Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gènes de résistances aux antibiotiques'
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Tremblay, Simon. "Étude moléculaire du recrutement des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24374/24374.pdf.
Full textPapadopoulou, Barbara. "Dissémination des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez les entérobactéries et Campylobacter." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA114815.
Full textAyoub-Moubareck, Carole. "Le transfert horizontal des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques au sein de l'écosystème intestinal." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05P609.
Full textThe intestinal ecosystem corresponds to a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria capable of acquiring or transmitting their resistance genes to bacteria belonging to different genera. By using the model of glycopeptide resistance in Enterococci, we demonstrated that the intra- and inter-species transfer of resistance genes was possible from animal to human bacteria in vitro and in vivo and occurred at a high frequency, compatible with the proportion the Enterococci present in food. A phenomenon of co-transfer allowing the acquisition of resistance to various antibiotic classes was noted. The presence of sub-inhibiting concentrations of macrolides in the conjugation medium increased significantly the frequency of transfer of the vanA gene in vivo. We highlighted the role of barrier of the flora and its capacity to inhibit the growth of exogenic bacteria (donor and recipient) and to limit gene transfer in the digestive tract. We evaluated the impact of certain strains of Bifidobacterium (bacteria with probiotic potential) on gene transfer and noted an antagonistic effect on the transfer of bla genes between Enterobacteriaceae. The Lebanese epidemiologic studies showed the absence of digestive colonization by glycopeptide resistant Enterococci but pinpointed the dissemination of CTX-M-15 producing Escherichia coli in the hospitals and the community
Trudel, Mélanie V. "Étude et détection des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez Aeromonas salmonicida sous-espèce salmonicida." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25937.
Full textAeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida, a pathogenic bacterium that infects fish, causes a disease named furunculosis, which is treated with antibiotics. The latters are not as effective because of antibiotic resistances. As the susceptibility tests require seven days, a multiplex PCR targeting the genes coding resistances against homologated antibiotics (sulfonamides and trimethoprim, tetracyclines, chloramphenicols) would detect resistance rapidly. Following the characterization of genomic sequences and optimization of multiplex PCR, several strains of A. salmonicida subspecies salmonicida were tested and the results were compared with those obtained by the susceptibility tests. It shows that the kit is highly efficient even more rapidly than the susceptibility tests to detect resistance to sulfonamides, tetracyclines and chloramphenicols while being faster. A deeper knowledge about sulfonamides and trimethoprim resistance and the improvement of the diagnostic kit should be considered.
Negro, Veronica. "Caractérisation de la protéine RadD et identification des gènes essentiels en présence de faibles doses de tobramycine." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS052.
Full textSub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of antibiotics play an important role in selection and development of resistances. Unlike Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae induces its SOS response in presence of sub-MIC aminoglycosides. SOS is also involved in genome plasticity and in the acquisition of resistance to antibiotics. In order to select for V. cholerae mutants that do not induce low aminoglycoside-mediated SOS induction, we developed a genetic screen for the isolation of mutants in which induction of the SOS response by sub-MICs of aminoglycosides is lost. One of these mutants is inactivated for the radD gene, which encodes a putative DNA/RNA helicase. RadD is involved in the resolution of double strand DNA breaks caused by treatment with sub-MIC of tobramycine. We demonstrate that R-loops are at the origin of DSBs formed in the absence of radD in tobramycine.We propose that DNA lesions formed upon aminoglycoside treatment are repaired through the formation of ssDNA intermediates, inducing SOS. RNAP could stalls on these lesions and forms R-loops, that, if not repaired, can lead to the formation of DSB and genome instability. RadD could play a role in the resolution of R-loops. These results highlighted the fact that sub-MIC of tobramycine leads to DNA double strand breaks, at least partly through R-loop formation. Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside that targets the ribosome. The formation of DSBs by such an antibiotic can be surprising as DNA damage formation by an antibiotic that targets translation is not expected. In order to understand the pathways involved in the response to low doses of tobramycin we adopted a high throughput Tn-seq approach to determine which genes are important in maintaining the integrity of the cell in the presence of antibiotics at low doses
Derongs, Lorine. "Impact de la méthanisation agricole mésophile voie liquide sur le devenir de Clostridia pathogènes et de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARB348.
Full textIt is important to guarantee the safe use of digestate for land application. The first objective of this work was to estimate, at field scale, the impact of three mesophilic digesters on the virulence and on the antibiotic resistance of C. perfringens, a pathogenic, strictly anaerobic bacterium which may grow in digesters. Anaerobic digestion did not change the distribution of the toxinotypes, mostly represented by type A (78.3% of the isolates), nor the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates. Some isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics used in human medicine, especially vancomycin and imipenem. The second objective was to evaluate on semi-continuous mesophilic pilots, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate and pretreatment of manure (70 °C, 1 h), on (i) four bacteria (E. coli, enterococci, C. perfringens and C. difficile), (ii) microbial communities and (iii) 14 antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and the gene intl1The thermal pre-treatment had the greatest effect on the four bacteria: E. coli was not detected in digestates and the level of C. perfringens was reduced by a factor of 10. However it led to a slight increase in the level of C. difficile in the manure. Although no enterococci were detected in the heated manure, they were still present in the digestates, suggesting their ability to grow in the pilots inoculated with a digestate at the beginning of each experiment. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion changed the composition of bacterial communities by increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes. The process reduced the concentration of the ARG (the Log reduction ranged from 0.1 to 2). The increasing of the HRT and the application of the thermal pretreatment led to a reduction in the number of OTU but did not significantly impact the Log reduction of the ARG and of the gene intl1
Avrain, Laëtitia. "Biorésistance des Campylobacter des filières avicole et porcine : analyse des transferts de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10127.
Full textLaflamme, Christian. "Agents du bioterrorisme : détection in situ de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez les spores de Bacillus sp." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25821/25821.pdf.
Full textBrochu, Eliel. "Métagénomique, culturomique et sélectomique recombinante pour la caractérisation de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques dans le microbiote intestinal humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38129.
Full textThe human intestinal microbiota is an important and poorly known antibiotic resistance genes reservoir. In this study, we explored resistance genes from the microbiota of healthy volunteers before and after exposure to the β-lactam cefprozil antibiotic. Three approaches were used to characterise resistance genes in the human microbiota and examine alteration by antimicrobials: metagenomics, culturomics and recombinant selectomics. Metagenomic and culturomic sequencing of intestinal microbiota enabled identification of several genes for resistance to β-lactams and other antibiotics. However, culturomics allowed identification of these genes in more participants than metagenomics. Culturomics highlighted the presence of the clinically important vancomycin resistance vanD-like genes in the microbiota of about 46% of participants compared to 8% with metagenomics. Culturomics also showed that in vitro and in vivo β-lactams exposition stimulates the emergence of vanD genes. Recombinant selectomics, which is based on the construction of expression libraries made with bacterial DNA, was also used to functionally characterise β-lactam resistance genes from the cultivable intestinal bacteria. It allowed identification and characterisation of five different β-lactamases including two with an extended-spectrum activity. The majority of β-lactamases genes was associated with other resistance genes and/or mobile elements. This study demonstrated that culture favors the identification of genes undetected by direct metagenomic sequencing and selectomics was a powerful tool to characterise gene functions. It also demonstrated that intake of a commonly used antibiotic of the β-lactam family can influence the abundance of bacteria containing resistance genes to an antibiotic from another class, such as vancomycin, which is a last resort antibiotic.
