Journal articles: 'Genetic adaptations'

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Provorov, Nikolay A., and Sergey V. Mylnikov. "Genetic mechanisms of individual and cooperative adaptations." Ecological genetics 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2007): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen5125-30.

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The purpose of the course "Genetic mechanisms of individual and cooperative adaptation" (12 semester 18 hours) - is to provide students with a broad view in population mechanisms of the different types of adaptation. The problem of the course consists in benchmark analysis of the ways and mechanisms of the origin of these adaptations, as well as in their possible macroevolution consequence. The individual adaptation is considered on model of stressful influence on populations. Cooperative adaptation is considered basically on model of symbiosis, whose formation associates with origin of new traits, which greatly increase evolution potential of biological species. The course develops the knowledge obtained from prerequisite courses, such as "General genetics" "Symbiogenetics", "General ecology" and "Theory of evolution".

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Scher, Steven J. "Are adaptations necessarily genetic?" American Psychologist 54, no. 6 (1999): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.436.

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Coombes, David, James W. B. Moir, Anthony M. Poole, Tim F. Cooper, and Renwick C. J. Dobson. "The fitness challenge of studying molecular adaptation." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180626.

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Abstract Advances in bioinformatics and high-throughput genetic analysis increasingly allow us to predict the genetic basis of adaptive traits. These predictions can be tested and confirmed, but the molecular-level changes — i.e. the molecular adaptation — that link genetic differences to organism fitness remain generally unknown. In recent years, a series of studies have started to unpick the mechanisms of adaptation at the molecular level. In particular, this work has examined how changes in protein function, activity, and regulation cause improved organismal fitness. Key to addressing molecular adaptations is identifying systems and designing experiments that integrate changes in the genome, protein chemistry (molecular phenotype), and fitness. Knowledge of the molecular changes underpinning adaptations allow new insight into the constraints on, and repeatability of adaptations, and of the basis of non-additive interactions between adaptive mutations. Here we critically discuss a series of studies that examine the molecular-level adaptations that connect genetic changes and fitness.

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De Conti, Giulia, Matheus Henrique Dias, and René Bernards. "Fighting Drug Resistance through the Targeting of Drug-Tolerant Persister Cells." Cancers 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13051118.

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Designing specific therapies for drug-resistant cancers is arguably the ultimate challenge in cancer therapy. While much emphasis has been put on the study of genetic alterations that give rise to drug resistance, much less is known about the non-genetic adaptation mechanisms that operate during the early stages of drug resistance development. Drug-tolerant persister cells have been suggested to be key players in this process. These cells are thought to have undergone non-genetic adaptations that enable survival in the presence of a drug, from which full-blown resistant cells may emerge. Such initial adaptations often involve engagement of stress response programs to maintain cancer cell viability. In this review, we discuss the nature of drug-tolerant cancer phenotypes, as well as the non-genetic adaptations involved. We also discuss how malignant cells employ homeostatic stress response pathways to mitigate the intrinsic costs of such adaptations. Lastly, we discuss which vulnerabilities are introduced by these adaptations and how these might be exploited therapeutically.

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Zahn, L. M. "Mapping genetic adaptations to pollution." Science 354, no. 6317 (December 8, 2016): 1245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.354.6317.1245-e.

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Shi, Hong, and Bing Su. "Molecular Adaptation of Modern Human Populations." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (December 30, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/484769.

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Modern humans have gone through varied processes of genetic adaptations when their ancestors left Africa about 100,000 years ago. The environmental stresses and the social transitions (e.g., emergence of the Neolithic culture) have been acting as the major selective forces reshaping the genetic make-up of human populations. Genetic adaptations have occurred in many aspects of human life, including the adaptation to cold climate and high-altitude hypoxia, the improved ability of defending infectious diseases, and the polished strategy of utilizing new diet with the advent of agriculture. At the same time, the adaptations once developed during evolution may sometimes generate deleterious effects (e.g., susceptibility to diseases) when facing new environmental and social changes. The molecular (especially the genome-wide screening of genetic variations) studies in recent years have detected many genetic variants that show signals of Darwinian positive selection in modern human populations, which will not only provide a better understanding of human evolutionary history, but also help dissecting the genetic basis of human complex diseases.

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Bahl, P. N., J. Kumar, and D. B. Raju. "Genetic Variations and Adaptations in Chickpea." Plant Breeding 106, no. 2 (February 1991): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1991.tb00495.x.

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Birkeland, Siri, A. Lovisa S. Gustafsson, Anne K. Brysting, Christian Brochmann, and Michael D. Nowak. "Multiple Genetic Trajectories to Extreme Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Arctic Brassicaceae." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 7 (March 13, 2020): 2052–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa068.

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Abstract Extreme environments offer powerful opportunities to study how different organisms have adapted to similar selection pressures at the molecular level. Arctic plants have adapted to some of the coldest and driest biomes on Earth and typically possess suites of similar morphological and physiological adaptations to extremes in light and temperature. Here, we compare patterns of molecular evolution in three Brassicaceae species that have independently colonized the Arctic and present some of the first genetic evidence for plant adaptations to the Arctic environment. By testing for positive selection and identifying convergent substitutions in orthologous gene alignments for a total of 15 Brassicaceae species, we find that positive selection has been acting on different genes, but similar functional pathways in the three Arctic lineages. The positively selected gene sets identified in the three Arctic species showed convergent functional profiles associated with extreme abiotic stress characteristic of the Arctic. However, there was little evidence for independently fixed mutations at the same sites and for positive selection acting on the same genes. The three species appear to have evolved similar suites of adaptations by modifying different components in similar stress response pathways, implying that there could be many genetic trajectories for adaptation to the Arctic environment. By identifying candidate genes and functional pathways potentially involved in Arctic adaptation, our results provide a framework for future studies aimed at testing for the existence of a functional syndrome of Arctic adaptation in the Brassicaceae and perhaps flowering plants in general.

