Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic history of South Asians'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Genetic history of South Asians.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Genetic history of South Asians.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Wang, Wenjun, Manyu Ding, Jacob D. Gardner, Yongqiang Wang, Bo Miao, Wu Guo, Xinhua Wu, et al. "Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity." Science Advances 7, no. 14 (March 2021): eabd6690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd6690.
Full textAbstract:
Xinjiang is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years. To understand the genetic history of Xinjiang, we sequenced 237 complete ancient human mitochondrial genomes from the Bronze Age through Historical Era (41 archaeological sites). Overall, the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations show high diversity and regional genetic affinities with Steppe and northeastern Asian populations along with a deep ancient Siberian connection for the Tarim Basin Xiaohe individuals. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.
2
Fadziso, Takudzwa, and Mani Manavalan. "Identical by Descent (IBD): Investigation of the Genetic Ties between Africans, Denisovans, and Neandertals." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v4i2.582.
Full textAbstract:
Interbreeding between human ancestors and other hominins has been extensively studied outside of Africa, but their shared history within Africa has received less study. However, comprehending subsequent events outside of Africa requires shining light on human evolution during this period, about which little is known. We investigate the genetic relationships of humans. By finding relatively short DNA sequences that these hominins share in the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 data, researchers were able to distinguish between African, Neandertals, and Denisovans descent by identical (IBD). It was confidently detected very short IBD segments by focusing on low frequency and uncommon variations. These segments reflect occurrences from the distant past because small IBD segments are likely older than larger ones. There have been two types of very old IBD segments found that are shared by humans, Neandertals, and/or Denisovans. Longer segments are more common in Asians and Europeans, with more segments in the South. Asians exceed East Asians in both Neandertal and Denisovan cultures. These longer portions indicate complex admixture occurring outside of the admixture events. Africa, the second category comprises shorter pieces that are largely shared among Africans and hence may depict African-related events.
3
Sun, Yan V., Chang Liu, Lisa Staimez, Mohammed K. Ali, Howard Chang, Dimple Kondal, Shivani Patel, et al. "Cardiovascular disease risk and pathophysiology in South Asians: can longitudinal multi-omics shed light?" Wellcome Open Research 5 (May 20, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16336.2.
Full textAbstract:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in South Asia, with rapidly increasing prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hyperlipidemia over the last two decades. Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) affects South Asians earlier in life and at lower body weights, which is not fully explained by differential burden of conventional risk factors. Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome of heterogeneous structural phenotypes including two major clinical subtypes, HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The prevalence of HF in South Asians is also rising with other metabolic diseases, and HFpEF develops at younger age and leaner body mass index in South Asians than in Whites. Recent genome-wide association studies, epigenome-wide association studies and metabolomic studies of ASCVD and HF have identified genes, metabolites and pathways associated with CVD traits. However, these findings were mostly driven by samples of European ancestry, which may not accurately represent the CVD risk at the molecular level, and the unique risk profile of CVD in South Asians. Such bias, while formulating hypothesis-driven research studies, risks missing important causal or predictive factors unique to South Asians. Importantly, a longitudinal design of multi-omic markers can capture the life-course risk and natural history related to CVD, and partially disentangle putative causal relationship between risk factors, multi-omic markers and subclinical and clinical ASCVD and HF. In conclusion, combining high-resolution untargeted metabolomics with epigenomics of rigorous, longitudinal design will provide comprehensive unbiased molecular characterization of subclinical and clinical CVD among South Asians. A thorough understanding of CVD-associated metabolomic profiles, together with advances in epigenomics and genomics, will lead to more accurate estimates of CVD progression and stimulate new strategies for improving cardiovascular health.
4
Niu, Su-Fang, Ren-Xie Wu, Yun Zhai, Hao-Ran Zhang, Zhong-Lu Li, Zhen-Bang Liang, and Yu-Hang Chen. "Demographic history and population genetic analysis of Decapterus maruadsi from the northern South China Sea based on mitochondrial control region sequence." PeerJ 7 (October 28, 2019): e7953. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7953.
Full textAbstract:
Late Pleistocene climate oscillations are believed to have greatly influenced the distribution, population dynamics, and genetic variation of many marine organisms in the western Pacific. However, the impact of the late Pleistocene climate cycles on the demographic history and population genetics of pelagic fish in the northern South China Sea (SCS) remains largely unexplored. In this study, we explored the demographic history, genetic structure, and genetic diversity of Decapterus maruadsi, a typical pelagic fish, over most of its range in the northern SCS. A 828–832 bp fragment of mitochondrial control region were sequenced in 241 individuals from 11 locations. High haplotype diversity (0.905–0.980) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00269–0.00849) was detected, revealing low levels of genetic diversity. Demographic history analysis revealed a pattern of decline and subsequent rapid growth in the effective population size during deglaciation, which showed that D. maruadsi experienced recent demographic expansion after a period of low effective population size. Genetic diversity, genetic structure, and phylogenetic relationship analysis all demonstrated that no significant genetic differentiation existed among the populations, indicating that D. maruadsi was panmictic throughout the northern SCS. Periodic sea-level changes, fluctuation of the East Asian Monsoon, and Kuroshio variability were responsible for the population decline and expansion of D. maruadsi. The demographic history was the primary reason for the low levels of genetic diversity and the lack of significant genetic structure. The life history characteristics and ocean currents also had a strong correlation with the genetic homogeneity of D. maruadsi. However, the genetic structure of the population (genetic homogeneity) is inconsistent with biological characteristics (significant difference), which is an important reminder to identify and manage the D. maruadsi population carefully.
5
M, Swathy Krishna, Gaana Rukmini SM, Nishmitha K, and Ranajit Das. "Ancestry Specific variation in neuropsychological disorders among the South Asian population." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(1).248.253.
Full textAbstract:
The enormous genetic diversity in South Asia resulting from a long and complex admixture history resulted in the emergence of variation in various traits and variations in disease susceptibility. Neuropsychological disorders are one such example that shows variation at the population level. In this study, we aimed at understanding the variation in neuropsychological disorders at the population level among South Asian populations by curating, comparing and contrasting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), known to be associated with the same. Whole-genome data comprising of 1662 South Asians, belonging to 241 distinct populations were obtained from the database of Dr. David Reich, Harvard Medical School, USA. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the Ancestral Tibeto Burman (ATB) genomes form a distinct and distinguishable cluster for the SNPs known to be associated with neuropsychological disorders. Identical By Descent (IBD) analysis showed that out of the top seven populations in terms of IBD sharing, six are from Southern India indicating that these populations may have undergone a recent selective sweep for these SNPs. Further, out of the top ten genomes, according to the number of genomes fixed for the minor alleles, seven were from Southern India. Furthermore, several indigenous populations from South India depicted high F values (>0.25) for SNPs associated with neuropsychological disorders, indicating higher susceptibility for neuropsychological disorders among these South Indian populations. Interestingly, we found that most of the SNPs, fixed for the alternative alleles, were also found to be fixed among the ancient genomes from Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), indicating that these SNPs likely got transmitted to various modern-day South Indian populations from IVC.
6
Gubernick, Lindsay, Jessica Lee, Jing-Yi Chern, Deanna Gerber, Leslie R. Boyd, John Patrick Curtin, Douglas A. Levine, and Bhavana Pothuri. "Genetics in the development of endometrial cancer: How does it affect East Asians?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e13022-e13022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e13022.
Full textAbstract:
e13022 Background: Obesity and Lynch syndrome are well-known risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. However, there is a paucity of data comparing patients across multiple ethnicities. Methods: All patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer or complex atypical hyperplasia between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively identified and evaluated. Comparative statistical analyses were performed and stratified by ethnicity with appropriate two-sided statistical tests. Results: A total of 506 patients were diagnosed with endometrial cancer (n = 447) or complex atypical hyperplasia (n = 59) and of these, 31 were East Asian (EA, 6.3%). The remaining 475 patients (93.9%) were of Caucasian, black, Latino, South Asian, Southeast Asian or other unspecified ethnicity. Compared to other patients, EA were diagnosed at a younger age (median age 53 vs 62, p = 0.0003) and had lower body mass indices (BMI) (median BMI 23.0 vs 30.7, p < 0.0001). There were no differences in stage, tumor grade or histology. Differences in age and BMI remained significant despite controlling for these factors on multivariate analysis. Of the EA group, 10 of 31 patients (32.3%) underwent genetic testing and of these, three (30.0%) were found to have a germline mutation in a mismatch repair (MMR) gene. All three patients were of Chinese ancestry, and two had mutations in MLH1 and one in MSH2. In comparison, 69 (14.5%) of the remaining 475 had genetic testing, and six (8.7%) were diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. Chinese patients were more likely to have Lynch syndrome (42.9% vs 8.7%, p= 0.04). There were no differences found in family history of Lynch-related cancers between Chinese and other patients. There was no correlation between germline mutations and MMR testing on tumor immunohistochemistry. All three Chinese patients with Lynch syndrome had negative MMR tumor testing. Conclusions: EA patients with endometrial cancer are diagnosed at younger ages and with lower BMIs compared to patients of other ethnic backgrounds. Chinese patients have a high rate of germline Lynch mutations despite negative tumor MMR testing. EA, particularly Chinese patients, may represent a high-risk cohort, and referral for genetic counseling regardless of tumor MMR testing should be considered.
