Relevant bibliographies by topics / Genes – Patents

Academic literature on the topic 'Genes – Patents'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Genes – Patents"

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Dworkin, Gerald. "Should there be property rights in genes?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1357 (August 29, 1997): 1077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0088.

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This paper deals with the following questions. Are there property rights in the human body or its parts? What legal control is, or should be, available in respect of genetic material? Can, or should, patents be granted for genes or for products incorporating human genetic material? How extensive are patent rights over genetic material? Should ethical matters be a critical part of the patent granting process?
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Sampat, Bhaven, and Heidi L. Williams. "How Do Patents Affect Follow-On Innovation? Evidence from the Human Genome." American Economic Review 109, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 203–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151398.

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We investigate whether patents on human genes have affected follow-on scientific research and product development. Using administrative data on successful and unsuccessful patent applications submitted to the US Patent and Trademark Office, we link the exact gene sequences claimed in each application with data measuring follow-on scientific research and commercial investments. Using these data, we document novel evidence of selection into patenting: patented genes appear more valuable—prior to being patented— than non-patented genes. This evidence of selection motivates two quasi-experimental approaches, both of which suggest that on average gene patents have had no quantitatively important effect on follow-on innovation. (JEL I10, O31, O34)
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Aston, David J. "Genes, patents and insurance." Nature 379, no. 6567 (February 1996): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379672a0.

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Stevenson, Peter. "Genes, patents and insurance." Nature 379, no. 6567 (February 1996): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379672b0.

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Shaw, Giles. "Genes, patents and insurance." Nature 379, no. 6567 (February 1996): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379672c0.

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Cook-Deegan, Robert, and Subhashini Chandrasekharan. "Patents and Genome-Wide DNA Sequence Analysis: Is it Safe to Go into the Human Genome?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 42, S1 (2014): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12161.

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Whether, and to what degree, do patents granted on human genes cast a shadow of uncertainty over genomics and its applications? Will owners of patents on individual genes or clusters of genes sue those performing whole-genome analyses on human samples for patent infringement? These are related questions that have haunted molecular diagnostics companies and services, coloring scientific, clinical, and business decisions. Can the profusion of whole-genome analysis methods proceed without fear of patent infringement liability?Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is proceeding apace. Academic centers have been performing whole-genome and -exome sequencing (WES) in research for at least five years, and academic clinical laboratories with national reach have been doing sequencing for clinical applications for almost as long. Companies have also been offering WGS and WES as a clinical service for a few years now. So far as we know, no one has been sued for infringement of “gene patents” for performing WGS.
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Byrne, Noel. "Patents for plants and genes under the European Patent Convention." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700000556x.

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SynopsisThe cost of patenting an invention should be incurred only where the patent is likely to give the inventor an economic or a tactical advantage. Where it is practicable, secrecy may be preferable to patenting. If an advantage from patenting can be envisaged, then in Western Europe the inventor can apply either for a European patent under the European Patent Convention or for a national patent. The inventor in plant biotechnology faces a ban on patenting certain inventions, including plant varieties and essentially biological processes for the production of plants. But since this ban is interpreted strictly, there are opportunities for patenting what at first glance might seem not patentable. A patent application must give a written description of the invention that is complete enough for a skilled person to reproduce it. The inventor may be required to supplement the description in a patent specification for a biotechnological invention, by depositing a sample of relevant biological materials. A European patent is treated as a national patent in the country for which it was granted. Since a patent may be invalidated in enforcement proceedings, patenting may turn out to have been a costly mistake.
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Eisenberg, R. "Genes, patents, and product development." Science 257, no. 5072 (August 14, 1992): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1502556.

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Moore, James N. "Plant Patenting: A Public Fruit Breeder's Assessment." HortTechnology 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.3.262.

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The strategy of plant patenting as a means to generate research funds is gaining increasing interest in fruit breeding programs in public institutions. Patenting can be a positive force in maintaining fruit breeding programs if applied to superior cultivars and supported by well-designed licensing and distribution procedures. To qualify for a plant patent, a cultivar must be distinct, new, and asexually propagated, and cannot be in public use or on sale more than 1 year prior to the application for patent. Plant patents provide protection only for the whole plant as described. In contrast, utility patents can be obtained to provide proprietary rights to individual plant genes, plant characteristics, and plant products. The possible impact of utility patents on future fruit breeding programs is discussed.
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Paulus, Aneel, Mayank Sharma, Shumail M. Paulus, Richa Menghani, Elisa M. Rodriguez, Ryan D. Frank, George Cooper, et al. "Genomic Variability in Multiple Myeloma (MM) Patients By Race: An Analysis of the Publically Available Mmrf Commpass Study Database." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4432.4432.

