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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic loci'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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1

Ott, Jurg. "Association of genetic loci." Neurology 63, no. 6 (September 27, 2004): 955–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.63.6.955.

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2

Bhidayasiri, Roongroj, and Stefan-M. Pulst. "Dystonia (DYT) genetic loci." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 9, no. 5 (September 2005): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2005.05.002.

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3

Rajon, Etienne, and Joshua B. Plotkin. "The evolution of genetic architectures underlying quantitative traits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (October 22, 2013): 20131552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1552.

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In the classic view introduced by R. A. Fisher, a quantitative trait is encoded by many loci with small, additive effects. Recent advances in quantitative trait loci mapping have begun to elucidate the genetic architectures underlying vast numbers of phenotypes across diverse taxa, producing observations that sometimes contrast with Fisher's blueprint. Despite these considerable empirical efforts to map the genetic determinants of traits, it remains poorly understood how the genetic architecture of a trait should evolve, or how it depends on the selection pressures on the trait. Here, we develop a simple, population-genetic model for the evolution of genetic architectures. Our model predicts that traits under moderate selection should be encoded by many loci with highly variable effects, whereas traits under either weak or strong selection should be encoded by relatively few loci. We compare these theoretical predictions with qualitative trends in the genetics of human traits, and with systematic data on the genetics of gene expression levels in yeast. Our analysis provides an evolutionary explanation for broad empirical patterns in the genetic basis for traits, and it introduces a single framework that unifies the diversity of observed genetic architectures, ranging from Mendelian to Fisherian.
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4

Medina-Macedo, L., Andre Eduardo Biscaia Lacerda, J. Zanetti Ribeiro, J. V. M. Bittencourt, and A. M. Sebbenn. "Investigating the Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage, and genotypic disequilibrium for ten microsatellite loci of Araucaria angustifolia." Silvae Genetica 63, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2014): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2014-0030.

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AbstractAraucaria angustifolia is a dioecious and wind pollinated conifer that typically occurs in higher attitudes of Southern Brazil. After a significant reduction of its population during the twentieth century, public policies have enabled natural populations to recover. As new studies focus on the genetics of the species it is important to investigate Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage, and genotypic disequilibrium for the microsatellite loci developed for the species. Here we analyze ten microsatellite loci developed for A. angustifolia by genotyping 295 adult trees and 13 open pollinated progenies from a forest fragment in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The likelihood G-test shows a perfect 1:1 Mendelian segregation for all ten loci, indicating that these molecular markers are genetic markers. Significant genetic linkage between pairwise loci was detected in only 3% of the tests, suggesting that these loci are not located in the same linkage groups within the chromosomes. However, genotypic disequilibrium was detected in 51% of pairwise loci for adult trees, probably due to the strong spatial genetic structure of the population. Our results indicate that the ten loci analyzed can be used in studies on genetic diversity and structure, mating system, and gene flow of the species.
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5

JOOST, OSCAR, JEMMA B WILK, L. ADRIENNE CUPPLES, MICHAEL HARMON, AMANDA M SHEARMAN, CLINTON T BALDWIN, GEORGE T O'CONNOR, RICHARD H MYERS, and DANIEL J GOTTLIEB. "Genetic Loci Influencing Lung Function." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 165, no. 6 (March 15, 2002): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.165.6.2102057.

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6

Schwab, M., R. Corvi, and L. Savelyeva. "New Genetic Loci in Neuroblastoma." Klinische Pädiatrie 209, no. 04 (July 1997): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1043966.

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7

Rustam Singh, Maishnam, and T. Shyamacharan Singh. "Genetic Polymorphisms at three Loci in two Populations of Manipur, India." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 66, no. 2 (July 11, 2008): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/aa/66/2008/191.

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8

Yan, Guiyun, Dave D. Chadee, and David W. Severson. "Evidence for Genetic Hitchhiking Effect Associated With Insecticide Resistance in Aedes aegypti." Genetics 148, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/148.2.793.

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Abstract Information on genetic variation within and between populations is critical for understanding the evolutionary history of mosquito populations and disease epidemiology. Previous studies with Drosophila suggest that genetic variation of selectively neutral loci in a large fraction of genome may be constrained by fixation of advantageous mutations associated with hitchhiking effect. This study examined restriction fragment length polymorphisms of four natural Aedes aegypti mosquito populations from Trinidad and Tobago, at 16 loci. These populations have been subjected to organophosphate (OP) insecticide treatments for more than two decades, while dichlor-diphenyltrichlor (DDT) was the insecticide of choice prior to this period. We predicted that genes closely linked to the OP target loci would exhibit reduced genetic variation as a result of the hitchhiking effect associated with intensive OP insecticide selection. We also predicted that genetic variability of the genes conferring resistance to DDT and loci near the target site would be similar to other unlinked loci. As predicted, reduced genetic variation was found for loci in the general chromosomal region of a putative OP target site, and these loci generally exhibited larger FST values than other random loci. In contrast, the gene conferring resistance to DDT and its linked loci show polymorphisms and genetic differentiation similar to other random loci. The reduced genetic variability and apparent gene deletion in some regions of chromosome 1 likely reflect the hitchhiking effect associated with OP insecticide selection.
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9

Waldbieser, Geoffrey C., Brian G. Bosworth, Danny J. Nonneman, and William R. Wolters. "A Microsatellite-Based Genetic Linkage Map for Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus." Genetics 158, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.2.727.