Coyne, Sébastien. "Génétique de la multi-résistance aux antibiotiques chez Acinetobacter baumannii et Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077025.
Full textAcinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two major nosocomial pathogens with a high propensity to develop resistance to antibiotics. We have designed a microarray that allows to both quantify the expression of efflux Systems and detect acquired résistance genes in A. Baumannii. Study of spontaneous mutants showed (i) overexpression of the AdeABC efflux System in one mutant, likely due to a new mutation in AdeS, the sensor of a two-component regulatory System ; (ii) overexpression of AdelJK in several mutants suggesting that this pump can contribute to acquired résistance ; (iii) overexpression of a new RND pump, AdeFGH, in two mutants, conferring multidrug résistance and likely due to due to mutations in adeL encoding a LysR-type transcriptional regulator. Study of the genetic environment of the ant(4')-IIb gene in P. Aeruginosa clinical isolates led to the characterization of Tn6061, a 26. 5-kb element conferring résistance to six unrelated drug classes. Ant(4')-Hb was present and flanked by directly repeated copies of ISCR6 in ail but one of the strains studied, consistent with ISCR6-mediated gene acquisition. Tn6061 was chromosomally located in six strains and plasmid-borne in the remaining isolate, suggesting horizontal acquisition. Furthermore, an IS6100 element, that ended Tn6061, was found to be responsible for large chromosomal inversions by duplication-insertion. This work indicates that multidrug resistance in A. Baumannii and P. Aeruginosa can result from one-step genetic events, either mutations leading to overexpression of an efflux System or acquisition of foreign elements carrying resistance determinants
Yassine, Haytham. "Etude de la séquence d'insertion IS1294b et de son implication dans la dissémination des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez les entérobactéries." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0405/document.
Full textAntibiotic resistance is a major public health issue. Mobile genetic elements, such as the insertion sequences (IS), play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes mainly in enterobacteria, major human pathogens. We identified an atypical IS, IS1294b (1713 bp), upstream the cephalosporinase gene, blaCMY-2. They were located on the conjugative plasmid (p2735) from a clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, highly resistant to ceftazidime (third generation cephalosporin). IS1294b belongs to the IS91-like family which probably transposes according to the mode of rolling circle replication. We have shown experimentally that IS1294b was able to mobilize the blaCMY-2 gene from a plasmid to another, through the mechanism of "one-ended transposition". This mobilization involving the non-recognition of the terIS end occurred with a percentage ranging between 1.7 and 14%. We developed a transposition test in Escherichia coli and studied the effect of mutations introduced into the IS1294b on in vivo transposition frequency. We identified 8 critical nucleotides at the oriIS end, and a probable DNA binding motif (6 cysteines and one histidine are essential) in the N-terminal domain of the transposase. The deletion of the region 1-24 at the terIS end could enhance effectively the mechanism of "one-ended transposition." Tyrosines residues (Y254 and Y258) and histidines (H164, H166 and H153) are essential to the activity of the transposase Y2 and reinforce its belonging to the HUH protein superfamily. Purification of the transposase (fused to the thiroredoxine for solubilization) is in progress and will allow further study of its in vitro activity. Our study is the first experimental description of the mobilization of a beta-lactamase gene by an element belonging to the IS91 family, and could initiate the understanding of the mechanism of transposition of these mobile genetic elements
Frank, Thierry. "Epidemiologie moléculaire de la multirésistance aux antibiotiques des Entérobacteries cliniques isolées à l’Institut Pasteur de Bangui (RCA)." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066151.
Full textDiene, Seydina Mouhamadou. "Analyse génomique et moléculaire d'isolats cliniques de bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5049.
Full textThe increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination and resistance to antibiotics; recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, several studies have been reported with significant recommendations to conduct molecular epidemiology, and genomic studies, in order to control the increase and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. Moreover, during these last 10 years, we are witnessing the emergence and development of new technologies of high throughput sequencing and coinciding with an exponential increase of number of bacterial genomes sequenced today. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with three essential objectives: (i) the genome sequencing of clinical MDR bacteria, the analysis and the identification of the mechanisms and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance (ii) the achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak (iii) the development and implementation of molecular tools for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria
Strugeon, Emilie. "Etude de la régulation de l’intégrase des intégrons de classe 1 dans un modèle de biofilm bactérien." Limoges, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIMO4037.
Full textClass 1 integrons are systems of capture and expression of gene cassettes that mostly encode antibiotic resistance. They play a major role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Planktonic culture experiments showed that the expression of the integrase, the key element of integrons, is regulated by the bacterial SOS response. In natural settings bacteria mostly live as biofilm, a lifestyle where they exhibit strongly enhanced antibiotic resistance and increased expression of stress-related genes. The biofilms also favors gene transfer. All this suggests that the biofilm could be a favorable environment for integrase expression. To verify this hypothesis, we compared both the expression and excision activity levels of the class 1 integron integrase, IntI1R32_H39, in planktonic and biofilm cultures, as well as the expression of an SOS regulon gene, sfiA. Our results showed that under non-induced conditions, both sfiA and intI1 expression levels were increased in biofilm compared to planktonic cultures, but that they could be still further induced by the SOS response. In agreement with the expression level, the cassette excision activity of IntI1R32_H39 was enhanced in biofilm. Besides to be regulated by LexA, intI1 seems also to be induced by a new biofilm-specific regulation that involves RelA, a major actor of the stringent response. Biofilm being the preferred lifestyle of bacteria in natural settings (environment, gastrointestinal tract), our results indicate that the biofilm may be a highly favorable environment for the exchange/acquisition of antibiotic resistance cassettes via integrons
Bonot, Sébastien. "Persistance et dissémination du plasmide pB10, vecteur de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques, dans des biomasses issues de stations d'épuration d'eaux usées urbaines." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10050/document.