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Abstract Background: Outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) have improved significantly over the years but disparities in outcomes exist among MM patients (pts) belonging to different racial subgroups. Previous studies have explored healthcare access and utilization disparities for pts of different races as potential causes, but genomic differences, which could alter disease biology and clinical behavior, have not been studied. We utilized the MMRF CoMMpass database, which prospectively captures clinical and molecular characteristics of MM patients to explore race-based differences at the genomic level. Methods: The publically available CoMMpass trial database (data release version IA8) was utilized. Pts with race category of White (total n=698) and non-White (total n=223, comprising 129 Blacks, 19 Asians and 45 others) were analyzed for genomics including cytogenetics (fluorescent in situ hybridization; FISH), tumor diploidy (conventional karyotyping), gene expression profiling (GEP), gene copy number variations (CNV), gene single nucleotide variations (SNV) and genomic translocations analysis focused on genes from the FoundationOne Heme panel¨ (402 genes). GEP was considered significantly different between categories for more than or equal to a 2-fold change for a given gene (p<0.05). Categorical variables for FISH probes and diploidy status were compared by Chi-square or Fischer exact test, wherever applicable. Results: GEP clustering analysis uncovered 67 genes differentially expressed between Whites vs. non-Whites (Fig 1A). Baseline cytogenetics aberrations between both race cohorts showed statistically insignificant differences. Multiple cytogenetic abnormalities were seen most commonly in both race groups (~31%) with the distribution of others (in descending order) as such: Del13 > No abnormalities > t(11;14) > 1q amplification > Del17p or p53 > t(4;14) > Del1p > t(14;16) > t(14;20). Aneuploidy status showed insignificant differences between race groups with ~34% of patients from both groups having no aneuploidy. SNV data was present for 90% of Whites and 57% of non-Whites. Overall, 84% of genes had>1 SNV (84%), 2% translocations only and 14% had neither SNVs or translocations. SNVs were classified as Non-specific Non-Synonymous coding (NNSCs), Splice-site (SS) or Tier 1 (T1, codon deletion, insertion, frame-shift, etc.). A total of 880 NNSCs SNVs were observed: 670 in Whites across 227 genes, 210 in non-Whites across 120 genes. In whites, 57% of NNSC SNVs consisted of transition-type mutations and 43% as transversions. In non-Whites, transition mutations comprised 64% of all NNSC SNVs and transversions in the remaining 36%. A total of 38 SS SNVs were observed, 30 in Whites and 8 in non-Whites observed in 25 and 6 genes, respectively. In Whites, 57% of SS SNVs were transition type and remaining 43% were transversion. In non-Whites, an equal % of SS transition and transversion mutations were noted. A total of 240 T1 SNVs were noted; 182 in Whites seen in 82 genes; 58 in non-Whites seen 6 genes. In both Whites and non-Whites, frameshifts (41% in Whites, 47% in non-Whites) and stop-gained (46% in Whites, 45% in non-Whites) SNVs were most common. A total of 17 genes with>10 distinct SNVs were identified in Whites; 5 genes in non-Whites and 4 genes commonly seen in both cohorts (Fig 1B). In Whites, 17 genes were found to have translocations (intrachromosomal TRAF3 and PIK3R2 most common); in non-Whites, 5 genes had translocations (intrachromosomal CIC and EMSY most common). CNV analysis demonstrated 21 genes that were significantly altered with either copy number gain or loss between Whites vs. non-Whites (Fig 1C). Conclusions: We present the first race-based comprehensive genomic analysis utilizing the public interface of the CoMMpass trial. We discovered genomic differences between Whites and non-Whites at several levels including GEP, SNV and CNV, but not at the level of cytogenetics, which are in fact the most commonly performed clinical genomic analysis. Correlation of these variations with MM pt outcomes would be invaluable in understanding disease biology and hopefully mitigating some of the outcome disparities by pt race. As the database grows and becomes more enriched, separate analyses for Blacks, Asians and Hispanics would be attempted. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the MMRF, Ms. Mary Derome and Dr. Jonathan Keats for providing scientific overview and technical support. Disclosures Fonseca: Millennium, a Takeda Company: Consultancy; Millennium, a Takeda Company: Consultancy; AMGEN: Consultancy; AMGEN: Consultancy; Patent: Patents & Royalties: Prognostication of MM based on genetic categorization of FISH of the disease; Patent: Patents & Royalties: Prognostication of MM based on genetic categorization of FISH of the disease; Patent Pending: Patents & Royalties: The use of calcium isotopes as biomarkers for bone metabolisms; Patent Pending: Patents & Royalties: The use of calcium isotopes as biomarkers for bone metabolisms; Celgene: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Millennium, a Takeda Company: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; AMGEN: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Patent: Patents & Royalties: Prognostication of MM based on genetic categorization of FISH of the disease; Novartis: Consultancy; Patent Pending: Patents & Royalties: The use of calcium isotopes as biomarkers for bone metabolisms; Sanofi: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Millennium, a Takeda Company: Consultancy; AMGEN: Consultancy; Patent: Patents & Royalties: Prognostication of MM based on genetic categorization of FISH of the disease; Patent Pending: Patents & Royalties: The use of calcium isotopes as biomarkers for bone metabolisms. Ailawadhi:Takeda Oncology: Consultancy; Amgen Inc: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Genes – Patents"

