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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Pinheiro, Rafael de Figueiredo Silva. "Da patenteabilidade de genes humanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-20052016-110409/.

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São inegáveis o caráter universal e a importância dos avanços tecnológicos e científicos originados das pesquisas genéticas. O sequenciamento do genoma humano, a identificação das principais sequências de DNA contidas nos seus genes e suas respectivas funções biológicas, bem como suas possíveis aplicações biomédicas, são de incalculável importância. Os genes, muito embora possam ser biologicamente caracterizados como compostos químicos, possuem um conteúdo informacional que se revela indispensável ao desenvolvimento da engenharia genética, figurando como elemento básico e central de suporte às inovações biotecnológicas. Desta forma, importante analisar a relevância da aplicação de mecanismos jurídicos como forma de fomento à contínua evolução biotecnológica sob a ótica do desenvolvimento econômico e social do país, princípios constitucionais justificadores da proteção de referidos desenvolvimentos técnicos por meio do intelecto e intervenção humanos na natureza. Para tanto, deve-se levar em consideração que a inexistência de tutela jurídica específica pode gerar desincentivo aos investimentos capazes de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de tais tecnologias, ao passo que uma tutela jurídica muito ampla poderá ocasionar indevida restrição ao acesso a tais insumos biológicos, de modo a gerar um efeito adverso àquele buscado. Assim, deve-se compatibilizar a proteção dos resultados obtidos através do desenvolvimento biotecnológico em relação à potencial dificuldade originada de uma eventual restrição ao acesso a tais elementos fundamentais à pesquisa e desenvolvimento genéticos. É neste contexto que se procura um balizamento entre os diferentes interesses e posicionamentos a respeito da patenteabilidade dos genes humanos, visando solução jurídica que permita um ambiente seguro e propício ao desenvolvimento da engenharia genética, e dos inúmeros benefícios que poderão daí se originar. O presente estudo se voltará, portanto, à análise da necessidade, condições, suficiência e extensão da tutela jurídica a ser conferida pela outorga de direitos patentários aos genes humanos.
The importance and universal character of the scientific and technologic development in connection with research and development in the field of genetic engineering are unquestionable. The human genome sequencing, the identification and marking of important DNA sequences within their respective genes, as well as their biological functions and features are of utmost importance not to mention the possible biomedical uses and applications. Although the genes can be biologically defined as chemical compounds, it is the genetic information carried by them that reveals their relevance in the development of the genetic engineering, for it plays a key role of basic research tool for biotechnological innovation. In this background arises the discussion regarding the importance of implementing legal mechanisms aiming at fostering the continuous development of the biotechnology in view of the social and economic growth, which are the grounds to legitimate the protection of such forms of innovations brought up by the human intervention in the nature. For the purposes thereof, on one hand it must be taken into account that a scenario where no rules governing such protection are applied could discourage new investments, while, on the other hand, a broad legal protection could lead to an unjustified restriction to the access of basic biological elements that would enable new gene-based biotechnical developments, in which case there might be an adverse effect in relation to the one originally sought. As a result, it is important to analyze the possibility to accommodate the protection of the results obtained from biotechnological developments in view of the possible difficulties that may arise from the restriction of the fundamental elements required for forthcoming developments. In view of the aforementioned scenario, the present study seeks to find a balance among the different interests and opinions with respect to the human genes patenting in order to find the most efficient and secure legal framework to enable genetic engineering development due to the numerous benefits that are expected to arise therefrom. In short, this dissertation will focus on the analysis of the necessity, conditions, sufficiency and length of patent protection to human genes.
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2

Yen, Shang-Yung. "Patenting genes : is there a moral entitlement towards the ownership of genetic information?" Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269440.

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3

Crowther, Sarah Maureen. "Patenting genes : intellectual property rights in human genomics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313966.

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4

Hawkins, Naomi. "Human gene patents and translational research in genetics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527328.

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5

Swati, Swati. "Cloning of N-acylethanolamine Metabolic Pathway Genes from Physcomitrella patens." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3178.

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N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) including anandamide are lipid derivative molecules, which play vital roles in physiological and developmental processes in plants and animals and mediate stress responses. In mammals, NAEs are synthesized from hydrolysis of their precursor molecule N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) by NAPE-specific phospholipaseD (NAPE-PLD). All NAEs including anandamide (NAE20:4) are hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) into free fatty acid and ethanolamine. To date, different NAEs including anandamide have been identified in Physcomitrella patens but its metabolic pathway remains undiscovered. It is hypothesized that NAE metabolic pathway in P. patens is conserved and is similar to that of other eukaryotic systems. To this extent, putative PpNAPE-PLD and PpFAAH were identified and cloned for heterologous expression and characterization. Expression of PpFAAH was further verified by Western blot analysis. Future studies will involve biochemical characterization of putative PpNAPE-PLD and PpFAAH, to establish the evolutionarily conserved nature of NAE functions in early land plants.
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6

Schwartz, Sarah L. (Sarah Leah). "Owning the code of life : human gene patents in America." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101364.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-54).
In 2013, the United States Supreme Court heard the case of Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics. The case asked one question: are human genes patentable? Gene patents became commonplace during the biotechnology revolution of the 1980s, but generated a complex web of moral, legal, and biological questions. While some viewed gene patents as necessary in promoting and sustaining innovation, others felt that owning the code of life was morally and legally misguided. This tension played a central role in the early years of the Human Genome Project, and continued as people experienced the challenging consequences of assigning property rights to our shared biology. Several patients with genetic diseases were forced to navigate limited or expensive testing because of a company's genetic monopoly. Some scientists worried that their research might infringe a patent. When the Supreme Court decided the Myriad trial, ruling that unaltered human genes were not patent-eligible, their decision marked a surprising and historic shift in the relationship between patent law and fundamental biology-but questions and uncertainty about a future without gene patents remain.
by Sarah L. Schwartz.
S.M.
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7

Björkholm, Jenny. "Patentering av gener och delsekvenser av gener." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1319.

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Det gåratt patentera gener och delsekvenser av gener i Sverige. Reglerna som rör patentering av gener finns i EG:s bioteknikdirektiv, i den svenska patentlagen och i patentkungörelsen. Ett patent på en gen innebär att patenthavaren får en ensamrätt till att kommersiellt använda genen, eller delsekvensen av genen, den produkt den kodar för, eller förfarandet för att få fram och tillverka produkten. Det finns begränsningar för vilka gener, delsekvenser av gener och genetiska förfarande som får patenteras. Uppsatsen behandlar vidare frågan om skillnader mellan klassiska patent och patent på gener, och delsekvenser av gener. Liksom för klassiska patent gäller att endast uppfinningar kan patenteras. Denna måste sedan uppfylla de sedvanliga tre patentkraven; nyhetskravet, kravet på uppfinningshöjd och kravet på industriell tillämpbarhet. Kravet på industriell tillämpbarhet i samband med genteknik är viktigt och har särskilt betonats i direktivet. Andra frågor som är specifika för biotekniska patent hör samman med deras möjlighet att reproducera sig själva. Det är t.ex. osäkert hur mycket en reproducerad produkt får avvika från den patenterade uppfinningen innan patentskyddet upphör. Förmågan att reproducera sig själva gör att vissa av de patenterade uppfinningarna kan förflytta sig, själva eller med naturens hjälp. Det finns dock inga regler om hur patentintrång skall bedömas när den patenterade uppfinningen har förflyttat sig själv.

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8

Zobell, Oliver. "The family of CONSTANS like genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979484707.

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9

Henschel, Katrin Andrea. "Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung von MADS-Box-Genen aus dem Laubmoos Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S.G." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965796779.

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10

Krogan, Naden Theodore. "Isolation and characterization of MADS-box genes from the moss, Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ54717.pdf.

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11

Freitas, João Filipe Franco de [UNESP]. "As patentes de genes humanos sob a perspectiva do biodireito e da bioética." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136055.