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Abstract Microsatellite loci were identified in channel catfish gene sequences or random clones from a small insert genomic DNA library. Outbred populations of channel catfish contained an average of eight alleles per locus and an average heterozygosity of 0.70. A genetic linkage map of the channel catfish genome (N = 29) was constructed from two reference families. A total of 293 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in one or both families, with an average of 171 informative meioses per locus. Nineteen type I loci, 243 type II loci, and one EST were placed in 32 multipoint linkage groups covering 1958 cM. Nine more type II loci were contained in three two-point linkage groups covering 24.5 cM. Twenty-two type II loci remained unlinked. Multipoint linkage groups ranged in size from 11.9 to 110.5 cM with an average intermarker distance of 8.7 cM. Seven microsatellite loci were closely linked with the sex-determining locus. The microsatellite loci and genetic linkage map will increase the efficiency of selective breeding programs for channel catfish.
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10

Jin, Xiaoye, Xingru Zhang, Chunmei Shen, Yanfang Liu, Wei Cui, Chong Chen, Yuxin Guo, and Bofeng Zhu. "A Highly Polymorphic Panel Consisting of Microhaplotypes and Compound Markers with the NGS and Its Forensic Efficiency Evaluations in Chinese Two Groups." Genes 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091027.

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Novel genetic markers like microhaplotypes and compound markers show promising potential in forensic research. Based on previously reported single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphism loci, 29 genetic markers including 22 microhaplotypes and seven compound markers were identified. Genetic distributions of the 29 loci in five continental populations, Kazak and Mongolian groups in China were investigated. We found that the expected heterozygosity values of these 29 loci were >0.4 in these populations, indicating these loci were relatively high polymorphisms. Population genetic analyses of five continental populations showed that five loci displayed relatively high genetic variations among these continental populations and could be useful markers for ancestry analysis. In summary, the 29 loci displayed relatively high genetic diversities in continental populations and Chinese two groups and could be informative loci for forensic research.
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11

Pereira, M. G., M. Lee, P. Bramel-Cox, W. Woodman, J. Doebley, and R. Whitkus. "Construction of an RFLP map in sorghum and comparative mapping in maize." Genome 37, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-033.

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An F2 population derived from a cross between Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor ('CK60') and Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii ('PI229828') was used to develop an RFLP genetic linkage map of sorghum. The map consists of 201 loci distributed among 10 linkage groups covering a map distance of 1530 cM, with an average 8 cM between adjacent loci. Maize genomic probes (52), maize cDNA probes (124), and sorghum genomic probes (10) were used to define the loci (55, 136, and 10, respectively). Ninety-five percent of the loci fit expected segregation ratios. The loci with distorted segregation ratios were confined almost exclusively to a region of one linkage group. Comparison of sorghum and maize maps indicated high correspondence between the two genomes in terms of loci order and genetic distance. Many loci linked in maize (45 of 55) were also linked in sorghum. Instances of both conserved and rearranged locus orders were detected. Key words: genetics, gene mapping, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays.
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12

Zahn, L. M. "Narrowing down genetic loci of interest." Science 352, no. 6289 (May 26, 2016): 1071–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.352.6289.1071-f.

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13

Reitz, Christiane. "Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer’s disease." Future Neurology 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fnl.14.1.

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14

Sim, Xueling, Richard A. Jensen, M. Kamran Ikram, Mary Frances Cotch, Xiaohui Li, Stuart MacGregor, Jing Xie, et al. "Genetic Loci for Retinal Arteriolar Microcirculation." PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (June 12, 2013): e65804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065804.

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15

van der Harst, Pim, Jessica van Setten, Niek Verweij, Georg Vogler, Lude Franke, Matthew T. Maurano, Xinchen Wang, et al. "52 Genetic Loci Influencing Myocardial Mass." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68, no. 13 (September 2016): 1435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.729.

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16

Scha¨che, Maria, Andrea J. Richardson, Kelly K. Pertile, Mohamed Dirani, Katrina Scurrah, and Paul N. Baird. "Genetic Mapping of Myopia Susceptibility Loci." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 4924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-0572.

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17

Ackerman, Kate G., Hailu Huang, Hartmut Grasemann, Chris Puma, Jonathan B. Singer, Annie E. Hill, Eric Lander, et al. "Interacting genetic loci cause airway hyperresponsiveness." Physiological Genomics 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2005): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00267.2004.

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Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a key physiological component of asthma, and the genetic basis of this complex trait has remained elusive. We created recombinant congenic mice with increased naive AHR by serially backcrossing A/J mice (which have elevated naive AHR) with C57BL/6J mice and selecting for mice with an elevated naive AHR phenotype. The seventh backcross-generation hyperresponsive mice retained A/J loci in three regions. Quantitative trait linkage (QTL) analysis of 123 unselected N8 progeny demonstrated that the AHR phenotype was not associated with any single locus but was significantly associated with an interaction of loci on chromosomes 2 and 6. These findings were confirmed in an independent analysis of chromosome substitution strain mice. The identification of genomic regions containing loci causally associated with AHR and the demonstration that this trait requires their interaction have important implications for the dissection of the genetic etiology of asthma in humans.
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18

Kung, Annie W. C. "Novel genetic loci associated with osteoporosis." Bone 47 (October 2010): S376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.058.

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19

Danner, M. A., J. Z. Ribeiro, F. Zanette, J. V. M. Bittencourt, and A. M. Sebbenn. "Mendelian segregation in eight microsatellite loci from hand- and open-pollinated progenies of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae)." Silvae Genetica 62, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2013-0003.

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Abstract In order to use molecular markers in population genetics studies, it is important to confirm that the molecular markers used present a Mendelian segregation. The aim of this paper was to investigate the genetic segregation of eight microsatellite loci of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae). The study was carried out comparing genetic segregation in hand- and open-pollinated progenies of maternal dioecious and monoecious trees. The Mendelian segregation was confirmed for all eight loci studied (Ag20, Ag23, Ag45, Aang01, Aang14, Aang28, As90 and CRCAc1), as no deviation from the expected segregation hypothesis was detected in the studied progenies. Therefore, these eight loci can be used for further population genetics studies of A. angustifolia.
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20

Kalinowski, Steven T. "Genetic polymorphism and mixed-stock fisheries analysis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-060.

