Academic literature on the topic 'Genetic history of South Asians'
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Journal articles on the topic "Genetic history of South Asians"
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Wang, Wenjun, Manyu Ding, Jacob D. Gardner, Yongqiang Wang, Bo Miao, Wu Guo, Xinhua Wu, et al. "Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity." Science Advances 7, no. 14 (March 2021): eabd6690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd6690.
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Xinjiang is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years. To understand the genetic history of Xinjiang, we sequenced 237 complete ancient human mitochondrial genomes from the Bronze Age through Historical Era (41 archaeological sites). Overall, the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations show high diversity and regional genetic affinities with Steppe and northeastern Asian populations along with a deep ancient Siberian connection for the Tarim Basin Xiaohe individuals. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.
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Fadziso, Takudzwa, and Mani Manavalan. "Identical by Descent (IBD): Investigation of the Genetic Ties between Africans, Denisovans, and Neandertals." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v4i2.582.
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Interbreeding between human ancestors and other hominins has been extensively studied outside of Africa, but their shared history within Africa has received less study. However, comprehending subsequent events outside of Africa requires shining light on human evolution during this period, about which little is known. We investigate the genetic relationships of humans. By finding relatively short DNA sequences that these hominins share in the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 data, researchers were able to distinguish between African, Neandertals, and Denisovans descent by identical (IBD). It was confidently detected very short IBD segments by focusing on low frequency and uncommon variations. These segments reflect occurrences from the distant past because small IBD segments are likely older than larger ones. There have been two types of very old IBD segments found that are shared by humans, Neandertals, and/or Denisovans. Longer segments are more common in Asians and Europeans, with more segments in the South. Asians exceed East Asians in both Neandertal and Denisovan cultures. These longer portions indicate complex admixture occurring outside of the admixture events. Africa, the second category comprises shorter pieces that are largely shared among Africans and hence may depict African-related events.
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Sun, Yan V., Chang Liu, Lisa Staimez, Mohammed K. Ali, Howard Chang, Dimple Kondal, Shivani Patel, et al. "Cardiovascular disease risk and pathophysiology in South Asians: can longitudinal multi-omics shed light?" Wellcome Open Research 5 (May 20, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16336.2.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in South Asia, with rapidly increasing prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hyperlipidemia over the last two decades. Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) affects South Asians earlier in life and at lower body weights, which is not fully explained by differential burden of conventional risk factors. Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome of heterogeneous structural phenotypes including two major clinical subtypes, HF with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The prevalence of HF in South Asians is also rising with other metabolic diseases, and HFpEF develops at younger age and leaner body mass index in South Asians than in Whites. Recent genome-wide association studies, epigenome-wide association studies and metabolomic studies of ASCVD and HF have identified genes, metabolites and pathways associated with CVD traits. However, these findings were mostly driven by samples of European ancestry, which may not accurately represent the CVD risk at the molecular level, and the unique risk profile of CVD in South Asians. Such bias, while formulating hypothesis-driven research studies, risks missing important causal or predictive factors unique to South Asians. Importantly, a longitudinal design of multi-omic markers can capture the life-course risk and natural history related to CVD, and partially disentangle putative causal relationship between risk factors, multi-omic markers and subclinical and clinical ASCVD and HF. In conclusion, combining high-resolution untargeted metabolomics with epigenomics of rigorous, longitudinal design will provide comprehensive unbiased molecular characterization of subclinical and clinical CVD among South Asians. A thorough understanding of CVD-associated metabolomic profiles, together with advances in epigenomics and genomics, will lead to more accurate estimates of CVD progression and stimulate new strategies for improving cardiovascular health.
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Niu, Su-Fang, Ren-Xie Wu, Yun Zhai, Hao-Ran Zhang, Zhong-Lu Li, Zhen-Bang Liang, and Yu-Hang Chen. "Demographic history and population genetic analysis of Decapterus maruadsi from the northern South China Sea based on mitochondrial control region sequence." PeerJ 7 (October 28, 2019): e7953. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7953.
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Late Pleistocene climate oscillations are believed to have greatly influenced the distribution, population dynamics, and genetic variation of many marine organisms in the western Pacific. However, the impact of the late Pleistocene climate cycles on the demographic history and population genetics of pelagic fish in the northern South China Sea (SCS) remains largely unexplored. In this study, we explored the demographic history, genetic structure, and genetic diversity of Decapterus maruadsi, a typical pelagic fish, over most of its range in the northern SCS. A 828–832 bp fragment of mitochondrial control region were sequenced in 241 individuals from 11 locations. High haplotype diversity (0.905–0.980) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00269–0.00849) was detected, revealing low levels of genetic diversity. Demographic history analysis revealed a pattern of decline and subsequent rapid growth in the effective population size during deglaciation, which showed that D. maruadsi experienced recent demographic expansion after a period of low effective population size. Genetic diversity, genetic structure, and phylogenetic relationship analysis all demonstrated that no significant genetic differentiation existed among the populations, indicating that D. maruadsi was panmictic throughout the northern SCS. Periodic sea-level changes, fluctuation of the East Asian Monsoon, and Kuroshio variability were responsible for the population decline and expansion of D. maruadsi. The demographic history was the primary reason for the low levels of genetic diversity and the lack of significant genetic structure. The life history characteristics and ocean currents also had a strong correlation with the genetic homogeneity of D. maruadsi. However, the genetic structure of the population (genetic homogeneity) is inconsistent with biological characteristics (significant difference), which is an important reminder to identify and manage the D. maruadsi population carefully.
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M, Swathy Krishna, Gaana Rukmini SM, Nishmitha K, and Ranajit Das. "Ancestry Specific variation in neuropsychological disorders among the South Asian population." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(1).248.253.
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The enormous genetic diversity in South Asia resulting from a long and complex admixture history resulted in the emergence of variation in various traits and variations in disease susceptibility. Neuropsychological disorders are one such example that shows variation at the population level. In this study, we aimed at understanding the variation in neuropsychological disorders at the population level among South Asian populations by curating, comparing and contrasting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), known to be associated with the same. Whole-genome data comprising of 1662 South Asians, belonging to 241 distinct populations were obtained from the database of Dr. David Reich, Harvard Medical School, USA. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the Ancestral Tibeto Burman (ATB) genomes form a distinct and distinguishable cluster for the SNPs known to be associated with neuropsychological disorders. Identical By Descent (IBD) analysis showed that out of the top seven populations in terms of IBD sharing, six are from Southern India indicating that these populations may have undergone a recent selective sweep for these SNPs. Further, out of the top ten genomes, according to the number of genomes fixed for the minor alleles, seven were from Southern India. Furthermore, several indigenous populations from South India depicted high F values (>0.25) for SNPs associated with neuropsychological disorders, indicating higher susceptibility for neuropsychological disorders among these South Indian populations. Interestingly, we found that most of the SNPs, fixed for the alternative alleles, were also found to be fixed among the ancient genomes from Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), indicating that these SNPs likely got transmitted to various modern-day South Indian populations from IVC.
