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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic engineering Environmental aspects Australia'
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1
Kurtboke, Ipek, and Ian Mcreadie. "Biodiscovery and industrial applications of microbial resources." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 2 (2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10051.
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This issue of Microbiology Australia focuses on an aspect of microbiology increasingly becoming important to us microbiologists ? the applied and industrial microbiology. The majority of microbiologists in the global context are in the business of dealing with the challenges that microorganisms bring to society involving processes and products that are of major economic, environmental and social importance. These include production of valuable microbial products via fermentation processes such as fermented foods, beverages and dairy products as well as direct application of microorganisms or their products in environmental and biotechnological operations. In addition, over the past 20 years, many traditional and established industrial fermentation processes have advanced through the contribution of genetic engineering, which has facilitated the development of many novel processes and products.
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Gertig, Dorota M., Ashley Fletcher, and John L. Hopper. "Public health aspects of genetic screening for hereditary haemochromatosis in Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26, no. 6 (December 2002): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00360.x.
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Dobson, Andrew. "Genetic Engineering and Environmental Ethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 2 (1997): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007817.
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When God gave humankind dominion over the earth he may not have known exactly what we would be able to do with it. The technical capacities to which the production and reproduction of our everyday life have given rise have grown at an astonishing and, it seems, ever-increasing rate. The instruments that we use to do work on the world have become sharper and more refined, and the implications of human interventions in the nonhuman environment are much more far-reaching than could have been imagined even forty years ago. It has become something of a cliche to say that our technical abilities have outstripped the wisdom to know when, where, and how we should appropriately use them, but techniques such as genetic engineering invite the dusting-off of the cliche and the asking of the question implicit in it: We know we can splice genes, but should we splice them? We might of course come to the conclusion that we should only splice some of them some of the time, but even arriving at that conclusion presupposes that the ethical question has been asked and answered.
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Clancy, K. G., and D. J. Carroll. "Key Issues in Planning Submarine Outfalls for Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0151.
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This paper describes three large tunnelled submarine ocean outfalls, planned to safely discharge primary effluent from about two-thirds of the regional population of Sydney, Australia into deep ocean water. Environmental and investigation aspects are dealt with briefly. Interesting aspects of design and construction planning are described. The design includes the handling of special hydraulic problems such as dilution and salt water removal. The construction planning foreshadows the extensive use of tunnelling machines including roadheaders and a full face tunnel boring machine. The offshore engineering describes the design and testing of innovative G R P risers and diffusers, and their intended installation by a semi–submersible drill ship using standard oil field techniques. The cost estimate and program is included.
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Johnson, T. C., and S. H. Williams. "From Canals to Lakes in South-East Queensland (Australia); Water Quality Aspects." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0061.
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Toms, Ken N., Ian P. Williamson, and Don M. Grant. "THE CADASTRE AND THE EMERGING LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: SOME ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS." Canadian Surveyor 41, no. 2 (June 1987): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1987-0011.
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A modern cadastre is defined and the relationship with the wider concept of land information system is established. A generalized approach to cadastral and land information systems in Australia is discussed. The experience of administration of cadastre and the emerging land information system in South Australia is examined and a conceptual model aimed at improvement is presented. The paper concludes with a recommendation for the creation of an Office of Land Information that would administer the operation of a complete LIS for South Australia.
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Lun, Jennifer H., Nicholas D. Crosbie, and Peter A. White. "Genetic diversity and quantification of human mastadenoviruses in wastewater from Sydney and Melbourne, Australia." Science of The Total Environment 675 (July 2019): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.162.
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Rahman, Sharifa Sayma. "PATENTS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES: A REVIEW OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS." IIUM Law Journal 29, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i2.568.
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Different classes of people have raised moral objections on a number of times against granting patents on living organisms. There has been a recent focus on patents partly because the corporate world is only concerned with economic returns and the market prospect of a genetic product. The purpose of this article is to revisit the debate on the patent of genetic engineering technologies and provide partial recommendations on rationalising patent protection while mitigating moral arguments. This article re-examines the intellectual property frameworks as well as case laws regarding biological materials in selected countries i.e., Europe, the United States of America, Australia, Malaysia, and under international agreements such as the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). This article is based on primary as well as secondary materials that have been written on the patent of life forms and genetic research. There is an inconsistency between philosophical principles and the implementation of biotechnology patents due to the existing economic, political, and ideological conditions among countries, along with existing divergences in the field of genetically engineered technologies. Hence, during such circumstances, the most coherent position is to proceed with vigilance as it is not possible to shut down bio-industrialisation. One such vigilant pathway in the presence of contemporary evidence to minimise commercialisation of life science creations. Patents of genetically engineered products should be strictly monitored to fulfil commitment towards international human rights, which is to provide reasonably priced healthcare and medical treatment.
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Wood, H., and R. Degabriele. "Genetic Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity in Populations of Paterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum L.) In South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 6 (1985): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850677.
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Natural populations of Echium plantagineum on an east-west line across south-eastern Australia were sampled on three occasions during the growing season, and seeds collected from individual plants in each population were grown in a common glasshouse. In another experiment seedlings of E. plantagineum were divided and clones from each plant were grown under two soil moisture regimes. Field populations differed significantly in all seven characters measured at all sampling dates but, with one exception, between-population differences were unrelated to five climatic indices. Glasshouse populations differed significantly in 15 of 27 characters; variations in some of these characters were related by regression analysis to one or more of the climatic indices. Clones grown under moisture stress flowered later, had proportionally wider leaves and were smaller than well watered clones. The data suggest that an ecocline has developed, or is developing, in E. plantagineum in south- eastern Australia in response to large-scale and long-term aspects of climate, although extensive genetic variation between individuals in each population was also observed. This species exhibits a great deal of phenotypic plasticity in response to localized environmental factors.
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Fagundes, Mayse, Dalton Matos, Wandklebson da Paz, Andressa Silva, Diogo Brandão, Valéria Sotero, José Alfredo Junior, and Delma de Almeida. "Clinical and genetic aspects of CADASIL syndrome: A systematic review." International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management 6, no. 12 (December 25, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36282/ijasrm/6.12.2021.1845.
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Howard, N. H. "Recreational Use Considerations of the Sugarloaf Reservoir (Melbourne, Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0059.