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Pinheiro, Rafael de Figueiredo Silva. "Da patenteabilidade de genes humanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-20052016-110409/.

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São inegáveis o caráter universal e a importância dos avanços tecnológicos e científicos originados das pesquisas genéticas. O sequenciamento do genoma humano, a identificação das principais sequências de DNA contidas nos seus genes e suas respectivas funções biológicas, bem como suas possíveis aplicações biomédicas, são de incalculável importância. Os genes, muito embora possam ser biologicamente caracterizados como compostos químicos, possuem um conteúdo informacional que se revela indispensável ao desenvolvimento da engenharia genética, figurando como elemento básico e central de suporte às inovações biotecnológicas. Desta forma, importante analisar a relevância da aplicação de mecanismos jurídicos como forma de fomento à contínua evolução biotecnológica sob a ótica do desenvolvimento econômico e social do país, princípios constitucionais justificadores da proteção de referidos desenvolvimentos técnicos por meio do intelecto e intervenção humanos na natureza. Para tanto, deve-se levar em consideração que a inexistência de tutela jurídica específica pode gerar desincentivo aos investimentos capazes de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de tais tecnologias, ao passo que uma tutela jurídica muito ampla poderá ocasionar indevida restrição ao acesso a tais insumos biológicos, de modo a gerar um efeito adverso àquele buscado. Assim, deve-se compatibilizar a proteção dos resultados obtidos através do desenvolvimento biotecnológico em relação à potencial dificuldade originada de uma eventual restrição ao acesso a tais elementos fundamentais à pesquisa e desenvolvimento genéticos. É neste contexto que se procura um balizamento entre os diferentes interesses e posicionamentos a respeito da patenteabilidade dos genes humanos, visando solução jurídica que permita um ambiente seguro e propício ao desenvolvimento da engenharia genética, e dos inúmeros benefícios que poderão daí se originar. O presente estudo se voltará, portanto, à análise da necessidade, condições, suficiência e extensão da tutela jurídica a ser conferida pela outorga de direitos patentários aos genes humanos.
The importance and universal character of the scientific and technologic development in connection with research and development in the field of genetic engineering are unquestionable. The human genome sequencing, the identification and marking of important DNA sequences within their respective genes, as well as their biological functions and features are of utmost importance not to mention the possible biomedical uses and applications. Although the genes can be biologically defined as chemical compounds, it is the genetic information carried by them that reveals their relevance in the development of the genetic engineering, for it plays a key role of basic research tool for biotechnological innovation. In this background arises the discussion regarding the importance of implementing legal mechanisms aiming at fostering the continuous development of the biotechnology in view of the social and economic growth, which are the grounds to legitimate the protection of such forms of innovations brought up by the human intervention in the nature. For the purposes thereof, on one hand it must be taken into account that a scenario where no rules governing such protection are applied could discourage new investments, while, on the other hand, a broad legal protection could lead to an unjustified restriction to the access of basic biological elements that would enable new gene-based biotechnical developments, in which case there might be an adverse effect in relation to the one originally sought. As a result, it is important to analyze the possibility to accommodate the protection of the results obtained from biotechnological developments in view of the possible difficulties that may arise from the restriction of the fundamental elements required for forthcoming developments. In view of the aforementioned scenario, the present study seeks to find a balance among the different interests and opinions with respect to the human genes patenting in order to find the most efficient and secure legal framework to enable genetic engineering development due to the numerous benefits that are expected to arise therefrom. In short, this dissertation will focus on the analysis of the necessity, conditions, sufficiency and length of patent protection to human genes.
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Yen, Shang-Yung. "Patenting genes : is there a moral entitlement towards the ownership of genetic information?" Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269440.