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Gubernick, Lindsay, Jessica Lee, Jing-Yi Chern, Deanna Gerber, Leslie R. Boyd, John Patrick Curtin, Douglas A. Levine, and Bhavana Pothuri. "Genetics in the development of endometrial cancer: How does it affect East Asians?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e13022-e13022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e13022.
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e13022 Background: Obesity and Lynch syndrome are well-known risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. However, there is a paucity of data comparing patients across multiple ethnicities. Methods: All patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer or complex atypical hyperplasia between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively identified and evaluated. Comparative statistical analyses were performed and stratified by ethnicity with appropriate two-sided statistical tests. Results: A total of 506 patients were diagnosed with endometrial cancer (n = 447) or complex atypical hyperplasia (n = 59) and of these, 31 were East Asian (EA, 6.3%). The remaining 475 patients (93.9%) were of Caucasian, black, Latino, South Asian, Southeast Asian or other unspecified ethnicity. Compared to other patients, EA were diagnosed at a younger age (median age 53 vs 62, p = 0.0003) and had lower body mass indices (BMI) (median BMI 23.0 vs 30.7, p < 0.0001). There were no differences in stage, tumor grade or histology. Differences in age and BMI remained significant despite controlling for these factors on multivariate analysis. Of the EA group, 10 of 31 patients (32.3%) underwent genetic testing and of these, three (30.0%) were found to have a germline mutation in a mismatch repair (MMR) gene. All three patients were of Chinese ancestry, and two had mutations in MLH1 and one in MSH2. In comparison, 69 (14.5%) of the remaining 475 had genetic testing, and six (8.7%) were diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. Chinese patients were more likely to have Lynch syndrome (42.9% vs 8.7%, p= 0.04). There were no differences found in family history of Lynch-related cancers between Chinese and other patients. There was no correlation between germline mutations and MMR testing on tumor immunohistochemistry. All three Chinese patients with Lynch syndrome had negative MMR tumor testing. Conclusions: EA patients with endometrial cancer are diagnosed at younger ages and with lower BMIs compared to patients of other ethnic backgrounds. Chinese patients have a high rate of germline Lynch mutations despite negative tumor MMR testing. EA, particularly Chinese patients, may represent a high-risk cohort, and referral for genetic counseling regardless of tumor MMR testing should be considered.
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Zhang, Feng, Bing Su, Ya-ping Zhang, and Li Jin. "Genetic studies of human diversity in East Asia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1482 (February 22, 2007): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2028.
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East Asia is one of the most important regions for studying evolution and genetic diversity of human populations. Recognizing the relevance of characterizing the genetic diversity and structure of East Asian populations for understanding their genetic history and designing and interpreting genetic studies of human diseases, in recent years researchers in China have made substantial efforts to collect samples and generate data especially for markers on Y chromosomes and mtDNA. The hallmark of these efforts is the discovery and confirmation of consistent distinction between northern and southern East Asian populations at genetic markers across the genome. With the confirmation of an African origin for East Asian populations and the observation of a dominating impact of the gene flow entering East Asia from the south in early human settlement, interpretation of the north–south division in this context poses the challenge to the field. Other areas of interest that have been studied include the gene flow between East Asia and its neighbouring regions (i.e. Central Asia, the Sub-continent, America and the Pacific Islands), the origin of Sino-Tibetan populations and expansion of the Chinese.
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Kutanan, Wibhu, Dang Liu, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Suparat Srithawong, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Sukrit Sangkhano, et al. "Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 8 (April 27, 2021): 3459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab124.
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Abstract Thailand and Laos, located in the center of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), harbor diverse ethnolinguistic groups encompassing all five language families of MSEA: Tai-Kadai (TK), Austroasiatic (AA), Sino-Tibetan (ST), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Austronesian (AN). Previous genetic studies of Thai/Lao populations have focused almost exclusively on uniparental markers and there is a paucity of genome-wide studies. We therefore generated genome-wide SNP data for 33 ethnolinguistic groups, belonging to the five MSEA language families from Thailand and Laos, and analyzed these together with data from modern Asian populations and SEA ancient samples. Overall, we find genetic structure according to language family, albeit with heterogeneity in the AA-, HM-, and ST-speaking groups, and in the hill tribes, that reflects both population interactions and genetic drift. For the TK speaking groups, we find localized genetic structure that is driven by different levels of interaction with other groups in the same geographic region. Several Thai groups exhibit admixture from South Asia, which we date to ∼600–1000 years ago, corresponding to a time of intensive international trade networks that had a major cultural impact on Thailand. An AN group from Southern Thailand shows both South Asian admixture as well as overall affinities with AA-speaking groups in the region, suggesting an impact of cultural diffusion. Overall, we provide the first detailed insights into the genetic profiles of Thai/Lao ethnolinguistic groups, which should be helpful for reconstructing human genetic history in MSEA and selecting populations for participation in ongoing whole genome sequence and biomedical studies.
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BACHTROG, DORIS. "The speciation history of the Drosophila nasuta complex." Genetical Research 88, no. 1 (August 2006): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672306008330.
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The Drosophila nasuta subgroup of the immigrans species group is widely distributed throughout the South-East Asian region, consisting of morphologically similar species with varying degrees of reproductive isolation. Here, I report nucleotide variability data for five X-linked and two mtDNA loci in eight taxa from the nasuta subgroup, with deeper sampling from D. albomicans and its sister species D. nasuta. Phylogenetic relationships among these species vary among different genomic regions, and levels of genetic differentiation suggest that this species group diversified only about one million years ago. D. albomicans and D. nasuta share nucleotide polymorphisms and are distinguished by relatively few fixed differences. Patterns of genetic differentiation between this species pair are compatible with a simple isolation model with no gene flow. Nucleotide variability levels of species in the nasuta group are comparable to those in members of the melanogaster and pseudoobscura species groups, indicating effective population sizes on the order of several million. Population genetic analyses reveal that summaries of the frequency distribution of neutral polymorphisms in both D. albomicans and D. nasuta generally fit the assumptions of the standard neutral model. D. albomicans is of particular interest for evolutionary studies because of its recently formed neo-sex chromosomes, and our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses suggest that it might be an ideal model to study the very early stages of Y chromosome evolution.