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Sugarloaf Reservoir, one of Melbourne's newer storages, draws an increasing proportion of its water from the unprotected and polluted lower Yarra requiring all supply to be comprehensively treated before being supplied to consumers. Because of this special situation, compared to harvesting from protected catchments, a recreational use study of the reservoir and its small natural catchment was initiated. The first phase of this study was undertaken by Dr J Forsyth of the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, University of Melbourne which recommended that, from the public health point of view, the present nominal recreational use (passive) at Sugarloaf Reservoir could be extended to include shore based fishing, establishment of a catchment nature trail, sailing, rowing, youth club and model yacht sailing. A Phase 2 study reported on the financial, managerial aspects, etc, not addressed by Dr Forsyth, while the “implementation stage” is being currently considered in a third phase. A report on this last phase is to be submitted to the Board and Minister for Water Resources for consideration for the summer of 1988.
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Bayly, R. C., A. Duncan, J. W. May, M. Schembri, A. Semertjis, G. Vasiliadis, and W. G. C. Raper. "Microbiological and Genetic Aspects of the Synthesis of Polyphosphate by Species of Acinetobacter." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0525.
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Strains of Acinetobacter which showed marked variation in their ability to accumulate intracellular polyphosphate (Pn) were isolated from a pilot-plant which was removing phosphate biologically. Variants which could not accumulate Pn under the same growth conditions were derived from two of the isolates which accumulated high levels of Pn. The activities of five enzymes reported to have a role in Pn synthesis showed no significant differences between the two variants, their parent strains and two other natural isolates. In the presence of 20 µm N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), growth of the variant strains was suppressed, whereas the parent strains were still able to grow and form polyphosphate. A mechanism which depends upon the trans-membrane proton gradient of the cell is proposed to account for the high levels of polyphosphate formed by some strains of Acinetobacter. Each of the Acinetobacter strains isolated from the pilot-plant carried several plasmids. Comparison of one strain, which accumulated a high level of Pn, and its variant, showed that a deletion of approximately 20 kb of plasmid DNA from the parent strain had occurred.
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Raitt, Petrina, Allison Selman, and Céline Lanoëlle. "Engineering and environmental studies for decommissioning of subsea infrastructure." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18107.
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Decommissioning of subsea infrastructure requires input from engineering and environmental studies, as well as the stakeholders, so that informed decisions can be made. This paper discusses the technical and environmental considerations relating to the decommissioning of subsea infrastructure for the full range of subsea components, including structures, rigid pipelines, flexible flowlines and control systems. Example engineering and environmental assessments that could be performed are discussed, such as stability, corrosion, lifting, materials degradation, net environmental benefit assessment (NEBA) and marine and fishing studies. The stakeholder engagement process is also presented. The paper discusses processes leading up to the decommissioning decision and what operators can do, to ensure that there is adequate information to support decisions that need to be made on transitioning into the final stage of the asset lifecycle. The paper will provide guidance on execution of the decommissioning works, how to ensure success and considerations for material handling, management and disposal of potentially hazardous and contaminated material and other environmental impacts. The technical aspects will be presented using case studies on past and present decommissioning projects in Australia. Solutions for in situ, recovery and repurposing that have been adopted will be presented, as well as alternative solutions that are currently being developed.
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Chung, Pann Pann, Ross V. Hyne, Reinier M. Mann, and J. William O. Ballard. "Genetic and life-history trait variation of the amphipod Melita plumulosa from polluted and unpolluted waterways in eastern Australia." Science of The Total Environment 403, no. 1-3 (September 2008): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.038.
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Schrale, G., R. Boardman, and M. J. Blaskett. "Investigating Land Based Disposal of Bolivar Reclaimed Water, South Australia." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0022.
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The Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works (STW) processes the urban and industrial sewage from the northern and eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The treatment capacity is equivalent to the sewage production of 1.1 million people. The disposal of more than 40 000 ML of reclaimed water into the sea has caused a progressive degradation of about 950 ha of seagrass beds which threatens the sustainability of the fisheries and marine ecosystems of Gulf St. Vincent. The current practice will no longer be viable to achieve compliance with the SA Marine Environment Protection Act, 1990. A Inter-Departmental Working Party recommmended that the Bolivar reclaimed water be disposed by irrigation of suitable land on the coastal plains north of Adelaide. They proposed the construction of two pipelines: a 12 km long pipeline to extend the distribution of reclaimed water in the most intense portion of the 3 500 hectares of irrigated horticulture on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and a second, 18 km long pipeline to deliver the remainder to a more northerly site for irrigation of an estimated 4 000 hectares of hardwood plantations. The paper summarizes the findings as they relate to public health, environmental, technical and financial aspects of land based disposal. Land based disposal would completely eliminate the marine degradation and also arrest the over-use of the NAP underground water resources for horticulture. The total net costs over thirty years for land based disposal are about $ 21.8 million. The ‘horticultural' pipeline of the land based disposal scheme is expected to be commercially viable. A shortfall in revenue from the afforestation component is expected and may need to be considered as an environmental cost of ceasing marine disposal.
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Davison, L., T. Headley, and K. Pratt. "Aspects of design, structure, performance and operation of reed beds – eight years' experience in northeastern New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0359.
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Reed beds (horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands) have been employed as secondary treatment devices in on-site and decentralised wastewater management systems in the northeast of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) for over a decade. This paper summarises some of the practical and research findings that have come to light in that time. Experience with various aspects of reed bed structure is discussed. A study of the evaporative performance of four small beds planted with Phragmites australis yielded an annual crop factor of 2.6. A total of 28 studies on reed beds treating a variety of commonly encountered wastewater streams yielded the following mean pollutant removal efficiencies: total suspended solids (TSS) 83%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 81%, total nitrogen (TN) 57%, total phosphorus (TP) 35% and faecal coliforms (FC) 1.9 logs. The reed bed is becoming the preferred on-site technology for removing TN and BOD and polishing TSS from primary settled domestic wastewater. Sizing beds for a residence time of approximately five days has become standard practice. A study of six reed beds found six different species of earthworm present, mainly Perionyx excavatus (Indian Blue). A mesocosm experiment subsequently showed that the worms were translocating clogging material from the substrate interstices to the surface of the bed thereby indicating a possible method for prolonging reed bed life.
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Greenway, Margaret, and John S. Simpson. "Artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment, water reuse and wildlife in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0678.