Full textThe widespread use of antibiotics since the 50s, generates a significant release of these molecules in the environment (excretion via urine and feces) which can be found at concentrations ranging from 1-100 ng/L in wastewater. Due to the high microbial biomass and the abundance of nutrients, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) represent a suitable habitat for horizontal gene transfer. Because they occupy a key position between human activities and the environment, WWTP may play a major role in limiting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, therefore contributing to the preservation The parameters which influence these transfers in wastewater treatment plants are still poorly known, especially because of methodological limitations. Therefore the aim of our study was to identify environmental factors affecting the stability and transfer of a mobile genetic element model, the plasmid pB10 in bacterial communities (biomass from wastewater treatment plants and river sediments) maintained in microcosms. So far, the transfer of resistance genes have been studied mainly with methods based on the cultivation of microorganisms on selective media that we know now they underestimate the observed phenomena. Also, an approach based on quantitative PCR was developed for detecting the release of a mobile DNA template from the host bacterium E. coli DH5α. Couples of designed primers/probes were very specific and have been developed by taking advantage of the mosaic structure of the bacterial genome. The proposed approach is based on the over time measurements of the number of plasmids pB10 and its bacterial host DH5α, where an increased ratio (pB10/DH5α) implies a release of the plasmid to the indigenous bacteria. This method was used to assess the impact of some environmental parameters on the release of DNA in complex microbial communities. Two groups of factors could be distinguished according to whether they influence the persistence of plasmid pB10 in communities in microcosms (oxygenation / mixing, addition of antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations as amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole frequently found in treatment plant) and / or they favor his release in bacterial communities (biofilms, sediments). Without inducing genes transfers, the antibiotics tested, even at sub-lethal concentrations, could participate in the dissemination of resistance genes by facilitating their persistence
Humières, Camille d'. "Impact des antibiotiques sur le phageome intestinal humain : de la méthode à l’application." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/DHUMIERES_camille_va2.pdf.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem. A better understanding of the impact of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota and the development of resistance is essential. In a randomized controlled clinical trial (CEREMI), two antibiotics (ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) with similar antimicrobial activity spectrum, but different modes of elimination, were administered to 22 healthy volunteers. The stools of the latter were collected at different times over a period of 6 months, in order to evaluate the impact of antibiotics on the composition and evolution of bacterial and phage (bacterial viruses) communities of the intestinal microbiota as well as on the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes.The study of the intestinal phageome required the development of methodologies adapted to both experimental and bioinformatics levels. Following the comparison of different methods of isolating phages from feces, the polyethylene glycol concentration technique proved to be the most suitable for our study given the large number of samples (>100) to be analysed later, its simplicity, reproducibility, low cost and the great diversity of the phages obtained. A bioinformatics pipeline for phage identification and annotation, combining metagenomic and comparative genomic approaches, has been specifically developed. It allows, from the reads resulting from the metagenomic sequencing of phages, to assemble, annotate syntactically and functionally the different contigs, and finally to automatically predict if they are phages. These methodologies were thus applied to all stool samples from the CEREMI study.The analyses of the phage community revealed that the use of these two antibiotics causes a strong disturbance of the intestinal phageome with a gradual return to equilibrium on the 30th day. However, the use of ceftriaxone seems to have a greater effect on the decrease in phage diversity. Despite this disruption, the intestinal phageome remains highly individual-specific and does not appear to be involved in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.In parallel, the study of the bacterial community, through bacterial counts and 16S analysis, showed that both antibiotics lead to a rapid and drastic decrease in bacterial diversity, without selecting Gram-negative bacilli resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Unlike the phageome, both treatments seem to have a similar impact on the bacteriome
Al, Bayssari Charbel. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance aux antibiotiques dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5028.
Full textThe detection, monitoring and dissemination of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a major issue worldwide since the discovery and spread of multi-resistant bacteria, in particular resistance to carbapenems, specifically among Enterobacteriaceae and bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is a significant contributor to patient morbidity and mortality. Despite radical efforts in infection control and improvements in molecular diagnostics, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli remain a formidable threat as few antimicrobial agents are reliably active and very little is expected to be available in the near future.The origin and source of resistance genes in the world are not well known and recent works suggest that domestic and wild animals, the environment (soil, water, rivers ..) but also the digestive tract of mammals and humans could represent a reservoir and an important source of resistance genes that may be transmissible to humans.It is in this context that this thesis project articulates with the following objectives: (i) The achievement of molecular epidemiological studies on carbapenem-resistant clinical and animal isolates collected from countries in the Mediterranean basin (Lebanon, Libya, France) and the characterization of the genetic determinants of this resistance; (ii) the description of new resistance mechanisms to imipenem; and finally (iii) The genome sequencing of clinical isolates resistant to carbapenems, the analysis of these genomes and the identification of mechanisms and genetic supports of the resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics
Prunier, Anne-Laure. "Hypermutabilité et adaptation chez les souches de Staphylococcus aureus isolées de mucoviscidose : rôle des gènes mutS et mutL et impact sur la résistance aux macrolides." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009534.
Full textDemarre, Gaëlle. "Etude des intégrases d' intégrons : nature des substrats et relations structure / fonction." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066291.
Full textNesme, Joseph. "Characterization of antibiotic resistance genes abundance and diversity in soil bacteria by metagenomic approaches : what is the dissemination potential of the soil resistome?" Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068359.
Full textBriet, Arnaud. "Étude de la flore bactérienne et de sa résistance aux antibiotiques des produits de la pêche et de l'aquaculture." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0494/document.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a threat to global public health. Human can be contaminated by antibiotic resistant bacteria through food. However, data on antimicrobial resistant bacteria in seafood are scarce. The aim of this thesis was to study seafood bacterial flora and its antimicrobial resistance. First, mesophilic flora was obtained from 9 matrixes and MALDI-TOF and housekeeping genes sequencing technics were used to identify isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of most frequently bacteria were tested. In total, 1882 isolates were obtained and 150 bacterial species and 57 genera were identified. Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Exiguobacterium, Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Proteus were most frequently isolated and their antimicrobial resistance was studied. Antibiotic resistant bacteria accounted for 46% of isolates and multidrug resistant bacteria accounted for 3% of isolates. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria were mostly isolated from shrimps. On a side study, antimicrobial resistance of a V.parahaemolyticus strain collection isolated from seafood was characterized. Antimicrobial resistant strains accounted for 15% and multi-drug resistant bacteria accounted for 3%. A NDM-1-producing multidrug resistant strain, 16-B3PA-006 was identified from shrimps imported from South-East Asia
Ammam, Fariza. "Etude transcriptionnelle et fonctionnelle du groupe de gènes vanGCd de C. difficile." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114817.
Full textClostridium difficile is a major enteric pathogen responsible for 25% of post antibiotics diarrhea and most cases of pseudomembranous colitis. Metronidazole and vancomycin are the standard treatments for infected patients. vanGCd, a cryptic gene cluster highly homologous to the vanG gene cluster of Enterococcus faecalis is largely spread in Clostridium difficile. Since emergence of vancomycin resistance would have dramatic clinical consequences, we have evaluated the capacity of the vanGCd cluster to confer vancomycine resistance. We showed that expression of vanGCd is inducible by vancomycin and that VanGCd, VanXYCd and VanTCd are functional, exhibiting D-Ala:D-Ser ligase, D,D-dipeptidase and D-Ser racemase activities, respectively. In other bacteria, these enzymes are sufficient to promote vancomycin resistance. Trans-complementation of C. difficile with the vanC resistance operon of Enterococcus gallinarum faintly impacted the MIC of vancomycin, but did not promote vancomycin resistance in C. difficile. Sub-lethal concentration of vancomycin led to production of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide [D-Ser], suggesting that the vanGCd gene cluster is able to modify the peptidoglycan precursors. Our results indicated amidation of UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ala] and UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ser]. This modification is passed on the mature peptidoglycan where a muropeptide Tetra-Tetra is amidated on the meso-diaminopimelic acid. We also demostrated that the ligase MurF has a better affinity for the D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide than for the D-Ala-D-Ser, which could impact on the synthesis of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide [Ser].In conclusion, the lack of vancomycin resistance expression may be due to several factors that, in combinination with a gene cluster conferring a low level vancomycin resistancemay prevent the emergence of vancomycin resistance based on D-Ala- D-Ser modification of peptidoglycane precursors in C. difficile
Sadikalay, Syndia. "Influence des rejets humains et animaux sur la diffusion de l'antibiorésistance à l'homme, aux animaux et à l'environnement en Guadeloupe." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0251/document.