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Murray, Caitriona, Emilia Huerta-Sanchez, Fergal Casey, and Daniel G. Bradley. "Cattle demographic history modelled from autosomal sequence variation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1552 (August 27, 2010): 2531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0103.
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The phylogeography of cattle genetic variants has been extensively described and has informed the history of domestication. However, there remains a dearth of demographic models inferred from such data. Here, we describe sequence diversity at 37 000 bp sampled from 17 genes in cattle from Africa, Europe and India. Clearly distinct population histories are suggested between Bos indicus and Bos taurus , with the former displaying higher diversity statistics. We compare the unfolded site frequency spectra in each to those simulated using a diffusion approximation method and build a best-fitting model of past demography. This implies an earlier, possibly glaciation-induced population bottleneck in B. taurus ancestry with a later, possibly domestication-associated demographic constriction in B. indicus . Strikingly, the modelled indicine history also requires a majority secondary admixture from the South Asian aurochs, indicating a complex, more diffuse domestication process. This perhaps involved multiple domestications and/or introgression from wild oxen to domestic herds; the latter is plausible from archaeological evidence of contemporaneous wild and domestic remains across different regions of South Asia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Genetic history of South Asians"
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Moorjani, Priya. "Genetic Study of Population Mixture and Its Role in Human History." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10932.
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Mixture between populations is an evolutionary process that shapes genetic variation. Intermixing between groups of distinct ancestries creates mosaics of chromosomal segments inherited from multiple ancestral populations. Studying populations of mixed ancestry (admixed populations) is of special interest in population genetics as it not only provides insights into the history of admixed groups but also affords an opportunity to reconstruct the history of the ancestral populations, some of whom may no longer exist in unmixed form. Furthermore, it improves our understanding of the impact of population migrations and helps us discover links between genetic and phenotypic variation in structured populations. The majority of research on admixed populations has focused on African Americans and Latinos where the mixture is recent, having occurred within the past 500 years. In this dissertation, I describe several studies that I have led that expand the scope of admixed studies to West Eurasians and South Asians where the mixture is older, and data from ancestral groups is mostly unavailable. First, I introduce a novel method that studies admixture linkage disequilibrium (LD) to infer the time of mixture. I analyze genomewide data from 40 West Eurasian populations and show that all Southern European, Levantine and Jewish groups have inherited sub-Saharan African ancestry in the past 100 generations, likely reflecting events during the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations. Next, I apply a range of methods to study the history of Siddi groups that harbor African, Indian and Portuguese ancestry, and to infer the history of Roma gypsies from Europe. Finally, I develop a novel approach that combines the insights of frequency and LD-based statistics to infer the underlying model of mixture. I apply this method to 73 South Asian groups and infer that major mixture occurred ~2,000-4,000 years ago. In a subset of populations, all the mixture occurred during this period, a time of major change in India marked by the de- urbanization of the Indus valley civilization and recolonization of the Gangetic plateau. Inferences from our analyses provide novel insights into the history of these populations as well as about the broad impact of human migrations.
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Khan, Mohammed. "The genetic susceptibility of South Asians to inflammatory bowel disease." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-genetic-susceptibility-of-south-asians-to-inflammatory-bowel-disease(cbf0a01e-16ac-460b-af7a-6a100948a5d3).html.
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The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions of the intestinal tract, divided into two main subtypes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The exact pathogenesis is unclear but the current paradigm is thought to be an aberrant immune response in a genetically susceptible individual. The incidence and prevalence of IBD has traditionally been higher in North America, Europe, Australia and Israel compared to other regions of the world including China, Japan, India and Korea. More recently there is evidence of an increase in immigrant populations. Studies have also suggested that the clinical characteristics differ across ethnic groups. This has been mirrored by genetic studies that suggest different genetic susceptibilities between groups. A systematic review was performed to define the relevance of gene variants to IBD in a South Asian population. This found that few studies (n=6) have genotyped susceptibility variants in the South Asian population. The majority of these studies examined three common polymorphisms (R702W, G908R, 1007fs) in NOD2/CARD15 in Caucasians and have determined that these are absent in South Asians. The first hypothesis of this study was that clinical characteristics and mucosal distribution differed in South Asians compared with White British in the North of England. A total of 1318 individuals (314 South Asians) with a diagnosis of IBD were recruited. In the South Asian cohort 59% had a diagnosis of UC, 41% CD. In contrast the Caucasian cohort 56% had CD and 44% had UC. South Asians had twice the rate of extensive colitis compared to White British cohort (46% SA vs. 24% White British) and a younger age of diagnosis (30 years vs. 40 years). In the CD cohort South Asians were twice as likely to have colonic disease than White British (54% vs. 20%). Also they had a younger age of onset and were less likely to need surgery for CD.The second hypothesis was that common variants in the same genes described in Caucasian IBD were relevant in South Asians. 13 known SNPs from GWA Studies robustly associated with IBD in Caucasian cohorts were sequenced in South Asians IBD cohort (n=255) and unrelated ethnically matched controls (n=275) to determine if they were relevant to IBD in South Asians. These were genotyped by Sequenom MassArray and no significant associations were discovered. The final hypothesis was that rare highly penetrant variants underlie a group of IBD in consanguineous families in South Asian IBD. A consanguineous family in which the proband had inflammatory colitis diagnosed at 18 months of age was recruited. No disease causing mutations were present in IL10RA, IL10RB and ADAM17. DNA from other family members was used to perform autozygosity mapping of the proband and family. Exome sequence analysis identified 6099 variants in autozygous regions. Further analysis focused on three novel variants. One variant (PPP1R3G) was considered a likely candidate and Sanger sequencing was performed which confirmed it was homozygous in the proband, but it did not segregate in the family and so unlikely to underlie IBD in this individual. In summary this thesis has shown that few genetic studies have been done in South Asian IBD. Also there are significant differences in the clinical characteristics and mucosal distribution between groups and that 13 SNPs associated with IBD in Caucasians were not replicated in the South Asian IBD cohort. Finally autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing has not been successful in identifying a rare novel variant responsible for IBD in the consanguineous family but work is continuing.
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Warusawithana, Kulatilake Samanti Dineshkumari. "Cranial diversity and the evolutionary history of South Asians." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406922.
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Naqvi, Habib. "Coronary heart disease : Lay representations of genetics, genetic testing and the decision to pursue predictive genetic testing amongst South Asians." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522563.