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Genetic data can be used to estimate the stock composition of mixed-stock fisheries. Designing efficient strategies for estimating mixture proportions is important, but several aspects of study design remain poorly understood, particularly the relationship between genetic polymorphism and estimation error. In this study, computer simulation was used to investigate how the following variables affect expected squared error of mixture estimates: the number of loci examined, the number of alleles at those loci, and the size of baseline data sets. This work showed that (i) loci with more alleles produced estimates of stock proportions that had a lower expected squared error than less polymorphic loci, (ii) highly polymorphic loci did not require larger samples than less polymorphic loci, and (iii) the total number of independent alleles examined is a reasonable indicator of the quality of estimates of stock proportions.
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21

Song, W., L. J. Cao, Y. Z. Wang, B. Y. Li, and S. J. Wei. "Novel microsatellite markers for the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and effects of null alleles on population genetics analyses." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 3 (November 7, 2016): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000936.

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AbstractThe oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important economic pest of stone and pome fruits worldwide. We sequenced the OFM genome using next-generation sequencing and characterized the microsatellite distribution. In total, 56,674 microsatellites were identified, with 11,584 loci suitable for primer design. Twenty-seven polymorphic microsatellites, including 24 loci with trinucleotide repeat and three with pentanucleotide repeat, were validated in 95 individuals from four natural populations. The allele numbers ranged from 4 to 40, with an average value of 13.7 per locus. A high frequency of null alleles was observed in most loci developed for the OFM. Three marker panels, all of the loci, nine loci with the lowest null allele frequencies, and nine loci with the highest null allele frequencies, were established for population genetics analyses. The null allele influenced estimations of genetic diversity parameters but not the OFM's genetic structure. Both a STRUCTURE analysis and a discriminant analysis of principal components, using the three marker panels, divided the four natural populations into three groups. However, more individuals were incorrectly assigned by the STRUCTURE analysis when the marker panel with the highest null allele frequency was used compared with the other two panels. Our study provides empirical research on the effects of null alleles on population genetics analyses. The microsatellites developed will be valuable markers for genetic studies of the OFM.
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22

Hayashizaki, Y., S. Hirotsune, Y. Okazaki, H. Shibata, A. Akasako, M. Muramatsu, J. Kawai, T. Hirasawa, S. Watanabe, and T. Shiroishi. "A genetic linkage map of the mouse using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS)." Genetics 138, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1207.

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Abstract We have developed a multiplex method of genome analysis, restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) that has been used to construct genetic maps in mice. Restriction landmarks are end-labeled restriction fragments of genomic DNA that are separated by using high resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis identifying as many as two thousand landmark loci in a single gel. Variation for several hundred of these loci has been identified between laboratory strains and between these strains and Mus spretus. The segregation of more than 1100 RLGS loci has been analyzed in recombinant inbred (RI) strains and in two separate interspecific genetic crosses. Genetic maps have been derived that link 1045 RLGS loci to reference loci on all of the autosomes and the X chromosome of the mouse genome. The RLGS method can be applied to genome analysis in many different organisms to identify genomic loci because it uses end-labeling of restriction landmarks rather than probe hybridization. Different combinations of restriction enzymes yield different sets of RLGS loci providing expanded power for genetic mapping.
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23

Welch, J. J., and D. Waxman. "Nonequivalent Loci and the Distribution of Mutant Effects." Genetics 161, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.897.

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Abstract It has been observed repeatedly that the distribution of new mutations of a quantitative trait has a kurtosis (a statistical measure of the distribution's shape) that is systematically larger than that of a normal distribution. Here we suggest that rather than being a property of individual loci that control the trait, the enhanced kurtosis is highly likely to be an emergent property that arises directly from the loci being mutationally nonequivalent. We present a method of incorporating nonequivalent loci into quantitative genetic modeling and give an approximate relation between the kurtosis of the mutant distribution and the degree of mutational nonequivalence of loci. We go on to ask whether incorporating the experimentally observed kurtosis through nonequivalent loci, rather than at locus level, affects any biologically important conclusions of quantitative genetic modeling. Concentrating on the maintenance of quantitative genetic variation by mutation-selection balance, we conclude that typically nonequivalent loci yield a genetic variance that is of order 10% smaller than that obtained from the previous approaches. For large populations, when the kurtosis is large, the genetic variance may be <50% of the result of equivalent loci, with Gaussian distributions of mutant effects.
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24

Guo, Yuxin, Zhiyu Xia, Wei Cui, Chong Chen, Xiaoye Jin, and Bofeng Zhu. "Joint Genetic Analyses of Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome Molecular Markers for a Population from Northwest China." Genes 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11050564.

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The genetic markers on mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome can be applied as a powerful tool in population genetics. We present a study to reveal the genetic background of Kyrgyz group, a Chinese ethnic group living in northwest China, and genetic polymorphisms of 60 loci on maternal inherited mtDNA and 24 loci on paternal inherited Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) were investigated. The relationship between the two systems was tested, and the result indicated that they were statistically independent from each other. The genetic distances between Kyrgyz group and 11 reference populations for mtDNA, and 13 reference populations for Y-STRs were also calculated, respectively. The present results demonstrated that the Kyrgyz group was genetically closer to East Asian populations than European populations based on the mtDNA loci but the other way around for the Y-STRs. The genetic analyses could largely strengthen the understanding for the genetic background of the Kyrgyz group.
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25

Okada, Yukinori, Stephen Eyre, Akari Suzuki, Yuta Kochi, and Kazuhiko Yamamoto. "Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis: 2018 status." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 78, no. 4 (December 8, 2018): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213678.