Full textThe pressure of selection related to the overuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicines is responsible for this increase, but the environment also plays a role in the diffusion of these resistances.In Guadeloupe, very few things are known on the state of resistance to antibiotics, but both veterinary and human uses are intense and amendments resulting from human and animal wastes are widely used.In Guadeloupe, the use of waste from animal, plant and human activities in crop production does not appear to favor E. coli resistant strains spreading from the environment to humans. However, composting quality, soil physicochemical characteristics and climatic conditions should be taken into account when planning amendments to reduce the exposure risk, spread and persistence of E. coli resistant strains.Fifteen strains of E. coli were isolated from horses feces were isolated during their antibiotic treatment, three in the first horse and 12 in the second. Profiles of antibiotic resistance were congruent with the plasmid analysis, genotypes for resistance genes detected using WGS, and with the phylogenetic analysis based on the core genome. Three clones and four singletons could be distinguished indicating that a high genetic diversity exists among E. coli producing ESBL. This study evidenced the persistence of E. coli producing ESBL in the microbiota of horses treated with antibiotics. This study was able to demonstrate the resurgence of resistant phenotypes even before the first day of treatment with persistence of these strains more than one month after treatment. The absence of detection of E. coli producing ESBL was evedenced a few months after treatment. Thus, the diversity of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has probably higher than that described in previous studies
Figueiredo, Samy. "Acinetobacter spp. et réservoir de gènes de carbapénèmases." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743039.
Full textCagnon, Christine. "Etude des résistances aux antibiotiques glycopeptidiques par mutagenèse dirigée." Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0012.
Full textBonnin, Rémy. "Mécanismes émergents de résistances aux antibiotiques dans le genre Acinetobacter." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077072.
Full textThe genus Acinetobacter corresponds to Gram-negative aerobes responsible for severe nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patient. The recent emergence of acquisition of antibiotic résistance in this species greatly complicates the management of infections associated with it. The objectives of our work have included on the one hand in a study of structural and functional of AbaR-type genomic islands in A. Baumannii. A conserved structure of AbaR-type genomic islands has been demonstrated including a complex transposition module. On the other hand, our job consisted in to analyze the emerging mechanisms of résistance to ß-lactams in A. Baumannii. In this context, we determined the biochemical properties and mechanisms of acquisition of a extended-spectrum P-lactamase (ESBL) GES-14 with carbapenemase properties showing hydrolysis of all ß-lactam antibiotics and a peculiar genetic environment leading to resistance to carbapenems. This was the first report of a p-lactamase able to hydrolyze significantly all- ß-lactams. The dissemination of the worrisome NDM-type gene in A. Baumannii has been evidenced. This transposon of 10,099 bp in size was bracketed by two copies of lSAba125. In order to determine if the emergence of the blaNDM ₋₁/₋₂ genes was linked to a clone, a plasmid or a genetic structure, a collection of NDM-producing A. Baumannii from wolrdwide origin was studied. Four new class D carbapenemases intrinsic to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolytiens, Acinetobacter johnsonii and Acinetobacter bereziniae were characterized. In the latest species, a carbapenem-resistant isolate was identified. The résistance to carbapenems was mediated by mutations in promoter sequences leading to overexpression. This finding was verified by qRT-PCR. Overall, this work helps to clarify the mechanisms of acquisition of antibiotic resistances in a increasingly important pathogen
Carrër, Amélie. "Résistances émergentes aux carbapénèmes chez les entérobactéries." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114833.
Full textCarbapenems are often the last therapeutic option for treating infection involving multiresistant ESBL-producing bacteria. Nevertheless, enterobacteria have developped resistance mechanisms toward this latter class of antibiotics, including carbapenemases production. Acquisition of these resistance genes is associated to genetic elements such as, intégrons, transposons and insertion sequences, which can be mobilized on plasmids and spread within various species. The aim of this study was to describe first, the plasmid-associated spread of the OXA-48 carbapenemase, to illustrate its epidemic property and to determine its genetic environment. We have highlighted the difficulty of its detection, which may be a factor in favour of its dissemination. We have also described a novel OXA-48 variant, called OXA-163 with a peculiar resistance phenotype together with a new genetic environment. Then we have described a new genetic vehicle, IMU, involved in the mobilization of blaGES-5 , a gene associated with carbapenem resistance in Enterobacter cloacae
Charpentier, Emmanuelle. "Étude de la résistance aux antibiotiques chez Listeria spp." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066562.
Full textCruz, Barrón Magali de la. "Compartmentalization of class 1 integrons and IncP-1 plasmids in the Orne river (France), an aquatic ecosystem impacted by urban and industrial anthropogenic pressures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0212/document.
Full textMobile genetic elements (MGEs) are genetic structures frequently associated to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this work, we used two of them as proxies, class 1 integrons and IncP-1 plasmids, to better understand (i) the possible fate of ARGs once released in a river ecosystem (Orne, France), as well as (ii) the effect of anthropogenic pressures on their persistence. From river water analyses, we could show that the two MGEs do not behave the same way. The entry of class 1 integrons in the river system appeared to be diffuse rather than punctual, while the abundance of IncP-1 plasmid is relatively stable along the river section studied (23 km) thus indicating a rather indigenous origin. Anthropic inputs such as wastewater treatment plant did not seem to affect the abundance of MGEs because a too high level of effluent dilution. Interestingly, MGE-bearing bacteria appeared to be enriched on suspended material, which is likely to serve as a vehicle to drive MGE-richer communities of bacteria toward the sediments. The analysis of two sediment cores clearly indicates that only the top layers displayed an elevated level of MGE-bearing bacteria. These abundances decrease in deeper layers where only localized zones display micro-reservoirs of elevated MGE abundances. For one sediment core at least, we could show that the relative abundance of MGE negatively correlates with pollutants such as lead or certain PAHs
Olaitan, Abiola Olumuyiwa. "Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5030/document.