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O presente trabalho versa sobre aspectos jurídicos e éticos relacionados com as patentes de invenções que envolvem material genético humano. Busca-se, inicialmente, demonstrar as dificuldades que as invenções biotecnológicas encontram para atender os requisitos positivos de patenteabilidade. Discute-se, quanto à novidade, se o DNA isolado do genoma é uma nova composição da matéria ou um produto da natureza. Em relação à atividade inventiva, se há esforço considerável por parte do inventor no ato de isolamento do gene e se se constata obviedade na função atribuída àquele segmento. No que concerne à aplicação industrial, se o invento pode ser repetido, a suficiência de sua descrição e a definição de uma utilidade concreta para aquele segmento de DNA específico. Com base no biodireito, abordam-se os impactos sobre a dignidade humana, a caracterização do genoma como patrimônio comum da humanidade, a possibilidade de comercialização de partes do corpo humano e as restrições impostas à liberdade de pesquisa. Com base na bioética, investiga-se se o genoma é dotado de status especial que impede a sua apropriação, o modo pelo qual se afere o respeito à autonomia das pessoas que fornecem o material biológico empregado no invento e a equidade na repartição dos benefícios da pesquisa genética. Os métodos empregados são principalmente o dedutivo e o indutivo. O método dedutivo foi utilizado, sobretudo, para o estudo e compreensão da estrutura normativa dos sistemas de patentes e de suas conexões com o biodireito e a bioética. O método indutivo foi empregado através da referência a patentes específicas, como as dos genes BRCA e CCR5 e da proteína MSP-1, e a casos judiciais relevantes, tal qual AMP v. Myriad, a partir dos quais puderam ser formulados juízos mais abrangentes sobre o preenchimento dos requisitos de patenteabilidade pelas invenções que envolvem sequências genéticas e sobre as...
This essay is about legal and ethical aspects related to patents of inventions involving human genetic material. The first aim is to demonstrate the difficulties that biotechnological inventions find to fulfil the positive requirements of patentability. It discusses, with regard to novelty, if DNA isolated from the genome is a new composition of matter, or a product of nature. With regard to inventive step, if there is considerable effort by the inventor in gene isolation and if the function assigned to that segment is obvious. With regard to industrial applicability, if the invention can be repeated, the sufficiency of its description and the indication of an effective utility for that specific DNA segment. Based on biolaw, it addresses the impacts on human dignity, the characterization of the genome as the common heritage of mankind, the possibility of commercialization of the human body and the restrictions on the freedom of research. Based on bioethics, it investigates if the genome is endowed with special status that prevents its appropriation, the way in which the respect for the autonomy of people who provide the biological material used in the invention is assessed, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of genetic research. The methods used are mainly deductive and inductive. The deductive method was used mainly for the study and understanding of the regulatory framework of the patent system and its connections with biolaw and bioethics. The inductive method was used in order to refer to specific patents, such as the BRCA and CCR5 genes and MSP-1 protein, and to relevant court cases, like AMP v. Myriad, from which more comprehensive judgments on the fulfillment of patentability requirements by inventions involving genetic sequences could be made, and on the ethical implications they entail. At the end, it is affirmed that there is a hypertrophy of patents, which negatively affects the...
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12

Freitas, João Filipe Franco de. "As patentes de genes humanos sob a perspectiva do biodireito e da bioética /." Franca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136055.

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Orientador: João Bosco Penna
Banca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas
Banca: Marcio Henrique Pereira Ponzilacqua
Resumo: O presente trabalho versa sobre aspectos jurídicos e éticos relacionados com as patentes de invenções que envolvem material genético humano. Busca-se, inicialmente, demonstrar as dificuldades que as invenções biotecnológicas encontram para atender os requisitos positivos de patenteabilidade. Discute-se, quanto à novidade, se o DNA isolado do genoma é uma nova composição da matéria ou um produto da natureza. Em relação à atividade inventiva, se há esforço considerável por parte do inventor no ato de isolamento do gene e se se constata obviedade na função atribuída àquele segmento. No que concerne à aplicação industrial, se o invento pode ser repetido, a suficiência de sua descrição e a definição de uma utilidade concreta para aquele segmento de DNA específico. Com base no biodireito, abordam-se os impactos sobre a dignidade humana, a caracterização do genoma como patrimônio comum da humanidade, a possibilidade de comercialização de partes do corpo humano e as restrições impostas à liberdade de pesquisa. Com base na bioética, investiga-se se o genoma é dotado de status especial que impede a sua apropriação, o modo pelo qual se afere o respeito à autonomia das pessoas que fornecem o material biológico empregado no invento e a equidade na repartição dos benefícios da pesquisa genética. Os métodos empregados são principalmente o dedutivo e o indutivo. O método dedutivo foi utilizado, sobretudo, para o estudo e compreensão da estrutura normativa dos sistemas de patentes e de suas conexões com o biodireito e a bioética. O método indutivo foi empregado através da referência a patentes específicas, como as dos genes BRCA e CCR5 e da proteína MSP-1, e a casos judiciais relevantes, tal qual AMP v. Myriad, a partir dos quais puderam ser formulados juízos mais abrangentes sobre o preenchimento dos requisitos de patenteabilidade pelas invenções que envolvem sequências genéticas e sobre as...
Abstract: This essay is about legal and ethical aspects related to patents of inventions involving human genetic material. The first aim is to demonstrate the difficulties that biotechnological inventions find to fulfil the positive requirements of patentability. It discusses, with regard to novelty, if DNA isolated from the genome is a new composition of matter, or a product of nature. With regard to inventive step, if there is considerable effort by the inventor in gene isolation and if the function assigned to that segment is obvious. With regard to industrial applicability, if the invention can be repeated, the sufficiency of its description and the indication of an effective utility for that specific DNA segment. Based on biolaw, it addresses the impacts on human dignity, the characterization of the genome as the common heritage of mankind, the possibility of commercialization of the human body and the restrictions on the freedom of research. Based on bioethics, it investigates if the genome is endowed with special status that prevents its appropriation, the way in which the respect for the autonomy of people who provide the biological material used in the invention is assessed, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of genetic research. The methods used are mainly deductive and inductive. The deductive method was used mainly for the study and understanding of the regulatory framework of the patent system and its connections with biolaw and bioethics. The inductive method was used in order to refer to specific patents, such as the BRCA and CCR5 genes and MSP-1 protein, and to relevant court cases, like AMP v. Myriad, from which more comprehensive judgments on the fulfillment of patentability requirements by inventions involving genetic sequences could be made, and on the ethical implications they entail. At the end, it is affirmed that there is a hypertrophy of patents, which negatively affects the...
Mestre
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13

Ring, Andreas. "Serine/Arginine-rich proteins in Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Molekylär genetik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-80870.

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Serine/Arginine-rich proteins (SR-proteins) have been well characterized in metazoans and in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. But so far no attempts on characterizing SR-proteins in the moss Physcomitrella patens have been done. SR-proteins are a conserved family of splicing regulators essential for constitutive- and alternative splicing. SR-proteins are mediators of alternative splicing (AS) and may be alternatively spliced themselves as a form of gene regulation. Three novel SR-proteins of the SR-subfamily were identified in P. patens. The three genes show conserved intron-exon structure and protein domain distribution, not surprising since the gene family has evidently evolved through gene duplications. The SR-proteins PpSR40 and PpSR36 show differential tissue-specific expression, whereas PpSR39 does not. Tissue-specific expression of SR-proteins has also been seen in A. thaliana. SR-proteins determine splice-site usage in a concentration dependent manner. SR-protein overexpression experiments in A. thaliana and Oryza sativa have shown alteration of splicing patterns of endogenous SR-proteins. Overexpression of PpSR40 did not alter the splicing patterns of PpSR40, PpSR36 and PpSR39. This suggests that they might not be a substrate for PpSR40. These first results of SR-protein characterization in P. patens may provide insights on the SR-protein regulation mechanisms of the common land plant ancestor.
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14

Boyd, P. J. "Changes in gene expression during development in the moss, Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233170.

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15

Jang, Geupil. "Functional analysis of class 1 RSL genes in caulonema and rhizoid differentiation of Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/35077/.

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16

Stowell, Catherine Leigh. "The shifting nexus between law and biology : what does the future hold for gene patents?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12680.

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17

Victoria, Filipe de Carvalho. "Análise evolutiva de genes de homeostase de ferro e de elementos repetitivos em espécies modelo." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br/handle/123456789/1290.