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Study of the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) began about four decades ago with the discovery of HLA-DRB1. Since the beginning of this century, a number of non-HLA risk loci have been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We now know that over 100 loci are associated with RA risk. Because genetic information implies a clear causal relationship to the disease, research into the pathogenesis of RA should be promoted. However, only 20% of GWAS loci contain coding variants, with the remaining variants occurring in non-coding regions, and therefore, the majority of causal genes and causal variants remain to be identified. The use of epigenetic studies, high-resolution mapping of open chromatin, chromosomal conformation technologies and other approaches could identify many of the missing links between genetic risk variants and causal genetic components, thus expanding our understanding of RA genetics.
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26

Echt, C. S., G. G. Vendramin, C. D. Nelson, and P. Marquardt. "Microsatellite DNA as shared genetic markers among conifer species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-009.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs for 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Pinus strobus L. and 6 in Pinus radiata D. Don. were evaluated to determine whether SSR marker amplification could be achieved in 10 other conifer species. Eighty percent of SSR primer pairs for (AC)n loci that were polymorphic in P. strobus also amplified SSR loci in two other soft pines of the subgenus Strobus but not in seven hard pines of the subgenus Pinus, nor in Picea glauca (Moench) Voss or Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. The six P. strobus SSR primer pairs that did amplify loci from conifers other than soft pines were those that were specific to loci monomorphic within P. strobus. These six loci were also monomorphic within seven other species tested, but four of the loci were polymorphic among species. A comparison of allelic variation among the three soft pine species found only 25 shared alleles among a total of 122 alleles at eight loci. Primer pairs for dinucleotide SSR loci that were polymorphic in Pinus radiata also specifically amplified loci from various other hard pines but not from the soft pines or from the other conifers tested.
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27

Ovesná, J., L. Leišová-Svobodová, and L. Kučera. "Microsatellite analysis indicates the specific genetic basis of Czech bolting garlic." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 3 (September 12, 2014): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/82/2014-cjgpb.

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Garlic, Allium sativum L., is a vegetable long used for culinary and medical purposes. A certain level of garlic quality is required by the local consumers, which is usually preserved by the varieties grown in that region. The aim was to establish an assay offering fast and inexpensive differentiation of garlic varieties. Length polymorphism of microsatellite loci (SSR, ILP markers) is often used in such a case. No assays have been described earlier. A set of SSR and newly used ILP markers has been assembled and verified. SSR loci ASM53, ASM072, ASA08 and ASA17 were the most polymorphic. Up to 18 alleles were scored per these loci. Monomorphic loci were identified, and excluded from the assay. The assay allows for the authenticity and confirmation of Czech garlic varieties. Moreover, a cluster analysis separated the Czech bolting varieties, indicating their specific genetic basis. The breeding potential of contemporary garlic varieties and lines is discussed.
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28

Leach, Megan, Paula Agudelo, and Amy Lawton-Rauh. "Genetic Variability of Rotylenchulus reniformis." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (January 2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-11-0132.

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Rotylenchulus reniformis, reniform nematode, is a polyphagous pest commonly found parasitizing cotton in the southeastern United States. We developed and optimized 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci found in reniform nematode and tested them on 160 individual reniform nematodes to determine informative genetic variation of isolates from the southeastern United States, Colombia, Japan, and from the species Rotylenchulus parvus. No significant gametic disequilibrium was detected between any pair of loci, and most loci were not in expected Hardy-Weinberg proportions. A positive FIS coefficient was observed at all 10 loci, suggesting a high level of inbreeding at these loci. Most isolate locations exhibited significant genotypic differentiation and moderate to very high genetic differentiation based on FST analysis. The most consistently differentiated isolates were found reproducing parthenogenetically in Japan. These isolates were also found to represent the most basal locality in this study based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering analysis and were distinct from other localities based on STRUCTURE V 2.3 analysis. These results support previous reports suggesting that the parthenogenetically reproducing isolates from Japan are another species. Taken together, our results can serve as the foundation for more extensive characterization of population structure and genetic variation among isolates of R. reniformis variants to help discern the impact of alternative processes on genetic connectivity and differentiation in the genetically undercharacterized reniform nematode.
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29

Leišová, L., L. Kučera, and L. Dotlačil. "Genetic resources of barley and oat characterised by microsatellites." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 3 (January 7, 2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2070-cjgpb.

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Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) and oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.) are important crop species. 1865 accessions of winter barley, 2707 accessions of spring barley and 1998 accessions of oat are maintained in RICP Gene bank. The expert core collection is used to be established as a tool for germplasm study, conservation of genetic variability and for the identification of useful genes. The main aim of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity of barley and oat genotypes within the expert core collections. Genetic variation of 176 barley accessions was analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci, covering all 6 chromosomes. 330 oat accessions were analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci that are mapped only into linkage groups. For 26 barley microsatellite loci, 328 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 12.6. In oat, for 26 oat microsatellite loci, 353 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.6. The average DI (diversity index) was 0.11 in barley and 0.09 in oat. Dendrogram and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) based on microsatellite data showed a different influence of the place of origin, age of variety and pedigree on grouping into clusters. PCA showed that the breeding process had a negative impact on the level of genetic diversity and therefore there is a necessity of barley and oat germplasm conservation.
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30

Landry, Benoit S., Rick V. Kesseli, Barry Farrara, and Richard W. Michelmore. "A Genetic Map of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) With Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, Isozyme, Disease Resistance and Morphological Markers." Genetics 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.2.331.

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ABSTRACT A detailed linkage map of lettuce was constructed using 53 genetic markers including 41 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci, five downy mildew resistance genes, four isozyme loci and three morphological markers. The genetic markers were distributed into nine linkage groups and cover 404 cM which may be 25-30% of the lettuce genome. The majority (31 of 34) of the RFLP probes detected single segregating loci, although seven of these may have been homologous to further monomorphic loci. When several loci were detected by a single probe, the loci were generally linked, suggesting tandem duplications. One probe, however, detected loci in three linkage groups suggesting translocations. The five downy mildew resistance genes (Dm1, Dm3, Dm4, Dm5/8 and Dm13), segregating in the Calmar × Kordaat cross, represented each of the four resistance gene linkage groups. Dm5/8 is flanked by two cDNA loci, each located 10 cM away. These flanking markers will be used to study the source of variation in downy mildew genes and are also part our strategy to clone resistance genes.
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31

Peever, Tobin L., and Michael G. Milgroom. "Genetic structure of Pyrenophora teres populations determined with random amplified polymorphic DNA markers." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-116.