7
Zhang, Feng, Bing Su, Ya-ping Zhang, and Li Jin. "Genetic studies of human diversity in East Asia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1482 (February 22, 2007): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2028.
Full textAbstract:
East Asia is one of the most important regions for studying evolution and genetic diversity of human populations. Recognizing the relevance of characterizing the genetic diversity and structure of East Asian populations for understanding their genetic history and designing and interpreting genetic studies of human diseases, in recent years researchers in China have made substantial efforts to collect samples and generate data especially for markers on Y chromosomes and mtDNA. The hallmark of these efforts is the discovery and confirmation of consistent distinction between northern and southern East Asian populations at genetic markers across the genome. With the confirmation of an African origin for East Asian populations and the observation of a dominating impact of the gene flow entering East Asia from the south in early human settlement, interpretation of the north–south division in this context poses the challenge to the field. Other areas of interest that have been studied include the gene flow between East Asia and its neighbouring regions (i.e. Central Asia, the Sub-continent, America and the Pacific Islands), the origin of Sino-Tibetan populations and expansion of the Chinese.
8
Kutanan, Wibhu, Dang Liu, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Suparat Srithawong, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Sukrit Sangkhano, et al. "Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 8 (April 27, 2021): 3459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab124.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Thailand and Laos, located in the center of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), harbor diverse ethnolinguistic groups encompassing all five language families of MSEA: Tai-Kadai (TK), Austroasiatic (AA), Sino-Tibetan (ST), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Austronesian (AN). Previous genetic studies of Thai/Lao populations have focused almost exclusively on uniparental markers and there is a paucity of genome-wide studies. We therefore generated genome-wide SNP data for 33 ethnolinguistic groups, belonging to the five MSEA language families from Thailand and Laos, and analyzed these together with data from modern Asian populations and SEA ancient samples. Overall, we find genetic structure according to language family, albeit with heterogeneity in the AA-, HM-, and ST-speaking groups, and in the hill tribes, that reflects both population interactions and genetic drift. For the TK speaking groups, we find localized genetic structure that is driven by different levels of interaction with other groups in the same geographic region. Several Thai groups exhibit admixture from South Asia, which we date to ∼600–1000 years ago, corresponding to a time of intensive international trade networks that had a major cultural impact on Thailand. An AN group from Southern Thailand shows both South Asian admixture as well as overall affinities with AA-speaking groups in the region, suggesting an impact of cultural diffusion. Overall, we provide the first detailed insights into the genetic profiles of Thai/Lao ethnolinguistic groups, which should be helpful for reconstructing human genetic history in MSEA and selecting populations for participation in ongoing whole genome sequence and biomedical studies.
9
BACHTROG, DORIS. "The speciation history of the Drosophila nasuta complex." Genetical Research 88, no. 1 (August 2006): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672306008330.
Full textAbstract:
The Drosophila nasuta subgroup of the immigrans species group is widely distributed throughout the South-East Asian region, consisting of morphologically similar species with varying degrees of reproductive isolation. Here, I report nucleotide variability data for five X-linked and two mtDNA loci in eight taxa from the nasuta subgroup, with deeper sampling from D. albomicans and its sister species D. nasuta. Phylogenetic relationships among these species vary among different genomic regions, and levels of genetic differentiation suggest that this species group diversified only about one million years ago. D. albomicans and D. nasuta share nucleotide polymorphisms and are distinguished by relatively few fixed differences. Patterns of genetic differentiation between this species pair are compatible with a simple isolation model with no gene flow. Nucleotide variability levels of species in the nasuta group are comparable to those in members of the melanogaster and pseudoobscura species groups, indicating effective population sizes on the order of several million. Population genetic analyses reveal that summaries of the frequency distribution of neutral polymorphisms in both D. albomicans and D. nasuta generally fit the assumptions of the standard neutral model. D. albomicans is of particular interest for evolutionary studies because of its recently formed neo-sex chromosomes, and our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses suggest that it might be an ideal model to study the very early stages of Y chromosome evolution.
10
Murray, Caitriona, Emilia Huerta-Sanchez, Fergal Casey, and Daniel G. Bradley. "Cattle demographic history modelled from autosomal sequence variation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1552 (August 27, 2010): 2531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0103.
Full textAbstract:
The phylogeography of cattle genetic variants has been extensively described and has informed the history of domestication. However, there remains a dearth of demographic models inferred from such data. Here, we describe sequence diversity at 37 000 bp sampled from 17 genes in cattle from Africa, Europe and India. Clearly distinct population histories are suggested between Bos indicus and Bos taurus , with the former displaying higher diversity statistics. We compare the unfolded site frequency spectra in each to those simulated using a diffusion approximation method and build a best-fitting model of past demography. This implies an earlier, possibly glaciation-induced population bottleneck in B. taurus ancestry with a later, possibly domestication-associated demographic constriction in B. indicus . Strikingly, the modelled indicine history also requires a majority secondary admixture from the South Asian aurochs, indicating a complex, more diffuse domestication process. This perhaps involved multiple domestications and/or introgression from wild oxen to domestic herds; the latter is plausible from archaeological evidence of contemporaneous wild and domestic remains across different regions of South Asia.
11
Shoemark, Amelia, Eduardo Moya, Robert A. Hirst, Mitali P. Patel, Evelyn A. Robson, Jane Hayward, Juliet Scully, et al. "High prevalence of CCDC103 p.His154Pro mutation causing primary ciliary dyskinesia disrupts protein oligomerisation and is associated with normal diagnostic investigations." Thorax 73, no. 2 (August 8, 2017): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-209999.
Full textAbstract:
RationalePrimary ciliary dyskinesia is a genetically heterogeneous inherited condition characterised by progressive lung disease arising from abnormal cilia function. Approximately half of patients have situs inversus. The estimated prevalence of primary ciliary dyskinesia in the UK South Asian population is 1:2265. Early, accurate diagnosis is key to implementing appropriate management but clinical diagnostic tests can be equivocal.ObjectivesTo determine the importance of genetic screening for primary ciliary dyskinesia in a UK South Asian population with a typical clinical phenotype, where standard testing is inconclusive.MethodsNext-generation sequencing was used to screen 86 South Asian patients who had a clinical history consistent with primary ciliary dyskinesia. The effect of a CCDC103 p.His154Pro missense variant compared with other dynein arm-associated gene mutations on diagnostic/phenotypic variability was tested. CCDC103 p.His154Pro variant pathogenicity was assessed by oligomerisation assay.ResultsSixteen of 86 (19%) patients carried a homozygous CCDC103 p.His154Pro mutation which was found to disrupt protein oligomerisation. Variable diagnostic test results were obtained including normal nasal nitric oxide levels, normal ciliary beat pattern and frequency and a spectrum of partial and normal dynein arm retention. Fifteen (94%) patients or their sibling(s) had situs inversus suggesting CCDC103 p.His154Pro patients without situs inversus are missed.ConclusionsThe CCDC103 p.His154Pro mutation is more prevalent than previously thought in the South Asian community and causes primary ciliary dyskinesia that can be difficult to diagnose using pathology-based clinical tests. Genetic testing is critical when there is a strong clinical phenotype with inconclusive standard diagnostic tests.
12
Gujral, Unjali P., R. Pradeepa, Mary Beth Weber, K. M. Venkat Narayan, and V. Mohan. "Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and differences with white Caucasian and other populations." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1281, no. 1 (January 14, 2013): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06838.x.
Full text
13
Shannon, Laura M., Ryan H. Boyko, Marta Castelhano, Elizabeth Corey, Jessica J. Hayward, Corin McLean, Michelle E. White, et al. "Genetic structure in village dogs reveals a Central Asian domestication origin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 19, 2015): 13639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516215112.
Full textAbstract:
Dogs were the first domesticated species, originating at least 15,000 y ago from Eurasian gray wolves. Dogs today consist primarily of two specialized groups—a diverse set of nearly 400 pure breeds and a far more populous group of free-ranging animals adapted to a human commensal lifestyle (village dogs). Village dogs are more genetically diverse and geographically widespread than purebred dogs making them vital for unraveling dog population history. Using a semicustom 185,805-marker genotyping array, we conducted a large-scale survey of autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y chromosome diversity in 4,676 purebred dogs from 161 breeds and 549 village dogs from 38 countries. Geographic structure shows both isolation and gene flow have shaped genetic diversity in village dog populations. Some populations (notably those in the Neotropics and the South Pacific) are almost completely derived from European stock, whereas others are clearly admixed between indigenous and European dogs. Importantly, many populations—including those of Vietnam, India, and Egypt—show minimal evidence of European admixture. These populations exhibit a clear gradient of short-range linkage disequilibrium consistent with a Central Asian domestication origin.
14
Tournebize, Rémi, Gillian Chu, and Priya Moorjani. "Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 6 (June 23, 2022): e1010243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010243.