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Iron is an essential element for plant development, involved in metabolic processes, such respiration and photosynthesis. However, data regarding the genotype by environment interaction are lacking. Comparative analysis with lower plant groups and crop plants can increase the understanding about these processes. The use of bryophytes as model plants rise as a promising strategy since they present simpler patterns of development. The present work aimed to identify the occurrence patterns of molecular markers in model plant species, as well as to infer about the phylogenetical relationships of gene families related with iron homoestasis in plants, allowing the development of tranfer strategies of genomic data across model and orphan species. Using bioinformatics tools, a survey analysis was performed to detect repetitive elements in EST banks of eleven plant species. To validate the SSR markers found, 100 primer pairs were developed on the microsatelite sequences obtained for Physcomitrella patens Brid. and tested against genomic DNA of Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Phylogenetic and divergence time analysis was performed for the gene families Iron Regulated Transporter (IRT), Ferric Redectase Oxidase (FRO), Nicotinamide synthase (NAS), Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) and Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (NRAMP), related to the iron homoestasis, with help of the Bayesian inference and using the rice, Arabidopsis and P. patens genes for the Blast search in distinct land plants species. Also, primers for transposable elements recognizably related to Ysl genes were developed and applied jointly with the SSR primers by the IRAP/REMAP technic searching to find microsatellite markers associated to copies of this gene family. A total of 13,133 SSR markers were discovered in non- redundant EST databases made for all eleven species chosen for this study. The dimer motifs are more frequent in lower plant species, such as green algae and mosses, and the trimer motifs are more frequent for the majority of higher plant groups, such as monocots and dicots. Thirty percent of EST-SSE were successfully transferred with a relative polimorphism information across Physcomitrella patens Brid. and P. juniperinum, being promising for mapping and comparative genome analyses in plants. A total of 243 iron uptake gene sequences for 30 plant species were found using rice and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. homologues as queries. The evolutionary fingerprinting analyses suggested a positive selective pressure on iron uptake genes for most of the plant homologues analyzed, enabling an optimization and maintenance of gene function. The divergence time analysis indicates IRT as the most ancient gene family and FRO as the most recent. NRAMP and YSL genes appear as a close branch in the evolution of iron uptake gene families. No recent duplication in grasses were found based in the bayesian inference, and paralogue copies were only observed for dicot species. The Nramp cis-acting homology search indicated an ancestral duplication hypothesis for this gene family in grasses. Using IRAP/REMAP techniques, it was observed that YSL homologues in Physcomitrella are surrounded by copia-like retrotransposons as occurs in the maize ZmYSL1 copy. Also Polytrchum juniperinum Hedw. in vitro cultures were estabilished using spores as explants. Protonemal and gametophyte development were obtained using a growth regulator free culture medium.
O ferro é um elemento essencial para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, envolvido em processos metabólicos essenciais, como fotossíntese e respiração. Porém, são poucos os dados relacionando a interação entre diferentes genótipos e ambientes. Análises comparativas entre plantas inferiores e plantas cultivadas podem possibilitar o melhor entendimento destes processos. O uso de briófitas como modelo para estudos de processos biológicos em plantas surge como uma estratégia promissora devido ao padrão relativamente simples de desenvolvimento destas plantas. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar padrões de ocorrência de marcadores moleculares em plantas modelo, bem como inferir acerca da filogenia das famílias gênicas envolvidas na homoestase do ferro em plantas, possibilitando a criação de estratégias de transferência de informação genômica entre espécies modelo e espécies órfãs. Utilizando ferramentas de bioinformática foram realizadas análises exploratórias para detectar as ocorrências de elementos repetitivos em bancos de ESTs de onze espécies de plantas. Para a validação destes marcadores moleculares foram desenvolvidos 100 conjuntos de iniciadores a partir das sequências contendo microssatélites obtidas para Physcomitrella patens Brid. e testadas contra o DNA genômico de Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Foram realizadas análises filogenéticas e de divergência das famílias gênicas Iron Regulated Transporter (IRT), Ferric Redectase Oxidase (FRO), Nicotinamide synthase (NAS), Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) e Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (NRAMP), envolvidas na homoestase de ferro por meio de inferência bayesiana, utilizando genes de arroz, Arabidopsis e Physcomitrella patens Brid. na busca de homólogos em diferentes espécies de plantas terrestres, com o auxílio da ferramenta Blast (NCBI). Também foram desenvolvidos iniciadores para elementos transponíveis reconhecidamente associados a genes Ysl de milho e utilizados conjuntamente com os iniciadores EST-SSR por meio da técnica IRAP/REMAP buscando encontrar marcadores microssatélites associados a cópias desta familia gênica. Como resultados foram identificados 13.133 marcadores microssatélites em bancos de dados não redundantes de regiões expressas (EST) de onze espécies de plantas. Os motivos dinucleotídeos foram mais frequentes em espécies basais, enquanto os motivos trinucleotídeos foram mais frequentes em espécies derivadas. Em 30% dos conjuntos de iniciadores EST SSR testados contra o DNA de P. juniperinum, foi obtido bandas polimórficas promissoras para estudos de mapeamento comparativo e de diversidade genética. Foram encontrados 243 homólogos de genes relacionados as famílias gênicas envolvidas com a homoestase de ferro em trinta espécies de plantas. A análise de fingerprinting realizada sugere que a maioria destes genes estão submetidos a seleção positiva, indicando acúmulo de mutações adaptativas, essencial para a manutenção e otimização da resposta gênica. A análise de tempo de divergência indica que os genes IRT são mais basais e os genes FRO os mais recentes entre as familias gênicas estudadas. As famílias NRAMP e YSL são evolutivamente próximas. A análise bayesiana das sequências e de regiões promotoras dos genes NRAMP não indica duplicações recentes em gramíneas, sendo as duplicações provenientes de divergência ancestral a origem do grupo. Parálogos foram identificados somente em dicotiledôneas. Por meio da transferência de marcadores IRAP/REMAP é observado que genes YSL de P. patens estão cercados por retroelementos do tipo cópia, a exemplo do que ocorre com o gene ZmYSL1 em milho. Também foi estabelecido o cultivo, em condições axênicas, de Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. utilizando esporos como explantes, onde foi observado que protonemas são obtidos utilizando meio de cultura livre de fitorreguladores, regenerando gametófitos em cultivo in vitro.
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Myszczuk, Ana Paula 1972. "Biopatentes, desenvolvimento e sociedade : da patenteabilidade de genes humanos / Ana Paula Myszczuk ; orientadora, Jussara Maria Leal de Meirelles." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_PR, 2012. http://www.biblioteca.pucpr.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2151.

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Tese (doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2012
Bibliografia: p. 206-214
A possibilidade de patenteamento de invenções baseadas em genes humanos é amplamente discutida e um grande número de patentes já foram concedidas nessa área e verifica-se atualmente a necessidade de uma efetiva adaptação do sistema do Direito de Patentes
La possibilità di brevettare le invenzioni basate sui geni umani è ampiamente discussa e un gran numero di brevetti sono già stati concessi in questa area e si verifica attualmente la necessità di un?efficace adattamento del sistema del Diritto di Brevett
The possibility of patenting inventions based on human genes is widely discussed and a large number of patents have been granted in this area and there is currently a need for an effective adaptation of the Patent Law in order to understand the human gene
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19

De, Villiers Ruan Morne. "Reverse genetic analysis of gene Pp1s148_40v6 in Physcomitrella patens : an AtMAX2 orthologue?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96818.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The plant metabolite, strigolactone, has recently gained the status of phytohormone as the result of several studies that implicated its role in plant architecture. These studies would characteristically rely on the use of mutants, such as the rms lines that were generated in peas, that shared several characteristics. This method allowed for the identification of several genetic component of the shared pathway. It is now known that the biosynthesis of strigolactone is dependent on the sequential action of an isomerase (D27) and two carotenoid cleavage deoxygenases (CCD7 and CCD8). Furthermore, it is known that strigolactone perception is localised to the plant nucleus, where it interacts with an α/β-fold hydrolase (D14) which would concomitantly binds to target proteins. The F box protein (MAX2) is able to recognize this proteïen complex. Through a MAX2 dependent mechanism the target protein becomes tagged for proteolysis. However, this model, though intricate, has only really been shown in higher plants. The model bryophyte, Physcomitrella patens, serves as a useful tool in genetic studies due to its predisposition for homologous recombination. More recently it has also gained interest in studies pertaining to strigolactones, which has led to the generation of a Ppccd8Δ mutant. Compared to the wild type, the Ppccd8Δ line produces more protonemal tissue. Furthermore, exogenous strigolactones have also been shown to inhibit colony expansion. Here we shown that there is only a single candidate gene, PpMAX2, present in the P. patens genome that could serve as a homologue for the Arabidopsis thaliana MAX2. Furthermore, we show that a recombinant GFP:PpMAX2 localises to the nucleus of P. patens cells. A Ppmax2:: mutant was generated which, unexpectedly, did not show the phenotype of Ppccd8Δ. Ppmax2:: has an apparent inability to produce protonema and appears to rather dedicate its growth to the production of gametophores. A double mutant, Ppccd8Δ max2Δ was generated which also displayed the characteristic phenotype of Ppmax2::. It seems therefore that the activity of PpMAX2 is able to override that of PpCCD8. By employing a GUS reporter system, we showed that the promoter, PPpMAX2, is predominantly active within gametophore tissues. Taken together, these results suggest that the activity of PpMAX2 facilitates the transition of gametophore tissue to protonema tissue. Although exogenous strigolactones did not appear to affect the growth of the Ppmax2:: line as it did the PpWT or Ppccd8Δ lines, those responses that have been ascribed to strigolactones to date have mostly been observed in protonemal tissue. We therefore suspect that any strigolactone response that might have been elicited in Ppmax2:: would have been masked by its phenotype of predominantly protonemal tissue. We are therefore hesitant to make any sweeping statements in regards to the role PpMAX2 might have in strigolactone perception in P. patens. However, though we suspect that PpMAX2 might not be a true functional homologue for the characterised MAX2 homologues from higher plants, we suspect that it may well be the ancestral predecessor of MAX2.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Strigolaktoon is ‘n metaboliet wat deur plante vervaardig word en is redelik onlangs as ’n fitohormoon geklassifiseer. Die klassifikasie as fitohormoon is die gevolg van verskeie studies wat strigolaktoon se rol in die plantstruktuur beklemtoon het. In hierdie studie is daar gebruik gemaak van mutante, soos onderandere die rms lyne, wat gegenereer is in ertjies, wat verskeie kenmerke deel. Sodoende is verskeie komponente van ’n gedeelde molekulêre padweg geïdentifiseer. Daar word tans verstaan dat die sintese van strigolaktoon afhanklik is van die stapsgewyse aksies van ’n isomerase (D27) en twee karotenoïedklewingsdeoksigenases (CCD7 en CCD8). Verder is dit bekend dat strigolaktoon waargeneem word in die plant nukleus deur te assosieer met ’n α/β-vou-hidrolase (D14) wat vervolgens met teikenproteïene bind. Die kompleks word deur ’n F-boks proteïen (MAX2) herken wat daartoe lei dat die teikenproteïen gemerk word vir proteolise; altans, dit is tans die model wat vir hoër plante aanvaar word. Die model briofiet, Physcomitrella patens, word dikwels aangewend in genetiese studies weens dit ’n hoër vatbaarheid vir homoloë rekombinasie het. Om P. patens te benut in navorsing wat die rol van strigolaktoon ondersoek is ook voordelig, aangesien daar reeds ’n Ppccd8Δ mutant beskikbaar is. In vergelyking met die wilde tipe, produseer Ppccd8Δ meer protonemale weefsel en blyk dit dat strigolaktoon die vermoë het om kolonie verspreiding te bekamp. Hier wys ons dat daar ’n enkele kandidaat geen, PpMAX2, in die genoom van die P. patens teenwoordig is wat as ’n homoloog vir die Arabidopsis thaliana MAX2 kan dien. Verder wys ons dat ’n rekombinante GFP:PpMAX2 proteïen wel na die selkern van P. patens selle lokaliseer. ’n Ppmax2:: mutant is gegenereer wat, onverwags, nie die fenotipe van Ppccd8Δ vertoon het nie. Ppmax2:: het ’n onvermoë om protonema te produseer en wy groei eerder aan die produksie van gametofiete. ’n Dubbele mutant, Ppccd8Δ max2Δ, is gegenereer wat ook die fenotipe van Ppmax2:: vertoon het; dus kom ons tot die gevolgtrekking dat die aktiwiteit van PpMAX2 dié van PpCCD8 oorheers. Deur gebruik te maak van ’n GUS verklikkersisteem kon ons aflei dat die aktiwiteit van die PPpMAX2 promotor hoofsaaklik tot die uitdrukking van PpMAX2 in gametofiet weefsel lei. Dit is moontlik dat die aktiwiteit PpMAX2 dus die oorgang van gametofoor weefsel na protonema weefsel te weg bring. Alhoewel strigolaktoon nie die groei van die Ppmax2:: lyn beïnvloed soos vir die PpWT of Ppccd8Δ lyne nie, vermoed ons dat die reaksie slegs in die protonemale weefsel waargeneem sal word. Daar kan tans nie met absolute sekerheid gesê word of PpMAX2 enigsins verbonde met strigolaktoon persepsie in mos is nie, tog vermoed ons dat PpMAX2 ’n primitiewe voorloper vir die gekarakteriseerde MAX2 homoloë van die hoër plante is.
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20