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The genetic structure of Pyrenophora teres, an ascomycete fungus that causes net blotch of barley, was examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Twenty-seven random oligonucleotide primers were screened against DNA from 16 isolates of P. teres of diverse geographic origin. Five primers gave scorable, reproducible DNA products (bands) suitable for population genetic studies. Genetic analyses of bands produced by two of the primers revealed single locus segregation in three of four crosses, indicating that these RAPDs can be interpreted as alleles at genetic loci. Allele frequencies were determined for 10 putative RAPD loci from five primers in 22–35 isolates of P. teres sampled from each of five geographically separated populations in Canada, Germany, and the U.S.A. Eight RAPD loci were polymorphic in at least one population and two loci were monomorphic in all five populations. Variation in allele frequencies (allelic diversity) among the five populations was partitioned into within- and among-population components using Nei's GST. A GST value of 0.46 was obtained among all populations indicating that approximately 46% of the total genetic variability detected was due to differentation among populations compared with 54% within populations. A GST value of 0.33 was obtained among the North American populations only. From five to nine multilocus genotypes were found in each population. Nine genotypes occurred exclusively in the German population and four exclusively in the New York population. The other populations had one or two unique genotypes. Gametic disequilibrium values (nonrandom associations of RAPD loci) were calculated among all pairs of polymorphic loci within each population. Eleven of 49 values were significantly different from 0 (P < 0.05); 8 of the 11 significant gametic disequilibrium values occurred in the New York population. Highly significant gametic disequilibrium was detected between the same two RAPD loci in three different populations, suggesting that these loci are genetically linked. Two different multilocus analyses revealed that the genetic structures of the Alberta, North Dakota, and German populations but not the New York population were consistent with random sexual reproduction occurring in these populations. Key words: polymerase chain reaction, population genetics, fungi, genetic differentiation.
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32

Wakeley, John, Léandra King, and Peter R. Wilton. "Effects of the population pedigree on genetic signatures of historical demographic events." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (July 18, 2016): 7994–8001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601080113.

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Genetic variation among loci in the genomes of diploid biparental organisms is the result of mutation and genetic transmission through the genealogy, or population pedigree, of the species. We explore the consequences of this for patterns of variation at unlinked loci for two kinds of demographic events: the occurrence of a very large family or a strong selective sweep that occurred in the recent past. The results indicate that only rather extreme versions of such events can be expected to structure population pedigrees in such a way that unlinked loci will show deviations from the standard predictions of population genetics, which average over population pedigrees. The results also suggest that large samples of individuals and loci increase the chance of picking up signatures of these events, and that very large families may have a unique signature in terms of sample distributions of mutant alleles.
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33

Price, Steven C., Robert W. Allard, James E. Hill, and James Naylor. "Associations between Discrete Genetic Loci and Genetic Variability for Herbicide Reaction in Plant Populations." Weed Science 33, no. 5 (September 1985): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083028.

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Genetic variability for loci governing enzyme/morphological variants and for herbicide response was determined in 10 populations of the slender wild oat (Avena barbataPott. ex Link ♯ AVEBA), six populations of wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯ AVEFA), and three populations of godetia (Clarkia williamsoniiLewis & Lewis). The enzyme loci were identified by starch gel electrophoresis and included peroxidase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, esterase, and leucine aminopeptidase for the slender wild oat; peroxidase, esterase, leucine aminopeptidase, and malate dehydrogenase for the wild oat; and esterase, phosphoglucoisomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase for godetia. Morphological loci included lemma and leaf sheath hairiness for the oats. For both the enzymatic and morphological loci, levels of genetic variation for each population were quantified by a polymorphic index. The herbicide barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl 3-chlorophenylcarbamate) was used on the wild oats; bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) was used on godetia. Genetic variation for herbicide response was based on genetic variances calculated from phytotoxicity scores. Populations were ranked from highest to lowest for the polymorphic indices and the genetic variances. Concordance between the rankings was tested by rank correlation. Statistically significant relationships were found between the enzyme/morphological characters and herbicide response in the slender wild oat and the wild oat. For some species, the level of genetic variation for response to herbicides appears to be associated with genetic variation for enzymatic and morphological loci.
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34

Mitchell-Olds, T. "Interval mapping of viability loci causing heterosis in Arabidopsis." Genetics 140, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/140.3.1105.

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Abstract The genetic basis of heterosis has implications for many problems in genetics and evolution. Heterosis and inbreeding depression affect human genetic diseases, maintenance of genetic variation, evolution of breeding systems, agricultural productivity, and conservation biology. Despite decades of theoretical and empirical studies, the genetic basis of heterosis has remained unclear. I mapped viability loci contributing to heterosis in Arabidopsis. An overdominant factor with large effects on viability mapped to a short interval on chromosome I. Homozygotes had 50% lower viability than heterozygotes in this chromosomal region. Statistical analysis of viability data in this cross indicates that observed viability heterosis is better explained by functional overdominance than by pseudo-overdominance. Overdominance sometimes may be an important cause of hybrid vigor, especially in habitually inbreeding species. Finally, I developed a maximum likelihood interval mapping procedure that can be used to examine chromosomal regions showing segregation distortion or viability selection.
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35

Suwardike, Putu, I. Nyoman Rai, Rindang Dwiyani, and Eniek Kriswiyanti. "DNA POLYMORPHISM AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MANGO (Mangifera sp.) GERMPLASM IN TROPICAL ISLAND." International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2019.v07.i01.p05.

