Relevant bibliographies by topics / Genetic Characterization

Academic literature on the topic 'Genetic Characterization'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Genetic Characterization"

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Heapost, Leiu. "A Population Genetic Characterization of Estonians." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 58, no. 2 (July 14, 2000): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/58/2000/137.

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Joshi, B. K., MONIKA SODHI, M. MUKESH, and B. P. MISHRA. "Genetic characterization of farm animal genetic resources of India: A review." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 82, no. 11 (November 20, 2012): 1259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v82i11.25032.

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India’s vast native animal genetic resources have evolved over generations to adapt to the different agro-climatic conditions and to meet the socio-economic needs of people. In recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. Awareness of the value of genetic resources for sustaining the animal agriculture system has lead to several tangible efforts to understand the existing genetic diversity of indigenous livestock breeds of our country. The application of DNA based markers particularly, the microsatellites, has been well documented in different livestock species worldwide for characterization of livestock genetic resources. This information is valuable for filling gaps in documentation of breeds. The National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources has taken a step forward in a holistic manner for complete breed characterization using phenotypic and genotypic information. Various research programs have been undertaken for molecular genetic characterization of native breeds of livestock and poultry breeds using microsatellite markers. The compiled information on molecular genetic characterization of indigenous farm animal breeds reviewed here would be helpful in better understanding of the farm animal biodiversity and formulating action plans on inventorization, conservation and management of animal genetic resources of our country.
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Dick, Thomas, Uttam Surana, and W. Chia. "Molecular and genetic characterization of." MGG Molecular & General Genetics 251, no. 1 (1996): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050137.

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Elvyra, Roza. "Genetic characterization of Ceratoglanis scleronema." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1118, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012065.

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Abstract Ceratoglanis scleronema is an important fish species in the Riau Province, Indonesia. The fish of C. scleronema are distributed in several rivers of Riau Province. Research on the genetic characterization of C. scleronema is needed to complete its morphological data. Very little research has been done on the genetic characteristics of C. scleronema. This study analyzed the genetic characterization based on the cytochrome b gene of C. scleronema fish. The cytochrome b gene of C. scleronema fish from Riau Province has been successfully amplified. The result of the research showed that nucleotide transition substitutions were more common than transversion substitutions in the cytochrome b gene of C. scleronema. The range of genetic distance between C. scleronema from Kampar and Tapung rivers are 0.00-0.01. The genetic distance between C. scleronema from Riau Province and C. scleronema from GenBank data are 0.01-0.02. The phylogenetic tree showed the closest relationship C. scleronema from Riau Province with C. scleronema from Genbank data with 100% bootstrap value. The conclude of the research that cytochrome b gene can be used to differentiate species of C. scleronema with other fish species. The genetic characteristics of these fish are basic data that can be used for the development of fishery genetic resources in the future.
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Chang, Chih-Ching, Janet R. Gilsdorf, Victor J. DiRita, and Carl F. Marrs. "Identification and Genetic Characterization ofHaemophilus influenzae Genetic Island 1." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.5.2630-2637.2000.

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ABSTRACT The type b capsule of pathogenic Haemophilus influenzaeis a critical factor for H. influenzae survival in the blood and the establishment of invasive infections. Other pathogenic factors associated with type b strains may also play a role in invasion and sustained bacteremia, leading to the seeding of deep tissues. The gene encoding haemocin is the only noncapsular gene found to be specific to type b strains until now. Here we report the discovery of an approximately 16-kb genetic locus, HiGI1, that is present primarily in type b strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization were used to map this new locus between secG(HI0445) and fruA (HI0446), which are contiguous in Rd, a nonpathogenic derivative of a serotype d strain. It is inserted at the 3′ end of tRNA4 Leu and has regions whose G+C content differs from the average genomic G+C content of H. influenzae. An integrase gene, which encodes a CP4-57 like integrase, is located downstream of tRNA4 Leu. Hybridization probes based on the sequences within the HiGI1 locus have been used to screen 61 H. influenzae strains (2 type a, 22 type b, 2 type c, 1 type d, 3 type e, 7 type f, and 21 nontypeableH. influenzae [NTHi]) from our collection. This HiGI1 locus exists in all 22 type b strains and two NTHi strains and is likely to have been acquired by an ancestral type b strain.
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Ariyanto, Didik, Odang Carman, Dinar Tri Soelistyowati, Muhammad Zairin Jr., and Muhamad Syukur. "KARAKTERISTIK FENOTIPE DAN GENOTIPE LIMA STRAIN IKAN MAS DI JAWA BARAT DAN BANTEN." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 13, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.13.2.2018.93-103.