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Abbas, Tahir. "How South Asians achieve education : a comparative study of Bangladeshis, Indians and Pakistanis in Birmingham schools and colleges." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1130/.
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The educational achievements of South Asians have been shaped by economic, social and political developments in the post war history of British race relations. Social class background of individual students and the school effect have been shown to be the major determinants of achievement but the precise characteristics of differences at the ethnic minority sub-group level have remained uncharted. In addition, past research has primarily relied on large-scale quantitative methods to develop comparative knowledge of South Asian educational performance. This research is an attempt to understand wider variations of difference in the educational achievement of South Asians. The research is unique as it explores differences between Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani groups, additionally distinguished along lines of social class, ethnicity and gender. Six schools, three of which were selective and three comprehensive, and three further education colleges, were used to obtain samples of South Asian pupils and students. The methods used in this study were principally qualitative. Face-to-face in-depth interviews with school pupils, parents and teachers accounted for the main part of the empirical research, which was also supplemented by a survey of college students and a survey of teachers. The research explored the achievements, aspirations and motivations of pupils, students and parents to analyse educational life histories, interpreting and evaluating differences between South Asian groups by social class, ethnicity and gender, as well as religion and culture. Teachers were interviewed and surveyed in order to determine their perceptions of and actions in relation to South Asians in education. Altogether, 137 respondents (89 school pupils, 25 parents and 23 teachers) were interviewed by the researcher and 176 respondents (109 college students and 67 teachers) participated in the two postal surveys (313 altogether). Questions asked were about secondary school entry, 13-plus subject choices, GCSE and A level achievements, and potential higher education entry. It was found that all South Asians that entered `effective' schools performed competently. Furthermore, the factors which led to the positive educational outcomes for Indian (Hindu and Sikh) groups were oppositional to those which led to the educational underachievement of South Asian Muslim groups and, here, rather more Pakistanis than Bangladeshis. The educational success of Indian groups was attributable to educational norms and values relative to social class. The educational experiences of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis were problematic, largely because of factors in their lives outside of school: such as the limited education and occupational levels of parents, parents' inadequate understanding of the education, and insufficient use of English within the home. Teachers interviewed from the sampled schools and colleges were inclined to advocate positive approaches for managing issues relating to South Asians in education. In conclusion, therefore, it is argued that the educational achievements of South Asians in schools and colleges in Birmingham are closely related to social class background and the school effect. Factors associated with religion and culture are more likely to affect South Asian Muslims. The increasingly competitive nature of the education system has led to a divergence between South Asian groups: with Hindu and Sikh Indians (including some East African Asians) firmly established as educational `successes' and Pakistani and Bangladeshi South Asian Muslims, in contrast, routinely considered as educational `failures'.
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Maduna, Simo Njabulo. "Genetic diversity and population genetic structure in the South African commercially important shark species, the common smoothhound (Mustelus mustelus)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95783.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Deciphering patterns of intraspecies population genetic structuring in commercially important shark species is essential for an integrated fisheries management approach to conservation of regional biodiversity. The common smoothhound shark, Mustelus mustelus, is an overexploited, commercially and recreationally important shark species in South Africa. Considering the vulnerable status of the common smoothhound shark and due to very limited available genetic information, this study aimed to develop molecular markers, assess patterns of genetic diversity and population connectivity along the South African coast using multilocus data generated from 12 microsatellite markers and the mitochondrial gene, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4). The cross-species amplification of microsatellites proved useful for genetic diversity and population genetic analysis of the common smoothhound shark. These microsatellites could aid in the molecular characterisation of other endemic and cosmopolitan species and provide valuable tools for the conservation of potentially threatened or exploited shark species. For the microsatellite data, moderate levels of genetic diversity based on the heterozygosity, allelic richness and haplotype diversity were found in a total of 144 individuals sampled across eight study populations. Estimates for pairwise population differentiation, F-statistics, AMOVA and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) indicated significant genetic structure within and between west- and east coast populations. Additionally, Bayesian clustering analyses detected two putative ancestral gene pools, supporting the presence of a biogeographic barrier at the Cape Agulhas region and therefore genetic discontinuity between the Indian and Atlantic Ocean samples. On the contrary, mitochondrial data indicated that common smoothhound shark is genetically homogenous with substantial interoceanic gene flow. Such conflicting signals found between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mitonuclear discordance) can be attributed to a number of factors and could simply be due to the inherent differences in marker properties or an indication of sex biased dispersal. Despite an indication of an expanding common smoothhound shark population based on both marker types, a contemporary genetic bottleneck may have gone undetected as genetic divergence was very low in some of the study populations. Nonetheless, contemporary restriction to gene flow and historical demographics such as range expansion are proposed as the most likely forces explaining genetic structure in present-day common smoothhound sharks in South Africa. For future sustainable exploitation of common smoothhound shark, the possible existence of two genetically differentiated populations and observed asymmetric gene flow along the South African coast should be taken into consideration. It is also recommended that in the future further evaluations of finescale genetic structure and seasonal migration patterns in this commercially important species are conducted in order to allow integration of this knowledge into existing fisheries management practices.