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DeLorenzo, Leah, Victoria DeBrock, Aldo Carmona Baez, Patrick Ciccotto, Erin Peterson, Clare Stull, Natalie Roberts, Reade Roberts, and Kara Powder. "Morphometric and Genetic Description of Trophic Adaptations in Cichlid Fishes." Biology 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081165.

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Since Darwin, biologists have sought to understand the evolution and origins of phenotypic adaptations. The skull is particularly diverse due to intense natural selection on feeding biomechanics. We investigated the genetic and molecular origins of trophic adaptation using Lake Malawi cichlids, which have undergone an exemplary evolutionary radiation. We analyzed morphological differences in the lateral and ventral head shape among an insectivore that eats by suction feeding, an obligate biting herbivore, and their F2 hybrids. We identified variation in a series of morphological traits—including mandible width, mandible length, and buccal length—that directly affect feeding kinematics and function. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, we found that many genes of small effects influence these craniofacial adaptations. Intervals for some traits were enriched in genes related to potassium transport and sensory systems, the latter suggesting co-evolution of feeding structures and sensory adaptations for foraging. Despite these indications of co-evolution of structures, morphological traits did not show covariation. Furthermore, phenotypes largely mapped to distinct genetic intervals, suggesting that a common genetic basis does not generate coordinated changes in shape. Together, these suggest that craniofacial traits are mostly inherited as separate modules, which confers a high potential for the evolution of morphological diversity. Though these traits are not restricted by genetic pleiotropy, functional demands of feeding and sensory structures likely introduce constraints on variation. In all, we provide insights into the quantitative genetic basis of trophic adaptation, identify mechanisms that influence the direction of morphological evolution, and provide molecular inroads to craniofacial variation.

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Neff, Bryan D., Shawn R. Garner, and Trevor E. Pitcher. "Conservation and enhancement of wild fish populations: preserving genetic quality versus genetic diversity 1This paper is derived from the J.C. Stevenson Memorial Lecture delivered by Bryan Neff at the Canadian Conference for Fisheries Research in Winnipeg, Manitoba, January 2010." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 6 (June 2011): 1139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-029.

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Nearly 40% of commercial fisheries have now collapsed or are in serious decline. In response, governments have invested millions of dollars into artificial breeding programs, but many programs have failed to rehabilitate dwindling wild stocks. This failure may in part lie in the lack of knowledge about the genetic architecture of fitness: the genes and genotypes that are associated with individual performance. In this paper we discuss (i) artificial breeding programs, (ii) the genetic architecture of fitness, (iii) additive and nonadditive genetic effects on fitness, (iv) genetic diversity and evolvability, and (v) natural breeding and adaptation. We argue that most breeding programs do not maintain genetic adaptations and may consequently be ineffective at rehabilitating or enhancing wild populations. Moreover, there is no evidence that preserving genetic diversity as measured from neutral genetic markers increases fish performance or population viability outside of populations that experience strong inbreeding depression, and limited data that genetic diversity increases the potential for populations to adapt to changing environments. We suggest that artificial breeding programs should be used only as a last resort when populations face imminent extirpation and that such programs must shift the focus from solely preserving genetic diversity to preserving genetic adaptations.

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Pawar, Harvinder, Harrison J. Ostridge, Joshua M. Schmidt, and Aida M. Andrés. "Genetic adaptations to SIV across chimpanzee populations." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 8 (August 25, 2022): e1010337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010337.

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Central and eastern chimpanzees are infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in the wild, typically without developing acute immunodeficiency. Yet the recent zoonotic transmission of chimpanzee SIV to humans, which were naïve to the virus, gave rise to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS and is responsible for one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Chimpanzees have been infected with SIV for tens of thousands of years and have likely evolved to reduce its pathogenicity, becoming semi-natural hosts that largely tolerate the virus. In support of this view, central and eastern chimpanzees show evidence of positive selection in genes involved in SIV/HIV cell entry and immune response to SIV, respectively. We hypothesise that the population first infected by SIV would have experienced the strongest selective pressure to control the lethal potential of zoonotic SIV, and that population genetics will reveal those first critical adaptations. With that aim we used population genomics to investigate signatures of positive selection in the common ancestor of central-eastern chimpanzees. The genes with signatures of positive selection in the ancestral population are significantly enriched in SIV-related genes, especially those involved in the immune response to SIV and those encoding for host genes that physically interact with SIV/HIV (VIPs). This supports a scenario where SIV first infected the central-eastern ancestor and where this population was under strong pressure to adapt to zoonotic SIV. Interestingly, integrating these genes with candidates of positive selection in the two infected subspecies reveals novel patterns of adaptation to SIV. Specifically, we observe evidence of positive selection in numerous steps of the biological pathway responsible for T-helper cell differentiation, including CD4 and multiple genes that SIV/HIV use to infect and control host cells. This pathway is active only in CD4+ cells which SIV/HIV infects, and it plays a crucial role in shaping the immune response so it can efficiently control the virus. Our results confirm the importance of SIV as a selective factor, identify specific genetic changes that may have allowed our closest living relatives to reduce SIV’s pathogenicity, and demonstrate the potential of population genomics to reveal the evolutionary mechanisms used by naïve hosts to reduce the pathogenicity of zoonotic pathogens.

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Zhou, Sirui, Pingxing Xie, Amélie Quoibion, Amirthagowri Ambalavanan, Alexandre Dionne-Laporte, Dan Spiegelman, Cynthia V. Bourassa, Lan Xiong, Patrick A. Dion, and Guy A. Rouleau. "Genetic architecture and adaptations of Nunavik Inuit." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 32 (July 22, 2019): 16012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810388116.