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Queensland, Australia has a subtropical-tropical climate with dry winters and wet monsoonal summers. Arid climatic conditions prevail inland with hot dry days and cold nights. The climatic conditions are conducive to high plant growth rates and hence offer great potential for constructed wetlands for water pollution control. The water (a scarce resource during the dry season and in arid regions) can also be used to irrigate crops, playing fields, parks and gardens or golf courses. The water discharged from the wetlands is also of an acceptable quality to flow into estuarine and riverine environments. Many natural wetlands are only seasonally inundated and during the dry season wildlife has to seek alternative refuges. Artificial wetlands receiving sewage effluent provide permanent wildlife habitats and improve the landscape amenity. The Queensland government's Department of Primary Industries has initiated an Artificial Wetlands for Water Pollution Research Program. Under this scheme 10 experimental pilot artificial wetlands have been established and a further 6 university research projects are being conducted on various aspects of artificial wetlands including nutrient and heavy metal uptake and bioavailability in wetland plants, sediment biogeochemistry and mass balances. One gold mine rehabilitation project has an artificial wetland to treat mine leachate. This paper presents 3 case studies which include significant results with respect to wastewater polishing and re-use.
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Smirnov, K. V., T. V. Matveeva, and L. A. Lutova. "Genetic engineering of cotton: current status and perspectives." Plant Biotechnology and Breeding 5, no. 2 (September 3, 2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-6266-2022-2-o5.
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Currently, several species of the genus Gossypium are cultivated in agriculture to produce fiber. Cotton has been cultivated for a long time, however, many aspects of its cultivation and processing are still researched. Writing about the cultivation of cotton, it is worth mentioning the fundamental problems of its processing. For example, the amounts of pesticides used in the cultivation of cotton are greater than for any other crop. Chemicals sprayed on cotton fields are washed away from the fields and, reaching the fresh water sources, pollute them, causing significant damage to the environment. Fortunately, such challenges can be solved by switching to the cultivation of transgenic cotton. Transgenic cotton has already brought many important environmental, social and economic benefits, including reduce of the used pesticides, indirectly increasing of yield, minimizing environmental pollution, reducing the labor force involved and economic costs.Today, the main methods of obtaining transgenic cotton lines are still agrobacterial transformation and biolistics. In recent years, however, innovative methods of transformation have also been developed. For example, the introduction of genetic material mediated by a pollen tube for the cultivation of commercial transgenic cotton is actively used in China. Although in recent decades transgenic lines resistant to diseases, abiotic stresses and with improved fiber quality have been obtained, the dominant position in the market of transgenic cotton is still occupied by lines of plants resistant to insects and herbicides. All the above indicates an insufficient degree of integration between institutes that introduce new advanced developments and agricultural industry.In this review the results of research involving the cultivation and genetic modification of cotton were collected and summarized. The main methods of genetic transformation of cultivated representatives of the genus Gossypium, both actively used at present and still under development, were considered. The most remarkable transgenic lines were also described, among which both those that have already entered agricultural industry and those that have only recently been obtained. Thus, the reader will be able to get a general idea of the current achievements in the field of cotton genetic modification.
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Seidou, Ousmane, Claude Marche, and Tewfik Mahdi. "Aspects aléatoires de l'érosion d'une digue : simulations de la brèche par des algorithmes génétiques." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-097.
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Attempts to forecast the final form of a dam-break suffer from various uncertainty sources such as field data (topography, hydraulic and geotechnical parameters), and modeling assumptions. So the result seems to be at least partially chaotic and difficult to match with the objectives of the dam-safety engineers in which the goal is to model dam-break flow evolution in time. On the other hand, the principle of minimal energy dissipation rate makes it possible to predict the shape towards which the geometry of the breach will evolve to under stationary hydraulic conditions. In this article, one uses energy minimization by a genetic algorithm to integrate at the same time the two concepts of random result and convergence towards an equilibrium state. They are used to simulate the submersion failure of a clay dam, and the results agree reasonably with the field data. This approach makes it possible to obtain as realistic breach shapes as those obtained by actual models, and to introduce a random component in the process of dam-breach formation, which remains, however, guided by a physical principle.Key words: erosion, dam breach, genetic algorithms, sediment transport.
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deKoninck, Vanessa. "Encounters on the Frontier: Banteng in Australia’s Northern Territory." Society & Animals 22, no. 1 (2014): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341317.
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Abstract This paper considers the case of an introduced species that resides in what is now a jointly managed national park in the north of tropical Australia. Banteng (Bos javanicus) are a peculiar feral nonhuman animal in that they constitute a potential environmental threat within the domestic conservation goals of the park, but they also hold the prospect of being a major genetic resource in the international conservation of the species. Thus, perspectives on the use and management of these animals are varied between different actors in the park landscape, and are subject to fluctuations over time, especially in response to wider social and political circumstances. This paper argues that seemingly objective views of these animals are actually a series of subjectivities, which have less to do with any concrete aspects of the animals themselves and more to do with the way that particular people orient themselves toward, and within, the landscape.
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Christesen, L. "Dairy farming and river condition: investigating the sustainable use of water resources in an agricultural area." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0375.
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This paper explores some of the factors that may contribute to the sustainable use of water on irrigated dairy farms in Victoria, Australia. The paper begins with a discussion of the principles of sustainable water use as they would apply to dairy farms in the Gippsland region of Victoria. A series of indicators are used to link aspects of sustainable water use at a regional scale, and the observable trends are discussed. Of particular interest is the way that local river systems contribute to the dairy industry in this region and the aspects of dairying and other significant regional factors that may be impacting on the sustainability of river systems in this area. The indicators are structured and analysed using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework developed by the OECD, most commonly used in State of the Environment reporting. The trends highlighted by the indicator set are discussed in terms of the implications that current patterns of water use may have for possible shifts towards more sustainable water use on individual dairy farms in Gippsland.
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Stevenson, Hayley. "Creating a Climate of Convenience: Australia's Response to Global Climate Change (1996–2007)." Energy & Environment 19, no. 1 (January 2008): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830508783563091.
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This article discusses how issue framing and nondecision-making shaped Australia's response to global climate change between 1996 and 2007. The complex and multi-dimensional nature of global climate change enabled state and non-state actors to selectively highlight certain aspects of the issue, thereby framing it as a specific problem with corresponding solutions. The case of Australia provides an interesting example of how such conscious framing, together with underlying institutional biases, may suppress important aspects of global climate change and ensure they are kept off the political agenda. This article unravels four narratives that are evident in the former Australian Government's framing of global climate change during this period. The nondecisions which are embedded within these narratives have important normative implications which will be explored.
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Flemming, H. C., and J. Wingender. "Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) - Part I: Structural and ecological aspects." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 6 (March 1, 2001): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0326.