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontsyfering van patrone van intraspesie populasie genetiese struktuur in kommersieel belangrike haai spesies is noodsaaklik vir 'n geïntegreerde bestuursbenadering tot visserue en bewaring van plaaslike biodiversiteit. Die hondhaai, Mustelus mustelus, is 'n oorbenutte, kommersiële en sporthengelary belangrike haai spesie in Suid-Afrika. Met inagneming van die kwesbare status van die hondhaai en as gevolg van baie beperkte beskikbare genetiese inligting, het hierdie studie gepoog om molekulêre merkers te ontwikkel, asook om die patrone van genetiese diversiteit en populasie struktuur te ondersoek langs die Suid- Afrikaanse kus deur middel van multilokus data gegenereer uit 12 mikrosatelliet merkers en die mitokondriale geen, NADH dehidrogenase subeenheid 4 (ND4). Die kruis-spesie amplifisering van mikrosatelliete was nuttig vir genetiese diversiteit en populasie genetiese analise van die hondhaai. Hierdie mikrosatelliete kan moontlik help met die molekulêre karakterisering in ander inheemse en kosmopolitaanse spesies en kan as waardevolle hulpmiddels dien in die bewaring van potensieel bedreigde en oorbenutte haai spesies. Vir die mikrosatelliet data is matige vlakke van genetiese diversiteit gevind gebaseer op heterosigositeit, alleliese rykheid en haplotipe diversiteit gevind in 'n totaal van 144 individue getoets oor agt studie populasies. Skattings vir paarsgewyse populasie differensiasie, Fstatistieke, AMOVA en faktoriale ooreenstemming analise het betekenisvolle genetiese struktuur aangedui binne en tussen wes- en ooskus populasies. Daarbenewens, het Bayesian groepering analise twee potensiele voorvaderlike geenpoele waargeneem, ter ondersteuning van die teenwoordigheid van 'n biogeografiese versperring by die Cape Agulhas gebied en dus genetiese diskontinuïteit tussen die Indiese en Atlantiese Oseaan monsters. In teenstelling het die mitokondriale data aangedui dat hierdie haai spesie geneties homogeen is met aansienlike interoseaniese geenvloei. Sulke teenstrydige tekens tussen kern en mitokondriale DNS (mitokern onenigheid) kan toegeskryf word aan 'n aantal faktore en kan eenvoudig wees as gevolg van die inherente verskille in merker eienskappe of 'n aanduiding van geslags sydigeverspreiding. Ten spyte van 'n aanduiding van 'n groeiende hondhaai populasie gebaseer op beide merker tipes, kon 'n hedendaagse genetiese bottelnek onopgemerk gegaan het aangesien genetiese divergensie baie laag was in sommige van die studie populasies. Nietemin, hedendaagse restriksie van geenvloei en historiese demografie soos verbreding van reeks voorkoming word voorgestel as die mees waarskynlike dryfkragte wat genetiese struktuur in die hedendaagse hondhaaie in Suid-Afrika verduidelik. Vir toekomstige volhoubare benutting van die spesie, moet die moontlike bestaan van twee geneties verskillende populasies en waargenome asimmetriese geenvloei langs die Suid-Afrikaanse kus in ag geneem word. Vir die toekoms word dit ook aanbeveel dat verdere evaluerings van fyn-skaal genetiese struktuur en seisoenale migrasie patrone in hierdie kommersiël belangrike spesie uitgevoer word om die integrasie van hierdie kennis in die bestaande bestuur van visserye praktyke toe te laat.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Van, der Merwe Aletta Elizabeth. "Population genetic structure and demographical history of South African abalone, Haliotis midae, in a conservation context." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3974.
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Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African abalone, Haliotis midae, has been the subject of major concern regarding its survival and conservation over the last decade or more. Being the only one of five endemic species with commercial value, there is considerable interest and urgency in genetic management and improvement of this species. Limited genetic information and the increasing conservation concern of this species are considered the key motivations for generating information on the micro- and macro-evolutionary processes of H. midae, the overall objective of this study. This study reported the first microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers developed specifically for Haliotis midae. Both these marker types were applied to elucidate the degree of gene flow in nine natural abalone populations whilst testing for two contrasting hypotheses; panmixia versus restricted gene flow. Data was analysed using a series of methodological approaches ranging from traditional summary statistics to more advanced MCMC based Bayesian clustering methods with and without including spatial information. Using only microsatellite data, the historical demography of the species was also examined in terms of effective population size and population size fluctuations. Finally, the evolutionary positioning and origin of Haliotis midae with regards to other Haliotis species was investigated based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Both microsatellite and SNP data gave evidence for subtle differentiation between West and East coast populations that correlates with a hydrogeographic barrier in the vicinity of Cape Agulhas. Population substructure was supported by AMOVA, FCA and Bayesian clustering analysis. Clustering utilizing spatial information further indicated clinal variation on both sides of the proposed barrier with a region in the middle coinciding with a secondary contact zone, indicating possible historical isolation during glacial periods. Overall, the similar degree of substructure observed with both microsatellites and SNPs supported the existence of contemporary and/or historical factors with genome-wide effect on gene flow. The population expansion measured with the microsatellites was inconsistent with the known recent decline but taking the species’ life cycle and large effective population size into account, a shrinkage in population size will probably only be apparent in a few generations time. On a macro-evolutionary scale, this study presents the first classification of South African abalone as a monophyletic group within the Haliotidae family. The topology based on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear dataset is highly suggestive of a relatively recent radiation of the SA species from the Indo-Pacific basin. The study concludes by describing the most likely factors that could have affected overall population structure and makes suggestions on how the given genetic information should be incorporated into strategies aimed towards the effective management and conservation of Haliotis midae.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen, Haliotis midae, is oor die laaste dekade of meer die onderwerp van groot bekommernis betreffende die spesie se oorlewing en bewaring. Aangesien dit die enigste van vyf endemiese SA spesies is met kommersiёle waarde, is daar besonderse belang en erns in die genetiese beheer en verbetering van die spesie. Beperkte genetiese inligting en ‘n toenemende behoefte om die spesie te bewaar is die hoof motivering agter die generering van informasie rakende mikro- en makro-evolusionêre prosesse in Haliotis midae en is die oorhoofse doel van hierdie studie. Hierdie studie beskryf die eerste mikrosatelliete en enkel basispaar polimorfismes wat ontwikkel is spesifiek vir Haliotis midae. Beide tipe merkers is aangewend om die mate van gene vloei in nege wilde perlemoen populasies te ondersoek terwyl twee hipoteses ondersoek is; panmiksie versus beperkte gene vloei. Data is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van ‘n reeks metodieke benaderings wat wissel van tradisionele opsommings statistieke tot meer gevorderde MCMC gebasseerde groeperings metodes met of sonder die gebruik van geografiese data. Mikrosatelliet data is ook aangewend om die historiese demografie van die spesie te bepaal in terme van effektiewe populasie grootte asook veranderinge in populasie groottes. Laastens is die evolusionêre posisionering en oorsprong van Haliotis midae teenoor ander Haliotis spesies ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van mitokondriale en nukleêre DNA volgorde data. Beide mikrosatelliet en enkel basispaar polimorfisme data lewer bewys van ‘n subtiele genetiese verskil tussen wes en ooskus populasies wat verband hou met ‘n hidrografiese skeiding in die omgewing van Kaap Agulhas. Populasie struktuur is ondersteun deur die analise van molekulêre variansie (AMOVA), faktoriale komponente analise asook Bayesiese groeperings analise. Groeperings analise wat geografiese informasie insluit dui klinale genetiese variasie aan beide kante van die skeiding aan met ‘n area in die middel wat ooreenstem met ‘n sekondêre kontak gebied. In totaal, ondersteun die soortgelyke mate van struktuur verkry met beide die mikrosatelliete en enkel basispaar polimorfismes die bestaan van hedendaagse en/of historiese faktore met genoom wye invloed op gene vloei. Die toename in populasie grootte vasgestel deur die mikrosatelliet data stem nie ooreen met die onlangse afname waargeneem in die spesie nie, maar met inagneming van Haliotis midae se lewenssiklus en groot effektiewe populasie grootte, sal die afname in populasie grootte moontlik eers oor ‘n paar generasies na vore kom. Op ‘n makro-evolusionêre skaal lewer hierdie studie die eerste klassifikasie van Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen as ‘n monofiletiese groep binne die Haliotidae familie. Die topologie gebaseer op ‘n gesamentlike mitkondriale en nukleêre datastel is hoogs aanduidend van ‘n relatiewe onlangse verspreiding van die Suid-Afrikaanse spesies uit die Stille-Indiese Oseaan. Die studie sluit af deur die mees algemene faktore te bespreek wat populasie struktuur kon beïnvloed het en maak voorstelle op watter wyse hierdie genetiese inligting aangewend kan word vir die effekiewe beheer en bewaring van Haliotis midae.