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The Canadian Inuit have a distinct population background that may entail particular implications for the health of its individuals. However, the number of genetic studies examining this Inuit population is limited, and much remains to be discovered in regard to its genetic characteristics. In this study, we generated whole-exome sequences and genomewide genotypes for 170 Nunavik Inuit, a small and isolated founder population of Canadian Arctic indigenous people. Our study revealed the genetic background of Nunavik Inuit to be distinct from any known present-day population. The majority of Nunavik Inuit show little evidence of gene flow from European or present-day Native American peoples, and Inuit living around Hudson Bay are genetically distinct from those around Ungava Bay. We also inferred that Nunavik Inuit have a small effective population size of 3,000 and likely split from Greenlandic Inuit ∼10.5 kya. Nunavik Inuit went through a bottleneck at approximately the same time and might have admixed with a population related to the Paleo-Eskimos. Our study highlights population-specific genomic signatures in coding regions that show adaptations unique to Nunavik Inuit, particularly in pathways involving fatty acid metabolism and cellular adhesion (CPNE7, ICAM5, STAT2, and RAF1). Subsequent analyses in selection footprints and the risk of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in Nunavik Inuit revealed an exonic variant under weak negative selection to be significantly associated with IA (rs77470587; P = 4.6 × 10−8).

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Provorov, N. A., and I. A. Tikhonovich. "Genetic and molecular basis of symbiotic adaptations." Biology Bulletin Reviews 4, no. 6 (November 2014): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079086414060061.

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Pagel, Mark, and Quentin D. Atkinson. "The potential for genetic adaptations to language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 5 (October 2008): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005207.

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AbstractWe suggest there is somewhat more potential than Christiansen & Chater (C&C) allow for genetic adaptations specific to language. Our uniquely cooperative social system requires sophisticated language skills. Learning and performance of some culturally transmitted elements in animals is genetically based, and we give examples of features of human language that evolve slowly enough that genetic adaptations to them may arise.

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Morkin, E. "Chronic Adaptations in Contractile Proteins: Genetic Regulation." Annual Review of Physiology 49, no. 1 (March 1987): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.002553.

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Marinkovic, Dragoslav, and Vladimir Kekic. "Capacities for population-genetic variation and ecological adaptations." Genetika 39, no. 2 (2007): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0702093m.

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In contemporary science of population genetics it is equally complex and important to visualize how adaptive limits of individual variation are determined, as well as to describe the amount and sort of this variation. Almost all century the scientists devoted their efforts to explain the principles and structure of biological variation (genetic, developmental, environmental, interactive, etc.), basing its maintenance within existing limits mostly on equilibria proclaimed by Hardy-Weinberg rules. Among numerous model-organisms that have been used to prove these rules and demonstrate new variants within mentioned concepts, Drosophila melanogaster is a kind of queen that is used in thousands of experiments for almost exactly 100 years (CARPENTER 1905), with which numerous discoveries and principles were determined that later turned out to be applicable to all other organisms. It is both, in nature and in laboratory, that Drosophilids were used to demonstrate the basic principles of population-genetic variation that was later applied to other species of animals. In ecological-genetic variation their richness in different environments could be used as an exact indicator of the status of a determined habitat, and its population-genetic structure may definitely point out to a possibility that specific resources of the environment start to be in danger to deteriorate, or to disappear in the near future. This paper shows clear-cut differences among environmental habitats, when populations of Drosophilidae are quantitatively observed in different wild, semi-domestic and domestic environments, demonstrating a highly expressed mutual dependence of these two parameters. A crucial approach is how to estimate the causes that determine the limits of biological, i.e. of individual and population-genetic variation. The realized, i.e. adaptive variation, is much lesser than a total possible variation of a polygenic trait, and in this study, using a moderately complex gene-enzyme system, is estimated to be smaller than 0.2%. For an allozymic system based on 9 loci at three D. melanogaster chromosomes, the estimate is that chromosomal types are reduced, on the average, to ca. 3% during meiotic divisions, and that available gene-enzyme combinations are reduced further 15 times in gamete selection. So finalized metabolic or adaptive developmental programs are emphasized to be the basic targets of Darwinian selection, rather than chromosomes or individual genes, that are involved in these programs.

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Masel, Joanna. "Cryptic Genetic Variation Is Enriched for Potential Adaptations." Genetics 172, no. 3 (December 30, 2005): 1985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.051649.

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Gangestad, Steven W., Randy Thornhill, and Christine E. Garver-Apgar. "Adaptations to Ovulation." Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 6 (December 2005): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00388.x.

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In socially monogamous species in which males heavily invest in offspring, there arises an inevitable genetic conflict between partners over whether investing males become biological fathers of their partners' offspring. Humans are such a species. The ovulatory-shift hypothesis proposes that changes in women's mate preferences and sexual interests across the cycle are footprints of this conflict. When fertile (mid-cycle), women find masculine bodily and behavioral features particularly sexy and report increased attraction to men other than current partners. Men are more vigilant of partners when the latter are fertile, which may reflect evolved counteradaptations. This adaptationist hypothesis has already generated several fruitful research programs, but many questions remain.

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Liebl, Andrea L., Aaron W. Schrey, Samuel C. Andrew, Elizabeth L. Sheldon, and Simon C. Griffith. "Invasion genetics: Lessons from a ubiquitous bird, the house sparrow Passer domesticus." Current Zoology 61, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.465.

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Abstract Following an introduction, non-native species are exposed to environments that differ from those found in their native range; further, as these non-native species expand beyond the site of introduction, they must constantly adapt to novel environments. Although introduced species are present across most ecosystems, few species have successfully established themselves on a truly global scale. One such species, the house sparrow Passer domesticus, is now one of the world’s most broadly distributed vertebrate species and has been introduced to a great part of its current range. To date, work on four continents suggests both genetic and phenotypic variation exists between native and introduced ranges. As such, house sparrows represent an excellent opportunity to study adaptations to novel environments and how these adaptations are derived. The global distribution of this species and the multiple independent introductions to geographically isolated sites allow researchers to ask questions regarding genetic variation and adaptation on a global scale. Here, we summarize the molecular studies of invasive house sparrows from the earliest work using allozymes through more recent work on epigenetics; using these studies, we discuss patterns of dispersal of this species. We then discuss future directions in techniques (e.g. next generation sequencing) and how they will provide new insight into questions that are fundamental to invasion biology. Finally, we discuss how continued research on the house sparrow in light of these genetic changes and adaptations will elucidate answers of adaptation, invasion biology, range expansion, and resilience in vertebrate systems generally.