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Crowther, Sarah Maureen. "Patenting genes : intellectual property rights in human genomics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313966.

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Hawkins, Naomi. "Human gene patents and translational research in genetics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527328.

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Swati, Swati. "Cloning of N-acylethanolamine Metabolic Pathway Genes from Physcomitrella patens." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3178.

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N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) including anandamide are lipid derivative molecules, which play vital roles in physiological and developmental processes in plants and animals and mediate stress responses. In mammals, NAEs are synthesized from hydrolysis of their precursor molecule N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) by NAPE-specific phospholipaseD (NAPE-PLD). All NAEs including anandamide (NAE20:4) are hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) into free fatty acid and ethanolamine. To date, different NAEs including anandamide have been identified in Physcomitrella patens but its metabolic pathway remains undiscovered. It is hypothesized that NAE metabolic pathway in P. patens is conserved and is similar to that of other eukaryotic systems. To this extent, putative PpNAPE-PLD and PpFAAH were identified and cloned for heterologous expression and characterization. Expression of PpFAAH was further verified by Western blot analysis. Future studies will involve biochemical characterization of putative PpNAPE-PLD and PpFAAH, to establish the evolutionarily conserved nature of NAE functions in early land plants.
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Schwartz, Sarah L. (Sarah Leah). "Owning the code of life : human gene patents in America." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101364.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-54).
In 2013, the United States Supreme Court heard the case of Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics. The case asked one question: are human genes patentable? Gene patents became commonplace during the biotechnology revolution of the 1980s, but generated a complex web of moral, legal, and biological questions. While some viewed gene patents as necessary in promoting and sustaining innovation, others felt that owning the code of life was morally and legally misguided. This tension played a central role in the early years of the Human Genome Project, and continued as people experienced the challenging consequences of assigning property rights to our shared biology. Several patients with genetic diseases were forced to navigate limited or expensive testing because of a company's genetic monopoly. Some scientists worried that their research might infringe a patent. When the Supreme Court decided the Myriad trial, ruling that unaltered human genes were not patent-eligible, their decision marked a surprising and historic shift in the relationship between patent law and fundamental biology-but questions and uncertainty about a future without gene patents remain.
by Sarah L. Schwartz.
S.M.
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Björkholm, Jenny. "Patentering av gener och delsekvenser av gener." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1319.

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Det gåratt patentera gener och delsekvenser av gener i Sverige. Reglerna som rör patentering av gener finns i EG:s bioteknikdirektiv, i den svenska patentlagen och i patentkungörelsen. Ett patent på en gen innebär att patenthavaren får en ensamrätt till att kommersiellt använda genen, eller delsekvensen av genen, den produkt den kodar för, eller förfarandet för att få fram och tillverka produkten. Det finns begränsningar för vilka gener, delsekvenser av gener och genetiska förfarande som får patenteras. Uppsatsen behandlar vidare frågan om skillnader mellan klassiska patent och patent på gener, och delsekvenser av gener. Liksom för klassiska patent gäller att endast uppfinningar kan patenteras. Denna måste sedan uppfylla de sedvanliga tre patentkraven; nyhetskravet, kravet på uppfinningshöjd och kravet på industriell tillämpbarhet. Kravet på industriell tillämpbarhet i samband med genteknik är viktigt och har särskilt betonats i direktivet. Andra frågor som är specifika för biotekniska patent hör samman med deras möjlighet att reproducera sig själva. Det är t.ex. osäkert hur mycket en reproducerad produkt får avvika från den patenterade uppfinningen innan patentskyddet upphör. Förmågan att reproducera sig själva gör att vissa av de patenterade uppfinningarna kan förflytta sig, själva eller med naturens hjälp. Det finns dock inga regler om hur patentintrång skall bedömas när den patenterade uppfinningen har förflyttat sig själv.

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Zobell, Oliver. "The family of CONSTANS like genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979484707.