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Extracellular polymeric substances are the construction materials for microbial aggregates such as biofilms, flocs (“planktonic biofilms”) and sludge. Their major components are not only polysaccharides but also proteins and in some cases lipids, with minor contents of nucleic acids and other biopolymers. In the EPS, biofilm organisms can establish stable arrangements and function multicellularly as synergistic microconsortia. The matrix facilitates the retention of exoenzymes, cellular debris and genetic material; it can be considered as a microbial recycling yard. Gradients can develop due to the physiological activity and the fact that diffusive mass transport prevails over convective transport in the matrix. Biofilm cells tolerate higher concentrations of many biocides. The EPS matrix sequesters nutrients from the water phase. In photosynthetic communities, EPS molecules can function as light transmitters and provide photons to organisms located deeper in a microbial mat. The EPS matrix is a dynamic system, constructed by the organisms and responding to environmental changes. It enables the cells to function in a manner similar to multicellular organisms.
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Alam, Intikhab, Khadija Batool, Yuanyuan Huang, Junjie Liu, and Liangfa Ge. "Developing Genetic Engineering Techniques for Control of Seed Size and Yield." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 13256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113256.
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Many signaling pathways regulate seed size through the development of endosperm and maternal tissues, which ultimately results in a range of variations in seed size or weight. Seed size can be determined through the development of zygotic tissues (endosperm and embryo) and maternal ovules. In addition, in some species such as rice, seed size is largely determined by husk growth. Transcription regulator factors are responsible for enhancing cell growth in the maternal ovule, resulting in seed growth. Phytohormones induce significant effects on entire features of growth and development of plants and also regulate seed size. Moreover, the vegetative parts are the major source of nutrients, including the majority of carbon and nitrogen-containing molecules for the reproductive part to control seed size. There is a need to increase the size of seeds without affecting the number of seeds in plants through conventional breeding programs to improve grain yield. In the past decades, many important genetic factors affecting seed size and yield have been identified and studied. These important factors constitute dynamic regulatory networks governing the seed size in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we summarized recent advances regarding the molecular factors regulating seed size in Arabidopsis and other crops, followed by discussions on strategies to comprehend crops’ genetic and molecular aspects in balancing seed size and yield.
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Berg, P., B. O. Eggum, S. H. Møller, L. E. Holm, P. E. V. Jørgensen, N. J. Olesen, K. Buchmann, et al. "A multi-disciplinary Danish research programme on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (May 1, 1995): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0385.
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A new research programme involving eight Danish institutions is described. The programme started in 1993 and is expected to run for 5 years. The primary objective of the research initiative is to exploit and integrate the knowledge of several institutions and disciplines for the benefit of the production of rainbow trout. The programme includes several projects with aspects of disease prevention, genetics, and nutrition. In most of the projects, the work has been divided into stages of 2 and 3 years, respectively. During a 2 year period, production, management, and health status are recorded at the participating fish farms, and all data are organized in a database. Diseases cause major problems in rainbow trout production, therefore a great deal of the effort in this programme deals with diseases caused by vira, bacteria and parasites. On the basis of the database, epidemiological examinations are carried out as well as investigations of the possibilities of preventive measures and cost-benefit analyses. In the genetic studies, polymorphic genetic markers will be developed and used for analysis of the genetic structure of selected fish stocks. Microsatellites will be developed and introduced in the study. Primarily genetic differences between lines/strains and their crossings will be estimated with the purpose of describing the genetic level and the importance of additive and non-additive genetic effects. In the nutritional area the product quality and pollution questions will be in focus.
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Zanin, Paulo S., Lina Paola Garcés Negrete, Gelson A. A. Brigatto, and Jesús M. López-Lezama. "A Multi-Objective Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Sizing and Siting of Renewable Distributed Generation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 7442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167442.
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Renewable generation has been addressed in several aspects but it still represents a new paradigm for the expansion of the electricity supply. This paper aims to propose a new model for the sizing and siting problem of distributed generation (DG), based on renewable sources and considering three main aspects: technical, from the distribution utility viewpoint; economical, from the DG owner’s viewpoint, and environmental, from a sustainability perspective. A multi-objective Genetic Algorithm and the Maximin metric are implemented to obtain optimal Pareto sets; also, three decision criteria, considering the concept of preference, are applied to select a final solution from Pareto sets. Case-studies are carried out in medium voltage systems: the 69-bus distribution test system, known from literature, and a 918-bus Brazilian distribution system. Diversity of alternatives in the obtained Pareto sets testify algorithm effectiveness in searching for solutions to the distributed generation sizing and siting problem, in order to ensure power loss reductions, investment return, and environmental benefits. The proposed methodology contributes to the discussions and perspectives among electricity utilities, DG owners, society, and regulators regarding planning and decision making tools.
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Plonka, Przemyslaw M., and Maja Grabacka. "Melanin synthesis in microorganisms--biotechnological and medical aspects." Acta Biochimica Polonica 53, no. 3 (September 2, 2006): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2006_3314.
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Melanins form a diverse group of pigments synthesized in living organisms in the course of hydroxylation and polymerization of organic compounds. Melanin production is observed in all large taxa from both Pro- and Eukaryota. The basic functions of melanins are still a matter of controversy and speculation, even though their adaptative importance has been proved. Melanogenesis has probably evolved parallel in various groups of free living organisms to provide protection from environmental stress conditions, but in pathogenic microorganisms it correlates with an increased virulence. The genes responsible for melanization are collected in some cases within operons which find a versatile application in genetic engineering. This review summarizes current views on melanogenesis in Pro- and Eukaryotic microorganisms in terms of their biotechnological and biomedical importance.
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Evans, Suzanna M., Elizabeth A. Sinclair, Alistair G. B. Poore, Keryn F. Bain, and Adriana Vergés. "Genotypic richness predicts phenotypic variation in an endangered clonal plant." PeerJ 4 (February 18, 2016): e1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1633.
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Declines in genetic diversity within a species can affect the stability and functioning of populations. The conservation of genetic diversity is thus a priority, especially for threatened or endangered species. The importance of genetic variation, however, is dependent on the degree to which it translates into phenotypic variation for traits that affect individual performance and ecological processes. This is especially important for predominantly clonal species, as no single clone is likely to maximise all aspects of performance. Here we show that intraspecific genotypic diversity as measured using microsatellites is a strong predictor of phenotypic variation in morphological traits and shoot productivity of the threatened, predominantly clonal seagrassPosidonia australis, on the east coast of Australia. Biomass and surface area variation was most strongly predicted by genotypic richness, while variation in leaf chemistry (phenolics and nitrogen) was unrelated to genotypic richness. Genotypic richness did not predict tissue loss to herbivores or epiphyte load, however we did find that increased herbivore damage was positively correlated with allelic richness. Although there was no clear relationship between higher primary productivity and genotypic richness, variation in shoot productivity within a meadow was significantly greater in more genotypically diverse meadows. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by environmental conditions varied among different genotypes, and there was generally no variation in phenotypic traits among genotypes present in the same meadows. Our results show that genotypic richness as measured through the use of presumably neutral DNA markers does covary with phenotypic variation in functionally relevant traits such as leaf morphology and shoot productivity. The remarkably long lifespan of individualPosidoniaplants suggests that plasticity within genotypes has played an important role in the longevity of the species. However, the strong link between genotypic and phenotypic variation suggests that a range of genotypes is still the best case scenario for adaptation to and recovery from predicted environmental change.