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Del Coso, Juan, and Alejandro Lucia. "Genetic Influence in Exercise Performance." Genes 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050651.

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Numerous studies in the last two decades have analyzed the association between genetic variants and athletic performance, or other related traits (e.g., responses and adaptations to different exercise modalities or risk of sports injuries) [...]

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Subroto, Eefje, Jacq van Neer, Ivan Valdes, and Hans de Cock. "Growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in Biofilms in Comparison to Candida albicans." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8010048.

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Biofilm formation during infections with the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can be very problematic in clinical settings, since it provides the fungal cells with a protective environment. Resistance against drug treatments, immune recognition as well as adaptation to the host environment allows fungal survival in the host. The exact molecular mechanisms behind most processes in the formation of biofilms are unclear. In general, the formation of biofilms can be categorized roughly in a few stages; adhesion, conidial germination and development of hyphae, biofilm maturation and cell dispersion. Fungi in biofilms can adapt to the in-host environment. These adaptations can occur on a level of phenotypic plasticity via gene regulation. However, also more substantial genetic changes of the genome can result in increased resistance and adaptation in the host, enhancing the survival chances of fungi in biofilms. Most research has focused on the development of biofilms. However, to tackle developing microbial resistance and adaptation in biofilms, more insight in mechanisms behind genetic adaptations is required to predict which defense mechanisms can be expected. This can be helpful in the development of novel and more targeted antifungal treatments to combat fungal infections.

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Ciota, Alexander T., Amy O. Lovelace, Susan A. Jones, Anne Payne, and Laura D. Kramer. "Adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 2398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83061-0.

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first introduced into the USA in the New York City area in 1999. Since its introduction, WNV has steadily increased both its host and geographical ranges. Outbreaks of the closely related flavivirus, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), occur in the USA periodically, but levels of activity and host range are more restricted than those of WNV. Understanding the selective pressures that drive arbovirus adaptation and evolution in their disparate mosquito and avian hosts is crucial to predicting their ability to persist and re-emerge. Here, we evaluated the in vivo phenotypes of mosquito cell-adapted WNV and SLEV. Results indicated that in vitro adaptations did not translate to in vivo adaptations for either virus, yet SLEV displayed attenuated growth in both mosquitoes and chickens, while WNV generally did not. In vitro growth analyses also indicated that WNV adaptations could be generalized to cell cultures derived from other mosquito species, while SLEV could not. Analysis of genetic diversity for passaged SLEV revealed a highly homogeneous population that differed significantly from previous results of high levels of diversity in WNV. We hypothesize that this difference in genetic diversity is directly related to the viruses' success in new and changing environments in the laboratory and that differences in a viruses' ability to produce and maintain heterogeneous populations in nature may in some instances explain the variable levels of success seen among arboviruses.

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Jiang, Xueyuan, and Raquel Assis. "Population-Specific Genetic and Expression Differentiation in Europeans." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa021.

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Abstract Much of the enormous phenotypic variation observed across human populations is thought to have arisen from events experienced as our ancestors peopled different regions of the world. However, little is known about the genes involved in these population-specific adaptations. Here, we explore this problem by simultaneously examining population-specific genetic and expression differentiation in four human populations. In particular, we derive a branch-based estimator of population-specific differentiation in four populations, and apply this statistic to single-nucleotide polymorphism and RNA-seq data from Italian, British, Finish, and Yoruban populations. As expected, genome-wide estimates of genetic and expression differentiation each independently recapitulate the known relationships among these four human populations, highlighting the utility of our statistic for identifying putative targets of population-specific adaptations. Moreover, genes with large copy number variations display elevated levels of population-specific genetic and expression differentiation, consistent with the hypothesis that gene duplication and deletion events are key reservoirs of adaptive variation. Further, many top-scoring genes are well-known targets of adaptation in Europeans, including those involved in lactase persistence and vitamin D absorption, and a handful of novel candidates represent promising avenues for future research. Together, these analyses reveal that our statistic can aid in uncovering genes involved in population-specific genetic and expression differentiation, and that such genes often play important roles in a diversity of adaptive and disease-related phenotypes in humans.

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McGlothlin, Joel W., and Ellen D. Ketterson. "Hormone-mediated suites as adaptations and evolutionary constraints." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1497 (November 28, 2007): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0002.

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Hormones mediate the expression of suites of correlated traits and hence may act both to facilitate and constrain adaptive evolution. Selection on one trait within a hormone-mediated suite may, for example, lead to a change in the strength of the hormone signal, causing either beneficial or detrimental changes in correlated traits. Theory and empirical methods for studying correlated trait evolution have been developed by the field of evolutionary quantitative genetics, and here we suggest that their application to the study of hormone-mediated suites may prove fruitful. We present hypotheses for how selection shapes the evolution of hormone-mediated suites and argue that correlational selection, which arises when traits interact in their effects on fitness, may act to alter or conserve the composition of hormone-mediated suites. Next, we advocate using quantitative genetic methods to assess natural covariation among hormone-mediated traits and to measure the strength of natural selection acting on them. Finally, we present illustrative examples from our own work on the evolution of testosterone-mediated suites in male and female dark-eyed juncos. We conclude that future work on hormone-mediated suites, if motivated by quantitative genetic theory, may provide important insights into their dual roles as adaptations and evolutionary constraints.

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Noh, Suegene, Katherine S. Geist, Xiangjun Tian, Joan E. Strassmann, and David C. Queller. "Genetic signatures of microbial altruism and cheating in social amoebas in the wild." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): 3096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720324115.

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Many microbes engage in social interactions. Some of these have come to play an important role in the study of cooperation and conflict, largely because, unlike most animals, they can be genetically manipulated and experimentally evolved. However, whereas animal social behavior can be observed and assessed in natural environments, microbes usually cannot, so we know little about microbial social adaptations in nature. This has led to some difficult-to-resolve controversies about social adaptation even for well-studied traits such as bacterial quorum sensing, siderophore production, and biofilms. Here we use molecular signatures of population genetics and molecular evolution to address controversies over the existence of altruism and cheating in social amoebas. First, we find signatures of rapid adaptive molecular evolution that are consistent with social conflict being a significant force in nature. Second, we find population-genetic signatures of purifying selection to support the hypothesis that the cells that form the sterile stalk evolve primarily through altruistic kin selection rather than through selfish direct reproduction. Our results show how molecular signatures can provide insight into social adaptations that cannot be observed in their natural context, and they support the hypotheses that social amoebas in the wild are both altruists and cheaters.