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Yang, Yao Daniele <1983>. "Genetic characterization, population history and evolutionary medicine perspective in two native south american populations: Yanesha and Wichi." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3854/.
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Two Amerindian populations from the Peruvian Amazon (Yanesha) and from rural lowlands of the Argentinean Gran Chaco (Wichi) were analyzed. They represent two case study of the South American genetic variability. The Yanesha represent a model of population isolated for long-time in the Amazon rainforest, characterized by environmental and altitudinal stratifications. The Wichi represent a model of population living in an area recently colonized by European populations (the Criollos are the population of the admixed descendents), whose aim is to depict the native ancestral gene pool and the degree of admixture, in relation to the very high prevalence of Chagas disease.
The methods used for the genotyping are common, concerning the Y chromosome markers (male lineage) and the mitochondrial markers (maternal lineage). The determination of the phylogeographic diagnostic polymorphisms was carried out by the classical techniques of PCR, restriction enzymes, sequencing and specific mini-sequencing. New method for the detection of the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi was developed by means of the nested PCR.
The main results show patterns of genetic stratification in Yanesha forest communities, referable to different migrations at different times, estimated by Bayesian analyses. In particular Yanesha were considered as a population of transition between the Amazon basin and the Andean Cordillera, evaluating the potential migration routes and the separation of clusters of community in relation to different genetic bio-ancestry.
As the Wichi, the gene pool analyzed appears clearly differentiated by the admixed sympatric Criollos, due to strict social practices (deeply analyzed with the support of cultural anthropological tools) that have preserved the native identity at a diachronic level. A pattern of distribution of the seropositivity in relation to the different phylogenetic lineages (the adaptation in evolutionary terms) does not appear, neither Amerindian nor European, but in relation to environmental and living conditions of the two distinct subpopulations.
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White, Daniel James. "Evolutionary history of a South American population isolate and the genetic basis of a complex neuropsychiatric trait." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445981/.
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Much has been learnt about the genetics of Homo sapiens over the last 130 years including gene structure and number, genome size, and levels of genetic diversity. Many things remain less well understood, however, not least the genetic basis of common, complex traits and disorders. Consideration of functionally important but non-coding regions may improve understanding. I assessed naturally occurring, genetic variation in the promoters of four serotinergic genes and revealed (75%) to be polymorphic, two-thirds of which (50% overall) had functional variant haplotypes. These promoter-based polymorphisms are good functional candidate loci for psychiatric trait mapping studies. The variation within our genomes is organised by historic evolutionary and demographic events. Populations with unique demographic histories may be important in complex trait gene mapping, and the Antioquia isolate (North-West Colombia) is an example of such a population. Using population genetic analyses I have shown high autosomal diversity in Antioquia structure analysis showed relatedness to be strong with Spain and modest with African and Native American populations, likely reflective of its historic admixture. LD was not pronounced in Antioquia, potentially an artefact of marker selection. However, Antioquia may have an important role in admixture mapping. Mapping multifactorial psychiatric traits and disorders is particularly challenging for geneticists. To investigate the genetics of BPI, I performed a family-based association analysis of the SLC6A4 gene in the Antioquia and CVCR populations using 10 SNPs, 3 STRs and 1 VNTR spanning approximately 300kb, including an assessment of LD structure. Moderate over-transmission in BPI cases was observed for a haplotype consisting of the functional VNTR (the LPR) long allele and an adjacent STR (Antioquia TDT %2= 6.00, p=0.014 CVCR HHRR x2=5.012, p=0.025 both TDT %2= 8.00, p=0.005). Characterising genetic variation at the population level is important to improve population-based genetic association studies of complex traits, and the inclusion of regulatory variation is supported.