Full textAmong one of the greatest threats facing public health worldwide, antibiotic resistance is at the forefront. This is partly due to increase in infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial as well as the current dwindling number of new antibiotics. In a way to address this unfortunate situation, there have been recent resuscitation of old and abandoned antibiotics such as polymyxins. Colistin, a member of polymyxin antibiotics, is now regarded as a 'last-resort' antibiotic for the treatment of severe Gram-negative bacterial infections owing to its potent action against these pathogens. However, resistance to colistin among these pathogens has emerged in several countries and is currently on increase. Due to the relatively new reintroduction of this antibiotic, there is a lack of comprehensive information on its pharmacological properties as well as mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance against it.In order to bridge this information gap in relation to the mechanism of resistance, we therefore undertook this project. First, to carry out an epidemiological surveillance of colistin-resistant bacteria in humans and domesticated animals and secondly, to decipher the molecular mechanisms mediating colistin resistance among the isolated resistant bacteria
Faucher, Marion. "Le transfert horizontal de gènes chez les mycoplasmes : de l'acquisition de l'antibiorésistance à la dynamique des génomes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0117/document.
Full textMycoplasmas are wall-less bacteria often portrayed as minimal cells because of their reduced genomes. Several species are pathogenic and have a significant economic impact on livestock production, especially for ruminants. Mycoplasmas are also concerned with the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance. In contrast to the majority of bacteria, these simple bacteria are deprived of conjugative plasmids that are frequently implicated in the horizontal dissemination of resistance genes: in mycoplasmas antibiotic resistance mainly relies on chromosomal mutations in target genes. In Mycoplasmas, the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has long been underestimated. Recently, two conjugative mechanisms of HGT were described in Mycoplasma agalactiae: the transfer of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE), and the unconventional transfer of chromosomal DNA further designed by “MCT” for Mycoplasma Chromosomal Transfer. Our current study focused on exploring MCT mechanisms and on estimating its impact on antibiotic resistance dissemination. Comparative genomic analyses were performed from the sequencing (i) of spontaneous resistant mutants and (ii) of transconjugants selected by mating experiments and selected based on their resistance. Data revealed that MCT generated the simultaneous transfer of multiple, unrelated donor-fragments following a distributive process. In one conjugative step involving two strains, MCT generated a variety of highly mosaic genomes. This phenomenon was also shown to accelerate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, by allowing in one step the acquisition of multiple and dispersed mutations associated with resistance. Due to the limitless ability of this phenomenon in reshuffling genomes, MCT may offer a valuable contribution in other adaptive processes such as virulence or host specificity. Finally, the distributive nature and the extent of MCT explain the origin of genes transfers detected in silico in several mycoplasma species. MCT is certainly a major player in the evolution of these minimal bacteria and a key factor of their persistence and virulence
Mougari, Faïza. "Etude phénotypique et génotypique de la résistance à la clarithromycine chez Mycobacterium abscessus, de la caractérisation des isolats à la thérapeutique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC062.
Full textThis work focuses on phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clarithromycin resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus. This nontuberculous mycobacteria is causing infections in patients with chronic lung diseases, especially cystic fibrosis, and extra-respiratory diseases usually in a iatrogenic context. M abscessus is extremely resistant to most available antibiotics with no standard effective treatment so far. First, we reviewed current literature for nontuberculous mycobacteria and M abscessus infections. We studied M abscessus genotyping by a semi-automated REP-PCR DiversiLab® and showed that each patient is infected by a different strain but a cystic fibrosis patient is infected by the same strain over time. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) study permits to distinguish subspecies of M abscessus. We studied clarithromycin resistance mechanisms for M abscessus with two approaches: one descriptive including clinical strains (we studied also resistance to other antibiotics especially amikacin, second important antibiotic), the other done through in vitro mutant selection. We described new resistance mechanisms. The majority of mutants and resistant clinical strains had mutations of 23S rRNA or in ribosomal proteins. Natural inducible resistance was due to erm(41) gene polymorphism. Knowledge of resistance mechanisms to clarithromycin and amikacin allowed us to develop a molecular diagnostic test prototype, with Hain LifeScience (GenoType NTM-DR). The clinical evaluation in our laboratory gave highly satisfactory results. This test is now commercially available. We have developed new tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of M abscessus infection
Abouzeed, Yousef. "Etude du rôle des opérons mar, sox, ram dans la multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez Salmonella enterica sérovar typhimurium." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4042/document.
Full textNontyphoidal salmonellae are accountable for :most foodborne infections in Europe and other developped countries. Infection with salmonella is often associated with consumption of foods of animal origin. Antibiotic treatment is not requiered for salmonella gastroenteritis but is essential for patients at high risk of extra-intestinal disease. For many years chloramphenicol, ampicillin, strepromycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline were drugs of choice. The emergence of Salmonella gastroenteritis resistant to these antibiotics has limited theirs therapeutics value. Althouth, fluoroquinolones have proven effective alternatives to treat multidrug resistant straint particularly S.Typhimurium DT104 et 204, résistance to these agents has also emerged. This has been a serious problem both in human and veterinary medicine. In salmonella, fluoroquinolones resistance has been attributed to mutations in the genes coding for gyrase, and topoisomerase IV and also to active efflux pumps. The efflux pump AcrAB is known to play a major role in multidrug rresistance. In E.Coli, acrAB expression is regulated at the lowest level by the local repressor AcrR and at a more glogal level it is regulated by stress conditions and by global regulators like MarA, SoxS or Rob. Overexpression pump AcrAB can confer resistance to wide range of antimicrobial agents and organic solvents which occurs as a result of mutations in one of the genes coding for the regulators. In contrast to E. Coli, mutations in the regulotry regions were not found in multidrug resistant S.Typhimurium overexpressing acrAB genes. Overexpression of ramA also confers multidrug resistance through the activation of acrAB expression in Salmonella entrica. Nonetheless, little knowledge is available with regard to the involvement of mar, sox and ram regions in multidrug and fluoroquinolones resistance in Salmonella entrica
Tupin, Audrey. "Inhibiteurs de la transcription bactérienne : étude du mécanisme d'action de la lipiarmycine et dépendance au facteur de transcription σ." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON13512/document.
Full textThe growing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria added to the problem caused by persistent cells stress the need for developing new antibiotics and for understanding their mechanism of action. RNA polymerase is the main enzyme of the transcription process and is an interesting target for antibiotics. In this study we focus on a particular inhibitor of RNA polymerase : lipiarmycin. It is a macrocyclic inhibitor of transcription inhibiting Gram + bacteria that is developed in phase III clinical trials for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections. The objective of this work was to determine the mechanism of action of lipiarmycin and the mechanism confering resistance against the molecule. We first define more precisely its binding site on RNA polymerase and then used genetic and biochemical approaches to determine its mechanism of action and the effect of some specific mutations on transcription. Our experiments reveal a new mechanism of t ranscription inhibitor action
Doublet, Benoît. "Caractérisation des éléments génétiques mobiles du gène de résistance au florfénicol floR chez Salmonella enterica et Escherichia coli." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4014.