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Langkah awal program pemuliaan adalah koleksi dan pengenalan karakter materi pemuliaan tersebut. Hasil karakterisasi digunakan sebagai dasar pertimbangan metode pelaksanaan program pemuliaan yang akan dilakukan. Koleksi material genetik untuk program pemuliaan ikan mas menghasilkan lima strain yang dominan dibudidaya di wilayah Jawa Barat dan Banten, yakni strain Rajadanu, Sutisna, Majalaya, Wildan, dan Sinyonya. Pengenalan karakter material genetik ikan mas hasil koleksi dilakukan melalui dua pendekatan, yaitu fenotipe menggunakan metode truss morfometrik dan genotipe menggunakan metode mikrosatelit DNA. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variasi keragaan fenotipe kelima strain ikan mas relatif sesuai dengan variasi keragaan genotipenya. Selain mengelompokkan antar strain, hasil analisis genotipe juga menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keragaman genetik kelima strain ikan mas yang diindikasikan dengan nilai heterozigositas (Ho) relatif rendah, yaitu berkisar antara 0,08-0,20 dengan jarak genetik antar strain berada dalam kisaran 0,420-0,582.The first step in a fish breeding program is the collection and characterization of the breeding subject. The results of characterization are used as a baseline to select suitable potential methods used in the breeding program. The samples of genetic materials of five strains of common carp (Rajadanu, Sutisna, Majalaya, Wildan, and Sinyonya) were obtained from West Java and Banten Province. The characterization of collected genetic materials of the common carp species followed the phenotype and genotype approaches. Phenotypic characterization used truss morphometric method while genotype characterization applied DNA microsatellite method. The results showed that the phenotypic variation of the common carp had a close fit with its genotypic variation. In addition, the genotype analysis also showed that the genetic diversity level of the strains was relatively low indicated by the narrow ranges of heterozygosity values (Ho) (0.08-0.20) and genetic distance among strains (0.420-0.582).
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Buitrago Bitar, María Angélica, Ayda Lilia Enríquez Valencia, Jorge Mario Londoño Caicedo, Jaime Eduardo Muñoz Flórez, Bernardo Villegas Estrada, and Gloria Esperanza Santana Fonseca. "Molecular and morphological characterization of Musa spp. (Zingiberales : Musaceae) cultivars." Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2020.24.1.2.

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Objectives: The overall goal was to analyze genetic diversity in cultivars of Musa acuminata (Colla) and M. balbisiana (Colla), commonly grown in farms from Caldas department. Scope: Characterization of the genetic variability, at the molecular and morphological level of cultivars of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, found in farms from Caldas farmers using morphological descriptors and fluorescent microsatellites. Methodology: Phenotyping evaluations comprised 57 morphological characters following the descriptors proposed by IPGRI for the Musa genus, and for genotyping evaluations, nine fluorescent microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats-SSR) were used to allow the precise identification of alleles. Additionally, cluster analyses were carried out independently for both morphological and genotypic characterizations under Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Bootstrapping methods respectively. Main results: Positive and negative highly significant correlations were found for the morphological descriptors, where traits such as presence/ absence of male bud was the rule, as well as the diameter and perimeter of this trait, plus the diameter and perimeter of the peduncle, number of fruits, pseudostem height and fruit length contributed considerably to the variability among the cultivars allowing the discrimination of three main groups in the cluster analyzes. From the molecular perspective a total of 72 polymorphic alleles were obtained, with an average genetic diversity of 0,79, polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0,77 and heterozygosity of 0,48, showed a moderate degree of genetic differentiation (FST = 0,061) among Musa cultivars, generating three main sub-clusters based on their genetic dissimilarity. Conclusions: The identification of certain morphological traits showed to be suitable for the discrimination of Musa cultivars evaluated here. On the other hand, molecular characterization allowed to establish the genetic relationships among groups, also fluorescent SSR were highly informative and accurate, in such a way that can be considered suitable for characterizations in Musa varieties.
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Yesender, M., N. Himabindu, S. Saritha, B. Sadananda Rao, T. V. Ramani, and Nagajyothi. "CHARACTERIZATION OF LOBSTER HAND/FOOT MALFORMATIONS WITH GENETIC EXPRESSION: A FAMILIAL STUDY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 1.1 (January 31, 2017): 3457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.428.

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Brandes, C., A. Joachimsthaler, A. Stöger, W. Ruppitsch, and H. Zimmermann. "Genetic characterization of the origin of offtype plants in maize inbred lines." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.2.15.

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Ajayi, Grace Oluwatosin. "Genetic characterization of patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) in new-bussa, niger state, Nigeria." International Journal of Molecular Biology Open Access 6, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijmboa.2023.06.00145.

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This study was carried out to identify, organize and characterize the Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) genome. Minimally invasive technique was used to obtain the blood samples for analysis. The blood samples were taken with the assistance of a professional veterinary doctor. They were transferred immediately to blood tubes which contain 95% ethanol for preservation and then stored in refrigerator before laboratory analysis. Genetic analyses revealed that the mitogenome was 16,678 base pair (bp) in length, with an overall base composition of 31.8% A, 25.8% T, 29.7% C, and 12.7% G. The A+T content (57.6%) was greater than the G+C content (42.4%). Phylogenetic analysis was based on the COI sequences of 9 individuals from different locations. The newly sequenced individuals are from Benin Republic, South West, Nigeria and North Central, Nigeria, West Africa; while other sequences were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI database). The nucleotide diversity shows both the frequency and differences between haplotypes, hence, it is a more suitable parameter to estimate the genetic diversity in populations than haplotype diversity. The Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) was used to estimate the genetic distances among the aligned sequences. The study indicates significant genetic differentiation among all of the geographical locations which indicates high genetic distances. The findings revealed a relatively low frequency polymorphisms and absence of variants of alleles among the population of patas. This exemplified a stable demographic history with a stable population size. Hence, the study provides a useful database for analyzing the phylogenetic relationship of Erythrocebus patas. However, further genetic study is recommended for improved conservation of primates in Nigeria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Genetic Characterization"

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Rosales-Alday, Javier. "Mexican simmental-brahman genetic characterization, genetic parameters and genetic trends." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004581.