Vieira, Andréia Prata. "Sugarcane thi1 homologues: a molecular and functional study." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11151/tde-14082018-094015/.

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Thiazole biosynthetic protein (THI1) is involved in the synthesis of the thiazole ring, a thiamine (vitamin B1) component. Thiamine is an essential co-factor in several carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic pathways. Prokaryotes and a few eukaryotes, such as fungi and plants, are able to synthesize thiamine de novo. These organisms contain the genes that encode the corresponding enzymes (such as THI1) that perform this metabolic function. THI1 actually functions as a reagent rather than as a conventional catalytic enzyme, as the THI1 polypeptide itself serves as the sulfide donor for thiazole formation. This gene also plays a role in organelle DNA damage tolerance. Arabidopsis thaliana has only one copy of the thi1 gene (At-thi1). Transcripts derived from At-thi1 are targeted simultaneously to chloroplasts and mitochondria by differential usage of two in-frame initiation codons. The tz-201 A. thaliana thi1 mutant has been shown to accumulate more sucrose in its tissues than wild-type plants. This suggests that a better understanding of thi1 genes and the role they play in cellular sucrose accumulation may be relevant for improving commercially important crops such as sugarcane. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a C4 photosynthesis monocot. Unlike A. thaliana, sugarcane has at least two thi1 copies (sc-thi1.1 and sc-thi1.2), as do the other C4 grasses. This thesis concerns the molecular and functional analyses of sugarcane thi1 (sc-thi1) gene homologues. The identified alleles related to sc-thi1.2 have some differences in sequence and seems to be diverging into two subgroups (sc-thi1.2a and sc-thi1.2b), based on phylogenetic analyses. Expression analysis showed that each sc-thi1 copy is expressed differentially in individual tissues and in developing stages levels. Subcellular analysis showed that sc-thi1.1 and sc-thi1.2b have the same cellular distribution pattern, distinct from the observed for sc-thi1.2a. Sc-thi1.1 and sc-thi1.2b were also able to partially complement thiamine auxotrophy in a yeast mutant deficient in thiamine biosynthesis. A similar complementation assay is not possible in the A. thaliana tz-201 mutant owing to low transformation efficiencies. Thus, Physcomitrella patens was chosen to generate thi1 mutant lines for future functional complementation studies. P. patens is a moss used as a plant model, with a small size, short life cycle and a haploid dominant phase. Despite its simplicity, it has six thi1 homologues copies. Homologous Recombination was used to generate P. patens thi1 mutants. In each case, a target thi1 gene was disrupted by replacing its coding region with an antibiotic resistance gene cassette. Single mutants were obtained for all six thi1 gene copies. All the knockout lines were able to survive and grow with only minor effects on morphology and physiology. Deletion of one of the thi1 gene copies (PpThi1.20F) drastically affected protoplast survival and regeneration, suggesting a role for this gene in early (polar) cell division and differentiation. The experimental design, which permits recycling of the selectable marker cassettes, provides a research platform for the construction of double, triple, quadruple or quintuple mutants in the future. The individual mutants line generated in this work, as well as the possible multiple mutants, will be useful for thi1 functional complementation experiments and for discerning the specific functions of individual thi1 gene family members.
THI1 (proteína da biossíntese de tiazol) está envolvida na síntese do anel de tiazol, um componente de tiamina (vitamina B1). A tiamina é um cofator essencial em várias vias metabólicas de carboidratos e aminoácidos. Somente procariontes e alguns eucariontes, como fungos e plantas, são capazes de sintetizar a tiamina de novo. A proteína THI1 atua mais como um reagente do que como uma enzima catalítica convencional, pois usa a si mesmo como doador de sulfeto para a formação do anel de tiazol. Este gene também está envolvido na tolerância ao dano no DNA das organelas. A. thaliana apresenta apenas uma cópia do gene thi1. Seu transcrito primário é direcionado simultaneamente aos cloroplastos e mitocôndrias através do uso diferencial de dois códons de iniciação, presentes no mesmo quadro aberto de leitura. Além disso, o mutante tz-201 de A. thaliana acumula mais sacarose em seus tecidos do que a planta selvagem. Isso sugere que um melhor entendimento do gene thi1 e seu papel no acúmulo de sacarose podem ser importantes para o melhoramento comercial de cultivares, como cana-de-açúcar. Cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é uma monocotiledônea de metabolismo fotossintético C4. Diferentemente do observado em A. thaliana, a cana-de-açúcar possui pelo menos duas cópias (sc-thi1.1 e sc-thi1.2) homólogas a thi1, como observado também para outras gramíneas C4. Nesta tese são discutidas análises moleculares e funcionais dos homólogos do gene thi1 (sc-thi1) de cana-de-açúcar. Os alelos identificados como relativos a sc-thi1.2 apresentam algumas diferenças em suas sequências e, baseado em análises filogenéticas, parecem estar divergindo em dois subgrupos (sc-thi1.2a e sc-thi1.2b). As análises de expressão mostraram que cada cópia de sc-thi1 é diferencialmente expressa em diferentes tecidos e estágios de desenvolvimento. A análise de localização subcelular mostrou sc-thi1.1 e sc-thi1.2b apresentam o mesmo padrão de distribuição, distinto do observado para sc-thi1.2a. Sc-thi1.1 e sc-thi1.2b também foram capazes de complementar parcialmente a auxotrofia para tiamina em leveduras mutantes, deficientes na via de biossíntese de tiamina. Um teste similar de complementação funcional mutante tz-201 de A. thaliana não é possível no devido à baixa eficiência de transformação. Assim, Physcomitrella patens foi escolhida para gerar linhagens mutantes de thi1 para futuros estudos de complementação funcional. P. patens é um musgo usado como planta modelo, apresenta tamanho pequeno, um ciclo de vida curto e uma fase dominante haploide. Apesar de sua simplicidade, possui seis cópias homólogas a thi1. A técnica de Recombinação Homóloga foi escolhida para gerar os mutantes thi1 de P. patens. Em cada mutante, uma das cópias de thi1 foi interrompida, substituindo sua região codificante por um cassete de gene de resistência. Mutantes individuais foram obtidos para as seis cópias do gene thi1. As linhagens knockouts foram capazes de sobreviver e crescer apenas com alguns pequenos efeitos em sua morfologia e fisiologia. A deleção de uma das cópias de thi1 (PpThi1.20F) afetou drasticamente a sobrevivência e regeneração dos protoplastos, sugerindo um papel deste cópia gênica no inicio da divisão e diferenciação celular. O desenho experimento utilizado para a geração destes mutantes permite a reciclagem dos cassetes de seleção, fornecendo uma plataforma para a construção de duplos, triplos, quádruplos, quíntuplos e sêxtuplos mutantes no futuro. Os mutantes individuais para cada cópia de thi1 gerados nesse trabalho, bem como os possíveis mutantes múltiplos, serão úteis para experimentos de complementação funcional e o discernimento de funções específicas de diferentes membros da família gênica thi1.
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21

Kinser, Brent, and Aruna Kilaru. "Cloning and Characterization of a Putative Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Gene in Moss, Physcomitrella Patens." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4855.