Full textThe florfenicol is a fluorinated derivative of chloramphenicol. Florfenicol resistance has been mainly linked to the presence of the floR gene conferring cross-resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol by efflux. Two different genetic elements carrying floR have been identified in E. Coli and S. Enterica. A genetic element has been identified on plasmids and on the chromosome of E. Coli. Moreover, this structure has also been identified on plasmids carrying the blaCMY-2 gene conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins. The floR gene is part of a novel mobile element further identified as a novel transposon named TnfloR. The florfenicol resistance gene floR has also been identified in the complex integron of Salmonella Genomic Island 1. SGI1 has also been identified in different S. Enterica serovars. The SGI1 mobility was desmonstrated by mobilization in trans by a helper conjugative plasmid. SGI1 was thus classified as an Integrative Mobilizable Element
Faure, Stéphanie. "Transfert d’un gène de résistance aux β-lactamines blaCTX-M-9 entre Salmonella et les entérobactéries de la flore intestinale humaine : impact d’un traitement antibiotique." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449376.
Full textLa dissémination mondiale de la résistance aux β-lactamines est un problème de santé publique majeur. Les voies de transmission de la résistance sont mal connues, néanmoins de nombreux arguments attestent du potentiel transfert de bactéries résistantes et de gènes de résistance entre l’animal et l’homme. L’objectif du présent travail est d’évaluer le transfert du gène de résistance blaCTX-M-9 entre une souche d’origine animale, Salmonella enterica Virchow et les entérobactéries de la flore humaine, de même que l’impact d’un traitement à une β-lactamine sur ce transfert. Dans un modèle de rat associé à une flore humaine, le transfert du gène de résistance n’est pas détectable entre S. Enterica Virchow et les entérobactéries de la flore. Pourtant l’inoculation concomitante d’une souche d’Escherichia coli suffit à observer la diffusion du gène de résistance. La pression de sélection n’augmente pas le transfert de gène mais contribue largement à la sélection et à la colonisation de salmonelles résistantes dans le tractus digestif. L’analyse des paramètres pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamique confirme également la pertinence des critères de substitution dans la prédiction de l’inefficacité d’un traitement au céfixime en présence de telles souches. L’une des stratégies thérapeutiques proposée consiste à utiliser une combinaison de β-lactamines et d’inhibiteurs de β-lactamases
Jové, Thomas. "Régulation de l’expression des gènes de cassettes et de l’intégrase des intégrons de multirésistance aux antibiotiques." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/efdce19b-37c3-4496-b396-c371d5f96288/blobholder:0/2010LIMO310A.pdf.
Full textMultiresistant integrons (MRI) are genetic elements largely involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria. They act as natural genetic tools able to capture, express and disseminate antibiotic resistance genes embedded within cassettes. They typically consist of a gene (intI) encoding an integrase that catalyzes the gene cassette movement by site-specific recombination, a recombination site (attI) and a promoter (Pc) responsible for the expression of inserted gene cassettes. Several classes of MRI have been identified and our work focused on the classes 1 and 2 MRI, which are the most prevalent among clinical isolates. In class 1 MRI, Pc is located within the integrase gene. Based on an in silico analysis of all the class 1 MRI sequences available in the databases, we showed that there are 13 variants of Pc unequally distributed, the weakest being the most prevalent. We found that these in silico trends are consistent with in vivo distribution of Pc, as we studied in french or spanish E. Coli strains. Moreover, we showed that the weakest the Pc variant, the more efficient the encoded IntI1. On the other hand, Pc being face to face with the integrase gene promoter, we showed that there are interferences between these promoters. Lastly, we focused on the class 2 MRI, whose intI gene most often encodes a truncated integrase. We characterized the promoter of this gene but also of the two promoters driving the transcription of the cassettes genes inserted in this class. These two promoters are less efficient in the rare MRI 2 that encodes a functional IntI2. Thus, MRI display equilibrium between cassette gene expression and integrase activity that is probably a key element for the successfulness of these IM in the bacterial world
Coumes, Stéphanie. "Les modules de "détection / résistance " aux antibiotiques peptidiques chez les firmicutes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22062/document.
Full textSignal transduction systems and ABC transporters often contribute jointly to adaptive bacterial responses to environmental changes. In Bacillus subtilis, three such pairs, thereafter called modules, are involved in responses to antibiotics: BceRSAB, PsdRSAB and YxdJKLM. They are characterized by a histidine kinase belonging to the Intramembrane Sensing – Histine Kinase family (IM-HK) and by a Membrane Spanning Domain (MSD) possessing an unusually large extracytoplasmic loop. Using a phylogenomic approach we were able to demonstrate that such modules, associating a phosphorelay and an ABC transporter, are specific but widespread in Firmicutes where they originated. This analyse highlight a highly dynamic evolutionary history involving numerous horizontal gene transfers, duplications and lost events, leading to a great variety of Bce-like module repertories in members of this bacterial phylum. Based on fine phylogenetic analyses, the Bce-like modules were divided into six well-defined subfamilies. Functional studies were performed on some members of subfamily IV comprising the bacitracin resistance module BceRSAB of B. subtilis, the expression of which being found to require, in the presence of bacitracin, the signal transduction system as well as the ABC transporter itself. The present results indicate that two other members of subfamily IV, YtsCD of B. licheniformis and BceAB of B. halodurans, were also found to participate in bacitracin resistance processes. The results also suggest that in these modules the ABC transporter works as the first sensor of the antibiotic and that it then activates the signal transduction system through an interaction between one of the two ABC transporter domains and the module kinase.Bacitracin dependent expression of bceAB and bacitracin resistance processes were shown to require the presence of the BceB translocator loop suggesting a crucial role for this loop as well at a functional level, as at a structural level.This study suggests that the original BceRSAB module regulatory mechanism might be generalised to other modules and would constitute an important common antibiotic resistance mechanism in Firmicutes which comprise many human pathogens
Ngoyi, Esther Nina. "Résistance de Helicobacter pylori aux antibiotiques et d’autres substances antimicrobiennes. : Aspects moléculaires des mécanismes de détection." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0442/document.
Full textContext: The objective of this work was to improve Helicobacter pylori infection management. Materials and methods: H. pylori detection, it’s resistance to clarithromycine, tetracyclin, levofloxacin, and determination pathogenic genes were done by real-time PCR on 23 S rRNA, on 16 S rRNA gene, classic PCR, sequencing. Evaluation of the resistant mutant stability to its sensitive isolate was carried out by competing them over a long period in culture on AGS gastric cells and whole sequencing genome. The evaluation of Ceiba pentandra extract effect on H. pylori was carried out by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Prevalence of H. pylori infection: 75.52%, resistance to clarithromycin and tetracycline: 4.2% and 1.2%, levofloxacin resistance: 57%. CagA gene: 92.2%. Vac As1m1 gene: 82%. Lack of stability of the resistant mutant in a 3695 R/S pair of isolates (R/S ratio 0.1), at the 30 day of the co-culture (p <0.05); this mutant had an A2142G mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin. Stability of the resistant mutant in the other 3657 pair of isolates (R/S ratio of 1.7) at the 40 day of the co-culture (p <0.05), with development of compensatory mutations; this mutant had an A2143G mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin. The moderate to low activity was noted with the hydroethanol extract and the butanol extract: minimum inhibitory concentration: 50 to 80 μg / ml. Conclusion: It’s possible to treat H. pylori infection with therapy based on clarithromycin in Congo. The absence of a strong activity does not make it possible to recommend Ceiba pentandra in the treatment of H. pylori infection. Reversion resistance is possible with H. pylori
Alame, Emane Amel Kevin. "Les infections à mycobactéries du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis à Libreville : profil des résistances aux antibiotiques et diversité génétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC129/document.