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Henschel, Katrin Andrea. "Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung von MADS-Box-Genen aus dem Laubmoos Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S.G." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965796779.

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Krogan, Naden Theodore. "Isolation and characterization of MADS-box genes from the moss, Physcomitrella patens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ54717.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Genes – Patents"

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Marques, J. P. Remédio. Patentes de genes humanos? [Coimbra]: Coimbra Editora, 2001.

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Lausmann-Murr, Daniela. Schranken für die Patentierung der Gene des Menschen: "öffentliche Ordnung" und "gute Sitten" im Europäischen Patentübereinkommen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000.

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Justitiedepartementet, Sweden. Rättsligt skydd för biotekniska uppfinningar: Genomförande av direktiv 98/44/EG. Stockholm]: Regeringskansliet, Justitiedepartementet, 2001.

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1925-, Vogel Fredrich, and Grunwald R, eds. Patenting of human genes and living organisms. Berlin: Springer, 1994.

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Basheer, Shamnad. Block me not, genes as essential facilities? Tōkyō: Chiteki Zaisan Kenkyūjo, 2004.

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Herrlinger, Karolina Anna. Die Patentierung von Krankheitsgenen: Dargestellt am Beispiel der Patentierung der Brustkrebsgene BRCA 1 und BRCA 2. Köln: Heymanns, 2005.

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Ratuva, Steven, and Aroha Te Pareake Mead. Pacific genes & life patents: Pacific indigenous experiences & analysis of the commodification & ownership of life. Edited by Call of the Earth Llamado de la Tierra (Organization) and Institute of Advanced Studies. Wellington, N.Z: Call of the Earth Llamado de la Tierra and the United Nations University of Advanced Studies, 2007.

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Cain, Brian. Legal aspects of gene technology. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.

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Who owns you?: The corporate gold-rush to patent your genes. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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Entnahme und Patentierung menschlicher Körpersubstanzen: Eine zivil- und patentrechtliche Beurteilung am Beispiel von menschlichen Antikörpern und Genen. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Genes – Patents"

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Petrone, Justin. "Genes, Microarrays, and Patents." In Microarrays in Diagnostics and Biomarker Development, 229–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45800-6_13.

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Lange, P. "“Patenting” of Living Organisms — Patents and Plant Breeders’ Rights — From the Point of View of Plant Breeders." In Patenting of Human Genes and Living Organisms, 79–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85153-7_10.

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Brougher, Joanna T. "Gene Patents." In Intellectual Property and Health Technologies, 47–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8202-4_3.

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Romeo-Casabona, C. M. "Patents and Gene Therapy." In Interdisciplinary Approaches to Gene Therapy, 179–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60829-2_18.

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Arinas Pellón, Ismael. "Chapter 14. How much do U.S. patents disclose?" In Engagement in Professional Genres, 259–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.301.14ari.

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Lever, Annabelle. "Is It Ethical To Patent Human Genes?" In Intellectual Property and Theories of Justice, 246–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-58239-2_13.

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Gugerell, Ch. "Patenting of Human Genes and Living Organisms The Current Practice of the European Patent Office." In Patenting of Human Genes and Living Organisms, 106–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85153-7_13.

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Khraiwesh, Basel, Isam Fattash, M. Asif Arif, and Wolfgang Frank. "Gene Function Analysis by Artificial MicroRNAs in Physcomitrella patens." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 57–79. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-123-9_5.

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Thévenin, Johanne, Wenjia Xu, Louise Vaisman, Loïc Lepiniec, Bertrand Dubreucq, and Christian Dubos. "The Physcomitrella patens System for Transient Gene Expression Assays." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 151–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6396-6_10.

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Bach, Søren Spanner, Brian Christopher King, Xin Zhan, Henrik Toft Simonsen, and Björn Hamberger. "Heterologous Stable Expression of Terpenoid Biosynthetic Genes Using the Moss Physcomitrella patens." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 257–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Genes – Patents"

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Anjos, Ediran Ericles Pontes dos, Elivelton Pontes Dos Anjos, Andre Diego Xavier Spinola, and Gisélia Freitas De Azevedo. "AVALIAÇÃO DOS ASPECTOS GERAIS DA HEMOCROMATOSE DOENÇA GENÉTICA CAUSADA POR ALTERAÇÕES NO METABOLISMO DO FERRO." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Bioquímica Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1858.