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Shareck, Julie. "Isolation and characterization of a cryptic plasmid from Lactobacillus plantarum." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84072.

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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a group of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms that metabolize sugars into primarily lactic acid, have traditionally been used for the fermentation and preservation of various foods and beverages. There is increasing interest in the genetic manipulation of LAB to improve existing characteristics or introduce novel, industrially pertinent phenotypes. However, because these bacteria have food-related applications, their genetic modification requires the use of food-grade genetic engineering tools. LAB plasmids, self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecules, can be used to derive food-grade cloning vectors. The rationale of this research was to develop a food-grade cloning vector using a lactobacilli cryptic plasmid and to investigate its cloning and expression properties. The main objectives were to (i) screen Lactobacillus spp. for plasmids, (ii) isolate and characterize a plasmid, and (iii) use the plasmid replicon to construct a cloning vector and express heterologous genes in various hosts. This is the first step in the development of a new family of food-grade cloning vectors for the genetic modification of lactobacilli.
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Ezpeleta, Jessica. "The characterization of the ABF-1 promoter." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/559.

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The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family oftranscription factors consists of proteins involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation. The HLH structure plays a key role in protein-protein dimerization and with the DNA target sites, referred to as E boxes containing the consensus DNA sequence CANNTG. One class of mammalian class I bHLH proteins includes products of the E2A gene, which result from alternative splicing (E12, E47, and ITF), E2-2 and HEB. E2A proteins have also been detected in most cell lines with high levels of expression in lymphoid- and pancreatic cells. It has also been demonstrated that E2A is required for B cell maturation, T cell development and has been shown to function as tumor suppressors. To date, an E2A-interacting bHLH transcription factor largely restricted to activated B lymphocytes, called ABF -1, was isolated using the two-hybrid system. ABF -1 is the only B cell restricted bHLH protein isolated. ABF-1/E2A heterodimers have been detected in B lymphocytes. In these studies, the mapping of the ABF-1 promoter and the critical 5' regulatory elements that control ABF-1 gene expression were analyzed through 5' deletional analysis. 5' -DNA flanking pieces of the promoter region were created through PCR and inserted into a promoterless cloning vector containing the firefly luciferase reporter gene. RT -PCR analysis and anchored PCR was utilized to demonstrate the transcriptional activity of the - promoter region of the ABF-1 gene. Transient transfections were completed to determine critical regulatory sequences. The promoter location was confirmed through computer analysis of the nucleotide sequence and deletional analysis.
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Kjellman, Magnus. "Genetic characterization of adrenocortical tumors /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3358-8/.

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Camp, Darius. "Genetic characterization of clk genes." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100781.

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clk-1 encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (UQ), a redox active lipid that is found in all cellular membranes, including in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans clk-1 mutants display slow and deregulated physiological rates, including slow embryonic and post-embryonic development, retarded germline development, slow behaviours, and an increased lifespan. clk-1 slow germline development phenotype was previously linked to clk-1 altered ROS metabolism and its effect on lipid oxidization and the let-60/ras pathway. I have taken a genetic suppressor approach to further investigate the causes of the slow germline development phenotype of the clk-1 mutants.
Through this approach one mutant that suppresses the germline phenotype of clk-1 was identified. This suppressor, gsc-1(qm216), restored clk-1 germline development to slightly faster rates than wild type worms. This effect was specific to clk-1 and gsc-1 did not speed germline development rates in wild type worms. Furthermore, this effect appeared to be additive to lowering cholesterol levels but not to increasing cytoplasmic ROS levels. gsc-1 by itself appeared to have a deleterious effect on brood size and to increase lifespan. Neither of these effects were additive to the clk-1 phenotype and were therefore believed to affect similar mechanisms. The genetic mapping of gsc-1 precisely located the mutation to the center of chromosome II and linked it tightly to the lin-5 mutation. However, none of the transgenic lines managed to complement the gsc-1 mutation and its identity was not discovered.
In addition, to determine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Clk phenotype, I have been analyzing all clk mutants (clk-1 to -10), by increasing ROS levels through the disruption of sod-1 and sod-2 genes, and scoring Clk phenotypes. I found that, although several clk mutants appear to have altered ROS levels, the phenomenon does not apply to all clk worms and does not correlate with lifespan. The disruption of either sod-1 or -2 affects growth and embryonic viability: sod-2 tends to exacerbate the mutant phenotypes, while sod-1 shows both weakly enhancing or weakly suppressing effects. Interestingly, only one mutant, clk-4, and only one phenotype of this mutant, slow post-embryonic development, is suppressed by sod-2 (but not sod-1). Furthermore, disrupting the expression of the sod-1 gene has only moderate or no effect on the lifespan of wild type worms, while sod-2 was shown to extend lifespan. On the whole, our results suggest that low superoxide levels do not participate in extending lifespan and are not the common process inducing the Clk phenotype in these mutants. Yet, several of the mutants analyzed have a dramatically increased lifespan and specifically behave like mutants which affect mitochondrial electron transport such as isp-1. Thus, our findings suggest that electron transport has a crucial role in longevity and developmental rates that is independent of superoxide generation.
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Fourie, Mariesa. "Molecular characterization and further shortening of recombinant forms of the Lr19 translocation." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/189.

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Johnstone, Oona. "Characterization of the Vasa-eIF5B interaction during Drosophila development." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84265.