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22

Shen, Zhiyuan. "Phylogenetic Characterization of the Kinesin Superfamily and Functional Analysis of PpKin14-Vs in Physcomitrella patens." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1158.

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Chloroplasts are organelles that convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis. The movement of chloroplasts within the cell for the optimization of light absorption is crucial for plant survival. Cellular motor proteins and cytoskeletal tracks can facilitate transport of organelles. As an ancient superfamily of microtubule-dependent motors, kinesins participate in various cellular activities including cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movements. Based on phylogenetic relationships and functional analysis, the kinesin superfamily has been subdivided into more than 14 families, most of which can be found in plants. With the ever increasing amount of genomic information, it is important and beneficial to systematically characterize and document kinesins within an organism. As a result of my collaborative work with other members of the Vidali lab, a detailed phylogenetic characterization of the 76 kinesins of the kinesin superfamily in the moss Physcomitrella patens is reported here. We found a remarkable conservation of families and subfamily classes with Arabidopsis, which is important for future comparative analyses of functions. Some of the families are composed of fewer members, while other families are greatly expanded in moss. To improve the comparison between species, and to simplify communication between research groups, we proposed a classification of subfamilies based on our phylogenetic analysis. As part of my efforts in studying chloroplasts motility, I investigated the function of two members of Physcomitrella kinesin family 14 class V proteins, Ppkin14-Va and -Vb. These two proteins are orthologs of the Arabidopsis KAC proteins which mediate actin-based chloroplast movement in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast, in the Physcomitrella both actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs) participate in chloroplast movement. Our results show that Ppkin14-Vs are important for maintaining chloroplast dispersion. They also function during chloroplast light avoidance responses via an AF-dependent, rather than MT-dependent mechanism. Although two Ppkin14- Vs do not act as MT-based motors, our phylogenetic study on moss kinesins provides an important source of information to track other potential kinesins that are predicted to move chloroplasts on MTs.
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23

Velupandian, Uma Maheshwari. "The diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale, its importance in migraine, and an insight into its genetic basis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-diagnosis-of-patent-foramen-ovale-its-importance-in-migraine-andan-insight-into-its-genetic-basis(d13d4a0b-b1f3-437a-899a-960015f9b33f).html.

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Background: Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO), a remnant of the foetal circulation, is emerging as a new cause of disease. It has been found to be associated with cryptogenic stroke in young adults, peripheral arterial embolism and neurological decompression sickness in divers. The detection of PFO remains a diagnostic challenge; transoesophageal echocardiogram being currently considered the ‘gold standard’. The development of a non-invasive technique is crucial for the identification of a venous-to-arterial shunt (v-aCS) which may permit paradoxical embolism. Little is known about the genetic basis of PFO and our limited knowledge is based on animal studies and gene mutations detected in patients with other cardiac septal defects. Methods: Study 1: PFO Detection and Evaluation: This study was designed to evaluate transcranial Doppler (TCD), transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) with administration of contrast via arm and femoral veins. We then developed a standardized protocol for PFO detection and quantification using TCD. Study 2: PFO and Migraine: The PFO detection protocol developed from the first study formed the diagnostic technique to detect v-aCS in an adequately powered matched case control study to explore the association between PFO and migraine. Study 3: The Genetic basis of PFO: This study was designed to explore the genetic basis of a PFO using a candidate gene approach. Results: Study 1 - PFO Detection Study: When compared with TOE with femoral vein contrast injection as the ‘gold standard’, TCD with arm vein contrast was 100% sensitive and 97.4% specific for detecting a PFO. We defined a PFO positive (+ve) study on TCD as > 15 microbubbles entering the cerebral circulation, on TCD following arm vein injection and >16 microbubbles with a femoral contrast injection. A ‘major’ PFO+ve v-aCS was defined as >35 microbubbles with arm vein injection or >90 microbubbles with femoral vein injection. We then developed a new diagnostic pathway for PFO detection in clinical practice. Study 2 - PFO Migraine study: A significant difference in prevalence of v-aCS between migraine with aura M+A) and their matched controls was demonstrated with adjusted OR=3.72 (1.48-9.38) p=0.005 for a PFO+ve v-aCS, and a highly significant difference between M+A and controls for a ‘major’ PFO+ve v-aCS with adjusted OR = 6.38 (1.89 – 21.48) p = 0.003. There was significant association with APC resistance and migraine on thrombophilia screen. Study 3 - The PFO Genetics Study: This study detected mutations of GATA4 and NKX2-5 in both PFO+ve cases and PFO-ve controls. Two novel non synonymous mutations of GATA4, c.461T>A and c.994G>A were found only in PFO positive individuals and may be associated with a PFO. All the PFO+ve cases with a GATA4 gene mutation had a major PFO+ve v-aCSConclusion:TCD detects PFO with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92.3% and is the most reliable non-invasive technique for PFO detection. When arm vein injections are used both cough and valsalva provocation is essential. There was a highly significant association between PFO+ve v- aCS and M+A, especially with a ‘major’ PFO+ve v-aCS. GATA 4 mutations though infrequent were found PFO+ve cases and all had major v-aCS.
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24

Díaz, Pozo Marta. "The role of the requirement of industrial application in gene patenting : practical implications and potential impact on the progress of innovation." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/33939.

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The major advances in the identification of the human genome that took place from the early 1990s onwards triggered a significant increase in the number of patent applications concerning newly discovered human gene sequences that nevertheless failed to disclose the function of the isolated material, and thus did not meet the patent law requirement of industrial application. In order to address this issue the 1998 Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Biotech Directive) 1 required patent applicants to disclose the industrial applicability of inventions covering human gene sequences and related proteins at the time of the patent application. Furthermore, the Biotech Directive established functionality-related protection for all types of genetic inventions, thus restricting the scope of protection granted to human genetic inventions to their ability to perform the industrial application disclosed by the applicant. This thesis analyses the implications of the Biotech Directive's approach towards the industrial application of human genes and fragments thereof in respect of three issues: the assessment of the industrial applicability of inventions concerning sequences or partial sequences of human genes; the distinction between discoveries and patentable inventions when the claimed subject matter is human genetic material; and the determination of the scope of protection awarded to patents over genetic information. The thesis argues that the requirement of industrial application can act as an efficient checkpoint for preventing the grant of patents over human genetic discoveries of no practical benefit to society, but also for impeding the issuance of overly broad patents in this field. At the same time, a strict interpretation of this requirement does not imply that patent authorities will systematically overlook the interests of private firms, but it is intended to set a realistic standard that serves to avoid the rise of undue barriers in the pursuit of research and innovation in this industry.
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25

Caine, Robert. "Towards the identification and characterisation of toolkit genes responsible for stomatal development and CO2 response in the non-vascular land plant, Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16240/.

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Stomata are microscopic structures which exist on the surfaces of many land plants that enable the uptake of CO2 and regulation over water release. The fossil evidence suggests that stomata are ancient as they have been observed on early land plants which existed well 400 million years. Whilst much is known about stomata and their development in vascular land plants, relatively little is known in non-vascular land plants. This thesis identifies a core toolbox of stomatal developmental genes in the non-vascular land plant Physcomitrella patens which share orthology with vascular land plants gene equivalents. To ascertain whether P. patens shares the same genetic mechanisms to alter its stomatal development under different CO2 conditions experiments were conducted on mutants of key patterning genes required for stomatal development. It was found that P. patens does not respond using the same genetic equivalents to that of Arabidopsis thaliana. In conclusion, this thesis outlines the molecular mechanisms required to build stomata are very ancient and shared between distant land plant lineages and as such adds more evidence for a monophyletic origin of stomata.
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Horst, Nelly [Verfasser], and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Reski. "The homeobox gene BELL1 is the master regulator for the developmental switch from gametophyte to sporophyte in Physcomitrella patens." Freiburg : Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/111989946X/34.