Full textThe emerging phenomenon of the MDR and XDR-TB is a worldwide public health issue. In developing countries, this problem is amplified due to the fact that TB diagnostic laboratories lack equipment and diagnostic tools to identify these cases and therefore prescribe appropriate chemotherapy. In the first part of this doctoral work, the sequencing of the pncA gene allowed us to show that the resistance to Pyrazinamide occurs significantly when the strain is MDR, corresponding to the acquisition of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid; and that after the acquisition of Fluoroquinolones and to injectable antibiotics of second line (Amykacine, Kanamycine, Capreomycine) resistance by MDR strains, this rate increases even more. In the second part of the study, we propose an alternative method to the culture of bacilli in a BSL3 confined environment. From uncultivated clinical samples (sputum) and through GeneXpert MTB/RIF, sequencing of genes and spoligotyping, we identified 19 MDR strains, active transmission of sensitive strains belonging to clades LAM10, T1, MANU, H3 and finally as well as an underlying epidemic of 5 Beijing MDR strains.In the first study, 272 retrospective samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were selected from two large cosmopolitan cities: Northern Paris (Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 101 strains) and Southwest of Shanghai (Songjiang district, 171 Strains). These strains were selected according to their known phenotypic sensitivity to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH). These phenotypic resistances were confirmed by the HAIN genotype analysis tools MTBDRplus and by the sequencing of the rpoB and katG/inhA genes. To determine the extensively drug resistance strains (XDR), we sequenced the gyrA/gyrB and rrs genes to identify genetic mutations associated with resistance to Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable antibiotics: Amikacin (AMK)-Kanamycin ( KAN)-Capreomycin (CAP), respectively. Finally, we sequenced the pncA gene of all isolates to identify the genetic mutations associated with resistance to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The strains were genotyped by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.In the second study, from October 2014 to February 2015, 159 morning sputum samples with smear-positive smear after Ziehl-Neelsen staining were collected at the three main diagnostic laboratories for tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. These clinical samples were transported to the National Laboratory of Public Health in Libreville for analysis with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF automaton to confirm the microscopic diagnosis and to determine the resistance of bacilli to Rifampicin. Of the 159 samples, 29 samples had a sputum volume less than 1 ml, the minimum required according to the manufacturer's recommendations. For the 130 sputum samples analyzed by the GeneXpert automaton, 375 μl of the remaining GeneXpert solution not introduced into the cartridge was introduced into a 50 ml conical tube containing 25 ml of phosphate buffer (autoclaved solution) to neutralize the pH of the GeneXpert solution. The conical tube is centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4,500 rpm, the pellet is taken up in 100 μl of TE and then transferred to a 100 μl microtube which is subsequently heated for 30 minutes at 90°C. After a cycle of freezing (-40 ° C. for 1 h)-defrosting, the microtube is briefly centrifuged and the supernatant is transferred to a new microtube. From this new microtube we amplified by PCR and then sequenced the rpoB, katG/inhA, pncA, gyrA, rrs and rpsL genes to identify mutations associated with resistance to Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Fluoroquinolones, Antibiotics in second lines: Amikacin-Kanamycin-Capreomycin and Streptomycin (SM), respectively. All the samples were genotyped by the multiplexed spoligotyping applied to the Luminex MagPix
Guérin, Emilie. "Identification et analyse des régulations SOS dépendantes au sein des intégrons de multirésistance aux antibiotiques." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/40cbc4be-cc3b-42e7-a290-5b0913d65e78/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4027.pdf.
Full textIntegrons are genetic elements responsible for antibiotic resistance dissemination through Gram-negative bacteria. These capture and expression systems are composed of an intI gene, coding an integrase which control gene capture, an attI recombination site and a Pc promoter controlling gene expression. Several observations suggest that the expression and/or the activity of the integrase could be weak. The study of the intI1 expression lead us to show that it was repressed by LexA, the SOS response transcriptional repressor, and induced by DNA damaging stresses, like some antibiotic treatments. We showed that qnrB2 expression, coding quinolones resistance, was regulated in the same way. In class 1 integrons, we characterized the PintI1 promoter responsible of the intI1 expression. PintI1 is head to head with Pc, for which there is 13 variants, and overlapped a second promoter P2 found in 10 % of the cases. These promoter configurations are very suitable to transcriptional interference, which is described as the direct negative influence of a transcriptional process on an other. We showed the existence of Pc variant-dependant interference on intI1 expression. On one hand, our results showed a tight relation between expression and exchange/recruitment of resistance genes, the two functions of an integron. On the other hand, this study emphasizes the efficiency of integrons as adaptative tools in response to antibiotics as well as the SOS response implication in antibiotic resistance
Babosan, Anamaria. "Description d'un mécanisme, à l'origine de l'induction de la réponse SOS par les aminosides chez Escherichia coli, favorisant l'émergence de la résistance aux fluoroquinolones." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS024/document.
Full textThe emerging plasmid-mediated quinolones resistance (PMQR) determinants significantly participate in the selection of high-level of resistance to the major antibiotics fluoroquinolones, leading to numerous clinical failures. In this study, we reported for the first time that PMQR expression could be triggered by the fluoroquinolones but also by another major class of antibiotics, the aminoglycosides. We were able to show that this unique cross selection of antibiotic resistance was the consequence of the PMQR determinant qnrD being SOS-regulated in a RecA-LexA dependent manner. We demonstrated that sub inhibitory concentration of aminoglycoside induced nitric oxide formation associated with the repression of the Hmp-mediated detoxification pathway, resulting in the induction of the SOS response and thus up-regulation of the PMQR. Overall, our findings revealed an unexpected antibiotic resistance cross-selection with low aminoglycosides concentrations promoting emergence of fluoroquinolones resistance
Antignac, Aude. "Analyse des souches de Neisseria meningitidis de sensibilité diminuée à la pénicilline G." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077005.
Full textPastor, Marie. "Étude du potentiel des pFAR4, miniplasmides dépourvus de gène de résistance à un antibiotique, comme vecteurs pour la thérapie génique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB043.