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Translational control is an important means of regulating gene expression. Development of the Drosophila germ line relies on translational regulation to differentially express maternal mRNAs, allowing it to develop distinctly from the soma. One of the critical factors required for germ cell development and function is the conserved DEAD-box RNA helicase Vasa (Vas). The research presented in this thesis examines the role of Vas in translational regulation during Drosophila germ line development. A two-hybrid screen conducted with Vas identified a translation initiation factor eIF5B (dIF2), as a direct interactor. Mutations were created in eIF5B and were found to enhance the vas mutant phenotypes of reduced germ cell numbers, and posterior segmentation defects, suggesting a functional interaction between these factors in vivo. In order to further understand the biological significance of the Vas-eIF5B interaction, the region of Vas required for eIF5B-binding was mapped and then specifically disrupted. Reduction of Vas-eIF5B binding using a transgenic approach, virtually eliminated germ cell formation, while having only a moderate effect on the somatic requirement of Vas in posterior segmentation. In addition, Vas-eIF5B interaction was found to be required for the establishment of polarity within the egg during oogenesis, likely through direct regulation of gurken (grk) mRNA. We concluded that through interaction with eIF5B, Vas plays a critical role in translational regulation in the germ line. In addition, another Drosophila DEAD-box protein, highly similar to Vas, called Belle (Bel) was characterized. Mutations in bel were found to also affect the germ line, leading to both female and male sterility. Like Vas, Bel is implicated in translation initiation, however bel is an essential gene, with a requirement for growth, whose function is not restricted to the germ line. Our data suggest that Bel may be a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein,
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Stephens, Alexandre, and N/A. "Genetic and Functional Characterization of RUNX2." Griffith University. School of Medical Science, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070823.100953.