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27

Babaoglu, De Bruyne Basak [Verfasser]. "The Assessment of Gene Patents Granted in Medical Biotechnology Area in the EU and the US: A Law and Economics Approach / Basak Babaoglu De Bruyne." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231436093/34.

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28

Champagne, Connie. "Genetic analysis of the moss, Physcomitrella patens, an examination of genetic transformants and the isolation and analysis of homologues of higher plant KNOTTED1-like homeobox genes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/NQ54668.pdf.

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29

Wagner, Tanya A. "Gravitropism and gravimorphism in ceratodon purpureus wild-type and the wwr-1 mutant and characterization of a [gamma]-tubulin gene from physcomitrella patens /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949508371706.

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30

Palazzoli, Fabien. "Exploitation de l'information brevets dans un laboratoire de recherche public : identification de niches de développement technologique en bioproduction en en thérapie génique." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4034/document.

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Dans un monde où la course à l’innovation est de plus en plus rapide, il est important pour une entreprise innovante ou un laboratoire de recherche public de mettre en place une stratégie de protection et de valorisation de ses inventions qui soit performante. La protection des résultats par des brevets revêt une importance capitale pour le développement industriel des biotechnologies qui forment un secteur innovant et prometteur, et où la R&D exige des investissements financiers considérables. Au delà de cet intérêt fondamental, les brevets sont aussi une source de premier plan en matière d'informations technologiques, juridiques et stratégiques, pouvant être exploitées à travers des paysages brevets. Ces études constituent un outil privilégié d'aide à la décision en matière de stratégie de R&D puisqu’elles permettent de définir les axes de recherche des concurrents et les niches de développement technologique libres de droits de Propriété Intellectuelle
In a world where the innovation race is increasing fast, it is of economic importance for an innovative company or a public research laboratory to develop a strategy for the protection and enhancement of its inventions is efficient Protection of results through patents is critical for the industrial development of biotechnology which are an innovative and promising sector where R&D requires considerable financial investments. Beyond this fundamental interest, patents are also a source of information on technological, legal and strategic, which can be exploited through patent landscapes. These studies are a key tool for decision supportin R&D since they allow to identify research strategies of competitors and technological niches free from of Intellectual Property rights
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31

Navaud, Olivier. "Analyse évolutive et fonctionnelle d’une famille de facteurs de transcription à domaine TCP chez les plantes." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30027.

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Les protéines TCP constituent une famille de facteurs de transcription spécifiques des végétaux impliqués dans la régulation de la morphologie des plantes. Ce travail a pour objectif d'étudier l'évolution et la fonction de ces protéines. Dans la première partie, une étude structurelle et évolutive de la famille TCP permet de dater l'apparition de la famille avant la divergence du groupe d'algues des Zygnémophytes, il y a entre 650 et 800 millions d'années et indique une expansion permanente de la famille TCP au cours de l'évolution des Phragmoplastophytes. Dans la seconde partie, une analyse fonctionnelle in planta du gène AtTCP9 d'Arabidopsis a été entreprise. Le gène rapporteur de la glucuronidase (GUS) en fusion transcriptionnelle avec le promoteur d'AtTCP9 s'exprime tout au long du développement de la plante, majoritairement dans les vaisseaux. La protéine AtTCP9 est détectée par western dans les feuilles et les fleurs d'Arabidopsis mais pas dans les siliques. La caractérisation de mutants d'insertion ainsi que l'analyse de plantes transformées avec des fusions AtTCP9-domaine répresseur (EAR) ou activateur (VP16) sous contrôle d'un promoteur inductible (XVE) n'ont pas permis d'identifier de fonction mais suggèrent l'intervention d'une régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l'expression de AtTCP9. Un ARN antisens naturel (cis-NAT: cis-Natural Antisense Transcript) codé au même locus qu'AtTCP9 ainsi qu'un siRNA (small interfering RNA) correspondant à ce locus ont été caractérisés. Les résultats préliminaires semblent indiquer une possible régulation par inhibition traductionnelle d'AtTCP9 dans les siliques ainsi que l'existence d'un mécanisme de régulation inhabituel par un NAT et un siRNA
TCP proteins are plant-specific transcription factors involved in plant morphogenesis control. The objective of this work was to determine the evolution and the function of the TCP family transcription factors. In the first part, we made a structural and evolutionary study of the TCP family that indicated appearance of the family before the divergence of Charophytes, 650 to 800 mya. Phylogenetics indicated permanent expansion of the family during the evolution of the Phragmoplastophytes. In the second part, we undertook a functional study of a TCP Arabidopsis thaliana gene (AtTCP9). Plants bearing transcriptional fusion between AtTCP9 promoter and GUS reporter gene revealed an expression during the plant growth, especially in the vasculature. AtTCP9 protein was detected by western in leaves and flowers but not in siliques. Analysis of insertion mutant lines and plants bearing chimeric fusions between AtTCP9 and a repressor (EAR) or an activator (VP16) domain, under control of an inducible promoter (XVE) didn't allow us to identify the function of this gene, but the results suggest the involvement of a post-transcriptional regulation on AtTCP9. A Natural Antisense Transcript expressed at the same locus than AtTCP9 (cis-NAT) and an associated small interfering RNA (siRNA) were characterised. Preliminary results seem to indicate a translational inhibition of AtTCP9 in siliques and an unusual mechanism of regulation involving a NAT and a siRNA
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32

TIMOCIN, Zeynep. "Personalised medicine and patent law : an overview of the patenting of genetic inventions under United States and European law in relation to genetic diagnostic tests." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49748.

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Award date: 22 November 2017
Supervisor: Professor Giovanni Sartor, European University Institute
Following the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Labs. Inc. and Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., the future of patentability of genetic material is uncertain. In the U.S., the decision in Myriad which allowed the patenting of cDNA molecules seems to have limited the force of the concerned voices from the genomic research community that had called for substantial limitations on the patenting genetic material based on the argument that these patents seriously inhibit genomic research and prevent broader provision of genetic diagnostic tests to the public. In the EU, and in markets under the EPC, the patentability issue remain unclear due to lack of judicial guidance. This status quo coincides with the ambitions of governments in both sides of the Atlantic for incentivising research and investment in personalised medicine, a field that is dependent on genetic diagnostic tests and promises radical improvement in public healthcare provision, but also potentially lots of profit and tax. In the light of all these, this paper explores social, political and more particularly legal issues surrounding developments in genomic technologies and personalised medicine, and offers an extensive overview of the limits of substantive patent law in the patenting of genetic inventions in the U.S. and Europe. The paper concludes that the approach of the Biotechnology Directive under EU law setting an over-arching industrial applicability requirement for gene patents offers a balanced response to the challenges created by these patents. Other solutions such as widening the scope of compulsory licensing or the experimental use exception, or creating a sui generis gene right are also visited. Finally, new CRISPR technology that might further challenge the existing legal frameworks is briefly introduced.
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33

Williams-Jones, Bryn. "Genetic testing for sale : implications of commercial BRCA testing in Canada." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13580.

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Ongoing research in the fields of genetics and biotechnology hold the promise of improved diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases, and potentially the development of individually tailored pharmaceuticals and gene therapies. Difficulty, however, arises in determining how these services are to be evaluated and integrated equitably into public health care systems such as Canada's. The current context is one of increasing fiscal restraint on the part of governments, limited financial resources being dedicated to health care, and rising costs for new health care services and technologies. This has led to increasing public debate in the last few years about how to reform public health care, and whether we should prohibit, permit or perhaps even encourage private purchase of health care services. In Canada, some of these concerns have crystallized around the issue of gene patents and commercial genetic testing, in particular as illustrated by the case of Myriad Genetics' patented BRACAnalysis test for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. While most Canadians who currently access genetic services do so through the public health care system, for those with the means, private purchase is becoming an option. This situation raises serious concerns - about justice in access to health care; about continued access to safe and reliable genetic testing supported by unbiased patient information; and about the broader effects of commercialization for ongoing research and the Canadian public health care system. Commercial genetic testing presents a challenge to health care professionals, policy analysts, and academics concerned with the social, ethical and policy implications of new genetic technologies. Using the Myriad case as an exemplar, tools from moral philosophy, the social sciences, and health policy and law will be brought to bear on the larger issues of how as a society we should regulate commercial research and product development, and more coherently decide which services to cover under public health insurance and which to leave to private purchase. Generally, the thesis is concerned with the question of "how best to bring capital, morality, and knowledge into a productive and ethical relationship" (Rabinow 1999, 20).
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34

Engle, Sarah Noelle. "An "Obvious" Proposal - Using An Industry Sensitive Doctrine of Obviousness to Govern the Scope of Gene Patents After Association for Molecular Pathology v. USPTO." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/30583.