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Creation of new superior varieties of mango through the empowerment of local genetic resources requires information about the potential properties of mango germplasm, including DNA polymorphism and its genetic diversity. This research aimed to obtain basic data on DNA polymorphism, genetic relationship, genetic similarity level, and molecular accession of Bali’s unique local mango. Sampling was conducted in four regencies in the Province of Bali. DNA preparation, PCR, and microsatellite analysis were carried out at the Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University. It found 44accessions of mangoes in Bali. The test results with 10 pairs of SSR markers showed that all primers produced polymorphic loci. There were 825 amplified DNA bands. Primer of AY31 produced the highest number of loci, which were 14 loci, while AY21 produced the fewest loci, i.e., 3 loci. Forty-four mango accessions showed a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.27 to 0.97. At a coefficient of 0.27, accessions were divided into 2 major groups: group A and group B. Group A consisted of two accessions, namely, KRA-005 and BDG-006 (Mangifera foetida Lour.), which had a similar coefficient of 0.657. Group B was divided into twosmaller groups, namely, groups B1 and B2, at a similarity coefficient of 0.342. Group B1 consisted of 39 accessions, while group B2 consisted of 3 accessions. Accessions Madu Anggur, Gading, Sambuk Mengwi, Kakul and Pakel Sulangai were identified as having unique alleles.
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36

Choudhary, M., and Rama S. Singh. "A Comprehensive Study of Genic Variation in Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. III. Variations in Genetic Structure and Their Causes Between Drosophila melanogaster and Its Sibling Species Drosophila simulans." Genetics 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/117.4.697.

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ABSTRACT The natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans were compared for their genetic structure. A total of 114 gene-protein loci were studied in four mainland (from Europe and Africa) and an island (Seychelle) populations of D. simulans and the results were compared with those obtained on the same set of homologous loci in fifteen worldwide populations of D. melanogaster. The main results are as follows: (1) D. melanogaster shows a significantly higher proportion of loci polymorphic than D. simulans (52% vs. 39%, P &lt; 0.05), (2) both species have similar mean heterozygosity and mean number of alleles per locus, (3) the two species share some highly polymorphic loci but they do not share loci that show high geographic differentiation, and (4) D. simulans shows significantly less geographic differentiation than D. melanogaster. The differences in genetic differentiation between the two species are limited to loci located on the X and second chromosomes only; loci on the third chromosome show similar level of geographic differentiation in both species. These two species have previously been shown to differ in their pattern of variation for chromosomal polymorphisms, quantitative and physiological characters, two-dimensional electrophoretic (2DE) proteins, middle repetitive DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Variation in niche-widths and/or genetic "strategies" of adaptation appear to be the main causes of differences in the genetic structure of these two species.
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37

Aguiar, B. I., F. B. Gandara, M. L. M. Freitas, M. L. T. Moraes, P. Y. Kageyama, and A. M. Sebbenn. "Validation of microsatellite loci for Balfourodendron riedelianum through analysis of Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage, and genotypic linkage disequilibrium." Silvae Genetica 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2019-0015.

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Abstract Balfourodendron riedelianum is a tropical tree endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome that is currently endangered due to forest fragmentation and extensive exploitation. Three populations of the species are conserved ex situ in a provenance and progeny test at the Luiz Antônio Experimental Station, São Paulo State, Brazil. To verify if seven microsatellite loci developed for the species can be used as genetic markers in analyses focused on conservation and sustainable use strategies, leaf tissue samples were collected from the three provenances and from 17 seed trees in one provenance. We analyzed Mendelian inheritance and genetic linkage for the 17 seed trees and genotypic linkage disequilibrium for individuals from the three provenances. For six of the seven loci analyzed, all 17 seed trees showed heterozygosity. The inheritance and genetic linkage analyses were performed using respective locus, while the genotypic linkage disequilibrium analysis was performed for the seven loci. After Bonferroni correction, none of the 75 tests showed deviation from Mendelian segregation and genetic linkage, nor did we detect genotypic linkage disequilibrium. The results suggest that six of the seven loci can be used for population genetics studies on B. riedelianum.
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38

Ryu, Seohyun, Keum Hwa Lee, Kalthoum Tizaoui, Salvatore Terrazzino, Sarah Cargnin, Maria Effenberger, Jae Il Shin, and Andreas Kronbichler. "Pathogenesis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Comprehensive Review of the Genetic and Molecular Aspects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 7253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197253.

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Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a relatively new condition described as an allergic-mediated disease of the esophagus. Clinically, it is characterized by dysphagia, food impaction, and reflux-like symptoms. Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted to identify genetic loci associated with EoE. The integration of numerous studies investigating the genetic polymorphisms in EoE and the Mendelian diseases associated with EoE are discussed to provide insights into the genetic risk of EoE, notably focusing on CCL26 and CAPN14. We focus on the genetic loci investigated thus far, and their classification according to whether the function near the loci is known. The pathophysiology of EoE is described by separately presenting the known function of each cell and molecule, with the major contributors being eosinophils, Th2 cells, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and interleukin (IL)-13. This review aims to provide detailed descriptions of the genetics and the comprehensive pathophysiology of EoE.
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39

Lewis, James J., Steven M. Van Belleghem, Riccardo Papa, Charles G. Danko, and Robert D. Reed. "Many functionally connected loci foster adaptive diversification along a neotropical hybrid zone." Science Advances 6, no. 39 (September 2020): eabb8617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb8617.