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Gopal, Keshni. "Genetic population structure of spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae in the south-western Indian Ocean, and the evolutionary history of Palinurus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21777.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the evolution of the genus Palinurus at the higher and lower taxonomic levels. The population genetics of the spiny lobster, Palinurus delagoae, was investigated by making use of a portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (547 base pairs) that was sequenced for 285 lobsters from the southeastern coast of Africa (six sites) and 49 lobsters from Walters Shoals (one site), a submerged seamount on the Madagascar Ridge. Lobsters from these two areas shared no haplotypes and differed by at least 27 mutational steps. An analysis of molecular variance showed significant genetic partitioning, and pairwise comparisons suggested that lobsters from Walters Shoals are distinct from those of other sampling areas. Along the south east African coastline there was shallow genetic partitioning between four southern sites (South Africa) and two northern (Mozambique) sites, suggesting two Management Units along the African coast. Female gene flow along the African coast may be propagated by larval dispersal in the Mozambique and Agulhas Currents and counter-current migrations by benthic juveniles along the shelf, but the mtDNA data strongly suggest that larvae at Walters Shoals have been, or are currently still retained by other oceanographic processes. The magnitude of mtDNA divergence among lobsters from the southeastern coast of Africa and those at Walters Shoals, together with the absence of any shared haplotypes between these regions, strongly suggested that these two taxa represent distinct species. The molecular data of the large subunit ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA (481 bp), and cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI (520 bp) were then used for a higher level phylogenetic analysis of the genus. A total of 33 individuals (five representatives from each of the six species), and two outgroups (Projasus parkeri and Palinustus unicornutus), were subjected to maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses. All analyses were conducted on both the separate data sets as well as a combination of the two genes. Bootstrap analyses of the 16S rRNA data resulted in >70% support for the monophyly of all six Palinurus species but no support could be obtained for any of the interspecific associations. Likewise, individual analyses of the COI gene resulted in strong support for the monophyly of the species. The combined data (parsimony analyses) increased the resolution considerably and apart from the monophyly of all six species, good bootstrap support was also obtained for associations among species. The topology for the maximum likelihood analyses displayed a more resolved and well supported tree when the basal ingroup taxon P. elephas was used to root the tree. The combined Bayesian analyses did not result in a well resolved topology and no significant posterior probabilities could be obtained reflecting the associations among species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die evolusie van die genus Palinurus by hoë en laer taksonomiese vlakke ondersoek. Die bevolkingsgenetika studie op die kreef, Palinurus delagoae, is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van 'n gedeelte van die mitokondriale (mtDNA) kontrole-area (547 basispare) waarvan die volgorde bepaal is vir 285 krewe van die suidoos-kus van Afrika (afkomstig van ses verskillende gebiede) en 49 krewe afkomstig van Walters Shoals (een gebied), 'n ondersese berg op die Madagaskar Rand. Krewe van hierdie twee areas deel geen haplotipes nie en verskil met ten minste 27 mutasiestappe. 'n Analise van die molekulêre variansie toon dat daar 'n beduidende genetiese verdeling tussen die twee groepe is en 'n gepaarde vergelyking toon dat krewe afkomstig van Walters Shoals verskil beduidend van krewe uit ander gebiede. Volgens die vlak genetiese verdeling tussen die vier suidelike (Suid-Afrika) en twee noordelike (Mosambiek) gebiede van die suidoos-kus van Afrika wil dit voorkom of daar twee bestuurseenhede langs die kuslyn van Afrika is. Vroulike geenvloei langs hierdie kuslyn kan dalk bevarder word deur larwale verspreiding in die Mosambiek- en Agulhas- Seestrome en teenstroom migrasie van jong bodemwonende krefies op die kontinentale plaat. Die mtDNA data stel egter voor dat kreeflarwes by Walters Shoals deur ander oseanografiese prosesse steeds (of tot onlangs toe) behou word. Die grootte van mtDNA divergering tussen krewe van die suidoos-kus van Afrika en die by Walters Shoals, sowel as die afwesigheid van enige gemeenskaplike haplotipes tussen die twee gebiede, toon met beduidende sekerheid aan dat hierdie twee taksa twee unieke spesies verteenwoordig. Die molekulêre data van die 16S-rRNA (481bp) van die groot ribosomale-subeenheid en die sitochroom oksidase subeenheid, COI (520bp) is gebruik om 'n hoër resolusie filogenetiese analise van die genus te bepaal. Data van 33 individue (vyf individue uit elk van die ses spesies) en twee buitegroepe (Projasnus parkeri en Palinustus uniconutus) is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van die maksimum-parsimonie, die maksimum-waarskynlikheid en die Bayes-inferensie metodes. Alle analises is uitgevoer op beide die afsonderlike datastelle sowel as op die gekombineerde data van die twee gene. Analise van die 16S-rRNA data deur die skoenlusmetode (steekproefhersteekproef- metode) toon meer as 70% steun vir die monofilie van al ses Palinurus spesies maar dit toon geen steun vir enige van die interspesifieke assosiasies nie. Net so toon individuele analise van die COI geen beduidende steun vir die monofilie van die spesies. Die gekombineerde data (parsimonie) het 'n aansienlike verhoging in die resolusie teweeg gebring en behalwe vir die monofilie van al ses die spesies was daar ook goeie steun deur die skoenlusmetode vir die assosiasie tussen spesies verkry. Die topologie vir die maksimum-parsimonie het 'n goed gesteunde en hoër resolusie boom vir die gekombineerde datastel (sonder die buitegroepe) getoon. Die gekombineerde Bayesanalise het nie 'n soortgelyke boom opgelewer nie en die assosiasie tussen die spesies is nie ondersteun nie aangesien geen beduidende a posteriori-waarskynlikheid verkry kon word nie.
Books on the topic "Genetic history of South Asians"
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The genesis of South Asian nuclear deterrence: Pakistan's perspective. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Salik, Naeem. The genesis of South Asian nuclear deterrence: Pakistan's perspective. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Salik, Naeem. The genesis of South Asian nuclear deterrence: Pakistan's perspective. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Aspiring to home: South Asians in America. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2012.
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1962-, Bahri Deepika, and Vasudeva Mary 1966-, eds. Between the lines: South Asians and postcoloniality. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996.
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Marie, Indra Doreen, and Srivastiva Ram, eds. Continuous journey: A social history of South Asians in Canada. Toronto, Ont: McClelland and Stewart in association with the Multiculturalism Directorate, Dept. of the Secretary of State and the Canadian Govt. Pub. Centre, Supply and Services, Canada, 1985.
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Niẓāmī, Muḥammad Yaʻqūb. Pākistān se Inglistān tak: Bart̤āniyah men̲ ābād Eshiyāʾī tārikīn-i vat̤an kī tārīk̲h̲ 1700 se 1995. Gujrānwālah: Ismāʻīl ainḍ Sans, 1995.
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1969-, Lahiri Shompa, and Thandi Shinder S, eds. A South-Asian history of Britain. Westport, Conn: Greenwood World Pub., 2007.
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South Asians in East Africa: An economic and social history, 1890-1980. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
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Parameswaran, Uma. Saclit: An introduction to South-Asian Canadian literature. Madras: EastWest Books, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Genetic history of South Asians"
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Cleary, Maureen, and Anupam Chakrapani. "Inherited Metabolic Diseases among South Asians in the United Kingdom." In Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent, 181–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2231-9_10.
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Stolte, Carolien. "South Asia and South Asians in the worldwide web of anti-colonial solidarity." In Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia, 463–73. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429431012-43.
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Myers, Kevin. "Cultures of History: The New Left, South Asians, and Historical Memory in Post-War England." In History, Memory and Migration, 33–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137010230_2.
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Akoka, Karen, Olivier Clochard, Iris Polyzou, and Camille Schmoll. "What’s in a Street? Exploring Suspended Cosmopolitanism in Trikoupi, Nicosia." In IMISCOE Research Series, 101–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67365-9_8.