Full textOne of the main challenges in gene therapy is to identify safe vectors that promote an efficient gene delivery and a sustained therapeutic transgene expression level in targeted cells. The development of novel plasmid vectors allowed to reach these objectives and to consider non-viral gene therapy approaches as attractive alternatives to treat genetic and acquired disorders. The pFAR4 vector is a novel antibiotic-free mini-plasmid. In Escherichia coli, its propagation is based on the suppression of an amber nonsense mutation introduced into an essential gene, thus eliminating safety concerns classically attributed to antibiotic resistance markers present on conventional plasmid DNA vectors and allowing a reduction in plasmid size. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of pFAR4 as a gene vector in two different non-viral gene therapy approaches. In a first approach, the potential of the pFAR4 vector was assessed for the expression of a therapeutic gene in mouse liver. To this end, a pFAR4 derivative expressing the Sgsh gene from a liver-specific promoter and coding the sulfamidase, an enzyme deficient in patients suffering from the Sanfilippo A disease, was tail vein hydrodynamically injected into mouse liver. We showed that the pFAR4 derivative promoted a high and prolonged sulfamidase expression which rapidly declined when the same expression cassette was delivered by a conventional plasmid containing a kanamycin resistance marker. It was established that the superior expression profile obtained with the pFAR4 derivative did not result from its integration in host genome but seemed to benefit from protection against transcriptional silencing. In a second approach, the pFAR4 vector was combined to the Sleeping Beauty transposon system that mediates transgene integration into host genomes, after its excision from a plasmid donor by the hyperactive SB100X transposase, in order to obtain a long-term expression in dividing cells. This combination was studied in vitro, delivering either the neomycin resistance gene or the fluorescent Venus protein-encoding gene into HeLa cells. We showed that the combination pFAR4/SB led to an increased transgenesis rate in comparison to the association of SB with conventional plasmids. The pFAR4/SB combination seemed to benefit from an elevated transfection efficiency and a higher excision rate, resulting from the reduced size of the pFAR4 vector. The two technologies should be soon used for the delivery of the anti-angiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene into autologous primary pigment epithelial cells, in the context of two PhaseI/II clinical trials based on an ex vivo gene therapeutic approach for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)
Faure, Stéphanie. "Transfert d'un gène de résistance aux beta-lactamines blaCTX-M-9 entre Salmonella et les entérobactéries de la flore intestinale humaine : influence d'un traitement antibiotique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449376.
Full textBouvier, Marie. "La recombinaison simple brin au sein des intégrons." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066576.
Full textPeilleron, Laure. "Nouvelle approche synthétique vers des analogues de l'avibactam et cyclisations de N-alkoxyurées insaturées initiées par des réactifs d’iode(III) hypervalent." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS408/document.
Full textThe current dire situation of antimicrobial resistances urges synthetic chemists to design new molecules that can fight these resistances. Hence, the diazabicyclo-octanes β-lactamase inhibitors are of particular interest, as they can preserve the current therapeutic arsenal by restoring the activity of β-lactam antibiotics. Thus, avibactam was very recently approved by the FDA and the EMA in combination with ceftazidime (a 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotic) for the treatment of severe Gram-negative bacteria infections. Structurally, these compounds are characterized by a bicyclic framework featuring a cyclic N-hydroxylated urea motif that is key to its activity. Yet, only few methods exist to easily access this singular type of saturated heterocycles. The aim of this project was to develop a new synthetic approach to acces a new range of avibactam analogues. For this, we developed chemoselective iodine(III)-mediated cyclizations of unsaturated N-alkoxyureas. We were able to optimize and study three different cyclizations that proceed through distinct mechanisms to yield oxazolidinone oximes, or N-oxyimidazolidinones from the same substrates. The different modes of cyclization can be triggered using a combination of the iodine(III) and a halide salt or TEMPO, under reaction conditions which are operationally simple and easily tunable. In parallel, we also devised asymmetric synthesis of a key monocyclic intermediate which should yield avibactam analogues, through a new synthetic route that relies on the methodology we developed
Garriss, Geneviève. "Rôle et régulation du système de recombinaison des ICEs de la famille SXT/R391." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6547.
Full textJubert, Isabelle. "Suivi de l'écologie et des résistances bactériennes au CHD Felix-Guyon à l'ile de la Réunion (étude comparative 1997/1998)." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2M032.
Full textCaspar, Yvan. "Recherche de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la tularémie : résistances bactériennes chez Francisella tularensis et développement de nouveaux antibiotiques bis-indoliques de synthèse." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV028/document.
Full textTularemia is a zoonosis caused by the highly pathogenic bacterium Francisella tularensis. The most virulent subspecies, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, is found only in North America while the subspecies F. tularensis subsp. holarctica is present in the whole Northern hemisphere. In France, all strains belong to the biovar I of the subspecies holarctica and more specifically to the phylogenetic subclade B.FTNF002-00. Although tularemia is usually not a severe disease in France, many patients suffer from therapeutic failures despite receiving an appropriate treatment. These treatments failures are observed in up to 25% of patients treated with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin, and up to 35% if patients treated with doxycycline. The causes of those therapeutic failures remain poorly elucidated. Analysis of the literature and determination of the susceptibility of 59 French F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains to 18 antibiotics confirmed that to date, no strain with acquired resistance to any of the first-line antibiotics used for treatment of tularemia have been isolated. The fluoroquinolones (in particular ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) exhibit the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations, compared to gentamicin and doxycycline. Data obtained in vitro and in animal models are concordant with human data concerning the efficacy of antibiotics and therapeutic failure rates. Thus, we advocate the use of ciprofloxacin as first-line treatment for mild form of tularemia, and the use of doxycyclin only as a second-line treatment in patients with contraindications to fluoroquinolones. Azithromycin and telithromycin may also be considered as potential therapeutic alternatives for tularemia cases caused by biovar I strains of the susbspecies holarctica, but only for patients with contraindications to first-line antibiotics. Further data in animal models are however required to consolidate our in vitro data. The in vitro selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of F. tularensis has been reported. This suggests that the in vivo selection of such resistant mutants may occur. In vitro, the main fluoroquinolone resistance mutations occur in the gyrA and gyrB genes that encode type II topoisomerases of F. tularensis. We have characterized the functional impact of such mutations in avirulent F. novicida strains, taken as a surrogate of F. tularensis. Supercoiling and DNA cleavage activity of GyrA/GyrB complexes reconstituted in vitro have been determined in the presence of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone resistance level was the highest in strains with a D87G/D87Y mutation in the GyrA subunit or +P466 mutation in the GyrB subunit. The mutation P43H located outside the GyrA Quinolone-Resistance-Determining-Region (QRDR) confered significant but lower fluoroquinolone resistance. The mutation D487R-∆K488 also outside GyrB QRDR did not cause fluoroquinolone resistance by itself, but increased the resistance level in case of concomitant D87G mutation. No mutation could be identified in vivo in the QRDR of gyrA and gyrB genes amplified from clinical samples collected in patients treated with a fluoroquinolone, although some of them experienced therapeutic failure. Finally, while searching for new antibiotic compounds, we identified new synthetic bis-indolic derivatives with antibacterial activity. Lead compounds were only bacteriostatic against F. tularensis but bactericidal against staphylococci including against multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MIC90 were measured at 2mg/L for F. tularensis and S. aureus strains for the most active compound. However, many developments are still required to improve their solubility in water, decrease their plasma proteins binding and elucidate their original mechanism of action