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Fossøy, Frode, Anton Antonov, Arne Moksnes, Eivin Røskaft, Johan R. Vikan, Anders P. Møller, Jacqui A. Shykoff, and Bård G. Stokke. "Genetic differentiation among sympatric cuckoo host races: males matter." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1712 (November 10, 2010): 1639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2090.

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Generalist parasites regularly evolve host-specific races that each specialize on one particular host species. Many host-specific races originate from geographically structured populations where local adaptations to different host species drive the differentiation of distinct races. However, in sympatric populations where several host races coexist, gene flow could potentially disrupt such host-specific adaptations. Here, we analyse genetic differentiation among three sympatrically breeding host races of the brood-parasitic common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus . In this species, host-specific adaptations are assumed to be controlled by females only, possibly via the female-specific W-chromosome, thereby avoiding that gene flow via males disrupts local adaptations. Although males were more likely to have offspring in two different host species (43% versus 7%), they did not have significantly more descendants being raised outside their putative foster species than females (9% versus 2%). We found significant genetic differentiation for both biparentally inherited microsatellite DNA markers and maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study that finds significant genetic differentiation in biparentally inherited markers among cuckoo host-specific races. Our results imply that males also may contribute to the evolution and maintenance of the different races, and hence that the genes responsible for egg phenotype may be found on autosomal chromosomes rather than the female-specific W-chromosome as previously assumed.

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Chang, Liming, Wei Zhu, Shengchao Shi, Meihua Zhang, Jianping Jiang, Cheng Li, Feng Xie, and Bin Wang. "Plateau Grass and Greenhouse Flower? Distinct Genetic Basis of Closely Related Toad Tadpoles Respectively Adapted to High Altitude and Karst Caves." Genes 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11020123.

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Genetic adaptation to extremes is a fascinating topic. Nevertheless, few studies have explored the genetic adaptation of closely related species respectively inhabiting distinct extremes. With deep transcriptome sequencing, we attempt to detect the genetic architectures of tadpoles of five closely related toad species adapted to the Tibetan Plateau, middle-altitude mountains and karst caves. Molecular evolution analyses indicated that not only the number of fast evolving genes (FEGs), but also the functioning coverage of FEGs, increased with elevation. Enrichment analyses correspondingly revealed that the highland species had most of the FEGs involved in high-elevation adaptation, for example, amino acid substitutions of XRCC6 in its binding domains might improve the capacity of DNA repair of the toad. Yet, few FEGs and positively selected genes (PSGs) involved in high-elevation adaptation were identified in the cave species, and none of which potentially contributed to cave adaptation. Accordingly, it is speculated that in the closely related toad tadpoles, genetic selection pressures increased with elevation, and cave adaptation was most likely derived from other factors (e.g., gene loss, pseudogenization or deletion), which could not be detected by our analyses. The findings supply a foundation for understanding the genetic adaptations of amphibians inhabiting extremes.

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You, Xinxin, Min Sun, Jia Li, Chao Bian, Jieming Chen, Yunhai Yi, Hui Yu, and Qiong Shi. "Mudskippers and Their Genetic Adaptations to an Amphibious Lifestyle." Animals 8, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8020024.

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Ilardo, Melissa A., Ida Moltke, Thorfinn S. Korneliussen, Jade Cheng, Aaron J. Stern, Fernando Racimo, Peter de Barros Damgaard, et al. "Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads." Cell 173, no. 3 (April 2018): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.054.

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Brown, Peter J. "Cultural and genetic adaptations to malaria: Problems of comparison." Human Ecology 14, no. 3 (September 1986): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00889033.

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Gupta, Santosh K. "Multi-objective Optimization: Bio-mimetic Adaptations of Genetic Algorithm." Indian Chemical Engineer 54, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2012.713543.

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Landen, Shanie, Sarah Voisin, Jeffrey M. Craig, Sean L. McGee, Séverine Lamon, and Nir Eynon. "Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise." Epigenetics 14, no. 6 (April 13, 2019): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961.

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Arenas, I. A., J. Tremblay, B. Deslauriers, J. Sandoval, O. Šeda, D. Gaudet, E. Merlo, T. Kotchen, A. W. Cowley, and P. Hamet. "Dynamic genetic linkage of intermediate blood pressure phenotypes during postural adaptations in a founder population." Physiological Genomics 45, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00037.2012.

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Blood pressure (BP) is a dynamic phenotype that varies rapidly to adjust to changing environmental conditions. Standing upright is a recent evolutionary trait, and genetic factors that influence postural adaptations may contribute to BP variability. We studied the effect of posture on the genetics of BP and intermediate BP phenotypes. We included 384 sib-pairs in 64 sib-ships from families ascertained by early-onset hypertension and dyslipidemia. Blood pressure, three hemodynamic and seven neuroendocrine intermediate BP phenotypes were measured with subjects lying supine and standing upright. The effect of posture on estimates of heritability and genetic covariance was investigated in full pedigrees. Linkage was conducted on 196 candidate genes by sib-pair analyses, and empirical estimates of significance were obtained. A permutation algorithm was implemented to study the postural effect on linkage. ADRA1A, APO, CAST, CORIN, CRHR1, EDNRB, FGF2, GC, GJA1, KCNB2, MMP3, NPY, NR3C2, PLN, TGFBR2, TNFRSF6, and TRHR showed evidence of linkage with any phenotype in the supine position and not upon standing, whereas AKR1B1, CD36, EDNRA, F5, MMP9, PKD2, PON1, PPARG, PPARGC1A, PRKCA, and RET were specifically linked to standing phenotypes. Genetic profiling was undertaken to show genetic interactions among intermediate BP phenotypes and genes specific to each posture. When investigators perform genetic studies exclusively on a single posture, important genetic components of BP are missed. Supine and standing BPs have distinct genetic signatures. Standardized maneuvers influence the results of genetic investigations into BP, thus reflecting its dynamic regulation.