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RUNX2 belongs to the RUNT domain family of transcription factors of which three have been identified in humans (RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3). RUNX proteins are vital for metazoan development and participate in the regulation of cellular differentiation and cell cycle progression (Coffman, 2003). RUNX2 is required for proper bone formation by driving the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal progenitors during development (Ducy et al, 1997; Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). RUNX2 is also vital for chondrocyte maturation by promoting the differentiation of chondrocytes to the hypertrophic phenotype (Enomoto et al, 2000). The consequences of completely disrupting the RUNX2 locus in mice provided compelling and conclusive evidence for the biological importance of RUNX2 where knockout mice died shortly after birth with a complete lack of bone formation (Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). A further indication of the requisite role of RUNX2 in skeletal development was the discovery that RUNX2 haploinsufficiency in humans and mice caused the skeletal syndrome Cleidocranial Dysplasia (CCD) (Mundlos et al, 1997; Lee et al, 1997). A unique feature of RUNX2 is the consecutive polyglutamine and polyalanine tracts (Q/A domain). Mutations causing CCD have been observed in the Q/A domain of RUNX2 (Mundlos et al, 1997). The Q/A domain is an essential part of RUNX2 and participates in transactivation function (Thirunavukkarasu et al, 1998). Previous genotyping studies conducted in our laboratory identified several rare RUNX2 Q/A variants in addition to a frequently occurring 18 base pair deletion of the polyalanine tract termed the 11Ala allele. Analysis of serum parameters in 78 Osteoarthritis patients revealed the 11Ala allele was associated with significantly decreased osteocalcin. Furthermore, analysis of 11Ala allele frequencies within a Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS) fracture cohort and an appropriate age matched control group revealed the 11Ala allele was significantly overrepresented in fracture cases indicating an association with increased fracture risk. To further investigate the 11Ala allele and rare Q/A variants, 747 DNA samples from the Southeast Queensland bone study were genotyped using PCR and PAGE. The experiment served two purposes: 1) to detect additional rare Q/A variants to enrich the population of already identified mutants and 2) have an independent assessment of the effect of the 11Ala allele on fracture to either support or refute our previous observation which indicated the 11Ala allele was associated with an increased risk of fracture in the GOS. From the 747 samples genotyped, 665 were WT, 76 were heterozygous for the 11Ala allele, 5 were homozygous for the 11Ala allele and 1 was heterozygous for a rare 21 bp deletion of the polyglutamine tract. Chi-square analysis of RUNX2 genotype distributions within fracture and non-fracture groups in the Southeast Queensland bone study revealed that individuals that carried at least one copy of the 11Ala allele were enriched in the fracture group (p = 0.16, OR = 1.712). The OR of 1.712 was of similar magnitude to the OR observed in the GOS case-control investigation (OR = 1.9) providing support for the original study. Monte-Carlo simulations were used to combine the results from the GOS and the Southeast Queensland bone study. The simulations were conducted with 10000 iterations and demonstrated that the maximum probability of obtaining both study results by chance was less than 5 times in two hundred (p < 0.025) suggesting that the 11Ala allele of RUNX2 was associated with an increased fracture risk. The second element of the research involved the analysis of rare RUNX2 Q/A variants identified from multiple epidemiological studies of bone. Q/A repeat variants were derived from four populations: the GOS, an Aberdeen cohort, CAIFOS and a Sydney twin study. Collectively, a total of 20 rare glutamine and one alanine variants were identified from 4361 subjects. All RUNX2 Q/A variants were heterozygous for a mutant allele and a wild type allele. Analysis of incident fracture during a five year follow up period in the CAIFOS revealed that Q-variants (n = 8) were significantly more likely to have fractured compared to non-carriers (p = 0.026, OR 4.932 95% CI 1.2 to 20.1). Bone density data as measured by quantitative ultrasound was available for CAIFOS. Analysis of BUA and SOS Z-scores revealed that Q-repeat variants had significantly lower BUA (p = 0.031, mean Z-score of -0.79) and a trend for lower SOS (p = 0.190, mean Z-score of -0.69). BMD data was available for all four populations. To normalize the data across the four studies, FN BMD data was converted into Z-scores and the effect of the Q/A variants on BMD was analysed using a one sample approach. The analysis revealed Q/A variants had significantly lower FN BMD (p = 0.0003) presenting with a 0.65 SD decrease. Quantitative transactivation analysis was conducted on RUNX2 proteins harbouring rare glutamine mutations and the 11Ala allele. RUNX2 proteins containing a glutamine deletion (16Q), a glutamine insertion (30Q) and the 11Ala allele were overexpressed in NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells and their ability to transactivate a known target promoter was assessed. The 16Q and 30Q had significantly decreased reporter activity compared to WT in NIH3T3 cells (p = 0.002 and 0.016, for 16Q and 30Q, respectively). In contrast 11Ala RUNX2 did not show significantly different promoter activation potential (p = 0.54). Similar results were obtained in HEK293 cells where both the 16Q and 30Q RUNX2 displayed decreased reporter activity (p=0.007 and 0.066 for 16Q and 30Q respectively) whereas the 11Ala allele had no material effect on RUNX2 function (p = 0.20). The RUNX2 gene target reporter assay provided evidence to suggest that variation within the glutamine tract of RUNX2 was capable of altering the ability of RUNX2 to activate a known target promoter. In contrast, the 11Ala allele showed no variation in RUNX2 activity. The third feature of the research served the purpose of identifying potential RUNX2 gene targets with particular emphasis on discovering genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and the powerful bone promoting agent BMP2. The experiment was conducted by creating stably transfected NIH3T3 cells lines overexpressing RUNX2 or BMP2 or both RUNX2 and BMP2. Microarray analysis revealed very few genes were differentially regulated between standard NIH3T3 cells and cells overexpressing RUNX2. The results were confirmed via RT-PCR analysis which demonstrated that the known RUNX2 gene targets Osteocalcin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 were modestly induced 2.5 fold (p = 0.00017) and 2.1 fold (p = 0.002) respectively in addition to identifying only two genes (IGF-II and SCYA11) that were differentially regulated greater than 10 fold. IGF-II and SYCA11 were significantly down-regulated 27.6 fold (p = 1.95 x 10-6) and 10.1 fold (p = 0.0002) respectively. The results provided support for the notion that RUNX2 on its own was not sufficient for optimal gene expression and required the presence of additional factors. To discover genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and BMP2, microarray gene expression analysis was performed on standard NIH3T3 cells and NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with both RUNX2 and BMP2. Comparison of the gene expression profiles revealed the presence of a large number of differentially regulated genes. Four genes EHOX, CCL9, CSF2 and OSF-1 were chosen to be further characterized via RT-PCR. Sequential RT-PCR analysis on cDNA derived from control cells and cells stably transfected with either RUNX2, BMP2 or both RUNX2/BMP2 revealed that EHOX and CSF2 were cooperatively induced by RUNX2 and BMP2 whereas CCL9 and OSF-1 were suppressed by BMP2. The overexpression of both RUNX2 and BMP2 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts provided a powerful model upon which to discover potential RUNX2 gene targets and also identify genes synergistically regulated by BMP2 and RUNX2. The fourth element of the research investigated the role of RUNX2 in the ascorbic acid mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA. The study was carried out using NIH3T3 cell lines stably transfected with BMP2, RUNX2 and both BMP2 and RUNX2. The cell lines were grown to confluence and subsequently cultured for a further 12 days in standard media or in media supplemented with AA. RT-PCR analysis was used to assess MMP-13 mRNA expression. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that AA was not sufficient for inducing MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. In contrast RUNX2 significantly induced MMP-13 levels 85 fold in the absence of AA (p = 0.0055) and upregulated MMP-13 mRNA levels 254 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0017). The results demonstrated that RUNX2 was essential for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. The effect of BMP2 on MMP-13 expression was also investigated. BMP2 induced MMP-13 mRNA transcripts a modest 3.8 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0027). When both RUNX2 and BMP2 were overexpressed in the presence of AA, MMP-13 mRNA levels were induced a massive 4026 fold (p = 8.7 x 10-4) compared to control cells. The investigation revealed that RUNX2 was an essential factor for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 and that RUNX2 and BMP2 functionally cooperated to regulate MMP-13 mRNA levels.
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Stephens, Alexandre. "Genetic and Functional Characterization of RUNX2." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365677.