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Characterizing the genetic complexity of adaptation and trait evolution is a major emphasis of evolutionary biology and genetics. Incongruent findings from genetic studies have resulted in conceptual models ranging from a few large-effect loci to massively polygenic architectures. Here, we combine chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, Hi-C, RNA sequencing, and 40 whole-genome sequences from Heliconius butterflies to show that red color pattern diversification occurred via many genomic loci. We find that the red wing pattern master regulatory transcription factor Optix binds dozens of loci also under selection, which frequently form three-dimensional adaptive hubs with selection acting on multiple physically interacting genes. Many Optix-bound genes under selection are tied to pigmentation and wing development, and these loci collectively maintain separation between adaptive red color pattern phenotypes in natural populations. We propose a model of trait evolution where functional connections between loci may resolve much of the disparity between large-effect and polygenic evolutionary models.
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40

Lande, R., and R. Thompson. "Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits." Genetics 124, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.743.

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Abstract Molecular genetics can be integrated with traditional methods of artificial selection on phenotypes by applying marker-assisted selection (MAS). We derive selection indices that maximize the rate of improvement in quantitative characters under different schemes of MAS combining information on molecular genetic polymorphisms (marker loci) with data on phenotypic variation among individuals (and their relatives). We also analyze statistical limitations on the efficiency of MAS, including the detectability of associations between marker loci and quantitative trait loci, and sampling errors in estimating the weighting coefficients in the selection index. The efficiency of artificial selection can be increased substantially using MAS following hybridization of selected lines. This requires initially scoring genotypes at a few hundred molecular marker loci, as well as phenotypic traits, on a few hundred to a few thousand individuals; the number of marker loci scored can be greatly reduced in later generations. The increase in selection efficiency from the use of marker loci, and the sample sizes necessary to achieve them, depend on the genetic parameters and the selection scheme.
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41

Boyce, Walter M., Philip W. Hedrick, Noelle E. Muggli-Cockett, Steven Kalinowski, Maria Cecilia T. Penedo, and Rob R. Ramey. "Genetic Variation of Major Histocompatibility Complex and Microsatellite Loci: A Comparison in Bighorn Sheep." Genetics 145, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.421.

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Examining and comparing genetic variation for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and microsatellite (MS) loci in the same individuals provides an opportunity to understand the forces influencing genetic variation. We examined five MHC and three MS loci in 235 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) from 14 populations and found that both types of loci were highly variable and were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Mean F ST values for both markers were very similar and MHC and MS genetic variability was predominantly distributed within rather than among populations. However, analyses of genetic distances and tree topologies revealed different spatial patterns of variation for the two types of loci. Collectively, these results indicated that neutral forces substantially influenced MS and MHC variation, and they provided limited evidence for selection acting on the MHC.
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42

Finkeldey, Reiner. "Forschung zur Vielfalt, vielfältige Forschung: Ziele und Wege der Forstgenetik | Research on diversity, diverse research: objectives and approaches in forest genetics." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0162.

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The genetic information about forest trees is not only of crucial importance for the yield of forestry production systems,but also for determining the evolutionary adaptive potential of tree populations. Thus, the stability of forest ecosystems depends on the sustainable management of forest genetic resources. In this context, tree breeding and conservation of forest genetic resources are mentioned as main applications of research in forest genetics. Genetic inventories are conducted in order to observe the spatial distribution of genetic information at gene marker loci. Such studies allow us to elucidate the evolutionary history of populations and, thus, to draw conclusions about their evolutionary adaptability. Results of a genetic inventory of oak (Quercus spp.) populations native to Switzerland are presented, and their significance for the characterization of genetic systems and adaptive potential is discussed. Future research into forest genetics should aim at improving our understanding of the relationship between variation at biochemical and molecular marker loci and adaptive processes in forest tree populations. The temporal dynamics of genetic structures of forest tree populations as a consequence of anthropogenic environmental change is another important topic of forest genetics in particular for the conservation of rare species.
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43

Unrein, Jasmin, Juliana Menger, Anne Weigert, Klaus Henle, and Martin Schlegel. "Isolation and Characterisation of Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for the Wedge-Billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus Spirurus." Avian Biology Research 10, no. 1 (February 2017): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14799886573066.

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In order to study the population genetic structure of the Amazonian understorey bird Glyphorynchus spirurus, we have isolated eight polymorphic microsatellite loci using next-generation sequencing. All loci were screened using 40 samples from central Amazonia. The number of alleles varied from five to 22. The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.475 to 0.875. No linkage disequilibrium was found among the loci. None of the loci showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These novel microsatellite markers will be a useful tool for future population genetics and ecological studies of the Wedge-billed Woodcreeper.
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44

Hastings, A. "Linkage disequilibrium and genetic variances under mutation-selection balance." Genetics 121, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/121.4.857.

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Abstract I determine the contribution of linkage disequilibrium to genetic variances using results for two loci and for induced or marginal systems. The analysis allows epistasis and dominance, but assumes that mutation is weak relative to selection. The linkage disequilibrium component of genetic variance is shown to be unimportant for unlinked loci if the gametic mutation rate divided by the harmonic mean of the pairwise recombination rates is much less than one. For tightly linked loci, linkage disequilibrium is unimportant if the gametic mutation rate divided by the (induced) per locus selection is much less than one.
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45

Li, J. Y., H. Chen, X. Y. Lan, X. J. Kong, and L. J. Min. "Genetic diversity of five Chinese goat breeds assessed by microsatellite markers." Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 8 (August 19, 2008): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/347-cjas.

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The genetic diversity was studied using microsatellite DNA markers in Laoshan dairy goat (LS), Xinong Saanen dairy goat (SN), Guanzhong dairy goat (GZ), Banjiao goat (BJ) and Guizhou white goat (GW). Within the nine polymorphic loci, allele frequencies, number of effective alleles (Ne), heterozygosity (He), polymorphism information content (PIC), genetic identity (I) and Nei’s standard genetic distance (D) were calculated, and UPGMA phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allele frequencies. The average number of alleles was 9.4, ranging from four to eleven at the nine assessed loci. The average values of Ne, He, PIC of all loci were 4.716, 0.765, 0.732, respectively. The GZ population showed the highest variability (PIC = 0.78, He = 0.80). There was a relatively high level of genetic diversity in these goat breeds. A UPGMA diagram, based on Nei’s standard genetic distances, yielded relationships between populations that agreed with what is known about their origin, history and geographical distribution.
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46

Simpson, Siobhan, Mark D. Dunning, Serena Brownlie, Janika Patel, Megan Godden, Malcolm Cobb, Nigel P. Mongan, and Catrin S. Rutland. "Multiple Genetic Associations with Irish Wolfhound Dilated Cardiomyopathy." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6374082.