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Currently there are approximately 20,000 valid gene patents in the United States. The debate regarding biotechnology and patent law has reached a pinnacle over the patentability of genes. Biotech is fighting a patentability war on two fronts. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cannot agree regarding the touchstone of patentability for genes; two branches of the Executive are at odds over whether gene sequences qualify under 35 U.S.C. §101. Recent U.S. Supreme Court and Federal Circuit jurisprudence also undermine the patentability of genes as obvious. This thesis argues that the patentable subject matter debate fails to adequately address the goals of patent policy in fostering innovation. Looking to Canadian and U.K. jurisprudence, it is possible to hone an approach to obviousness that addresses the ethical and research concerns in the patentable subject matter debate while fostering investment and patent protection for non-obvious biotech discoveries.
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35

Khanijoun, Harleen. "Gene Patents and Access to Genetic Diagnostic Tests." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33266.

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The utilitarian theory contemplates rewarding the risks of inventors by providing them with a defined period of exclusivity to recoup their investment. For inventions requiring further investment, patents enable the creation of financial relationships between inventors and investors by providing patent exclusivity during the commercialization process. Innovation, contrasted from invention and conceptualized as commercialization, however, does not necessarily form the best means for delivering to the public inventions intended to improve health. Although patent policy conflates the economic growth and health improvement objectives of innovation, these goals do not always align. While the exercise of BRCA patents instantiates exclusive practicing of patents that failed to adequately deliver health technology, the patent system does not need significant change. Rather, to maintain the expectations of patent holders while balancing the needs of the public, current practices should continue with the encouragement of the creation of voluntary patent pools.
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36

Wang, Tien-Hsiang, and 汪天祥. "Study on Patent Eligibility of Gene Invention in U.S. Patent Act." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48080646237629247610.

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碩士
國立中興大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
102
In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that engineered organisms could be patented. For 30 years, genes have likewise been presumed to be eligible for patents. Recent Myriad case suggest that the Court may reverse established practice in biotechnology patents, by making DNA molecules whose sequences are found in living organisms ineligible to be patented. The Supreme Court pronounced that “Congress intended statutory patentable subject matter to include anything under the sun that is made by man,” but courts have imposed several judge-made restrictions under the rubric of this section. Various decisions have stated that the following are not patentable subject matter: Laws of nature or scientific principles, Abstract ideas, Natural phenomena or processes, and Natural products. Frequently, courts lump together all subject matters of §101 for purposes of analysis. This is a mistake because §101 contain two types of subject matters that differ radically in their qualitative attributes. Once gene inventions have been separated into composition of matter and genetic information, a more intelligent analysis can be made. Composition of matter applies the exclusion of natural products from patentability that are bright-line rules. Genetic information is laws of nature function as standards that delineate patent scope. This Article proposes the inventive application test for patentable subject matter based on an invigoration of the language “new and useful” in 35 U.S.C. §101.
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37

Wen, Chi-jen, and 溫啟仁. "Patent Protection against Microbial Gene Cloning." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44164790445188671373.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
93
The primitive motive of this thesis was triggered by how the invention, that is, a biotechnological product involving microbial gene cloning, which was made by the author studying in the graduate institute of Agricultural Chemistry of National Taiwan University a decade ago, can obtain protection in view of patent law. Assuming the invention could be protected, what would be scope of the protection is? In addition, in the aspect of practical patent application, what kind of especially care-taking tips should be looked out in order to be granted a patent smoothly? To stretch out the motive mentioned above, there were four objectives that the thesis was going to reach: A) To review, conclude and introduce the patent protection system. B) As the Unites States is a progressive nation in the field of biotechnology, the author tried to understand how her legal system protects against biomaterial patent, including gene cloning. C) To find out some status quo and to conclude out some of the characteristics regarding (microbial) gene cloning in Taiwan by way of real-case analysis. D) Retuning to the primitive motive of the author, this thesis sought how the invention could be legally protected. The first chapter of the thesis is the motive, objective, means and scope of the study. The second chapter is to make a simple introduction to the background technology of gene cloning. The third chapter is to introduce the patent system, and, taking-example-of US legal system, how the biomaterial, including microbes, can be protected. The fourth chapter is to introduce some distinctive parts of biomaterial patent against that of others. The fifth chapter is to conduct domestic case study of granted patents of gene cloning. The sixth chapter, that is, the last one, is to make some conclusion and advice. There were two major points about the conclusion and advice raised from the thesis: 1) The first item of article 24 of up-to-date valid Taiwan Patent Law, which conferred to TRIPs and EPC, did not cover the wording of “or the products thereof”, whereas the two treaties mentioned above did use the wording. Though there aren’t any disagreements while explaining the application of the article, however, in the search of the precision of legal wording, the author recommends to add the wording “or the products thereof” onto the article to make consistency between legal wording and scholar explanation. 2) The process of technology regarding gene cloning could be patented as long as it meets the requirements of patent application. The transformant, that is, the host containing foreign DNA could be patented as well. As Taiwan has released the patent towards new microbial species, it could be seemed as a new species and turned out to be a patent-grantable object. However, the review of Non-obviousness should be made carefully. The recombinant plasmid principle-wise could be the object of patent application. However, in case both the vector and cutting-in gene(s) were well known, and the recombinant plasmid thereafter was obvious in view of persons skilled in the field, the latter will be considered in lack of non-obviousness. As the invention of gene was considered a kind of discovery and Taiwan has recognized that discovery could be the object of patent (e.g., the second indication of medicine), gene could be the object of patent granting, on condition that it could be determined through the base pair sequence and/or the amino acid sequence of the protein that was encoded by the gene. Moreover, the requirement of industrial application should also be stated while applying gene-discovering patent.
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38

洪溱珮. "A Study on Gene Therapy Patent." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24622447215806445846.

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39

Her, Su-Li, and 何叔孋. "A Study on Patent of Cancer Gene Therapy." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03507984078424847850.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
97
Gene Therapy plays an important role in the modern medical treatment field. Through the utilizing genetic testing and Gene Therapy, the deficiencies of traditional medical treatment could be made up. Furthermore, Cancer Gene Therapy brings unlimited hope to the patients and their family. However an open-minded regulation can encourage related research achievement and domestic economy; as well as the same regulation could be abused and lead to many other issues. The fundamental research base is built on scientific research development and the method of Cancer Gene Therapy and I intend to analyze the current regulation status of our country in the subject of Cancer Gene Therapy, and to explore the legal direction in our county for the Gene Therapy subject. Last but not least, I will raise the argument of the appropriateness of the issue above. This thesis is consisted of seven chapters as follows: Chapter one is the preface, it describes the incentives and brief outlines the scope of this thesis and realms of the research for following chapters. Chapter two is to illustrate the conception of Gene Therapy and to introduce the history, the methods and the vectors for Gene Therapy. In addition, this part focuses on introduction of the tendency for Gene Therapy. Chapter three is to introduce the development of Cancer Gene Therapy, its clinical actualities and to confer the issue of Pharmacogenomics. Chapter four is to emphasize the laws and regulations of Gene Therapy and to analyze the contention of gene technical patents, afterward demonstrate the suggestions for our country. Chapter five is to discuss the diagnosis methods for Cancer Gene Therapy, the discussions will refer to the diagnosis methods and the vectors of Cancer Gene Therapy. Chapter six is to illustrate and analyze the restrictions for Gene Therapy patents and concerned opinions from the scholars. And the chapter seven is to expound the advantageous position in Cancer Gene Therapy that we may have .As stated in the thesis, we expect the suggestions and ideas are able to be adopted as reference for the establishment or modification of Gene Therapy regulation frameworks in the future.
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40

Hsu, Chin-Ho, and 許錦河. "Gene Cloning Related Patent and Infringement Analysis Thereof." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72217533685912918742.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
98
Gene cloning, a fantastic and important biotechnology in modern days, will change the world of old order in human society. Patent is a law system for protecting the profit and right of inventor or assignee hereof. When gene cloning meets patent represents intellectual quintessence combining biotechnology and management and law. One who engages in related works must open his/her mind to accept fast change of biotech and law. The instant thesis will introduce basic concept of gene cloning and patent and patent infringement thereof. Moreover, more important is analysis of claims of several patents that the topic corresponding herewith gene cloning. Furthermore, the thesis will review few judgments pertaining to more delicate situation of tech dispute or patent right infringement. Ultimately, integration of all above will be presented to contribute some ideas after research on cases mentioned above. The specification of gene cloning related patents was retrieve from USPTO with the key word of “gene and cloning” and limited in patent title. 69 specifications were gained under such parameter since 1976. 72 cases of United States Courts of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and United States District Courts were acquired from Westlaw database under the key words similar to used for patent specification. The instant thesis just exploits such rich resource to proceed to interpret. It is well recognized that for complex biological processes a reference to known general techniques does not establish whether or how such techniques may be successfully adapted to a particular activity. Therefore, one who involves in such territory must humble to find out all possibility to explain two or more related disputed cases by embodiment appeared from experiment result, not by inference only, for fear of misunderstanding the unique biotech and resulting in misleading to erroneous judgment.
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41

LOWRY, Marie-Louise. "Of mice and genes : ethics and European patent law on biotechnological inventions." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5453.