Full textAbstract:
Founder events play a critical role in shaping genetic diversity, fitness and disease risk in a population. Yet our understanding of the prevalence and distribution of founder events in humans and other species remains incomplete, as most existing methods require large sample sizes or phased genomes. Thus, we developed ASCEND that measures the correlation in allele sharing between pairs of individuals across the genome to infer the age and strength of founder events. We show that ASCEND can reliably estimate the parameters of founder events under a range of demographic scenarios. We then apply ASCEND to two species with contrasting evolutionary histories: ~460 worldwide human populations and ~40 modern dog breeds. In humans, we find that over half of the analyzed populations have evidence for recent founder events, associated with geographic isolation, modes of sustenance, or cultural practices such as endogamy. Notably, island populations have lower population sizes than continental groups and most hunter-gatherer, nomadic and indigenous groups have evidence of recent founder events. Many present-day groups––including Native Americans, Oceanians and South Asians––have experienced more extreme founder events than Ashkenazi Jews who have high rates of recessive diseases due their known history of founder events. Using ancient genomes, we show that the strength of founder events differs markedly across geographic regions and time––with three major founder events related to the peopling of Americas and a trend in decreasing strength of founder events in Europe following the Neolithic transition and steppe migrations. In dogs, we estimate extreme founder events in most breeds that occurred in the last 25 generations, concordant with the establishment of many dog breeds during the Victorian times. Our analysis highlights a widespread history of founder events in humans and dogs and elucidates some of the demographic and cultural practices related to these events.
15
Fernandes, Veronica, Nicolas Brucato, Joana C. Ferreira, Nicole Pedro, Bruno Cavadas, François-Xavier Ricaut, Farida Alshamali, and Luisa Pereira. "Genome-Wide Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Populations: Shedding Light on the History of a Fundamental Bridge between Continents." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 3 (January 21, 2019): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Arabian Peninsula (AP) was an important crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe, being the cradle of the structure defining these main human population groups, and a continuing path for their admixture. The screening of 741,000 variants in 420 Arabians and 80 Iranians allowed us to quantify the dominant sub-Saharan African admixture in the west of the peninsula, whereas South Asian and Levantine/European influence was stronger in the east, leading to a rift between western and eastern sides of the Peninsula. Dating of the admixture events indicated that Indian Ocean slave trade and Islamization periods were important moments in the genetic makeup of the region. The western–eastern axis was also observable in terms of positive selection of diversity conferring lactose tolerance, with the West AP developing local adaptation and the East AP acquiring the derived allele selected in European populations and existing in South Asia. African selected malaria resistance through the DARC gene was enriched in all Arabian genomes, especially in the western part. Clear European influences associated with skin and eye color were equally frequent across the Peninsula.
16
Verkhozina, Alla, Nina Kulakova, Denis Krivenko, and Vladislav Murashko. "Convallaria majalis L. s.l. (Asparagaceae Juss.) in Baikal Siberia." BIO Web of Conferences 24 (2020): 00092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400092.
Full textAbstract:
An interspecies diversity is a principal question for understanding of variability, geographical distribution and evolutionary history of the genus Convallaria. Considering the C. majalis s.str. and C. keiskei as the Eurasian species with overlapping morphological features there are scarce data on their genetic variability. The molecular genetic analysis of nuclear ITS1-2 marker, chloroplast gene fragments trnL-trnF and maturase K was used to study genetic structure of 112 Convallaria specimens collected throughout Eurasia. The maturase K gene based results were shown to be the most efficient to resolve genetic structure of studied species. Three main haplotypes namely ancestral East Asian, South European-Caucasian and North European were dominant across geographical ranges of species C. keiskei, C. transcaucasica and C. majalis, respectively. Moreover, three minor haplotypes Khankai, Korean, and Manchurian were identified from nucleotide analysis. All three main haplotypes of Convallaria were found In Baikal Siberia. The proposed approach was sufficient to resolve an origin and genetic relations of local populations of Convallaria in the Irkutsk Region. Detected low level of genetic differences in analyzed species allows considering the single species C. majalis in Eurasia.
17
Chen, Zhiyong, Jasmine S. Koh, Monica Saini, Karine S. S. Tay, Yi Jayne Tan, Josiah Y. H. Chai, Su Rong Fam, et al. "Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis- Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of a Multiracial South-East Asian Cohort in Singapore." Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases 8, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnd-210656.
Full textAbstract:
Background and aims: Studies of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv amyloidosis) in South-East Asia are underrepresented in the literature. We report the unique phenotypic and genetic characteristics of this disorder in a multiracial South-East Asian cohort. Methods: Patients with genetically proven ATTRv amyloidosis were identified over a 13-year period (2007–2020) at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Clinical, laboratory, genotypic and electrophysiological features were retrospectively reviewed. Results: 29 patients comprising Chinese, Malay, Burmese, Vietnamese and Indonesians with ATTRv amyloidosis were identified. Somatic neuropathy was the most common initial presentation, followed by carpal tunnel syndrome, autonomic dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction. ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser) was the most common variant found in 14 patients, constituting 66.7%of ethnic Chinese patients and 48.3%of the entire cohort. Five patients had early-onset disease (age < 50 years) with the following variants: ATTR-V30M (p.Val50Met), ATTR-G47A (p.Gly67Ala), ATTR-S50I (p.Ser70Ile) and ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser); one patient with ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser) had isolated unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome with amyloid deposits identified on histological examination of the transverse carpal ligament. All early-onset patients had a positive parental history; two patients, with ATTR-S50I (p.Ser70Ile) and ATTR-Ala97Ser (p.Ala117Ser) respectively, demonstrated anticipation with mother-to-daughter inheritance. Amongst the 24 patients with late-onset disease (age≥50 years), two patients had novel variants, ATTR-G66D (p.Glu86Asp) and ATTR-A81V (p.Ala101Val) that were confirmed to be pathogenic based on the histological identification of transthyretin amyloid. Other identified variants included ATTR-V30M (p.Val50Met), ATTR-R34T (p.Arg54Thr), ATTR-S50I (p.Ser70Ile), ATTR-H88R (p.His108Arg) and ATTR-A97S (p.Ala117Ser). Conclusion: Our study further expands the genotypic and phenotypic knowledge regarding ATTRv amyloidosis.
18
Lee, Joanne Shu Xian, Li Mei Poon, Xin Liu, Yi Ching Yuen, Nagavalli Somasundaram, Suk Teng Chin, Chia Meng Teoh, et al. "Pharmacogenomic Prediction of Bleomycin-Induced Pneumonitis in South East Asian Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113952.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for 15% of all cancer diagnosis in young adults. Standard of care is ABVD (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine), which has resulted in overall cures of 70-90%. In the setting of HL, bleomycin is still one of the cornerstones in its treatment with the omission of bleomycin in the randomized trial of GHSG HD13 showing poorer outcomes. A major complication of HL treatment is Bleomycin induced pneumonitis (BIP) occurring in 0.4-28% of patients, with up to 10% mortality. Currently, we are unable to predict which patients are more prone. Given that human genomic variations underlie both disease susceptibility and drug response, uncovering genetic biomarkers predisposing to BIP is imperative to predicting and preventing BIP. Methods In this first pharmacogenomics study of BIP in South-East Asian patients, we perform both candidate gene and GWAS analyses. 96 HL patients were recruited from the National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS). BIP was clinically characterized and graded by CTCAEv4. Genetic association analysis was performed by regression (additive model) accounting for non-genetic predictor variables. Results Age at the start of bleomycin treatment, sex, genetic ancestry, concomitant chemotherapy treatment, treatment with G-CSF, stage of HL disease, pretreatment creatinine clearance, weight, chest irradiation and smoking history did not differ significantly between patients with and without BIP. The total number of treatment cycles (P=0.006) , cumulative exposure (P=0.01) and total exposure (P=0.028) were significantly lower in the BIP group as Bleomycin was omitted from further chemotherapy regimens once BIP was diagnosed. We independently replicated the association of HFE rs1799945 (H63D) with BIP (Cases: 15.38% vs Controls: 1.72%, P=0.0069, OR(95%CI)=2.89 (1.88-88.59)), while BLMH rs1050565 was not associated with BIP (P=0.92, OR(95%CI)=1.07 (0.29-3.93)). H63D carriers have 12.44 (1.98-78.17) times the odds of developing BIP compared to non-carriers (P=0.0088). We uncover a significant association of H63D with the severity of BIP (P=0.00087). HIST1H1T rs198846, a downstream variant in LD with H63D was also associated with BIP and its severity. H63D was predicted to be highly pathogenic (CADD Score=24.40) and at the top 1% of the most deleterious mutations in the human genome. The GWAS uncovered 4 novel genetic biomarkers with suggestive evidence of association with BIP (Unknown locus on Chr 17, MRC2 rs8072984, TMEM260 rs1124062 and KIF26B rs12747330). MRC2 rs8072984 is involved with remodeling of extracellular matrix, and defects in this could cause poor lung remodeling after bleomycin insult. TMEM260 rs1124062 and KIF26B rs12747330 are both involved with renal anomalies and development suggesting that defects in these could affect bleomycin clearance. Conclusion This is the first pharmacogenomics study of BIP in South East Asian patients, looking at both candidate gene and GWAS analyses. Our results suggest that iron regulation could be the driver in the etiopathogenesis of BIP, supporting the utility of H63D testing in the risk stratification of patients receiving Bleomycin. Moreover, GWAS analyses have discovered 4 novel markers that suggest an association with BIP, which will be further evaluated and should be independently replicated in a larger cohort. Disclosures Chng: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses; Aslan: Research Funding.