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Nikol’skii, Alexander, Konstantin Belovezhets, and Elena Vanisova. "Sustainability as a basic property of the phenomenon of life organized in supraorganismal systems." E3S Web of Conferences 169 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016903001.

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The phenomenon of life is organized in supraorganismal systems, populations and ecosystems. The main mechanisms of sustainability of these systems are: 1) the influence of limiting factors on population growth and ecosystem development; 2) the allocation of plant and animal species into ecological niches; 3) co-adaptation of plants and animals; 4) species genetic integration; 5) biocommunications. Limiting factors inhibit populations’ growth and distribution of organisms, so that populations obey the logistic growth, reaching a relatively stable climax stage. The space of limiting factors restricted by the tolerance limits of organisms forms an ecological niche of species. During long-joint evolution (co-evolution), species form co-adaptations (mutual adaptations). As a result of species genetic integrity, each new generation inherits not only adaptations for its specific ecological niche, but also a determined physical space including all the environmental factors to which the species is adapted. Consolidation of individuals with a related genotype is supported by intraspecific communication processes. Means of communication are genetically determined. Humankind is the only species on Earth that has subjugated limiting factors. As a result the population of humans shows an unlimited exponential growth, population explosion. It is a basic factor in the instability of the Nature - Society system.

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Ho, Wei-Chin, and Jianzhi Zhang. "Genetic Gene Expression Changes during Environmental Adaptations Tend to Reverse Plastic Changes Even after the Correction for Statistical Nonindependence." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 3 (January 14, 2019): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz002.

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AbstractOrganismal adaptations to new environments often begin with plastic phenotypic changes followed by genetic phenotypic changes, but the relationship between the two types of changes is controversial. Contrary to the view that plastic changes serve as steppingstones to genetic adaptations, recent transcriptome studies reported that genetic gene expression changes more often reverse than reinforce plastic expression changes in experimental evolution. However, it was pointed out that this trend could be an artifact of the statistical nonindependence between the estimates of plastic and genetic phenotypic changes, because both estimates rely on the phenotypic measure at the plastic stage. Using computer simulation, we show that indeed the nonindependence can cause an apparent excess of expression reversion relative to reinforcement. We propose a parametric bootstrap method and show by simulation that it removes the bias almost entirely. Analyzing transcriptome data from a total of 34 parallel lines in 5 experimental evolution studies of Escherichia coli, yeast, and guppies that are amenable to our method confirms that genetic expression changes tend to reverse plastic changes. Thus, at least for gene expression traits, phenotypic plasticity does not generally facilitate genetic adaptation. Several other comparisons of statistically nonindependent estimates are commonly performed in evolutionary genomics such as that between cis- and trans-effects of mutations on gene expression and that between transcriptional and translational effects on gene expression. It is important to validate previous results from such comparisons, and our proposed statistical analyses can be useful for this purpose.

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Li, Yu-Long, Dong-Xiu Xue, Bai-Dong Zhang, and Jin-Xian Liu. "Population Genomic Signatures of Genetic Structure and Environmental Selection in the Catadromous Roughskin Sculpin Trachidermus fasciatus." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 1751–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz118.

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Abstract Understanding the patterns of genetic diversity and adaptation across species’ range is crucial to assess its long-term persistence and determine appropriate conservation measures. The impacts of human activities on the genetic diversity and genetic adaptation to heterogeneous environments remain poorly understood in the marine realm. The roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus) is a small catadromous fish, and has been listed as a second-class state protected aquatic animal since 1988 in China. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of population genetic structuring and genetic adaptations to local environments, RAD tags were sequenced for 202 individuals in nine populations across the range of T. fasciatus in China. The pairwise FST values over 9,271 filtered SNPs were significant except that between Dongying and Weifang. All the genetic clustering analysis revealed significant population structure with high support for eight distinct genetic clusters. Both the minor allele frequency spectra and Ne estimations suggested extremely small Ne in some populations (e.g., Qinhuangdao, Rongcheng, Wendeng, and Qingdao), which might result from recent population bottleneck. The strong genetic structure can be partly attributed to genetic drift and habitat fragmentation, likely due to the anthropogenic activities. Annotations of candidate adaptive loci suggested that genes involved in metabolism, development, and osmoregulation were critical for adaptation to spatially heterogenous environment of local populations. In the context of anthropogenic activities and environmental change, results of the present population genomic work provided important contributions to the understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to changing environments.

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Meng, Xiangfeng, Tong Liu, Lin Zhang, Longru Jin, Keping Sun, and Jiang Feng. "Effects of Colonization, Geography and Environment on Genetic Divergence in the Intermediate Leaf-Nosed Bat, Hipposideros larvatus." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030733.

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Determining the evolutionary history and population drivers, such as past large-scale climatic oscillations, stochastic processes and ecological adaptations, represents one of the aims of evolutionary biology. Hipposideros larvatus is a common bat species in Southern China, including Hainan Island. We examined genetic variation in H. larvatus using mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellites. We found a population structure on both markers with a geographic pattern that corresponds well with the structure on mainland China and Hainan Island. To understand the contributions of geography, the environment and colonization history to the observed population structure, we tested isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by adaptation (IBA) and isolation by colonization (IBC) using serial Mantel tests and RDA analysis. The results showed significant impacts of IBD, IBA and IBC on neutral genetic variation, suggesting that genetic variation in H. larvatus is greatly affected by neutral processes, environmental adaptation and colonization history. This study enriches our understanding of the complex evolutionary forces that shape the distribution of genetic variation in bats.

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Ayalew, Wondossen, Min Chu, Chunnian Liang, Xiaoyun Wu, and Yan Ping. "Adaptation Mechanisms of Yak (Bos grunniens) to High-Altitude Environmental Stress." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082344.