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42

SATBHAI, Santosh Balasaheb. "The family of Pseudo Response Regulator genes (PRR) in the moss Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14825.

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43

Lin, Jason, and 林傑森. "Disease Gene Patents in the United States: Is the Allaying of Concerns Premature?" Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05413474760082047191.

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碩士
國立成功大學
國際管理碩士在職專班
97
Gene patents have long been controversial but whereas the discussion over gene patents is no longer as fervent as it was during the high-profile Myriad Genetics controversy, authors generally concur that serious problems still exist with disease gene patents. This study looks at disease gene patents granted in the previous two years and compares them to Myriad Genetics’ breast cancer gene patents. The study addresses the discussion over the concerns associated with Myriad Genetics’ patents, the shift in the general perception from one with generally apocalyptic undertones to one less dire, and the content of newly issued disease gene patents as they relate to the concerns and the current perception. The study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Patents were identified using a modified Cook-Deegan search algorithm to identify patents on genes that have been implicated in hereditary disorders and were analyzed using a gene patent classification scheme developed by Verbeure, Matthijs, and Van Overwalle (2006). The study concludes that changes to patenting practices since the grant of Myriad’s BRCA patents have been minimal and that the old concerns are still relevant to newly granted patents. Managerial implications and future routes of study are also addressed.
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44

Khoshsokhan, Sina. "Three essays on proprietary rights and innovation: evidence from the invalidated gene patents." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/36017.

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The role of intellectual property (IP) rights, such as patents, in innovation is the subject of an ongoing debate. Using a sudden shift in the patentability of genomic compounds, this dissertation contributes new evidence to this debate by shedding light on three different roles that patents can play in innovative processes. In three complementary essays, I examine the impact of patents on follow-on innovations, markets for technology, and scientific research. Compiling data on the population of patents on isolated genes, I show that their sudden invalidation has increased innovation in commercialized diagnostic tests, but decreased the cooperative agreements among the biopharmaceutical firms. I further show that these effects are heterogeneous across firms and markets. The results of my analyses, however, present no significant evidence of patents hindering the scientific progress. The findings of this study provide novel contribution to a vigorous academic debate on IP rights and inform policy by discussing the consequences of a recent high-profile ruling on the patent-eligibility of genomic compounds.
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45

WEN, CHANG NAI, and 張乃文. "The discussion of the gene related patent research tool problem." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63783864760922272843.

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46

Zobell, Oliver [Verfasser]. "The family of CONSTANS like genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens / vorgelegt von Oliver Zobell." 2006. http://d-nb.info/979484707/34.

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47

Lin, Fenyu, and 林芬瑜. "Impacts of Gene patents to developments of pharmacogenomics and solutions – Focus on the Biopharmaceutical industry." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35223079623760236660.

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碩士
輔仁大學
財經法律學系
98
Pharmacogenomics is a rising field of science, which focuses on relevance between drugs and gene variety. It’s main purpose is to discover and evaluate effectiveness, side effects, toxicity of a drug dosed to different individuals, to avoid adverse reactions, and finally to develop personal medicines. However, 99.9% of human genes are the same among individuals; the only 0.1% differences are decisive. Traditional one-size-fits-all drugs may cause serious side effects because of minor difference of gene, from recoverable harm to health to death. To drug developers, application of pharmacogenomics can serve as a technology platform in drug development, to derive gene information of drugs. This can promote cost efficiency of bio-pharmaceutical industry, and raise the chances of success. Gene is the key factor of pharmacogenomics. According to a report in 2005, however, 23688 gene sequences recorded in NCBI, 4382 gene tags are patented at least in one patent; and most patents are property of several pharmaceutical companies. Patent rights are exclusive rights; and gene has character of widely applied and rare substitution. In combination of the two factors, if patentees refuse to license their patents, may defer researches and developments greatly. These patens become patent barriers and result in anti-commons tragedy. As a result, development cost of drugs is raised, price of drugs follows, and then patients are unable to access drugs. On the other hand, as commercial revenue derives from patents serve as an incentive for developers to invest, if there is no patent granted in the field of gene related inventions, researches on genes may deferred and no more new findings on functions, defects or effect of genes. Since every system can come with pros can cons, how to balance revenue of patentees and public welfare, this thesis will discuss on how to find out the balance. In the beginning, this thesis starts with examination process of gene patents. Substantial criteria of granting gene patents are not tailored for biotechnology, and lead to incompatibilities in examinations. Therefore, there are many controversial decisions made by US Federal Circuit. To avoid case by case standards, improper grant of patents and too wide protections, we need to strictly obey the criteria of patent – substantial criteria. We need to further develop a standard tailored for biotechnology, in order to refine the criteria as the technology progress. Next, I discuss access of patented gene inventions, in view of ease patent barriers. There are three proposed ways – experimental use exemption, licenses (including compulsory and voluntary licenses) and patent pools; and they face different challenges in practicing in biotechnology industry. At the end, I propose a solution to balance right of patentees and needs of inventors to try to solve the insufficiency of regulations.
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48

Plaza, Rojas Patricia Macarena. "Uso de Physcomitrella patens como herramienta para el estudio de la autofagia en plantas." Bachelor's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/5165.

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Tesina (Grado en Ciencias Biológicas)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Lugar de Trabajo: Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal. 2017. 43 h. con Anexos; ils.; grafs.; tabls. Contiene Referencias Bibliográficas.
Los organismos eucariotas han desarrollado mecanismos sofisticados para reciclar constituyentes intracelulares bajo condiciones de estrés biótico o abiótico. Uno de estos procesos incluye a la autofagia. Existen dos tipos de autofagia en plantas: 1) microautofagia, donde ocurre el secuestro de citoplasma por invaginación de la membrana de la vacuola/lisosoma y 2) macroautofagia, que involucra el secuestro de constituyentes citoplasmáticos, incluyendo mitocondrias, retículo endoplasmático y ribosomas, mediante la fusión e invaginación de formas de membranas aisladas, dando lugar a estructuras vesiculares de doble o multimembranas, conocidas como autofagosomas. La macroautofagia (de aquí en más la llamaremos autofagia) es la principal vía autofágica descripta en plantas. Estudios genómicos y de mutagénesis han permitido la identificación de varios genes de autofagia (ATG, Autophagy Genes), requeridos para la formación del autofagosoma y que se encuentran altamente conservados en levaduras, animales y plantas. Las dificultades que supone la obtención de plantas transgénicas completas y la baja disponibilidad de mutantes de soja (Glycine Max) que impiden el análisis de genómica funcional en tejidos verdes, plantea la necesidad de abordar el estudio de este proceso en otros organismos modelo como el musgo Physcomitrella patens, para posteriormente transferir estos conocimientos a plantas superiores de interés económico como G. max. En este trabajo se abordó desde un punto de vista bioquímico-molecular, celular y fisiológico la función de genes clave relacionados a la autofagia bajo diferentes relaciones carbono/nitrógeno y condiciones de estrés oxidativo, generadores de senescencia, en el musgo P. patens. Se ha podido comprobar que por su alto grado de conservación genética en la respuesta frente a factores abióticos, bióticos y hormonales; su posición filogenética basal en la escala evolutiva, su alta frecuencia de recombinación homóloga, su simplicidad morfológica y manejo en el laboratorio, Physcomitrella patens es un organismo potencial para investigar el proceso de autofagia en plantas.
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49

Lin, Chien-Liang, and 林建良. "The Protection of Inventions for Cancer Gene Therapy: Focusing on Patent Eligibility." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p7zpb7.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
102
This theis is about the patent eligibility and the proper protection method of cancer gene therapy. Since the authorities of Taiwan and the U.S. have different explanations of patent law with regard to method patents and gene sequences patents, the discution begins from the purpose of patent law to promote the innovation. Hence this thesis argues that when diffusion effect of knowledge exists, the subject in issue should be patent eligible. Concerns of moral and ethical aspects with the progress of technology should be considered by legislators who propose regulations or by the courts who can apply article 24 of Patent Law more actively. When compared with the vagueness of eligibility, it is better to solve these concerns by other patent requirements. Besides, not only patent but also trade secrets could protect inventions. When cancer gene therapy patents are conferred, economic incentives are produced. By technology authorization and transfer, the patent holder could ensure the skill and knowledge level of conductors of such method, which reduces social cost. So this thesis suggests that patent eligibility of cancer gene therapy and exemptions of medical use should be enacted. Finally, for patients’ rights and benefits, the consult system should be provided to ensure the access to second opinions. If the patent holders use their patents to prevent patients from second opinions, legal and administratine approach might also be taken.
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50

Riese, Maike [Verfasser]. "Strukturelle und funktionelle Untersuchungen der SBP-Box-Gene in Physcomitrella patens / Maike Riese." 2006. http://d-nb.info/98373528X/34.

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