclusion that the heterogeneity indicated by ANCA is genetically determined and that this genetic heterogeneity should be taken into consideration in future genetic, clinical and pathophysiological studies. In the aggregate, these data indicate that the subclinical marker approach is a powerful means for demonstrating genetic and etiological heterogeneity, and can be an important tool to define the etiology and natural history of the various diseases that make up IBD.
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41

Golubeva, T. S., T. V. Dokukina, V. G. Objedkov, S. I. Osipchik, T. V. Korotkevich, A. A. Gilep, I. V. Gaidukevich, et al. "GENETIC MARKERS OF PHARMACORESISTANCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA." Medical Journal, no. 2(75) (2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51922/1818-426x.2021.2.62.

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The study of genetic markers of pharmacoresistance in schizophrenia, significant for the population of the Republic of Belarus, such as polymorphisms CYP2D6*4, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17, CYPU2*F, С3435Т MDR1, TaqI ANKK1, d019G mRM, Val158Met СОМТ, Val66Met BDNF, C957T DRD2 was implemented. The possibilities of their use in predicting an adverse pharmacological response were described. Data on the use of genetic markers to determine the tactics of treating patients with schizophrenia were obtained; the sensitivity and specificity of the pharmacogenetic test for each marker were calculated. Specific genetic markers, such as polymorphisms CYP2D6*4, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17, CYP1A2*F, C3435T MDR1, TaqI ANKK1, have been identified, which should be preferred for inclusion in diagnostic panels when predicting an adverse pharmacological response in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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42

Tisa, Louis S., Matthew S. Chval, Glenn D. Krumholz, and Joel Richards. "Antibiotic resistance patterns ofFrankiastrains." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 9 (December 18, 1999): 1257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-067.

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A major hurdle in the development of a genetic system for Frankia is the lack of genetic markers. To identify potential genetic markers, 12 strains of Frankia were screened for resistance to antibiotics by the use of a growth inhibition assay. All of the strains demonstrated sensitivity to tested antibiotics. Several strains had distinctive patterns of antibiotic resistance that are potentially useful as genetic markers. Novobiocin was the antibiotic to which the most strains were resistant.Key words: genetics, genetic markers, Frankia, actinorhizal, nitrogen fixation, vesicles.
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43

Ismail, Nor Asiah, M. Y. Rafii, T. M. M. Mahmud, M. M. Hanafi, and Gous Miah. "Genetic Diversity of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Germplasm Revealed by ISSR and SSR Markers." BioMed Research International 2019 (May 6, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5904804.

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Fifty-seven accessions of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) collected from seven states in Peninsular Malaysia were evaluated for their molecular characteristics using ISSR and SSR markers to assess the pattern of genetic diversity and association among the characteristics. Diversity study through molecular characterization showed that high variability existed among the 57 torch ginger accessions. ISSR and SSR molecular markers revealed the presence of high genetic variability among the torch ginger accessions. The combination of different molecular markers offered reliable and convincing information about the genetic diversity of torch ginger germplasm. This study found that SSR marker was more informative compared to ISSR marker in determination of gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC), and heterozygosity in this population. SSR also revealed high ability in evaluating diversity levels, genetic structure, and relationships of torch ginger due to their codominance and rich allelic diversity. High level of genetic diversity discovered by SSR markers showed the effectiveness of this marker to detect the polymorphism in this germplasm collection.
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44

Andriushkova, Natalia G., Volodymyr P. Shyrobokov, Nataliia S. Turchyna, Valentyna V. Melnyk, Olena V. Kuzminska, and Ludmyla V. Dolinchuk. "RESEARCH OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENTEROVIRUS STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIC STROKE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 3 (2020): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202003102.

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Introduction: The research of biological properties of enteroviruses associated with ischemic stroke (IS) allows us to identify their intratypic differences. The aim: to identify genetic markers of strains of enteroviruses associated with IS. Materials and methods: 11 strains of enteroviruses isolated from the serum of patients with IS were identified in the virus neutralization test. Genetic markers of isolated strains (Abent, marker S, marker rct40) were determined. Results: Eleven strains of enteroviruses were isolated from the serum of patients with IS. Eight viruses: Coxsackie B viruses (serotypes 2, 3, 4) and ECHO viruses (serotypes 6, 9, 27 (two strains), 29) were identified in these strains. Other three strains of enteroviruses were unidentified. Different combinations of genetic markers were found. Seven strains of enteroviruses (Coxsackie B2, B3, ECHO 6, ECHO 9, ECHO 27 (two strains) and one unidentified virus) had virulence markers: Abent–, rct40+ and S−. Three strains (Coxsackie B4, ECHO 29, one unidentified virus) had markers: Abent–, rct40+, S+. Another one unidentified virus had markers: Abent+, rct40+, S –. Conclusions: All 11 isolates of enteroviruses associated with IS had rct40+ marker, 10 of the 11 isolates had marker Abent– and 8 of 11 isolates had marker S–. The research of genetic markers allows to perform typic and intratypic differentiation of strains of enteroviruses associated with the IS.
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45

Harahap, Antoni, Teuku Fadlon Haser, Suri Purnama Febri, and Darsiani Darsiani. "Fish Selection Based on DNA Markers: Literature Review." Jurnal Ilmiah Samudra Akuatika 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jisa.v6i1.8321.