19
Dodson, Julian J., and Frédéric Lecomte. "A DNA Barcode-Based Evaluation of the Southeast Asian Catfish Genus Hemibagrus Bleeker, 1862 (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Bagridae)." Advances in Evolutionary Biology 2015 (February 5, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490158.
Full textAbstract:
Species of the genus Hemibagrus are large river catfishes found throughout South-east Asia. The complexity of the region’s biogeographical history and the lack of well-defined morphological characters render the taxonomy and phylogenetic reconstruction of Hemibagrus problematical. Early molecular studies of the H. nemurus species group revealed extensive genetic subdivisions, the taxonomic status of which remained unclear. A recent, morphologically-based, revision of the genus provides an opportunity to clarify the taxonomic status of these lineages. We employ a DNA barcode derived from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to expand our genetic analyses of the genus and to test the congruence of morphologically and genetically based taxonomies. Secondly, we evaluate phylogenetic relationships among taxa. Thirdly, we describe the phylogeography of Hemibagrus in South-east Asia. The species groups and nominal species proposed in the morphology-based revision generally reflect a hierarchy of monophyletic groups based on phenetic and maximum likelihood reconstructions of mtDNA phylogenies. The most notable exception involves the definition of a morphologically cryptic group from North Borneo. H. nemurus from West Java appears to be a regional population of H. capitulum. The phylogeography of the genus has been principally influenced by the formation of North Borneo and the emergence of the Sunda Islands.
20
Górniak, Marcin, Anna Jakubska-Busse, and Marek S. Ziętara. "Genetic History of the Remnant Population of the Rare Orchid Cypripedium calceolus Based on Plastid and Nuclear rDNA." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060940.
Full textAbstract:
The lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus), which inhabits shady deciduous and mixed forests and meadows, is now threatened with extinction in many European countries, and its natural populations have been dramatically declining in recent years. Knowledge of its evolutionary history, genetic variability, and processes in small populations are therefore crucial for the species’ protection. Nowadays, in south-west Poland, it is only distributed in seven small remnant and isolated populations, which we examined. One nuclear (ITS rDNA) and two plastid (accD-psa1, trnL-F) markers were analyzed and compared globally in this study. Based on the nuclear marker, the most common ancestor of C. calceolus and Cypripedium shanxiense existed about 2 million years ago (95% HPD: 5.33–0.44) in Asia. The division of the C. calceolus population into the European and Asian lineages indicated by C/T polymorphism started about 0.5 million years ago (95% HPD: 1.8–0.01). The observed variation of plastid DNA, which arose during the Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles, is still diffuse in Poland. Its distribution is explained by the result of fragmentation or habitat loss due to human impact on the environment.
21
Redhead, Grace. "‘A British Problem Affecting British People’: Sickle Cell Anaemia, Medical Activism and Race in the National Health Service, 1975–1993." Twentieth Century British History 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwab007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Recent historiography has explored a contradiction at the heart of the British welfare state—it was founded on and supported by migrant and non-white labour, whose own healthcare and broader welfare state entitlements were neglected. This article explores how this contradiction was exposed and challenged by some of the health service’s own workforce, who witnessed and contested racism in the National Health Service (NHS). This is discussed through the lens of the treatment of sickle cell anaemia (SCA), a genetic trait and disease more common in people of African, South Asian, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean descent, which has been highly racialized as affecting black people in particular. By pushing for improved responses to pain in sickle cell disease, and demonstrating the need for SCA screening in urban areas, healthcare professionals within the NHS—many of whom were black or migrant nurses, health visitors or doctors—articulated the status and entitlements of Black British citizenship.
22
Pernau, Margrit. "Introduction." Contributions to the History of Concepts 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2016.110102.
Full textAbstract:
At first glance, a conceptual history of emotions appears counterintuitive. Unlike the concepts of democracy or liberalism, emotion concepts seem to refer to stable objects, rooted in the genetic heritage of the human race. However, answers to the question, “What is an emotion?” vary widely across time and space. It cannot even be taken for granted that our analytic concept of emotion is matched by corresponding concepts in the sources: the very question might be untranslatable. In the first section, the introduction will discuss the challenge a conceptual history of emotions faces from psychology’s perception of affective phenomena as objects that exist independent of their representation. The aim of this section is to clear the theoretical and methodological ground for an investigation of emotion concepts in South Asian traditions, which will be the central focus of the second section of this introduction.
23
Banerjee, Ananya Tina, Anisha Mahajan, Avantika Mathur-Balendra, Nazima Qureshi, Marlon Teekah, Shindujan Yogaratnam, Priya Prabhakar, et al. "Impact of the South Asian Adolescent Diabetes Awareness Program (SAADAP) on diabetes knowledge, risk perception and health behaviour." Health Education Journal 81, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00178969211051054.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Evidence suggests the increased prevalence of diabetes among South Asian (SA) adolescents is due to their genetic risk profile. The South Asian Adolescent Diabetes Awareness Program (SAADAP) is a pilot intervention for SA youth in Canada with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We sought to investigate changes in (1) diabetes knowledge and associated risk factors, (2) risk perception and (3) health behaviours among adolescents participating in SAADAP. Design: One-group pre-test, post-test design informed by a commitment to community-based participatory research (CBPR). Setting: Sixty-eight adolescents aged 13–17 years with a family history of T2DM participated in SAADAP in a clinical-community setting in Canada. Method: Pre–post questionnaires were administered to evaluate diabetes knowledge and associated risk factors, risk perceptions and health behaviours. Analyses were restricted to 49 participants who attended at least four diabetes education sessions. Results: The mean age of adolescents was 14.5 years, and 57.1% self-identified as girls. The difference in knowledge about the definition, symptoms and complications of T2DM from baseline to post-intervention was 3.32 out of 21 ( p < .001) among SA youth. There was significant increase in learning about diabetes risk factors ( p < .001) from baseline to post-intervention. Almost 60% of participants exhibited no change in their risk perception after intervention. Approximately two-thirds of the participants self-reported positive changes in health behaviours after completing the programme. Conclusion: SAADAP showed promising outcomes in raising knowledge and improving health behaviours in SA adolescents with a family history of diabetes. Larger controlled trials with longer follow-up are recommended to support and expand on the current findings.
24
Chang, Chi-Shan, Hsiao-Lei Liu, Ximena Moncada, Andrea Seelenfreund, Daniela Seelenfreund, and Kuo-Fang Chung. "A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 5, 2015): 13537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503205112.
Full textAbstract:
The peopling of Remote Oceanic islands by Austronesian speakers is a fascinating and yet contentious part of human prehistory. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic studies have shown the complex nature of the process in which different components that helped to shape Lapita culture in Near Oceania each have their own unique history. Important evidence points to Taiwan as an Austronesian ancestral homeland with a more distant origin in South China, whereas alternative models favor South China to North Vietnam or a Southeast Asian origin. We test these propositions by studying phylogeography of paper mulberry, a common East Asian tree species introduced and clonally propagated since prehistoric times across the Pacific for making barkcloth, a practical and symbolic component of Austronesian cultures. Using the hypervariable chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 sequences of 604 samples collected from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceanic islands (including 19 historical herbarium specimens from Near and Remote Oceania), 48 haplotypes are detected and haplotype cp-17 is predominant in both Near and Remote Oceania. Because cp-17 has an unambiguous Taiwanese origin and cp-17–carrying Oceanic paper mulberries are clonally propagated, our data concur with expectations of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, providing circumstantial support for the “out of Taiwan” hypothesis. Our data also provide insights into the dispersal of paper mulberry from South China “into North Taiwan,” the “out of South China–Indochina” expansion to New Guinea, and the geographic origins of post-European introductions of paper mulberry into Oceania.
25
Herrera, Michael B., Vicki A. Thomson, Jessica J. Wadley, Philip J. Piper, Sri Sulandari, Anik Budhi Dharmayanthi, Spiridoula Kraitsek, Jaime Gongora, and Jeremy J. Austin. "East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (March 2017): 160787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160787.
Full textAbstract:
The colonization of Madagascar by Austronesian-speaking people during AD 50–500 represents the most westerly point of the greatest diaspora in prehistory. A range of economically important plants and animals may have accompanied the Austronesians. Domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus ) are found in Madagascar, but it is unclear how they arrived there. Did they accompany the initial Austronesian-speaking populations that reached Madagascar via the Indian Ocean or were they late arrivals with Arabian and African sea-farers? To address this question, we investigated the mitochondrial DNA control region diversity of modern chickens sampled from around the Indian Ocean rim (Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Madagascar). In contrast to the linguistic and human genetic evidence indicating dual African and Southeast Asian ancestry of the Malagasy people, we find that chickens in Madagascar only share a common ancestor with East Africa, which together are genetically closer to South Asian chickens than to those in Southeast Asia. This suggests that the earliest expansion of Austronesian-speaking people across the Indian Ocean did not successfully introduce chickens to Madagascar. Our results further demonstrate the complexity of the translocation history of introduced domesticates in Madagascar.