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Living at a high altitude involves many environmental challenges. The combined effects of hypoxia and cold stress impose severe physiological challenges on endothermic animals. The yak is integral to the livelihood of the people occupying the vast, inhospitable Qinghai–Tibetan plateau and the surrounding mountainous region. Due to long-term selection, the yak exhibits stable and unique genetic characteristics which enable physiological, biochemical, and morphological adaptations to a high altitude. Thus, the yak is a representative model for mammalian plateau-adaptability studies. Understanding coping mechanisms provides unique insights into adaptive evolution, thus informing the breeding of domestic yaks. This review provides an overview of genetic adaptations in Bos grunniens to high-altitude environmental stress. Combined genomics and theoretical advances have informed the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptations.

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Asendorpf, Jens B., and Frosso Motti–Stefanidi. "Mediated Disposition–Environment Transactions: The Dae Model." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 3 (May 2018): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2118.

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We propose a new model of personality development, the disposition– adaptation–environment (DAE) model. It is based on the assumption that two types of individual characteristics can be distinguished: Dispositions make up the relatively stable core of personality at a particular age, and adaptations are the joint outcome of effects of dispositions and environmental characteristics and mediate transactions between dispositions and environments. Whereas distinctions between dispositions and adaptations have been drawn before, the DAE model is unique in that it (i) entails testable hypotheses whether individual characteristics are adaptations or dispositions, (ii) is based on quasi–causal cross–lagged effects, (iii) assigns adaptations a functional role as longitudinal mediators of disposition–environment transaction, and (iv) is developmentally sensitive. We illustrate application of the DAE model with a three–wave longitudinal study of 1118 adolescents who were observed from the first to the third year in middle school, using the Big Five as dispositions, conduct and self–esteem with peers as adaptations, and peer acceptance and rejection as the environmental measures. Hypotheses–driven and exploratory analyses were combined to yield both safe conclusions and novel hypotheses. We compare the model with other models of personality development and discuss extensions that include stable genetic and socio–economic effects. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Lam, Emily K., Kaitlin N. Allen, Julia María Torres-Velarde, and José Pablo Vázquez-Medina. "Functional Studies with Primary Cells Provide a System for Genome-to-Phenome Investigations in Marine Mammals." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa065.

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Synopsis Marine mammals exhibit some of the most dramatic physiological adaptations in their clade and offer unparalleled insights into the mechanisms driving convergent evolution on relatively short time scales. Some of these adaptations, such as extreme tolerance to hypoxia and prolonged food deprivation, are uncommon among most terrestrial mammals and challenge established metabolic principles of supply and demand balance. Non-targeted omics studies are starting to uncover the genetic foundations of such adaptations, but tools for testing functional significance in these animals are currently lacking. Cellular modeling with primary cells represents a powerful approach for elucidating the molecular etiology of physiological adaptation, a critical step in accelerating genome-to-phenome studies in organisms in which transgenesis is impossible (e.g., large-bodied, long-lived, fully aquatic, federally protected species). Gene perturbation studies in primary cells can directly evaluate whether specific mutations, gene loss, or duplication confer functional advantages such as hypoxia or stress tolerance in marine mammals. Here, we summarize how genetic and pharmacological manipulation approaches in primary cells have advanced mechanistic investigations in other non-traditional mammalian species, and highlight the need for such investigations in marine mammals. We also provide key considerations for isolating, culturing, and conducting experiments with marine mammal cells under conditions that mimic in vivo states. We propose that primary cell culture is a critical tool for conducting functional mechanistic studies (e.g., gene knockdown, over-expression, or editing) that can provide the missing link between genome- and organismal-level understanding of physiological adaptations in marine mammals.

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Decker, Jared E., Troy N. Rowan, Sara Nilson, Harly J. Durbin, Camila U. Braz, Robert D. Schnabel, and Christopher Seabury. "36 Matching cow’s genetics to the environment using genomics." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.067.

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Abstract Cattle poorly adapted to their environment result in lost revenue and jeopardize the stability of the food supply. Genomic data now allows us to rigorously analyze adaptations and avoid the generation of animals that will not thrive. We used selection scans for local adaptation, genotype-by-environment genome-wide association analyses, creation of hair shedding genomic predictions and environmental region-specific genomic predictions of growth traits to characterize and predict local adaptation in beef cattle. Analyzing ~40,000 cattle from three breed associations with ~850,000 high-accuracy imputed SNPs, we used novel selection mapping methods to identify genomic loci responsible for adaptation. We identify 19 different loci (harboring 24 annotated genes) as responding to selection to local adaptation. In cooperation with 74 producers across the United States, over 12,000 cattle were scored on a scale of 1–5 for the early-summer hair shedding phenotype in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Participating cattle were genotyped using the GGP-F250 SNP panel developed by the University of Missouri, which contains ~170,000 candidate functional variants and ~30,000 variants in common with beef cattle industry standard genotyping assays. Genomic breeding values were generated with a repeated records model using these phenotypes. Further, we identified loci with large allele substitution effects for hair shedding. When local adaptations exist, ranking animals using a regional genetic evaluation will be different from national cattle evaluations. We developed region-specific genomic predictions using a multivariate model in which phenotypes from different regions were fit as separate dependent variables. Genetic correlations between regions were moderate, indicating substantial re-ranking between environmental regions. These genomic predictions will allow rapid identification of cattle best suited to an environment.

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Sinclair, M. C., B. L. Nielsen, J. D. Oldham, and H. W. Reid. "Consequences for immune function of metabolic adaptations to load." BSAP Occasional Publication 24 (1999): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500043120.