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Arsu, Talip, and Ejder Ayçin. "Evaluation of OECD Countries with Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods in terms of Economic, Social and Environmental Aspects." Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/oresta20402055a.
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Exhausted natural resources and deteriorating ecological balance, together with the social privileges that people expect to have, are proof that the development of countries cannot be reduced to economic development alone. In this respect, this study aimed to evaluate the economic, social and environmental aspects of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Within this scope, the countries were firstly divided into two groups by performing cluster analysis in order to create more homogeneous country groups. Then, 12 criteria, consisting of four economic, four social and four environmental criteria, were determined by considering the literature and expert opinions. The criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method was used to weight the determined criteria and using the calculated criterion weights, the countries in each cluster were then evaluated with the measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method. As a result, the most successful countries in the first cluster were determined as Switzerland, Denmark and Ireland with 68.8%, 62.7% and 62.5% performance scores, respectively. Whereas, the most unsuccessful countries were USA, Canada and Australia with 49.8%, 50.0% and 50.1% performance scores, respectively. The most successful countries in the second cluster were found as Slovenia, Spain and Portugal with 65.9%, 65.5% and 64.5% performance scores, while the most unsuccessful countries were Turkey, Chile and Colombia with 45.9%, 55.4% and 55.9% performance scores, respectively. Finally, in order to test the sensitivity of the MARCOS method, the solution was repeated with the MAIRCA, WASPAS, MABAC and CoCoSo methods using the weights obtained by the CRITIC method. A high correlation (greater than 80%) was found between the rankings acquired using the other methods and the rankings obtained by the MARCOS method.
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Di Martino, Gianluca, Roumen Sankoff, Craig Marshall, and Bobby Chopra. "The Coniston development: another offshore challenge in Western Australia." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13048.
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This extended abstract discusses the key challenges associated with the Coniston development; particular emphasis is on engineering, operations, and project management aspects. The Coniston development will produce oil and gas from the Coniston and Novara hydrocarbon accumulations, located in permit WA-35-L, about 100 km north of Exmouth, in water depths of about 400 m. The Coniston development will consist of a sub-sea tieback to the existing Van Gogh sub-sea infrastructure and the Ningaloo Vision FPSO, currently producing from the Van Gogh Field. The project was sanctioned by Apache in 2011 and will be on production in 2Q 2014. To maximise reservoir exposure, multilateral wells will be drilled, and completed, employing inflow control devices of latest generation and monitoring production with the installation of tracers. To take advantage of project synergies, gas lift will be provided by Van Gogh wells through a dedicated gas production manifold. The Coniston development represents a remarkable multidisciplinary effort to develop a relatively small-size oil reservoir offshore WA. Some of the challenges achieved are the high oil viscosity, the complexity of the engineering to install new sub-sea infrastructure while minimising the impact on Van Gogh production and maximising the synergies of the tie back, the constant increase in drilling and facilities costs while maintaining attractive project economics, and the more stringent regulations environmental permits and the ability to optimise drilling and operation to achieve production as quickly as possible.
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Hopkins, Ben, and John R. Argue. "The New Brompton Estate Stormwater Management Trial: First Results." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0678.
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Runoff from the roofs of 15 houses in a medium-density residential development in suburban Adelaide, capital city of South Australia, is being collected and temporarily stored in a gravel-filled stormwater retention trench installed in a centrally located reserve. The site is underlain by an upper level Quaternary aquifer, ambient salinity 2000 mg/l, which receives stormwater supplied from the trench via a bore during large winter storm events. Water pumped from the aquifer in summer shows a quality suitable for open space irrigation. Observations made during the second half of 1992 have highlighted aspects of the design which require modification in order to improve the performance of the retention/recharge/retrieval system. Data collected between August and October have indicated that the volume of stormwater stored in the aquifer on an annual basis will be sufficient to meet the irrigation needs of the reserve.
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Kalutara, Pushpitha, Guomin Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge, and Ron Wakefield. "Factors that influence Australian community buildings’ sustainable management." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 24, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 94–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-10-2015-0158.
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Purpose Australia has a huge stock of community buildings built up over decades. Their replacements consume a large sum of money from country’s economy which has called for a strategy for their sustainable management. For this, a comprehensive decision-making structure is an utmost requirement. The purpose of this paper is to capture their sustainable management from four aspects, i.e. environmental, economic, social and functional. Design/methodology/approach The design process follows an extensive review of environmental and life cycle assessments and company context documents. Extracted factors are tailored to community buildings management following expert consultation. However, the resulted list of factors is extremely large, and “factor analysis” technique is used to group the factors. For this, an industry-wide questionnaire across Australian local councils is employed to solicit opinions of the list of factors. Findings The analysis has pinpointed 18 key parameters (criteria) to represent all four aspects. This paper presents the preliminary findings of the factors and the analysis results based on the questionnaire responses. Practical implications The final decision-making structure incorporates all these aspects and criteria. This can be used to develop a decision-making model which produces a sustainability index for building components. Asset managers can mainly use the sustainability index to prioritise their maintenance activities and eventually, to find out cost-optimisation options for them. Originality/value Most notably, this is the first study to apply all four sustainability aspects (environmental, economic, social and functional) to develop a decision-making structure for Australian community buildings’ sustainable management.
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Plavec, Tina Vida, and Aleš Berlec. "Safety Aspects of Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020297.
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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a long history of use in the food industry. Some species are part of the normal human microbiota and have beneficial properties for human health. Their long-standing use and considerable biotechnological potential have led to the development of various systems for their engineering. Together with novel approaches such as CRISPR-Cas, the established systems for engineering now allow significant improvements to LAB strains. Nevertheless, genetically modified LAB (GM-LAB) still encounter disapproval and are under extensive regulatory requirements. This review presents data on the prospects for LAB to obtain ‘generally recognized as safe’ (GRAS) status. Genetic modification of LAB is discussed, together with problems that can arise from their engineering, including their dissemination into the environment and the spread of antibiotic resistance markers. Possible solutions that would allow the use of GM-LAB are described, such as biocontainment, alternative selection markers, and use of homologous DNA. The use of GM-LAB as cell factories in closed systems that prevent their environmental release is the least problematic aspect, and this is also discussed.