26
Fenske, James, and Namrata Kala. "Linguistic Distance and Market Integration in India." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050720000650.
Full textAbstract:
The role of cultural distance in market integration, particularly in the developing world, has received relatively little attention. Using prices from more than 200 South Asian markets spanning 1861 to 1921, we show that linguistic distance correlates negatively with market integration. A one-standard-deviation increase in linguistic distance predicts a reduction in the price correlation between two markets of 0.121 standard deviations for wheat, 0.181 for salt, and 0.088 for rice. While factors like genetic distance, literacy gaps, and railway connections are correlated with linguistic distance, they do not fully explain the correlation between linguistic distance and market integration.
27
Buddhachat, Kittisak, and Chatmongkon Suwannapoom. "Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of thePolypedates leucomystaxcomplex in Thailand." PeerJ 6 (January 16, 2018): e4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4263.
Full textAbstract:
Taxonomic uncertainty of the Asian tree frogPolypedates leucomystaxcomplex presents the challenging task of inferring its biogeographical history. Here, we describe its dispersion and the genetic relationships among different populations in Thailand, where we connect the population of theP. leucomystaxcomplex of the Sunda Islands to the Indochina (mainland) population based on analyses of 266 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Our maternal genealogy implies that there are four well-supported lineages in Thailand, consisting of Northern A (clade A:Polypedatessp.), Nan (clade B:P.cf.impresus), Southern (clade C:P. cf.leucomystax) and Northern D (clade D:P.cf.megacephalus), with Bayesian posterior probability >0.9. Phylogeny and haplotype networks indicate that clades A, B and D are sympatric. In contrast, clade C (P. cf.leucomystax) and clade D (P.cf.megacephalus) are genetically divergent due to the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Kra, resulting in an allopatric distribution. Climatic conditions, in particular differences in rainfall on each side of the Isthmus of Kra, may play an important role in limiting the immigration of both clades. For the within-populations of either clades C or D, there was no significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance by the isolation-by-distance test, indicating intraspecific-dispersal of each clade. Population expansion occurred in clade C, whereas clade D showed a constant population. Taken together, theP. leucomystaxcomplex in South East Asia may have diversified under climatic pressure, leading to allopatric and/or sympatric speciation.
28
Du, Zhenyong, Tadashi Ishikawa, Hui Liu, Satoshi Kamitani, Osamu Tadauchi, Wanzhi Cai, and Hu Li. "Phylogeography of the Assassin Bug Sphedanolestes impressicollis in East Asia Inferred From Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Sequences." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051234.
Full textAbstract:
The assassin bug, Sphedanolestes impressicollis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), is widely distributed in East Asia. It is an ideal model for evaluating the effects of climatic fluctuation and geographical events on the distribution patterns of East Asian reduviids. Here, we used two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene to investigate the phylogeographic pattern of the assassin bug based on comprehensive sampling in China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and Laos. High levels of genetic differentiation were detected among the geographic populations classified into the northern and southern groups. A significant correlation was detected between genetic and geographical distances. The East China Sea land bridge served as a “dispersal corridor” during Pleistocene glaciation. The estimated divergence time indicated that the northern group may have separated from the eastern Chinese populations when the sea level rapidly rose during the “Ryukyu Coral Sea Stage” and the East China Sea land bridge was completely submerged. Demographic history and ecological niche modeling suggested that appropriate climatic conditions may have accounted for the rapid spread across the Korean Peninsula and Japan during the late Pleistocene. Our study underscores the pivotal roles of the Pleistocene sea level changes and climatic fluctuations in determining the distribution patterns of East Asian reduviids.
29
Larena, Maximilian, Federico Sanchez-Quinto, Per Sjödin, James McKenna, Carlo Ebeo, Rebecca Reyes, Ophelia Casel, et al. "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 22, 2021): e2026132118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026132118.
Full textAbstract:
Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region’s complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive “out-of-Taiwan” model of farming–language–people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.
30
Patel, Riddhi P., Daniel W. Förster, Andrew C. Kitchener, Mark D. Rayan, Shariff W. Mohamed, Laura Werner, Dorina Lenz, et al. "Two species of Southeast Asian cats in the genus Catopuma with diverging histories: an island endemic forest specialist and a widespread habitat generalist." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 10 (October 2016): 160350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160350.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The bay cat Catopuma badia is endemic to Borneo, whereas its sister species the Asian golden cat Catopuma temminckii is distributed from the Himalayas and southern China through Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Based on morphological data, up to five subspecies of the Asian golden cat have been recognized, but a taxonomic assessment, including molecular data and morphological characters, is still lacking. Results. We combined molecular data (whole mitochondrial genomes), morphological data (pelage) and species distribution projections (up to the Late Pleistocene) to infer how environmental changes may have influenced the distribution of these sister species over the past 120 000 years. The molecular analysis was based on sequenced mitogenomes of 3 bay cats and 40 Asian golden cats derived mainly from archival samples. Our molecular data suggested a time of split between the two species approximately 3.16 Ma and revealed very low nucleotide diversity within the Asian golden cat population, which supports recent expansion of the population. Discussion. The low nucleotide diversity suggested a population bottleneck in the Asian golden cat, possibly caused by the eruption of the Toba volcano in Northern Sumatra (approx. 74 kya), followed by a continuous population expansion in the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene. Species distribution projections, the reconstruction of the demographic history, a genetic isolation-by-distance pattern and a gradual variation of pelage pattern support the hypothesis of a post-Toba population expansion of the Asian golden cat from south China/Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Our findings reject the current classification of five subspecies for the Asian golden cat, but instead support either a monotypic species or one comprising two subspecies: (i) the Sunda golden cat, distributed south of the Isthmus of Kra: C. t. temminckii and (ii) Indochinese, Indian, Himalayan and Chinese golden cats, occurring north of the Isthmus: C. t. moormensis .
31
Mukharji, Projit Bihari. "Bloodworlds." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 5 (November 2020): 525–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.5.525.
Full textAbstract:
In 1952, a joint Indo-Australian team undertook one of the first genetic studies of the Chenchu people of southern India. Long thought of as one of the oldest populations on the subcontinent and a potential link between South Asian and Aboriginal Australian populations, the study hoped to illuminate the deeper demographic histories of both India and Australia. Coming as it did immediately on the heels of decolonization, it also signaled a new era of scientific collaborations after empire. But what exactly does “collaboration” entail? How far do agendas and imaginations actually cohere in such a “collaboration”? The various collaborating actors in the Chenchu project held very distinctive ideas and agendas. Keeping blood at the center, this article explores those distinctive “bloodworlds” that were mobilized in the course of the Chenchu study. The published text of the study was a potpourri of these different bloodworlds; equally important, however, was the bloodworld this potpourri could not accommodate: the bloodworlds of Chenchu wizards. Not a world engendered in some pure or isolated “tribal culture,” but a magical bloodworld created through historical interactions with Shaivism and Shi’ism. This was a bloodworld eminently recognizable by the Chenchu themselves, but incapable of accommodation in the published study on them. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Pacific Biologies: How Humans Become Genetic, edited by Warwick Anderson and M. Susan Lindee.
32
Font-Porterias, Neus, Rocio Caro-Consuegra, Marcel Lucas-Sánchez, Marie Lopez, Aaron Giménez, Annabel Carballo-Mesa, Elena Bosch, Francesc Calafell, Lluís Quintana-Murci, and David Comas. "The Counteracting Effects of Demography on Functional Genomic Variation: The Roma Paradigm." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 7 (March 13, 2021): 2804–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab070.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Demographic history plays a major role in shaping the distribution of genomic variation. Yet the interaction between different demographic forces and their effects in the genomes is not fully resolved in human populations. Here, we focus on the Roma population, the largest transnational ethnic minority in Europe. They have a South Asian origin and their demographic history is characterized by recent dispersals, multiple founder events, and extensive gene flow from non-Roma groups. Through the analyses of new high-coverage whole exome sequences and genome-wide array data for 89 Iberian Roma individuals together with forward simulations, we show that founder effects have reduced their genetic diversity and proportion of rare variants, gene flow has counteracted the increase in mutational load, runs of homozygosity show ancestry-specific patterns of accumulation of deleterious homozygotes, and selection signals primarily derive from preadmixture adaptation in the Roma population sources. The present study shows how two demographic forces, bottlenecks and admixture, act in opposite directions and have long-term balancing effects on the Roma genomes. Understanding how demography and gene flow shape the genome of an admixed population provides an opportunity to elucidate how genomic variation is modeled in human populations.