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Cardiac disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs and humans, with dilated cardiomyopathy being a large contributor to this. The Irish Wolfhound (IWH) is one of the most commonly affected breeds and one of the few breeds with genetic loci associated with the disease. Mutations in more than 50 genes are associated with human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), yet very few are also associated with canine DCM. Furthermore, none of the identified canine loci explain many cases of the disease and previous work has indicated that genotypes at multiple loci may act together to influence disease development. In this study, loci previously associated with DCM in IWH were tested for associations in a new cohort both individually and in combination. We have identified loci significantly associated with the disease individually, but no genotypes individually or in pairs conferred a significantly greater risk of developing DCM than the population risk. However combining three loci together did result in the identification of a genotype which conferred a greater risk of disease than the overall population risk. This study suggests multiple rather than individual genetic factors, cooperating to influence DCM risk in IWH.
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47

Mavroidi, Angeliki, David M. Aanensen, Daniel Godoy, Ian C. Skovsted, Margit S. Kaltoft, Peter R. Reeves, Stephen D. Bentley, and Brian G. Spratt. "Genetic Relatedness of the Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Biosynthetic Loci." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 21 (August 31, 2007): 7841–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00836-07.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) produces 1 of 91 capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that define the serotype. The cps loci of 88 pneumococcal serotypes whose CPS is synthesized by the Wzy-dependent pathway were compared with each other and with additional streptococcal polysaccharide biosynthetic loci and were clustered according to the proportion of shared homology groups (HGs), weighted for the sequence similarities between the genes encoding the shared HGs. The cps loci of the 88 pneumococcal serotypes were distributed into eight major clusters and 21 subclusters. All serotypes within the same serogroup fell into the same major cluster, but in six cases, serotypes within the same serogroup were in different subclusters and, conversely, nine subclusters included completely different serotypes. The closely related cps loci within a subcluster were compared to the known CPS structures to relate gene content to structure. The Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis polysaccharide biosynthetic loci clustered within the pneumococcal cps loci and were in a subcluster that also included the cps locus of pneumococcal serotype 21, whereas the Streptococcus agalactiae cps loci formed a single cluster that was not closely related to any of the pneumococcal cps clusters.
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48

Kushny, James E. E., John W. Coffin, and Curtis Strobeck. "Genetic survey of caribou populations using microsatellite DNA." Rangifer 16, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.16.4.1277.

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Microsatellite loci are highly variable regions of eukaryotic DNA that consist of tandemly repeated sequences of one to six nucleotides in length. The use of microsatellites and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are powerful tools for quantifying genetic variation within and among individual populations. Recently, we have developed primers for caribou that amplify 4 microsatellite loci. These microsatellite loci were used to survey the genetic variation in populations of Barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), Peary caribou (R.t. pearyi) and Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) of Canada. The four loci examined were all polymorphic, revealing high levels of heterozygosity (&gt; 0.74) in all of the study populations.
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49

Mei, Shuyan, Yanfang Liu, Congying Zhao, Hui Xu, Shuanglin Li, and Bofeng Zhu. "The Polymorphism Analyses of Short Tandem Repeats as a Basis for Understanding the Genetic Characteristics of the Guanzhong Han Population." BioMed Research International 2021 (February 25, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887244.

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The short tandem repeat (STR) loci are polymorphic markers in the combined DNA index system (CODIS) and non-CODIS STR loci. Due to the highly polymorphic characteristic of STR loci, they are popular and widely used in forensic DNA typing laboratories. In this study, 22 STR loci (1 CODIS, 21 non-CODIS STR loci) and an Amelogenin locus were genotyped and analyzed in 590 unrelated individuals of the Guanzhong Han population. None of the 22 STR loci deviated from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and all the loci were in the linkage equilibrium state. We observed 247 alleles, and the corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.0008 to 0.3695 in the Guanzhong Han population. The combined power of discrimination and the cumulative exclusion probability was 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 346 36 and 0.999 999 999 709 74, respectively. The results including Nei’s D A genetic distance, multidimensional scaling analysis, and principal component analysis showed that the Guanzhong Han population has closer genetic affinities with Northern Han, Chengdu Han, and Xinjiang Hui groups from China based on allelic frequencies of 15 overlapped STR loci from Guanzhong Han and 13 reference groups. The present results indicated that Microreader™ 23sp ID kit included highly polymorphic loci, and it could be well used for individual identification, paternity testing, and population genetics in the Guanzhong Han population.
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50

Börner, A., K. Neumann, and B. Kobiljski. "Wheat genetic resources – how to exploit?" Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S43—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3253-cjgpb.

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It is estimated that world-wide existing germplasm collections contain about 7.5 million accessions of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Wheat (Triticum and Aegilops) represents the biggest group comprising 900 000 accessions. However, such a huge number of accessions is hindering a successful exploitation of the germplasm. The creation of core collections representing a wide spectrum of the genetic variation of the whole assembly may help to overcome the problem. Here we demonstrate the successful utilisation of such a core collection for the identification and molecular mapping of genes (Quantitative Trait Loci) determining the agronomic traits flowering time and grain yield, exploiting a marker-trait-association based technique. Significant marker-trait associations were obtained and are presented. The intrachromosomal location of many of these associations coincided with those of already identified major genes or quantitative trait loci, but others were detected in regions where no known genes have been located to date.
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