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Introdução: A hemocromatose é uma doença genética hereditária adquirida através dos genes maternos ou paternos, esse defeito está associado ao gene HFE, presente no cromossomo 6, que auxilia no controle da absorção do ferro no organismo. Pacientes portadores dessa mutação genética que recebe o gene H63D de um dos pais e o C282Y do outro, pode haver o desenvolvimento da doença. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo abordar os aspectos gerais da hemocromatose relacionado ao excesso de ferro no organismo. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa de literatura, onde realizou-se a seleção de artigos por meio das bases de dados cientifica da PubMed, e SciElo nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa entre o período de 2015 a 2019. Fez-se a inclusão de termos durante as buscas como hemocromatose, e hemocromatose hereditária. Foram encontrados 45 artigos e selecionaram-se ao final 8 artigos que contemplavam o objetivo desta pesquisa. Resultados: De acordo com a literatura foi possível analisar as mutações genéticas da doença presente nos genes C282Y e H63D herdados pelos pais. As alterações causadas por esse defeito genético se encontram desde a fase de nascimento, a partir do momento que a criança herda o gene defeituoso passa a desenvolver a hemocromatose. Com o acúmulo de ferro nos tecidos alguns órgãos passão a ser mais afetados como: fígado, pâncreas e coração, levando estes pacientes a desenvolver distúrbios hepáticos, miocardiopatia e diabetes. Conclusão: Desse modo, torna-se fundamental que o paciente seja diagnosticado o quanto cedo podendo dar mais informações precisa ao médico. Para que assim, seja evitado o surgimento de doenças causadas pelas alterações do nível de ferro no metabolismo.
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S. Junior, João Roberto, José Tenório Cesar, and Eliana Silva de Almeida. "Um Sistema de Informação Modelado com Redes Bayesianas para Auxílio na Resolução de Testes de Paternidade." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2009.6180.

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A grande demanda de testes de paternidade feitos por laboratórios de genética forense tem estimulado o uso de sistemas de informações para auxílio na resolução desses testes. Sistemas deste porte requerem alto grau de confiança, já que tratam de identificação de parentesco e, portanto, uma abordagem formal e eficiente para o estudo de vínculo genético entre indivíduos é de grande valia. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma ferramenta que utiliza o formalismo das Redes Bayesianas para auxiliar na resolução de testes de paternidade. Considerando a complexidade deste tipo de testes, onde se analisa a relação de causalidade entre os genes paternos e o gene da criança e a necessidade da realização de cálculos estatísticos precisos, o uso de Redes Bayesianas na sua modelagem garante não apenas a confiabilidade dos resultados, mas também a credibilidade do sistema perante a sociedade.
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Erokhina, T. N., S. K. Zavriev, D. Y. Ryazantsev, and S. Y. Morozov. "PEPTIDES ENCODED BY PRECURSOR TRANSCRIPTS OF MICRO-RNAs IN PLANTS." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.78-86.

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The article discusses new data obtained in the study of the functions of a conservative peptide of cabbage plants, which is encoded by the microRNA156a. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the promoter regions of these genes allowed us to identify a highly conserved 42-residue block located before the starting point of pri-miR156a transcription at a distance of 210-260 base pairs. It was found that promoter fragments containing a highly con-served block have a significantly higher ability to bind miPEP156a in vitro. We carried out mutagenesis of a highly conserved promoter block in its central part, which includes a tetramer of TG dinucleotides. It has been shown that the introduction of mutations into the promoter tetramer of TG dinucleotides significantly reduces the affinity of the promoter DNA to miPEP156a. The miPEPs revealed in plants have been found only in dicotyledons. The question of how miPEPs are distributed in other plant taxa is very important for understanding the evo-lutionary origin of such micropeptides. As an initial approach, we searched for taxonomically conservative miPEPs in mosses, since microRNAs have been studied in a great detail in the case of Physcomitrium patens moss. For two genes in the region preceding the Ppt-pre-miR160a sequence, rather short open reading frames were found that encoded peptides having a clear similarity of amino acid sequences in the central region. Importantly, such highly con-served peptide block homologous to that encoded by Ppt-miPEP160a gene was detected in short proteins encoded in pri-miR160a in almost 20 Bryopsida mosses.
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Gomes, Martha Velloso Murta, Nadya Alves de Sousa Guimarães, Thais Karla Vivan, and Vinicius Xavier de Santana. "SECOND BREAST CANCER IN A WOMAN WITH GENETIC SYNDROME." In XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1074.