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RUNX2 belongs to the RUNT domain family of transcription factors of which three have been identified in humans (RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3). RUNX proteins are vital for metazoan development and participate in the regulation of cellular differentiation and cell cycle progression (Coffman, 2003). RUNX2 is required for proper bone formation by driving the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal progenitors during development (Ducy et al, 1997; Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). RUNX2 is also vital for chondrocyte maturation by promoting the differentiation of chondrocytes to the hypertrophic phenotype (Enomoto et al, 2000). The consequences of completely disrupting the RUNX2 locus in mice provided compelling and conclusive evidence for the biological importance of RUNX2 where knockout mice died shortly after birth with a complete lack of bone formation (Komori et al, 1997; Otto et al, 1997). A further indication of the requisite role of RUNX2 in skeletal development was the discovery that RUNX2 haploinsufficiency in humans and mice caused the skeletal syndrome Cleidocranial Dysplasia (CCD) (Mundlos et al, 1997; Lee et al, 1997). A unique feature of RUNX2 is the consecutive polyglutamine and polyalanine tracts (Q/A domain). Mutations causing CCD have been observed in the Q/A domain of RUNX2 (Mundlos et al, 1997). The Q/A domain is an essential part of RUNX2 and participates in transactivation function (Thirunavukkarasu et al, 1998). Previous genotyping studies conducted in our laboratory identified several rare RUNX2 Q/A variants in addition to a frequently occurring 18 base pair deletion of the polyalanine tract termed the 11Ala allele. Analysis of serum parameters in 78 Osteoarthritis patients revealed the 11Ala allele was associated with significantly decreased osteocalcin. Furthermore, analysis of 11Ala allele frequencies within a Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS) fracture cohort and an appropriate age matched control group revealed the 11Ala allele was significantly overrepresented in fracture cases indicating an association with increased fracture risk. To further investigate the 11Ala allele and rare Q/A variants, 747 DNA samples from the Southeast Queensland bone study were genotyped using PCR and PAGE. The experiment served two purposes: 1) to detect additional rare Q/A variants to enrich the population of already identified mutants and 2) have an independent assessment of the effect of the 11Ala allele on fracture to either support or refute our previous observation which indicated the 11Ala allele was associated with an increased risk of fracture in the GOS. From the 747 samples genotyped, 665 were WT, 76 were heterozygous for the 11Ala allele, 5 were homozygous for the 11Ala allele and 1 was heterozygous for a rare 21 bp deletion of the polyglutamine tract. Chi-square analysis of RUNX2 genotype distributions within fracture and non-fracture groups in the Southeast Queensland bone study revealed that individuals that carried at least one copy of the 11Ala allele were enriched in the fracture group (p = 0.16, OR = 1.712). The OR of 1.712 was of similar magnitude to the OR observed in the GOS case-control investigation (OR = 1.9) providing support for the original study. Monte-Carlo simulations were used to combine the results from the GOS and the Southeast Queensland bone study. The simulations were conducted with 10000 iterations and demonstrated that the maximum probability of obtaining both study results by chance was less than 5 times in two hundred (p < 0.025) suggesting that the 11Ala allele of RUNX2 was associated with an increased fracture risk. The second element of the research involved the analysis of rare RUNX2 Q/A variants identified from multiple epidemiological studies of bone. Q/A repeat variants were derived from four populations: the GOS, an Aberdeen cohort, CAIFOS and a Sydney twin study. Collectively, a total of 20 rare glutamine and one alanine variants were identified from 4361 subjects. All RUNX2 Q/A variants were heterozygous for a mutant allele and a wild type allele. Analysis of incident fracture during a five year follow up period in the CAIFOS revealed that Q-variants (n = 8) were significantly more likely to have fractured compared to non-carriers (p = 0.026, OR 4.932 95% CI 1.2 to 20.1). Bone density data as measured by quantitative ultrasound was available for CAIFOS. Analysis of BUA and SOS Z-scores revealed that Q-repeat variants had significantly lower BUA (p = 0.031, mean Z-score of -0.79) and a trend for lower SOS (p = 0.190, mean Z-score of -0.69). BMD data was available for all four populations. To normalize the data across the four studies, FN BMD data was converted into Z-scores and the effect of the Q/A variants on BMD was analysed using a one sample approach. The analysis revealed Q/A variants had significantly lower FN BMD (p = 0.0003) presenting with a 0.65 SD decrease. Quantitative transactivation analysis was conducted on RUNX2 proteins harbouring rare glutamine mutations and the 11Ala allele. RUNX2 proteins containing a glutamine deletion (16Q), a glutamine insertion (30Q) and the 11Ala allele were overexpressed in NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells and their ability to transactivate a known target promoter was assessed. The 16Q and 30Q had significantly decreased reporter activity compared to WT in NIH3T3 cells (p = 0.002 and 0.016, for 16Q and 30Q, respectively). In contrast 11Ala RUNX2 did not show significantly different promoter activation potential (p = 0.54). Similar results were obtained in HEK293 cells where both the 16Q and 30Q RUNX2 displayed decreased reporter activity (p=0.007 and 0.066 for 16Q and 30Q respectively) whereas the 11Ala allele had no material effect on RUNX2 function (p = 0.20). The RUNX2 gene target reporter assay provided evidence to suggest that variation within the glutamine tract of RUNX2 was capable of altering the ability of RUNX2 to activate a known target promoter. In contrast, the 11Ala allele showed no variation in RUNX2 activity. The third feature of the research served the purpose of identifying potential RUNX2 gene targets with particular emphasis on discovering genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and the powerful bone promoting agent BMP2. The experiment was conducted by creating stably transfected NIH3T3 cells lines overexpressing RUNX2 or BMP2 or both RUNX2 and BMP2. Microarray analysis revealed very few genes were differentially regulated between standard NIH3T3 cells and cells overexpressing RUNX2. The results were confirmed via RT-PCR analysis which demonstrated that the known RUNX2 gene targets Osteocalcin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 were modestly induced 2.5 fold (p = 0.00017) and 2.1 fold (p = 0.002) respectively in addition to identifying only two genes (IGF-II and SCYA11) that were differentially regulated greater than 10 fold. IGF-II and SYCA11 were significantly down-regulated 27.6 fold (p = 1.95 x 10-6) and 10.1 fold (p = 0.0002) respectively. The results provided support for the notion that RUNX2 on its own was not sufficient for optimal gene expression and required the presence of additional factors. To discover genes cooperatively regulated by RUNX2 and BMP2, microarray gene expression analysis was performed on standard NIH3T3 cells and NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with both RUNX2 and BMP2. Comparison of the gene expression profiles revealed the presence of a large number of differentially regulated genes. Four genes EHOX, CCL9, CSF2 and OSF-1 were chosen to be further characterized via RT-PCR. Sequential RT-PCR analysis on cDNA derived from control cells and cells stably transfected with either RUNX2, BMP2 or both RUNX2/BMP2 revealed that EHOX and CSF2 were cooperatively induced by RUNX2 and BMP2 whereas CCL9 and OSF-1 were suppressed by BMP2. The overexpression of both RUNX2 and BMP2 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts provided a powerful model upon which to discover potential RUNX2 gene targets and also identify genes synergistically regulated by BMP2 and RUNX2. The fourth element of the research investigated the role of RUNX2 in the ascorbic acid mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA. The study was carried out using NIH3T3 cell lines stably transfected with BMP2, RUNX2 and both BMP2 and RUNX2. The cell lines were grown to confluence and subsequently cultured for a further 12 days in standard media or in media supplemented with AA. RT-PCR analysis was used to assess MMP-13 mRNA expression. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that AA was not sufficient for inducing MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. In contrast RUNX2 significantly induced MMP-13 levels 85 fold in the absence of AA (p = 0.0055) and upregulated MMP-13 mRNA levels 254 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0017). The results demonstrated that RUNX2 was essential for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells. The effect of BMP2 on MMP-13 expression was also investigated. BMP2 induced MMP-13 mRNA transcripts a modest 3.8 fold in the presence of AA (p = 0.0027). When both RUNX2 and BMP2 were overexpressed in the presence of AA, MMP-13 mRNA levels were induced a massive 4026 fold (p = 8.7 x 10-4) compared to control cells. The investigation revealed that RUNX2 was an essential factor for the AA mediated induction of MMP-13 and that RUNX2 and BMP2 functionally cooperated to regulate MMP-13 mRNA levels.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Faculty of Health
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Zhou, Gaoying, and 周高英. "Molecular characterization of chicken SOCS2 gene." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31480263.