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Ammarellou, Ali, Ali Reza Yousefi, Moslem Heydari, Daniela Uberti, and Andrea Mastinu. "Biochemical and Botanical Aspects of Allium sativum L. Sowing." BioTech 11, no. 2 (May 20, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech11020016.
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The main aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and compliance of selected Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars, including Tuyserkan (TSN), Heydareh (HDH), Mouien (MUN), and Taroom (TRM), during two growing seasons. The TRM cultivar germination rate is higher than the other cultivars studied. The TRM cultivars have quite remarkable values for the dry weight, fresh weight, stem diameter, and the number of leaves present. The fresh weight and dry weight of the TRM cultivar for the second year are 33.8 t/ha and 16.7 t/ha, respectively. However, on average, the HDH cultivar is the tallest plant in the experiments. Average pyruvic acid content in fresh samples of the TRM and HDH cultivars is 78 µm/gfw and 69.3 µm/gfw, respectively. It is observed that there are remarkable differences in the level of pyruvic acid between the different cultivars. The growth, development, and yield of plants are highly dependent on their genetic characteristics; in this experiment, the TRM cultivar shows a good yield (16.7 t/ha), and the evaluated characteristics improve compared to the other cultivars studied, which could be due to the high compatibility of this cultivar to the environmental conditions of the study. The excellent performance on the yield of TRM makes this cultivar more appreciable on a commercial level.
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Zheng, Xiaofang. "Coupling Model of Music Education and Fujian Ecoculture Based on Genetic Algorithm." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4791980.
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Public music education in universities can promote the improvement of students’ moral feelings, the cultivation of students’ cultural quality, and the development of students’ physical and mental health. Music education is an essential part of quality education in universities. The relationship between music education and Fujian ecological culture is investigated in this paper. The evaluation index system of regional music education and Fujian ecological culture construction is constructed from five aspects, green economy, social development, resource conservation, environmental pressure, and ecological culture, based on GA (genetic algorithm) and regional characteristics of music education and Fujian ecological culture construction. The principal component clustering coupling model is built on this foundation. According to the findings, Fujian’s ecocultural construction is still in the process of coordinating and integrating economic, ecological, and cultural systems, and it is necessary to follow the path of regional integration, coordinate the development steps of each subsystem as a whole, and promote the region’s coordinated development.
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RAKOVIĆ, M. J., M. B. RAKOVIĆ, A. M. PETROVIĆ, N. Z. POPOVIĆ, J. A. ĐUKNIĆ, Z. Z. NAUNOVIC, and M. M. PAUNOVIĆ. "Haplotype variation in the Physa acuta group (Basommatophora): genetic diversity and distribution in Serbia." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1453.
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The genus Physa (= Physella) includes the most abundant and diverse freshwater gastropods native to North America. Due to their invasive nature many species occur throughout the world. The most abundant species, Physa acuta, has been introduced to Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia by human commerce and migrating birds. This species is widely distributed throughout Serbia. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic diversity of P. acuta from Serbia, and to determine the evolutionary relationships among native Physidae populations from North America, Mexico and Cuba and populations from Europe using sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. The ML (Maximum Likelihood) tree revealed two clades within Physidae, and two clades that correspond to the families Planorbidae and Lymnaeidae. In the Physidae clade there are two separate clades: one includes the species Physa spelunca, and the second includes samples of P. acuta. We determined three different haplotypes within specimens from Serbia. One haplotype is genetically closest to species Physa heterostrofa (synonym of P. acuta) from Philadelphia, while the other two are very close to P. acuta specimens from New Mexico. Together with other samples our findings corroborate the notion that we are dealing with one panmictic population of P. acuta and not with several separate species, despite the high genetic diversity between and among the populations. Our results indicate that in the same population in Serbia, there is high genetic distance between samples. Despite the small number of analyzed samples, our findings point to multiple introductions of P. acuta from different locations in America.
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Parmeggiani, Francesco, Mario R. Romano, Ciro Costagliola, Francesco Semeraro, Carlo Incorvaia, Sergio D’Angelo, Paolo Perri, Paolo De Palma, Katia De Nadai, and Adolfo Sebastiani. "Mechanism of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/546786.
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease that represents the most common cause of irreversible visual impairment among people over the age of 50 in Europe, the United States, and Australia, accounting for up to 50% of all cases of central blindness. Risk factors of AMD are heterogeneous, mainly including increasing age and different genetic predispositions, together with several environmental/epigenetic factors, that is, cigarette smoking, dietary habits, and phototoxic exposure. In the aging retina, free radicals and oxidized lipoproteins are considered to be major causes of tissue stress resulting in local triggers for parainflammation, a chronic status which contributes to initiation and/or progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases such as AMD. Experimental and clinical evidences strongly indicate the pathogenetic role of immunologic processes in AMD occurrence, consisting of production of inflammatory related molecules, recruitment of macrophages, complement activation, microglial activation and accumulation within those structures that compose an essential area of the retina known as macula lutea. This paper reviews some attractive aspects of the literature about the mechanisms of inflammation in AMD, especially focusing on those findings or arguments more directly translatable to improve the clinical management of patients with AMD and to prevent the severe vision loss caused by this disease.
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Hadi, Joshua, and Gale Brightwell. "Safety of Alternative Proteins: Technological, Environmental and Regulatory Aspects of Cultured Meat, Plant-Based Meat, Insect Protein and Single-Cell Protein." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061226.
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Food security and environmental issues have become global crises that need transformative solutions. As livestock production is becoming less sustainable, alternative sources of proteins are urgently required. These include cultured meat, plant-based meat, insect protein and single-cell protein. Here, we describe the food safety aspects of these novel protein sources, in terms of their technological backgrounds, environmental impacts and the necessary regulatory framework for future mass-scale production. Briefly, cultured meat grown in fetal bovine serum-based media can be exposed to viruses or infectious prion, in addition to other safety risks associated with the use of genetic engineering. Plant-based meat may contain allergens, anti-nutrients and thermally induced carcinogens. Microbiological risks and allergens are the primary concerns associated with insect protein. Single-cell protein sources are divided into microalgae, fungi and bacteria, all of which have specific food safety risks that include toxins, allergens and high ribonucleic acid (RNA) contents. The environmental impacts of these alternative proteins can mainly be attributed to the production of growth substrates or during cultivation. Legislations related to novel food or genetic modification are the relevant regulatory framework to ensure the safety of alternative proteins. Lastly, additional studies on the food safety aspects of alternative proteins are urgently needed for providing relevant food governing authorities with sufficient data to oversee that the technological progress in this area is balanced with robust safety standards.