33
Takeshita, Akihiro, Miwa Adachi, Dae Won Kim, Kyou Sup Han, So Yong Kwon, Hyun Ok Kim, Jang Soo Suh, et al. "Differences in Transfusion-Related Alloimmunity to Erythrocytes Between South Korea and Japan; Recent Results from the Third Cooperative International Study of Alloimmunity to Antigen Diversity in Asian Populations." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4295.4295.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Backgrounds: Allo-immunization to blood cell antigens has been frequently reported among transfusion recipients with hematological diseases and cancer, as well as during pregnancy. The frequency of irregular erythrocyte antibodies (Abs) ranges from 1 to 2 % among hospitalized patients. However, the frequency varied according to the genetic diversity of the population. Several studies involving transfusion cases have been conducted in various countries including Japan (Watanabe et al, ASH 2009). However, there is currently little information about irregular erythrocyte Abs in many Asian populations. Here, we show updated data concerning variations of irregular erythrocyte Abs in patients with a history of blood transfusions between South Korea and Japan. Materials and Methods: In all, 21 institutions from South Korea and 59 from Japan participated in this study. We investigated methods employed for screening and identifying irregular erythrocyte Abs. The frequencies of irregular Abs to D, C, c, E, e, f, Ce, P1, M, N, S, s, Mia, Lea, Leb, Jka, Jkb, Jk3, Fya, Fyb, K, k, Kpa, Kpb, Jsa, Jsb, Dia, Dib, Lua, Lub, Xga and H were studied. If a case was analyzed multiple times, it was counted once. Multiple antibodies detected in the same patient were counted separately. The frequencies of irregular erythrocyte Abs on the basis of blood transfusion history were analyzed and compared between patients from South Korea and Japan. We partially selected irregular erythrocyte Abs detected in patients that were initially negative before receiving a transfusion. Among them, we compared the efficacy of detection methods between the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and the enzyme method at the first detection of the Abs. Results: In total, antibodies were detected in 16,438 patients (3,525 from South Korea; 12,913 from Japan). The female to male ratios of patients from the South Korean and Japanese institutions were 1.53 and 1.43, respectively. The number of patients with and without a history of previous transfusion was 1,146 and 2,100 in South Korea, 3,609 and 8,185 in Japan, respectively. Anti-E (1.4x, p<0.01 in South Korea; 1.7x, p<0.01 in Japan), anti-C (1.8x, p=0.05 and 2.3x, p<0.01, respectively) and anti-Jka (1.8x, p=0.01 and 5.8x, p<0.01, respectively) were frequently detected in patients who had received blood transfusions in either country. Anti-c was 1.8 times more frequently detected in patients who had received transfusions in South Korea, but there was no significant increase observed in patients who had received transfusions in Japan. Anti-D did not increase in patients who had received a transfusion in either country. Anti-c+E (2.1x in South Korea and 3.4x in Japan), anti-C+e (2.6x and 3.2x, respectively) and anti-E+Jka (9.2x and 6.3x, respectively) complex Abs increased in patients who had received a blood transfusion. Anti-E was newly detected in 341 patients after receiving a blood transfusion. In 40 cases, anti-E was detected earlier by the enzyme method than by the IAT method. In 147 cases, anti-E was detected only by the enzyme method; while in 4 cases detection was confirmed only by the IAT procedure. Anti-E was simultaneously detected in 154 cases by both methods. Conclusion: The data presented in this study was derived from a collaboration between South Korea and Japan on alloimmunity to erythrocyte antigens. The total number of positive cases was more than 16,000. Anti-E, anti-C, anti-Jka, anti-c+E and anti-C+e were frequently detected among patients with a history of previous blood transfusions. These results were similar between South Korean and Japanese patients. Anti-c was frequently detected in transfused patients from South Korea, but the number of positive cases did not change in Japanese patients who had undergone a transfusion. These observations might be explained by the ethnic difference in allo-immunity among patients or detection methods adopted in the various participating institutions. Further data, including details of the detection method, will be analyzed in future studies. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
34
Acatrinei, Arina, Ioana Rusu, Cristina Mircea, Cezara Zagrean-Tuza, Emese Gál, Doru Păceșilă, Oana Gâza, et al. "Shedding Light on the Dark Ages: Sketching Potential Trade Relationships in Early Medieval Romania through Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Sheep Remains." Diversity 13, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050208.
Full textAbstract:
Southeast Europe has played an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of sheep due to its proximity to the Danubian route of transport from the Near East into Europe, as well as its possible role as a post-domestication migration network and long tradition of sheep breeding. The history of Romania and, in particular, the historical province of Dobruja, located on the shore of the Black Sea, has been influenced by its geographical position at the intersection between the great powers of the Near East and mainland Europe, with the Middle Ages being an especially animated time in terms of trade, migration, and conflict. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial control region of five sheep originating from the Capidava archaeological site (Dobruja, Southeast Romania), radiocarbon dated to the Early Middle Ages (5–10th century AD), in order to better understand the genetic diversity of local sheep populations and human practices in relation to this particular livestock species. The analyses illustrate high haplotype diversity in local medieval sheep, as well as possible genetic continuity in the region. A higher tendency for North to South interaction, rather than East to West, is apparent, together with a lack of interaction along the Asian route. Continuous interaction between the First Bulgarian Empire, which occupied Dobruja starting with the 7th century AD, and the Byzantine Empire is indicated. These results might suggest expanding trade in Southeast Romania in the Early Middle Ages.
35
Latimore, Janis. "Life without Milk." Nutrition and Food Processing 3, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/026.
Full textAbstract:
This op-ed article is a metaphor, bemoaning life without the cruelty, brutality, and murder of minorities by police. It indicates the similarities in not needing milk nor police when it is intolerant to survival. Milk is an important nutrient, staple, and a source of calcium for the purpose of supplementing the health in children’s development and for adults in need of additional, calcium-rich foods. Milk is known to build bone development and density. Milk has a long history in the “western diet” (Dalsgaard, Bertram 2015) (standard American diet), as an important nutrient, representative as a valuable source for the human body. In validating food “intake biomarkers (a measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon, such as disease, infection, or environmental exposure), milk becomes part of the human biofluid (a generic term for bio-organic fluid produced by an organism such as, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, and so on” (Dalsgaard, Bertram 2015). We are taught by our parents and advised by natal-conscious doctors, that children cannot grow or maintain a healthy life as babies, pre-k, young adults or grown-ups, if we don’t drink milk or have a diet of milk by-products. But in 1972, early research found; “Negroes” (Paige, Bayless, Graham 1972), Asians, American Indians, Hispanic, South Americans and Black Heritage (American Family Physician, 2006), had trouble digesting an enzyme that breaks down the natural sugar in milk and the same intestinal intolerance arrives in significant numbers when this same group of people within the greater population are in the presence of police.
36
Reilly, Kenneth. "“A Hard Strain on Imperialism”: South Asian Resistance to the British Honduras Scheme." Canadian Journal of History 56, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh-2020-0037.
Full textAbstract:
In the fall and winter of 1908, the Canadian government attempted to relocate South Asians living in British Columbia to British Honduras for indentured labour. Those in favour of relocation claimed that most South Asians were unemployed, were unable to survive winter, and could not adapt to Canadian society because of their religious beliefs. South Asians who opposed relocation challenged many of these claims and formed a wide network across the British Empire to foil this relocation. This study discusses the overlooked subject of the Canadian state’s attempts to remove South Asians who had already settled in the country, as well as the agency of South Asians in early-twentieth-century Canada. The documents examined throughout this article show that the British Honduras Scheme failed when South Asians could not be convinced that it served their interests and found that they possessed the necessary resources to challenge deportation.
37
Carlhoff, Selina, Akin Duli, Kathrin Nägele, Muhammad Nur, Laurits Skov, Iwan Sumantri, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, et al. "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea." Nature 596, no. 7873 (August 25, 2021): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMuch remains unknown about the population history of early modern humans in southeast Asia, where the archaeological record is sparse and the tropical climate is inimical to the preservation of ancient human DNA1. So far, only two low-coverage pre-Neolithic human genomes have been sequenced from this region. Both are from mainland Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherer sites: Pha Faen in Laos, dated to 7939–7751 calibrated years before present (yr cal bp; present taken as ad 1950), and Gua Cha in Malaysia (4.4–4.2 kyr cal bp)1. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first ancient human genome from Wallacea, the oceanic island zone between the Sunda Shelf (comprising mainland southeast Asia and the continental islands of western Indonesia) and Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea). We extracted DNA from the petrous bone of a young female hunter-gatherer buried 7.3–7.2 kyr cal bp at the limestone cave of Leang Panninge2 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genetic analyses show that this pre-Neolithic forager, who is associated with the ‘Toalean’ technocomplex3,4, shares most genetic drift and morphological similarities with present-day Papuan and Indigenous Australian groups, yet represents a previously unknown divergent human lineage that branched off around the time of the split between these populations approximately 37,000 years ago5. We also describe Denisovan and deep Asian-related ancestries in the Leang Panninge genome, and infer their large-scale displacement from the region today.
38
Nongmaithem, Suraj S., Robin N. Beaumont, Akshay Dedaniya, Andrew R. Wood, Babatunji-William Ogunkolade, Zahid Hassan, Ghattu V. Krishnaveni, et al. "Babies of South Asian and European Ancestry Show Similar Associations With Genetic Risk Score for Birth Weight Despite the Smaller Size of South Asian Newborns." Diabetes 71, no. 4 (January 21, 2022): 821–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db21-0479.