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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and is the most common neurocutaneous syndrome. It results from a defect in the gene located on chromosome number 17 that produces the protein neurofibromin, involved in controlling cell growth. Women with NF1 have a higher risk of developing breast and contralateral breast cancers. There is a relationship between high estrogen receptor (ER) and worse survival, which is also affected by the low overall life expectancy of patients with neurofibromatosis. Given that data also suggest that there are genes that interact with the NF1 gene, particularly in relation to the Breast Cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) subset. The interaction of altered expression of the NF1 neurofibromin protein in breast cell lines with upregulation of Ras is not inhibited through the PI3K and Raf/MAPK/ERK pathways. Increased PI3K activity has often been related to poor survival and resistance to hormone treatment in ER-negative breast cancer, while elevated Ras/MAPK/ERK activity has been related to metastasis and poor survival in both ER positive and negative. Mutations and deletions in NF1 are even more prevalent in HER2-amplified breast cancer subtypes and in basal tumor subtypes. In fact, all women with NF1, such as the case reported below, should start screening for breast cancer from the age of 30 and not from the age of 50 as in women not affected by the disease, as well as adequate and early counseling of oncogenetic. MSF, 56 years old, female, with neurofibromatosis was treated for invasive ductal carcinoma (ICD) in the left breast, RH negative in 2006, with mastectomy and axillary emptying, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Menarche at age 17, menopause around age 41, at which time she underwent chemotherapy, was nulliparous, and denied hormone use. She had a negative family history. She was admitted to the Mastology Unit of the HBDF in March 2021 with an ultrasound examination of the right breast on February 19, 2021, BIRADs 4 at the expense of a solid, irregular nodular image and imprecise limits at 12 o’clock, measuring 21×16 mm. On physical examination, nodular lesions (neurofibromas) of varying sizes were observed, distributed throughout the trunk and limbs, and a 3 cm nodulation was palpated in the upper internal quadrante (QSM) of the right breast, close to the NAC with a negative axillae and plastron on the left, staging cT2N0M0 — IIA. Core biopsy confirms CDI, grade II, with ductal carcinoma in situ present, and luminal B-like immunohistochemistry (IHC). Staging tests without an evidence of distant disease. In July 2021, a mastectomy was performed with a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) on the right in view of the clinical staging and IHC profile, but of the four lymph nodes stained with patent blue, three were positive in intraoperative frozen section biopsy; therefore, the axilla was completed with dissection. The patient was discharged on the first postoperative day with weekly follow-up at an outpatient clinic, and the dressing was discharged in August 2021. Biopsy results confirmed a 6.5-cm ICD, grade III, ICD present with intermediate nuclear grade, and with all diseasefree margins. The patient was referred to a clinical oncology but arrived at the oncology more than 120 days after surgery, with time loss for adjuvant treatment.
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Castro, Alexandra. "Geme-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of the Bcl-2 associated athagene (BAG) gene family in Physcomitrella patens." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052969.

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6

Carroll, Gráinne T., Paul D. Devereux, Anthony Callanan, Tim M. McGloughlin, and Michael T. Walsh. "The Influence of Realistic Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula Wall Shear Stress (WSS) on Endothelial Cell (EC) Gene Expression: A Correlation to Intimal Hyperplasia Development." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193248.

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The low patency rates of Arteriovenous (AV) fistulae are well documented in the literature [1]. Up to 90% of AV fistula morbidity is caused by stenotic lesion formation and the subsequent development of thrombosis in the Vascular Access (VA) junction [1]. The underlying pathology of these stenotic lesions is intimal hyperplasia (IH) which has been characterized by the degradation of the extra cellular matrix (ECM), migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the infiltration of leukocytes and monocytes into the intima. IH primarily occurs in a number of key locations within the VA junction of AV fistulae which include the suture line of the anastomosis, on the floor of the vein opposite the VA junction and downstream of the anastomosis within the venous conduit of the AV fistula [2].
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Reports on the topic "Genes – Patents"

1

Bagley, Margo. Genome Editing in Latin America: CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003409.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.i Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.i In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.ii Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.ii Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.iii These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.i These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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2

Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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3

Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.

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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.

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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.
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Kuiken, Todd, and Jennifer Kuzma. Genome Editing in Latin America: Regional Regulatory Overview. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003410.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.3 Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.3 In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.4 Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.4 Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.5 These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.4 These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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