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Books on the topic "Genetic Characterization"

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Molecular genetic characterization of animal genetic resources. Rome: Commission on Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011.

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Pritchard, Jane Elisabeth. Genetic characterization of cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Day, Stephen P. Genotyping for infectious diseases: Identification and characterization : approved guideline. Wayne, Pa: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2006.

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National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (India) and Jai Vigyan National Science & Technology Mission on Conservation of Agro-Biodiversity (Plant Genetic Resources), eds. Manual on characterization and evaluation of plant genetic resources. New Delhi: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2000.

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Lee, Mark Joon-Sung. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Stevens-Kroef, Marian. Molecular characterization of 5q deletions in myelodysplastic syndromes. [Leiden: University of Leiden, 1998.

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Gingrich, Jeffrey R. Characterization of a neural-specific inducible genetic system in transgenic mice. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Taussig. AIDS: Understanding molecular biology : characterization of HIV genome. Angleton, TX: Doctors Press, 1997.

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Neuhauss, Stephan. Cranofacial development in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Mutational analysis, genetic characterization and genomic mapping. [Marburg]: Tectum-Verl., 1996.

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V, Pullin Roger S., and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management., eds. The characterization of Ghanaian tilapia genetic resources for use in fisheries and aquaculture. Makati City, Philippines: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Genetic Characterization"

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Rege, J. E. O., Joel Ochieng, and Olivier Hanotte. "Livestock genetics and breeding." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 59–102. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0059.

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Abstract This chapter describes the contributions of the International Livestock Research Institute's (ILRI) to animal breeding. The specific topics include the genetic characterization and history of livestock, breeding technologies, genetic improvement of indigenous livestock, tools and methods for conducting breed surveys, classification of African livestock populations, molecular genetic characterization, the genetic history of cattle in Africa and linking livestock to human history, genetic history and geography of African sheep, genetic history and geography of African chickens, genetic history and geography of the African dromedary, establishment of a joint laboratory with CAAS in Beijing and expansion into Asia, ILRI's genetic characterization as a catalyst for international interest, genetics of trypanotolerance and genetics of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites.
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Hilsdorf, Alexandre W. S., and Eric M. Hallerman. "Characterization of Genetic Resources." In Genetic Resources of Neotropical Fishes, 55–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55838-7_3.

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Bergamini, G. Mulcahy, A. Trautweiler, H. F. Linskens, and D. L. Mulcahy. "Genetic Characterization of Chestnut." In Fruit Analysis, 149–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79660-9_9.

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Leach, David R. F. "Cloning and Characterization of DNAs with Palindromic Sequences." In Genetic Engineering, 1–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1766-9_1.

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DeSalle, Rob, and Elizabeth Bonwich. "DNA Isolation, Manipulation and Characterization from Old Tissues." In Genetic Engineering, 13–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1766-9_2.

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Martini, Marta, Fabio Quaglino, and Assunta Bertaccini. "Multilocus Genetic Characterization of Phytoplasmas." In Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria - III, 161–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9632-8_9.