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Alonso, Lorena, Ignasi Morán, Cecilia Salvoro, and David Torrents. "In Search of Complex Disease Risk through Genome Wide Association Studies." Mathematics 9, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 3083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9233083.
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The identification and characterisation of genomic changes (variants) that can lead to human diseases is one of the central aims of biomedical research. The generation of catalogues of genetic variants that have an impact on specific diseases is the basis of Personalised Medicine, where diagnoses and treatment protocols are selected according to each patient’s profile. In this context, the study of complex diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular alterations, is fundamental. However, these diseases result from the combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors, which makes the discovery of causal variants particularly challenging at a statistical and computational level. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), which are based on the statistical analysis of genetic variant frequencies across non-diseased and diseased individuals, have been successful in finding genetic variants that are associated to specific diseases or phenotypic traits. But GWAS methodology is limited when considering important genetic aspects of the disease and has not yet resulted in meaningful translation to clinical practice. This review presents an outlook on the study of the link between genetics and complex phenotypes. We first present an overview of the past and current statistical methods used in the field. Next, we discuss current practices and their main limitations. Finally, we describe the open challenges that remain and that might benefit greatly from further mathematical developments.
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Tasca, F. A., L. B. Assunção, and A. R. Finotti. "International experiences in stormwater fee." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.112.
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Abstract Stormwater management (SWM) includes a wide range of services aimed at environmental protection, enhancement of water resources and flood control. Local governments are responsible for managing all these aspects within their jurisdiction, but they often present limitations in generating revenues. Thus, many municipalities have been seeking a dedicated funding source for these programs and practices. This publication provides a brief overview of current legal issues associated with stormwater funding focusing on the most used method: fees. It is a successful mechanism to fund legal obligations of municipalities; however, it must have a significant value to motivate the reduction of runoff. Through literature, we found stormwater fees in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, France, Germany, Poland, South Africa and the United States (USA). France had the highest average monthly fee, but this financing experience was suspended in 2014. Brazil has the lowest fee by m², comparable to the US fee. While in Brazil overall SWM represents low priority investments, the USA represents one of the most evolved countries in stormwater funding practices. It was noticed by reviewing the international experience that charging stormwater fees is a successful mechanism to fund the legal obligations and environmental protection.
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Boyden, B. H., L. Nador, S. Addleman, and L. Jeston. "The economic pre-treatment of coal mine drainage water with caustic and ozone." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 1022–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.263.
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Coal mine drainage waters are low in pH with varying amounts of iron and manganese and are generally brackish. The Austar Coal Mine in NSW, Australia, sought alternatives to their current lime dosing as the pre-treatment before the downstream reverse osmosis plant. Undesirable operating aspects of the current system include manganese and gypsum scaling/fouling, the need for anti-scalants and reduced water recovery. Thirteen processes for acid mine drainage were initially considered. The preferred process of caustic and ozone for Mn(II) oxidation was pilot tested at up to 0.74 kL/hr at the mine site. Under proper conditions and no aeration, about 81 per cent of the Fe could be removed (initially at 156 mg/L) as green rust. Supplemental aeration followed first-order kinetics and allowed 99.9 per cent Fe(II) oxidation and removal but only with a hydraulic residence time of about 47 minutes. The addition of supplemental Cu catalyst improved Fe removal. Ozone applied after caustic was effective in stoichiometrically oxidising recalcitrant Mn(II) and any remaining Fe(II). Control of the ozonation was achieved using the oxidation reduction potential during oxidation of the Mn(II) species. The use of caustic, followed by ozone, proved economically comparable to the current lime pre-treatment.
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Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.
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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.
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Bourdeau, P., and H. Barth. "Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Pollution: EEC Policy and Research." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0175.
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This paper presents an overview of the policy and research of the European Community concerning estuarine, coastal and marine pollution. The structure and implementation of the European Community marine environmental policy, intended to combat the various types of pollution of the sea, and to protect the European waterways and the marine environment are described. Particular reference is made to actions dealing with oil pollution and other harmful chemical substances released into the sea. The environmental research programme, aimed at providing scientific support to the environmental policy of the European Community, addresses short-, mid- and long-term problems. Thus it deals mostly with pollution : its sources, detection, fate, pathways, environmental and genetic effects; and abatement and prevention of pollution by oil, wastes, fertilizers, heavy metals and other environmental chemicals. It is also increasingly concerned with improving the understanding of the functioning of estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystems. The future orientations of the Community's marine environmental policy and research are discussed. These will stress the preventive aspects of environmental protection.
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Suwidji, Pradipto, Hoi Ying Chung, and Yun Hau Ng. "Progress in practical hydrogen production and utilisation in East Asia." HKIE Transactions 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v28n2thie-2020-0047.
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Development of hydrogen utilisation for energy applications has seen promising innovation towards the future prospect of clean and sustainable energy, benefitting various aspects of environmental, social, industrial and energy security. In the APEC region, several economies, such as the USA, China, Australia, Japan and South Korea, have shown interest in the development of hydrogen technology for energy applications. These economies have been devoting effort towards research and development programmes, pilot projects and, up to a certain point, implementing it in their communities. In addition, these economies each have their own tailored hydrogen roadmap or strategy, ensuring a smoother path towards hydrogen development. In this mini-review, we analysed the approaches of three selected economies in the East Asia region towards hydrogen technology, namely China, Japan and South Korea. Each of these economies have their own strategies and priorities towards the application, production and future development of hydrogen technology. This review also analyses the future possibilities for the integration of hydrogen technology into various sectors, as well as various constraints faced by each economy. Therefore, the review might serve as a valuable reference towards the feasibility of future hydrogen technology development in the East Asia and APEC region.
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Golikov, V., and K. Siniuta. "MAIN APPROACHES TO SHIP TRAFFIC CONTROL ON COURSE." Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies", no. 39 (June 30, 2022): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2022-39-19.