Full textAbstract:
Size at birth is known to be influenced by various fetal and maternal factors, including genetic effects. South Asians have a high burden of low birth weight and cardiometabolic diseases, yet studies of common genetic variations underpinning these phenotypes are lacking. We generated independent, weighted fetal genetic scores (fGSs) and maternal genetic scores (mGSs) from 196 birth weight–associated variants identified in Europeans and conducted an association analysis with various fetal birth parameters and anthropometric and cardiometabolic traits measured at different follow-up stages (5–6-year intervals) from seven Indian and Bangladeshi cohorts of South Asian ancestry. The results from these cohorts were compared with South Asians in UK Biobank and the Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health, a European ancestry cohort. Birth weight increased by 50.7 g and 33.6 g per SD of fGS (P = 9.1 × 10−11) and mGS (P = 0.003), respectively, in South Asians. A relatively weaker mGS effect compared with Europeans indicates possible different intrauterine exposures between Europeans and South Asians. Birth weight was strongly associated with body size in both childhood and adolescence (P = 3 × 10−5 to 1.9 × 10−51); however, fGS was associated with body size in childhood only (P < 0.01) and with head circumference, fasting glucose, and triglycerides in adults (P < 0.01). The substantially smaller newborn size in South Asians with comparable fetal genetic effect to Europeans on birth weight suggests a significant role of factors related to fetal growth that were not captured by the present genetic scores. These factors may include different environmental exposures, maternal body size, health and nutritional status, etc. Persistent influence of genetic loci on size at birth and adult metabolic syndrome in our study supports a common genetic mechanism that partly explains associations between early development and later cardiometabolic health in various populations, despite marked differences in phenotypic and environmental factors in South Asians.
39
Damba, Larissa D., Vladimir Yu Pylev, and Elena V. Balanovska. "Междисциплинарный подход к изучению этногенеза: геногеография и филогеография тувинских родовых групп." Oriental Studies 15, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 1064–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-1064-1076.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The territory of South Siberia has historically been a crossroads of ancient migration routes. So, the complex process of ethnogenesis across the region requires multidisciplinary insights of historians, ethnographers, anthropologists, linguists, and geneticists. Goals. The work aims to substantiate the possibility of a comprehensive study of Tuvan tribal groups on the basis of the latter’s gene pools and structures. Materials and methods. The most efficient tool thereto is the Y chromosome since it is inherited — like the clan/tribal name proper — paternally, has a high variety, makes it possible to reconstruct migration waves, and may yield genetic dates. These properties of the Y chromosome make it an additional historical source within comprehensive ethnographic, historical, linguistic, anthropological, and genetic studies of ancestral groups among peoples to have retained the memory of clan/tribal structures. Results. The early 21st century has witnessed an intensive research of the Tuvan Y-chromosomal gene pool — with no sufficient data on corresponding tribal groups mentioned. The analysis of Tuvan tribal structures is complicated by a number of factors, such as the administrative/territorial system of the Qing Empire in Tuva (1757–1912), introduction of a passport system in Tuva (1945–1947) when not clan/tribal names but rather personal ones were registered as surnames, and an increase in unmarried cohabitation that violates the patrilineal system. Y-chromosomal analyses of the largest Tuvan tribal groups Mongush and Oorzhak show that the bulk of their gene pool are North Eurasian haplogroups (N*, N1a2, N3a, Q) associated with the autochthonous population of the area nowadays inhabited by Tuvans. At the same time, Central Asian haplogroups (C2, O2) make up less than a fifth (17 %) of the gene pool. A targeted analysis of the most frequent branch (C2a1a2a2a2-SK1066) of the Central Asian haplogroup C2 shows it had originated about 900 years ago in the territory of Northeast Mongolia, and thus could not have reached Tuva before the 11th–12th centuries AD. Anthropological data also attest to the late admixture of the Central Asian cluster into the Tuvans and their tribal groups. The North Eurasian haplogroups completely dominate within the gene pool of tribal groups Kol, Oyun, and Khertek, which results in that the share of Central Asian lineages drops to 3%. Conclusions. In general, the paper shows the Mongolian expansion had no essential genetic impacts on the Y-chromosomal gene pool of Tuvan tribal groups, but — in contrast — did overwhelmingly influence ethnocultural, economic, and linguistic spheres.
40
McMullen, Aoife. "A COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ORAL ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS IN CAUCASIANS AND SOUTH ASIANS." Physician 6, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): c10. http://dx.doi.org/10.38192/1.6.1.c10.
Full textAbstract:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent, and presents differently, in South Asians than Caucasians. This suggests a possible difference in the genetic disposition of South Asians for this condition. Such genetic difference could also confer a difference in the response of patients of different ethnicities to oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs)
41
Byravan, S., S. Jothimurugan, and A. Moorthy. "AB0873 Ethnicity and patient reported outcome BASDAI in the monitoring of axial spondyloarthropathy: Does it matter?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1559.1–1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4948.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) is a patient reported outcome (PRO) used in the monitoring of axial spondyloarthropathy (axSpA). It is completed by the patient and based on their assessment of disease severity and therefore quite a subjective measure of disease (1). There has been research around the relationship between ethnicity and patient perception in Rheumatology. Many studies have demonstrated that non-Caucasian patients especially South Asians are less likely to engage with patient education, abandon their disease modifying therapy early and have more mistrust with the medical establishment (2). Quite a large population study in America examining axSpA severity in Caucasians, Afro-Caribbean’s and Latinos found Afro-Caribbean and Latino patients to score themselves higher on BASDAI compared to Caucasians (3).With Leicester being such a diverse area, with a particularly high South Asian population we took this opportunity to investigate whether there were ethnic variations in disease severity.ObjectivesThe aim was to investigate whether there is a relationship between patient-reported outcome BASDAI and ethnicity. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and radiographic findings and extra-articular manifestations.MethodsData was collected by retrospective analysis of axSpA patients attending University of Leicester (UHL) axSpA services. Inclusion criteria entailed a diagnosis of axSpA with a documented BASDAI within a year of MRI spine + sacroiliac joints, prior to starting any biological treatment.Data of 149 patients was collected on demographic characteristics, extra-articular manifestations (uveitis, inflammatory back pain, enthesitis, peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease), family history, response to NSAIDs, and HLA-B27 status.Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to assess the relationship between ethnicity and collected data using Pearson’s chi squared.ResultsOf the 149 patients 68% were White Caucasian, 30% Asian and 1% Black. The average age was 43 and 66% were male and 34% female. The mean BASDAI was 6.5, there was no observable correlation between BASDAI and ethnicity (p=0.668).There was no significant relationship between ethnicity and active sacroiliitis (p=0.926), chronic sacroiliitis (p= 0.218) or axial disease (p=0.307). 64 Caucasian patients were HLA-B27 positive compared with 27 Asian and no Black patients were positive however there was no statistical correlation between ethnicity and HLA-B27 (p=0.383). Overall, Caucasians consistently had a greater incidence of extra-articular manifestations compared with non-Caucasians however no significant p values were observed here or with response to NSAIDs, family history or familial HLA-B27 and BASDAI scores, results are summarised in Table 1.Table 1.Correlation with ethnicity and extra-articular manifestations, family history and HLA-B27.Number of patientsCorrelation with ethnicityUveitis36p=0.470Peripheral arthritis24p=0.304Enthesitis22p=0.959Psoriasis7p=0.062Inflammatory bowel disease7P=0.947Dactylitis6P=0.173HLA-B27103p=0.383Inflammatory back pain139p=0.062Response to NSAIDs46p=0.718Family history of axSpA20p=0.800HLA-B27 in family10p=0.221HLA-B27= Human leukocyte antigen B27, NSAIDs= non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, axSpA= Axial Spondyloarthropathy.ConclusionThis study did not demonstrate statistically significant finding of ethnic variations in BASDAI. There was also no relationship between ethnicity and other data sets. However, the main limitation of this study is the sample size and unequal representation of ethnicities with there being far more Caucasians than non-Caucasian patients. Though this study provides an insight into quite a limited area of research, a larger study with equal ethnic patient population samples is required to obtain more meaningful results.References[1]Zochling J. Measures of symptoms and disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life Scale (ASQoL), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global Score (BAS-G), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Dougados Functional Index (DFI), and Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondylarthropathies (HAQ-S). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(11):47-58.[2]Kumar K, Klocke R. Ethnicity in rheumatic disease. Clin Med (Lond). 2010;10(4):370-372.[3]Jamalyaria F, Ward M, Assassi S, Learch T, Lee M. Gensler L et al. Ethnicity and disease severity in ankylosing spondylitis a cross-sectional analysis of three ethnic groups. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(10):2359-2364.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
42
Konorov, Evgenii A., Vyacheslav Yurchenko, Ivan Patraman, Alexander Lukashev, and Nadezhda Oyun. "The effects of genetic drift and genomic selection on differentiation and local adaptation of the introduced populations of Aedes albopictus in southern Russia." PeerJ 9 (July 21, 2021): e11776. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11776.