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Hu, Haijing, Matthew M. Moake, Abigail B. Snyder, and Randy W. Worobo. "Genetic Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides." In Functional Foods and Biotechnology, 379–406. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Food biotechnology: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003003793-22.

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Reuter, Ingmar, Thomas Werner, and Edgar Wingender. "Computer-Assisted Methods for the Identification and Characterization of Polymerase II Promoters." In Genetic Engineering, 25–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1739-3_2.

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Choquet, Hélène, Pieter Stijnen, and John W. M. Creemers. "Genetic and Functional Characterization of PCSK1." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 247–53. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-204-5_13.

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Manchado, Manuel, Josep V. Planas, Xavier Cousin, Laureana Rebordinos, and M. Gonzalo Claros. "Genetic and Genomic Characterization of Soles." In The Biology of Sole, 375–94. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019] | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120393-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Genetic Characterization"

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Budiono, Tri Asih. "Greediness Characterization of Genetic Algorithms." In 2018 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimtech.2018.8528186.

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Rodriguez-Esquerre, Vitaly F., and Davi Franco Rego. "Asymmetrical absorption in plasmonic devices optimized by genetic algorithms." In Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications XVI, edited by Takuo Tanaka and Din Ping Tsai. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2323206.

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Galvan, Edgar, and Richard Malak. "A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Technology Characterization." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70465.

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It is important for engineers to understand the capabilities and limitations of the technologies they consider for use in their systems. Several researchers have investigated approaches for modeling the capabilities of a technology with the aim of supporting the design process. In these works, the information about the physical form is typically abstracted away. However, the efficient generation of an accurate model of technical capabilities remains a challenge. Pareto frontier based methods are often used but yield results that are of limited use for subsequent decision making and analysis. Models based on parameterized Pareto frontiers—termed Technology Characterization Models (TCMs)—are much more reusable and composable. However, there exists no efficient technique for modeling the parameterized Pareto frontier. The contribution of this paper is a new algorithm for modeling the parameterized Pareto frontier to be used as a model of the characteristics of a technology. The proposed algorithm uses fundamental concepts from multiobjective genetic optimization and machine learning to generate a model of the technology frontier.
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Fenner, Raenita A., and Suzanne Keilson. "Free space material characterization using genetic algorithms." In 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/antem.2014.6887668.

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Kaiser, Tanja Katharina, and Heiko Hamann. "Diversity in swarm robotics with task-independent behavior characterization." In GECCO '20: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3377929.3389949.

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Iclanzan, David, Fabio Daolio, and Marco Tomassini. "Data-driven local optima network characterization of QAPLIB instances." In GECCO '14: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598275.

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Balasubramaniam, Krishnan, and Navin S. Rao. "Ultrasonic Characterization of Composite Material Stiffness Properties Using Genetic Algorithms." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0210.

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Abstract In this paper, efforts on the ultrasonic measurements of material stiffness properties of fiber reinforced composites such as graphite-epoxy and glass-epoxy employing inverse methods based on Genetic Algorithms using noise-free oblique incidence data will be discussed. Phase velocity data as a function of the angle of refraction in non-symmetry planes for orthotropic uni-directional composite laminates were used as the input to the genetic algorithm. Optimal parameters were chosen from the sensitivity analysis of the stiffness constants using a direct approach. The inversion using this novel technique was extremely promising in computing the material properties from the ultrasonic phase velocity data. Advantages and disadvantages of such genetic search methods over conventional stiffness reconstruction techniques are also discussed.
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Rülke, Franziska, Susan Arndt, Antje Aschendorff, Andreas Knopf, and Ralf Birkenhäger. "Systematic characterization of non-syndromal genetic hearing disorders." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1711205.

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Zuffi, Silvia, Raimondo Schettini, and Giancarlo Mauri. "Using genetic algorithms for spectral-based printer characterization." In Electronic Imaging 2003, edited by Reiner Eschbach and Gabriel G. Marcu. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.472720.

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Reineix, Gwenael, Romain Negrier, Michele Lalande, Vincent Couderc, Joel Andrieu, and Laurent Desrumaux. "Optoelectronic waveforms generation: PCSS characterization and genetic algorithm." In 2017 47th European Microwave Conference (EuMC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eumc.2017.8231108.

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Reports on the topic "Genetic Characterization"

1

Smith, David I. Characterization of Genetic Alterations in Ovarian Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413296.

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Smith, David I. Characterization of Genetic Alterations in Ovarian Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421954.

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Barazani, Oz, Alan J. Malter, Thameen Hijawi, Zohar Kerem, and Arnon Dag. Genetic characterization of East Mediterranean traditional olive cultivars. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7613891.bard.

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Schaffer, Beverly. Characterization of Genetic Modifiers of Estrogen-Induced Mammary Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443700.

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Schaffer, Beverly S. Characterization of Genetic Modifiers of Estrogen-Induced Mammary Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428943.

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Schaffer, Beverly. Characterization of Genetic Modifiers of Estrogen-Induced Mammary Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459737.

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Lichy, Jack. Characterization of Breast Cancer Progression by Analysis of Genetic Markers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada375074.

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Lichy, Jack. Characterization of Breast Cancer Progression by Analysis of Genetic Markers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326464.

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Spancake, Kimberly M. Genetic Construction and Molecular Characterization of Breast Cancer Precursor Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298514.

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Lichy, Jack. Characterization of Breast Cancer Progression by Analysis of Genetic Markers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada346670.

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