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The management of the vessel's course on the course is an important maritime quality that determines the effectiveness of the vessel's management. The environmental conditions in which course management tasks need to be addressed are of a different nature - limited visibility, stormy weather, icing, shallow water, tidal phenomena, narrow conditions, the presence of other vessels, and so on. All these aspects cannot be comprehensively considered by traditional mathematical methods, ensuring the necessary adequacy of the actual process. This paper highlights the existing approaches to the management of ship traffic on the course such as course management, disturbance management, ship traffic management on the basis of long-term forecasting, proportional-integral-differential (PID) law of control (deviation control), intellectual approaches to court management, in particular, synergetic approach, use of neural networks, fuzzy logic and evolutionary (genetic) algorithms-languages.
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Upadhyay, Sweta, Anjali Uniyal, Vijay Kumar, and Sanjay Gupta. "Occurrence, Distribution, Conservation, Ethanobotanical and Pharmacological aspects of endangered medicinal herb belonging to Genus Rheum." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2607rjce168186.
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Rheum is normally known by the name Indian rhubarb, an endangered species of Northern Himalaya and belongs to Polygonaceae family. It is stout perennial herb distributed through the northern Himalayas at a height of 2800 to 3600 M. Rhubarb is efficiently used in Unani, Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine system. Rhubarb is known to be a common ingredient in almost all Ayurvedic medicines related to gastrointestinal diseases. The common phytoconstituents of this species are derivatives of hydroxyanthraquinone like Emodin, Rhein, Aloe-emodin etc. Brief review of literature shows that the component Emodin has the anticancerous property and a great potential to inhibit cell proliferation. Rheum also has antimicrobial, antifungal and antibacterial activity. Along with medicinal uses, this herb is used in cosmetics, dyes and as food colouring agent. Rheum is highly diverse in its genetic constitutes. According to IUCN, this species is rapidly declining in its natural habitat. Thus the regeneration through tissue culture holds a major place for conservation; explants used for regeneration can be shoot tip or excised leaf. The only study about its genetic diversity and population structure in India is in Jammu and Kashmir which shows the way for study in other States also.
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Agafonov, V. B., and N. G. Zhavoronkova. "Ecological and Legal Regulation of Genetic Engineering Activities in the Russian Federation: Current Problems and Development Prospects." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.127.6.149-157.
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The paper is devoted to the study of theoretical and legal aspects of the implementation of state policy and strategizing in the field of production and circulation of GMOs. Based on the results of the analysis of the state strategic planning documents, the authors prove that a new system of strategizing in the field of production and circulation of GMOs is being actively formed in the Russian Federation. This system is based on the assessment of potential and long-term risks of GMOs on the environment and human health. This system includes a modern strategic, legislative, subordinate regulatory legal and methodological base. In order to improve state policy and strategizing in the field of production and circulation of GMOs, it is proposed to develop a concept for the development of genetic engineering activities as part of the country’s socio-economic development, taking into account biological, food, and environmental safety. The paper also provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of GMO handling. Based on the results of an assessment of the legal support of the current security system of the Russian Federation in the field of genetic engineering, its effectiveness is proved. At the same time, the authors highlight potential risks of the appearance of second and third generation GMOs, which may remain unidentified within the framework of control over the GMO turnover.
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Adutwum, Jerry Oppong, and Junji Matsumura. "Spatiotemporal variation and covariation of heartwood color in planted teak wood from Ghana." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 19, 2022): 6178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6178-6190.
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Heartwood color is a complex trait that affects the economic and aesthetic value of the wood but is highly variable. How the color of the heartwood varies spatially and temporally is poorly understood. To illustrate how heartwood color varies within a tree, two opposite aspects of wood within the same tree, representing differential growth rate, were used to model the long-short axis system jointly. The color of the heartwood on the long and the short axis was considered to be two different traits. By jointly modeling the long and short axes, the correlation was examined between aspect (spatial) and contemporaneous correlations (within aspect). Spatial and temporal correlations and their interactions describe the indirect physiological, genetic, and environmental changes in wood formation with time and position in the trunk. Spatial correlations were consistently lower than temporal correlations but were positive and significant. Between the heartwood color parameters, b* showed a relatively higher spatial correlation. The results suggest that there is a spatial correlation in the long-short axis for all color parameters and in the two surfaces. Variations between aspects were not statistically significant for any color parameter. The bivariate mixed model method revealed hidden physics behind heartwood color formation. Models need to be developed to account for both spatial and temporal dependence in studies of wood property change.
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BARMAN, ARINDAM. "Genetic variability and correlation analysis in indigenous germplasm of okra (Ablemoschus esculentus L. Moench)." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10191.
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An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the genetic variability, coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient among indigenous okra accessions based on morphological parameters. Ten okra accessions collected from different parts of Garo Hills regions of Meghalaya were planted during 2019 at NEHU Tura campus, Meghalaya in random block design with three replications. The Analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among the accession for different characters evaluated. The phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was predominantly superior to their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variance resulting the role of environmental aspects. A high heritability in relation with high genetic advance as the percentage of mean value was observed for plant height. The Correlation studies between various quantitative characters exhibited significant association between parameters. Plant height, number of fruits per plant showed highly positive significant association with fruit yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic level. On the basis of mean performance for fruit yield and its component characters from the present investigation 5 superior okra germplasm lines namely T-4, T-6, T-7, T-8 and T-10 were selected as superior and most promising genotypes for the crop improvement programmed in okra.
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Gryta, Agata, and Magdalena Frąc. "Methodological Aspects of Multiplex Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-Technique to Describe the Genetic Diversity of Soil Bacteria, Archaea and Fungi." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 3292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113292.
Full textAbstract:
The molecular fingerprinting methods used to evaluate soil microbial diversity could also be used as effective biosensors for the purposes of monitoring ecological soil status. The biodiversity of microorganisms is a relevant index of soil activity and there is a necessity to develop tools to generate reliable results for an emerging approach in the field of environmental control using microbial diversity biosensors. This work reports a method under development for determining soil microbial diversity using high efficiency Multiplex PCR-Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (M-T-RFLP) for the simultaneous detection of bacteria, archaea and fungi. Three different primer sets were used in the reaction and the analytical conditions were optimized. Optimal analytical conditions were achieved using 0.5 µM of primer for bacteria and 1 µM for archaea and fungi, 4 ng of soil DNA template, and HaeIII restriction enzyme. Comparative tests using the proposed analytical approach and a single analysis of each microorganism group were carried out to indicate that both genetic profiles were similar. The Jaccard similarity coefficient between single and multiplexing approach ranged from 0.773 to 0.850 for bacteria and fungi, and 0.208 to 0.905 for archaea. In conclusion, the multiplexing and pooling approaches significantly reduced the costs and time required to perform the analyses, while maintaining a proper effectiveness.