Full textAbstract:
Background Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an arbovirus vector that has spread from its native habitation areal in Southeast Asia throughout North and South Americas, Europe, and Africa. Ae. albopictus was first detected in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation in the subtropical town of Sochi in 2011. In subsequent years, this species has been described in the continental areas with more severe climate and lower winter temperatures. Methods Genomic analysis of pooled Ae. albopictus samples collected in the mosquito populations in the coastal and continental regions of the Krasnodar Krai was conducted to look for the genetic changes associated with the spread and potential cold adaptation in Ae. albopictus. Results The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genomes corresponded well with the hypothesis that Ae. albopictus haplotype A1a2a1 was introduced into the region from a single source. Population analysis revealed the role of dispersal and genetic drift in the local adaptation of the Asian tiger mosquito. The absence of shared haplotypes between the samples and high fixation indices suggest that gene flow between samples was heavily restricted. Mitochondrial and genomic differentiation together with different distances between dispersal routes, natural and anthropogenic barriers and local effective population size reduction could lead to difficulties in local climatic adaptations due to reduced selection effectiveness. We have found genomic regions with selective sweep patterns which can be considered as having been affected by recent selection events. The genes located in these regions participate in neural protection, lipid conservation, and cuticle formation during diapause. These processes were shown to be important for cold adaptation in the previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies. However, the population history and relatively low coverage obtained in the present article could have negatively affect sweep detection.
43
Schaefer, Hanno, Christoph Heibl, and Susanne S. Renner. "Gourds afloat: a dated phylogeny reveals an Asian origin of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) and numerous oversea dispersal events." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1658 (November 25, 2008): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1447.
Full textAbstract:
Knowing the geographical origin of economically important plants is important for genetic improvement and conservation, but has been slowed by uneven geographical sampling where relatives occur in remote areas of difficult access. Less biased species sampling can be achieved when herbarium collections are included as DNA sources. Here, we address the history of Cucurbitaceae, one of the most economically important families of plants, using a multigene phylogeny for 114 of the 115 genera and 25 per cent of the 960 species. Worldwide sampling was achieved by using specimens from 30 herbaria. Results reveal an Asian origin of Cucurbitaceae in the Late Cretaceous, followed by the repeated spread of lineages into the African, American and Australian continents via transoceanic long-distance dispersal (LDD). North American cucurbits stem from at least seven range expansions of Central and South American lineages; Madagascar was colonized 13 times, always from Africa; Australia was reached 12 times, apparently always from Southeast Asia. Overall, Cucurbitaceae underwent at least 43 successful LDD events over the past 60 Myr, which would translate into an average of seven LDDs every 10 Myr. These and similar findings from other angiosperms stress the need for an increased tapping of museum collections to achieve extensive geographical sampling in plant phylogenetics.
44
Singh, G. "Global South Asians: Introducing the Modern Diaspora." English Historical Review CXXIII, no. 501 (April 1, 2008): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cen030.
Full text
45
Makra, László, István Matyasovszky, Károly Bodnár, and Gábor Tusnády. "The origin and worldwide distribution of regweed." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2014.2.395-413.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study is to provide a survey on the history of ragweed worldwide. Its climate dependence, impacts in agriculture, health effects and social costs are also presented. In Europe common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is predominant of all Ambrosia species that is supported by population genetic data. The most important habitat areas of ragweed and the highest pollen concentrations occur, in decreasing order of the pollen levels (1) in the south-western part of the European Russia, (2) in the southern and eastern parts of Ukraine, (3) in the Pannonian Plain in Central Europe, (4) in the Rhône-Alpes region in France, furthermore (5) in the Po River valley in Italy. Besides Europe, ragweed occurs in China, India, Japan and in other Asian countries, furthermore in Australia and the Unites States of America. However, beyond the USA little information is available. Warming trends due to the climate change favours the expansion of ragweed, producing higher pollen levels worldwide. In association with the warming, increasing ambient CO2 levels generate greater biomass and increased pollen production. Hence, ragweed pollen production can be expected to increase significantly under predicted future climate conditions, bringing severe impacts to areas that have yet been suffering slightly.
46
de Jesus, Priscila Barreto, Fabio Nauer, Goia de Mattos Lyra, Valter Loureiro de Araújo, Igor Araújo Santos de Carvalho, José Marcos de Castro Nunes, Valéria Cassano, Mariana Cabral Oliveira, and Alessandra Selbach Schnadelbach. "Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta): convergent evolution and its implications in the infrageneric classification." Botanica Marina 62, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hypnea is a monophyletic genus with a complex nomenclatural and taxonomic history, and is an important commercial source of carrageenan. Phylogenies of this genus have been accessed based primarily on Asian species; however, recent studies performed in South America revealed a great diversity of species, for which phylogenetic relationships need to be evaluated. Three infrageneric sections are recognized in the genus: Pulvinatae, Spinuligerae, and Virgatae; however, morphological and molecular circumscriptions within each section lack clarity. In this study, we analyzed three distinct markers to establish phylogenetic relationships among Hypnea species. To assign each species to the correct section, morphological data were obtained from original descriptions, reference literature, and comparisons with type/topotype and herbaria specimens. Our analyses recovered robust phylogenies for the genus and provided new insights on the taxonomic status and relationships among and within Hypnea species. The combination of three genetic markers increased the resolution and support, resulting in the largest and best-resolved phylogeny of the genus to date. Single and combined analyses revealed that the three sections of the genus Hypnea are taxonomically irrelevant, as currently recognized. Morphological differences are not associated with monophyletic groups and similarities among clades could be better explained by convergent evolution in thallus habit.
47
Scott, William R., Weihua Zhang, Marie Loh, Sian-Tsung Tan, Benjamin Lehne, Uzma Afzal, Juan Peralta, et al. "Investigation of Genetic Variation Underlying Central Obesity amongst South Asians." PLOS ONE 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2016): e0155478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155478.
Full text
48
Manrique, Veronica, Rodrigo Diaz, James P. Cuda, and William A. Overholt. "Suitability of a New Plant Invader as a Target for Biological Control in Florida." Invasive Plant Science and Management 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00040.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe suitability of a target weed for classical biological control should be considered early in the process of plant invasion. Concerns have been raised about the recent arrival ofMikania micranthaKunth in south Florida and its potential to spread and invade natural and managed ecosystems. This weed is native to the neotropics, and has been introduced into many Asian countries and, more recently, into Australia. In Asia,M. micranthais particularly problematic in plantation crops, but also threatens natural areas and disturbed ecosystems. Several aspects of the biology and ecology ofM. micranthaare discussed in this review to evaluate its suitability as a target of biological control in Florida. Based on an ecological niche model, the climate in southern and central Florida is highly favorable for the invasion of this weed. Previous biological control programs provide valuable information for Florida scientists about the availability of natural enemies and potential areas for future foreign surveys. Genetic comparison of the Florida population and native range populations, in addition to climate matching, should be considered when selecting areas for foreign exploration. Finally, the authors used a scoring system and risk-benefit–cost analysis to evaluateM. micranthaas a potential target for biological control in Florida. We suggest that similar feasibility evaluations should be conducted not only for well-established problematic weeds but also for new invaders with a known history of invasiveness.
49
Sharma, Pradeep, Shefali Mishra, Garima Singroha, Rajan Selva Selva Kumar, Sanjay Kumar Singh, and Gyanendra Pratap Singh. "Phylogeographic Diversity Analysis of Bipolaris wesorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker Causing Spot Blotch Disease in Wheat and Barley." Genes 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122206.
Full textAbstract:
Bipolaris sorokiniana is a fungal pathogen that infects wheat, barley, and other crops, causing spot blotch disease. The disease is most common in humid, warm, wheat-growing regions, with South Asia’s Eastern Gangetic Plains serving as a hotspot. There is very little information known about its genetic variability, demography, and divergence period. The current work is the first to study the phylogeographic patterns of B. sorokiniana isolates obtained from various wheat and barley-growing regions throughout the world, with the goal of elucidating the demographic history and estimating divergence times. In this study, 162 ITS sequences, 18 GAPDH sequences, and 74 TEF-1αsequences from B. sorokiniana obtained from the GenBank, including 21 ITS sequences produced in this study, were used to analyse the phylogeographic pattern of distribution and evolution of B. sorokiniana infecting wheat and barley. The degrees of differentiation among B. sorokiniana sequences from eighteen countries imply the presence of a broad and geographically undifferentiated global population. The study provided forty haplotypes. The H_1 haplotype was identified to be the ancestral haplotype, followed by H_29 and H_27, with H_1 occupying a central position in the median-joining network and being shared by several populations from different continents. The phylogeographic patterns of species based on multi-gene analysis, as well as the predominance of a single haplotype, suggested that human-mediated dispersal may have played a significant role in shaping this pathogen’s population. According to divergence time analysis, haplogroups began at the Plio/Pleistocene boundary.
50
Prashad, Vijay. "From Multiculture to Polyculture in South Asian American Studies." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 8, no. 2 (September 1999): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.8.2.185.
Full textAbstract:
In 1997, Contours of the Heart: South Asians Map North America won the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation (Maira and Srikanth). This was unexpected, not because of the quality of the book, but principally because of the little attention hitherto given to those who write about the “new immigrants” of the Americas (including South Asians, Filipinos, Southeast Asians, Africans, and West Asians). Prior to 1997, scholars and writers of South Asian America had been known to skulk in the halls of even such marginal events as the Asian American Studies Association and complain about the slight presence of South Asian American panels. That complaint can now be put to rest.