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AbstractSituated at the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Cyprus has always been a bridge as well as a border between the Middle East and Europe. It has also been an important place of both emigration and immigration. The situation in Nicosia, the capital city, is marked by decline following the 1974 conflict and partition. At the same time, however, the city has become an important settling place for international migrants, whose presence has grown during the last 20 years. Today Nicosia’s situation lies between a typical south European city (in which migrants find room in the interstices) and a post-war city. Following the growing effort within migration studies to use the street as a laboratory of diversity and cosmopolitanism (Susan Hall), this paper focuses on a single street. Formerly an important business street, Trikoupi Street is now well known as one of the most cosmopolitan streets in Nicosia, in which south Asians, Arabs, Sub-Saharan Africans as well as Eastern Europeans converge. These different populations correspond to different migratory waves as well as different modes of incorporation into local society. In this chapter, we aim to see how the street level may help us to reflect upon important topics in Cyprus such as contested citizenship, urban change, local/global connections, as well as new forms of cohabitation and patterns of subaltern cosmopolitanism. We also aim to reflect upon the multiple temporalities of the neighborhood, in order to show how the history of the street (and the history of the neighborhood) impacts on current ways of life in Trikoupi. We define the current situation as “suspended cosmopolitanism.”
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"South Asians Overseas, 1830-1994." In An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History, 144–45. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315706429-69.
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"Studies in the History of Religions Numen Book Series." In South Asians in the Diaspora, 514–16. BRILL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401407_027.
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Roberts, Patrick. "Into the Woods Early Homo sapiens and Tropical Forest Colonization." In Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.003.0008.
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Popular philosophical associations of tropical forests, and forests in general, with an inherent ancestral state, away from the stresses, pollution, and technosphere of modern life, are nicely summarized by Murakami’s quote above (2002). Given the probable origins of the hominin clade in tropical forests, this quote is also apt from an evolutionary standpoint. Yet, somewhat surprisingly, tropical forests have frequently been considered impenetrable barriers to the global migration of Homo sapiens (Gamble, 1993; Finlayson, 2014). As was the case with the focus on ‘savannastan’ in facilitating the Early Pleistocene expansion of Homo erectus discussed in Chapter 3 (Dennell and Roebroeks, 2005), the movement of H. sapiens into tropical regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia has tended to be linked to Late Pleistocene periods when forests contracted and grasslands expanded (Bird et al., 2005; Boivin et al., 2013). Alternative narratives have focused on the importance of coastal adaptations as providing a rich source of protein and driving cultural and technological complexity, as well as mobility, in human populations during the Middle and Late Pleistocene (Mellars, 2006; Marean, 2016). The evidence of early art and symbolism at coastal cave sites such as Blombos in South Africa (Henshilwood et al., 2002, 2011; Vanhaeren et al., 2013) and Taforalt in North Africa (Bouzouggar et al., 2007) is often used to emphasize the role of marine habitats in the earliest cultural emergence of our species. Indeed, for the last decade, the pursuit of rich marine resources (Mellars, 2005, 2006) has been a popular explanation for the supposed rapidity of the ‘southern dispersal route’, whereby humans left Africa 60 ka, based on genetic information (e.g., Macaulay et al., 2005), to reach the Pleistocene landmass that connected Australia and New Guinea (Sahul) by c. 65 ka (Clarkson et al., 2017). In both of these cases, the coast or expanses of grassland have been seen as homogeneous corridors, facilitating rapid expansion without novel adaptation.
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Bhopal, Raj S. "Genetic explanations 2: adaptations in body size, shape, and composition." In Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes, 58–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833246.003.0003.
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Central body fat has been shown to be metabolically harmful while peripheral fat is neutral or even beneficial. The adipose tissue (compartment) overflow and the variable disease selection hypotheses aim to explain why South Asians tend to central adiposity. The former proposes it results from a small superficial subcutaneous fat compartment especially in the lower limbs, so excess energy is deposited as fat in central compartments. The evolutionary forces for this are presumed to be climatic. The latter proposes central fat deposits in South Asians are an evolutionary adaptation to combat gastrointestinal infections. South Asians’ also have small muscle mass, and small hips, for which there are no well-defined hypotheses. The small size at birth of South Asians may be relevant to all these observations. These differences in fat distribution, muscle and skeletal structure could explain a tendency to central (apple-shaped) obesity than generalized or peripheral obesity (pear-shaped).
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Hundle, Anneeth Kaur. "African Asians and South Asians in neoliberal Uganda: culture, history and political economy." In Uganda. Zed Books Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350223721.ch-015.
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Nguyet Erni, John, and Lisa Yuk-ming Leung. "A Cultural History of South Asians in Hong Kong." In Understanding South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong, 17–50. Hong Kong University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888208340.003.0002.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Genetic history of South Asians"
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Bhat, Raj Nath. "Language, Culture and History: Towards Building a Khmer Narrative." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-2.
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Genetic and geological studies reveal that following the melting of snows 22,000 years ago, the post Ice-age Sundaland peoples’ migrations as well as other peoples’ migrations spread the ancestors of the two distinct ethnic groups Austronesian and Austroasiatic to various East and South–East Asian countries. Some of the Austroasiatic groups must have migrated to Northeast India at a later date, and whose descendants are today’s Munda-speaking people of Northeast, East and Southcentral India. Language is the store-house of one’s ancestral knowledge, the community’s history, its skills, customs, rituals and rites, attire and cuisine, sports and games, pleasantries and sorrows, terrain and geography, climate and seasons, family and neighbourhoods, greetings and address-forms and so on. Language loss leads to loss of social identity and cultural knowledge, loss of ecological knowledge, and much more. Linguistic hegemony marginalizes and subdues the mother-tongues of the peripheral groups of a society, thereby the community’s narratives, histories, skills etc. are erased from their memories, and fabricated narratives are created to replace them. Each social-group has its own norms of extending respect to a hearer, and a stranger. Similarly there are social rules of expressing grief, condoling, consoling, mourning and so on. The emergence of nation-states after the 2nd World War has made it imperative for every social group to build an authentic, indigenous narrative with intellectual rigour to sustain itself politically and ideologically and progress forward peacefully. The present essay will attempt to introduce variants of linguistic-anthropology practiced in the West, and their genesis and importance for the Asian speech communities. An attempt shall be made to outline a Khymer narrative with inputs from Khymer History, Art and Architecture, Agriculture and Language, for the scholars to take into account, for putting Cambodia on the path to peace, progress and development.
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Novozhenov, Viktor. "“Genetic revolution” in light of topical problems of the history of Northern Eurasia in the Paleometal Epoch." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-35-9-12-15.
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Guskov, V. Yu. "HISTORY OF RANGE FORMATION AND REASONS FOR INCREASING GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BROWN BEAR POPULATION ON THE SOUTH OF RUSSIAN FAR EAST." In Современные проблемы регионального развития. ИКАРП ДВО РАН – ФГБОУ ВО «ПГУ им. Шолом-Алейхема», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/978-5-904121-22-8-2018-160-163.
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