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AbstractProlonged periods of stress have been associated with impaired immune function; the experiment reported here investigates a potential link between level of metabolic load and immune function in lactating dairy cattle. A group of 111 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows was used. The cows belonged to one of two genetic lines: a selection line (S) with high genetic merit for fat plus protein yield and an unselected control line (C). The cows were offered one of two silage-based total mixed diets containing either 200 g (LC) or 450 g (HC) of concentrate per kg dry matter. Combination of genetic selection and food gave four groups: S-LC, S-HC, C-LC and C-HC. All cows were inoculated with a live attenuated BHV-1 vaccine soon after parturition and the primary antibody response in whey monitored. The number of BHV-1 antibody positive cows was not significantly different between the four groups; but, the initial antibody response was lower in cows of high genetic merit which were given a low concentrate diet. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the contribution of diet to this effect was highly significant. One year later, again after parturition, the experiment was repeated, this time using serum as the test sample. The average antibody response of the BHV-1 antibody positive cows was not significantly different between the four groups but the number of antibody positive cows was group-dependent. In conclusion, diet type but not genetic merit for high fat plus protein yield made a highly significant contribution to the antibody response of dairy cows to BHV-1 vaccination, both initially and a year later.

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Moore, Andrew D., and Afshin Ghahramani. "Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 3. Adaptation options via livestock genetic improvement." Animal Production Science 54, no. 2 (2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13052.

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Climate change is predicted to reduce the productivity of the broadacre livestock industries across southern Australia; to date there has been no formal evaluation of the potential of genetic improvement in cattle or sheep to ameliorate the impacts of changing climates. We used the GRAZPLAN simulation models to assess selection of five traits of sheep and cattle as adaptation options under the SRES A2 global change scenario. Analysis of the breeding strategies was carried out for 25 representative locations, five livestock enterprises and three future years (2030, 2050, 2070). Uncertainty in future climates was taken into account by considering projected climates from four global circulation models. For three sheep enterprises, breeding for greater fleece growth (at constant body size) was predicted to produce the greatest improvements in forage conversion efficiency, and so it was the most effective genetic adaptation option. For beef cow and steer enterprises, breeding for larger body size was most effective; for beef cows, however, this conclusion relied on per-animal costs (including provision of bulls) remaining stable as body size increases. Increased conception rates proved to be less effective but potentially viable as an adaptation in beef cow and crossbred ewe enterprises. In the southern Australian environments that were analysed, our modelling suggests that breeding for tolerance to heat stress is unlikely to improve the performance of livestock production systems even at 2070. Genetic improvement of livestock was able to recover much less of the impact of climate change on profitability at drier locations where the need for adaptation is likely to be greatest. Combinations of feedbase and livestock genetic adaptations are likely to complement one another as the former alter the amount of forage that can be consumed, while the latter affect the efficiency with which consumed forage is converted to animal products. Climate change impacts on pasture production across southern Australia are likely to have only small effects on methane emissions intensity, as are a range of candidate genetic and feedbase adaptations to climate change; methane emissions per hectare in future climates will therefore be driven mainly by changes in livestock numbers due to alterations in pasture productivity.

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Stoddard, Mary Caswell, and Mark E. Hauber. "Colour, vision and coevolution in avian brood parasitism." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1724 (May 22, 2017): 20160339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0339.

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The coevolutionary interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts provide a powerful system for investigating the diversity of animal coloration. Specifically, reciprocal selection pressure applied by hosts and brood parasites can give rise to novel forms and functions of animal coloration, which largely differ from those that arise when selection is imposed by predators or mates. In the study of animal colours, avian brood parasite–host dynamics therefore invite special consideration. Rapid advances across disciplines have paved the way for an integrative study of colour and vision in brood parasite–host systems. We now know that visually driven host defences and host life history have selected for a suite of phenotypic adaptations in parasites, including mimicry, crypsis and supernormal stimuli. This sometimes leads to vision-based host counter-adaptations and increased parasite trickery. Here, we review vision-based adaptations that arise in parasite–host interactions, emphasizing that these adaptations can be visual/sensory, cognitive or phenotypic in nature. We highlight recent breakthroughs in chemistry, genomics, neuroscience and computer vision, and we conclude by identifying important future directions. Moving forward, it will be essential to identify the genetic and neural bases of adaptation and to compare vision-based adaptations to those arising in other sensory modalities. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

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Nizam, Ashifa, Suraj Prasannakumari Meera, and Ajay Kumar. "Genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying mangrove adaptations to intertidal environments." iScience 25, no. 1 (January 2022): 103547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103547.

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Alkorta-Aranburu, Gorka, Cynthia M. Beall, David B. Witonsky, Amha Gebremedhin, Jonathan K. Pritchard, and Anna Di Rienzo. "The Genetic Architecture of Adaptations to High Altitude in Ethiopia." PLoS Genetics 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2012): e1003110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003110.

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Brown, Elizabeth A. "Genetic explorations of recent human metabolic adaptations: hypotheses and evidence." Biological Reviews 87, no. 4 (April 5, 2012): 838–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00227.x.

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Arnold, Michael L., Yuval Sapir, and Noland H. Martin. "Genetic exchange and the origin of adaptations: prokaryotes to primates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1505 (June 16, 2008): 2813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0021.

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Data supporting the occurrence of adaptive trait transfer (i.e. the transfer of genes and thus the phenotype of an adaptive trait through viral recombination, lateral gene transfer or introgressive hybridization) are provided in this review. Specifically, we discuss examples of lateral gene transfer and introgressive hybridization that have resulted in the transfer or de novo origin of adaptations. The evolutionary clades in which this process has been identified include all types of organisms. However, we restrict our discussion to bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Each of these examples reflects the same consequence, namely that the transfer of genetic material, through whatever mechanism, may result in adaptive evolution. In particular, each of the events discussed has been inferred to impact adaptations to novel environmental settings in the recipient lineage.

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Tian, Shilin, Xuming Zhou, Tashi Phuntsok, Ning Zhao, Dejing Zhang, Chunyou Ning, Diyan Li, and Huabin Zhao. "Genomic Analyses Reveal Genetic Adaptations to Tropical Climates in Chickens." iScience 23, no. 11 (November 2020): 101644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101644.

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Owens, Brian. "Genetic adaptations to urban life found in city-slicker lizards." New Scientist 257, no. 3421 (January 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(23)00047-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic adaptations'

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