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Selection of fish based on DNA markers is a method or technique that has started to develop rapidly in the field of genetics and fish breeding. Selection based on DNA markers utilizes the genetic information contained in fish DNA to obtain individuals with characteristics appropriate to the stages and production of aquaculture in a timely, efficient, and measurable manner. This literature review presents several discussions and literature sources that are quite relevant regarding various aspects of DNA marker-based fish selection, including the basic principles, analytical methods, benefits, and challenges based on DNA markers, and discusses how the most recent developments in the use of methods in the process of genetic breeding and fish selection, as well as the potential for future applications.
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46

Piskova, O., A. Kostenko, I. Shliakhtun, I. Dikhtiar, Y. Ilchenko, and L. Prysiazhniuk. "Determination of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) polymorphism based on SSR markers and morphological characters." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(179) (May 25, 2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2023-179-1-32-41.

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The study presents the results of the genetic diversity estimation of winter rapeseed by molecular genetic analysis and the determination of polymorphism with morphological traits. The study aims to determine winter rapeseed hybrids polymorphism by SSR markers and the marker morphological characteristics. Twelve winter rapeseed hybrids which were examined within DUS testing and their 24 hereditary components were studied in 2021–2022. The study of rapeseed genotypes genetic diversity was carried out in 2021. It was determined that the majority of studied hybrids and their hereditary components by studied SSR markers are characterized with alleles of the same sizes and are homozygotic by these markers. Besides, it was found that the presence of only on one allele was identifed in hereditary components which was found in hybrids. This distribution allows to check the hybrid formula and to identify them. It was determined that the most polymorphic marker was Na12-A02, PIC is 0.77. The lowest value of PIC was obtained for Na12-E02 marker (0.47). On the average, for studied markers PIC is 0.66 which indicates the evenness of identifed alleles distribution by SSR markers among studied winter rapeseed genotypes. As results of cluster analysis, we obtained fve clusters of the studied hybrids by 8 SSR markers. The hybrids with genetic distances of 2.45 were the most similar hybrids. It was found that the hybrids with genetic distances of 5.83 and 5.74 were the most distinct. Three clusters were obtained as results of the cluster analysis based on morphological traits. It was determined that the most similar hybrids were the ones with genetic distances of 3.46. It was found that the most distinct hybrids had the genetic distances of 5.299.38. Thus, taking into account the various distribution of the studied genotypes by the SSR markers and morphological characteristics, SSR markers can be used as additional tool for the distinctness determination. Key words: genetic distances, winter rapeseed, allele frequencies, РІС, genetic diversity, SSR markers.
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47

Dey, T., and P. D. Ghosh. "Application of molecular markers in plant genome study." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.001.

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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.
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48

Dey, T., and P. D. Ghosh. "Application of molecular markers in plant genome study." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.001.

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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.
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49

Moazami-Goudarzi, K., and D. Laloë. "Is a Multivariate Consensus Representation of Genetic Relationships Among Populations Always Meaningful?" Genetics 162, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.473.

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Abstract To determine the relationships among closely related populations or species, two methods are commonly used in the literature: phylogenetic reconstruction or multivariate analysis. The aim of this article is to assess the reliability of multivariate analysis. We describe a method that is based on principal component analysis and Mantel correlations, using a two-step process: The first step consists of a single-marker analysis and the second step tests if each marker reveals the same typology concerning population differentiation. We conclude that if single markers are not congruent, the compromise structure is not meaningful. Our model is not based on any particular mutation process and it can be applied to most of the commonly used genetic markers. This method is also useful to determine the contribution of each marker to the typology of populations. We test whether our method is efficient with two real data sets based on microsatellite markers. Our analysis suggests that for closely related populations, it is not always possible to accept the hypothesis that an increase in the number of markers will increase the reliability of the typology analysis.
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50

Pinar, Hasan, Sezai Ercisli, Mustafa Unlu, Mustafa Bircan, Aydın Uzun, Davut Keles, Filiz Baysal, Halit Atli, and Kadir Yilmaz. "Determination of genetic diversity among some almond accessions." Genetika 47, no. 1 (2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1501013p.

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More recently the use of different molecular markers in fruit species to determine particularly genetic diversity, genetic relationships and cultivar identification has been gained more importance. In the study, 13 randomly amplified polimorfic DNA (RAPD) and 4 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic relationships among 95 almong accessions (26 foreign cultivars and 69 national cultivars and selections). The all plant material found in Almond Germplasm Repository in Gaziantep, Turkey. Both RAPD and ISSR markers distinguished the almond cultivars and selections in various levels. 17 RAPD and ISSR markers yielded a total of 73 scorable bands, which 51 are polymorphic. The two marker system exhibited variation with regard to average band sizes and polymorphism ratio. The average polymorphism was higher in ISSR (88%) compared to RAPD (74%). RAPD and ISSR marker systems were found to be useful for determining genetic diversity among almong genotypes and cultivars. Combining of two dendrograms obtained through these markers show different clustering of 96 almond specimens without geographical isolation. These results supported that almonds in Turkey indicated considerable genetic diversity.
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