Relevant bibliographies by topics / Generic property

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Generic property'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Generic property"

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Nurkhaidarov, Ermek. "On Generic Automorphisms." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICS 23 (January 26, 2024): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23206.2024.23.8.

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In this article we investigate generic automorphisms of countable models. Hodges et al. 1993 introduces the notion of SI (small index) generic automorphisms. They used the existence of small index generics to show the small index property of the model. Truss 1989 defines the notion of Truss generic automorphisms. An automorphism f ofM is called Truss generic if its conjugacy class is comeagre in the automorphism group ofM. We study the relationship between these two types of generic automorphisms. We show that either the countable random graph or a countable arithmetically saturated model of True Arithmetic have both SI generic and Truss generic automorphisms. We prove that the dense linear order has the small index property and Truss-generic automorphisms but it does not have SI generic automorphisms. We also construct an example of a countable structure which has SI generics but it does not have Truss generics.
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Mcconnell-Ginet, Sally. "Generic predicates and interest-relativity." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 2 (July 2012): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004771.

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Abstract“Simple generics” with bare plural subjects (e.g.,dogs bark) predicate of a kind a property that the kind “inherits” from its individual members. But what does that inheritance amount to if it is not, likemost dogs bark, based on how many individuals have the property. My conclusion: there is no determinate account of which (fundamentally individual-level) properties can be truly predicated of a kind: generics are not quantificational, and language users’ interests guide judgments on their truth-conditions. At the same time, even “canonical” predications of ordinary predicates of ordinary individuals are not so straightforward as they might appear. Generic claims about social groups show the indeterminacy of truth conditions for simple generics and the relation to stereotypes and sometimes conflicting interests.
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Wu, Min, and Jinjun Li. "Generic property of irregular sets in systems satisfying the specification property." Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 34, no. 2 (August 2013): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2014.34.635.

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Rocha, Alexandre, and Mário Carneiro. "A generic property of exact magnetic Lagrangians." Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 32, no. 12 (August 2012): 4183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2012.32.4183.

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Kikyo, Hirotaka, and Saharon Shelah. "The strict order property and generic automorphisms." Journal of Symbolic Logic 67, no. 1 (March 2002): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1190150038.

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Nordling, T. E. M., and E. W. Jacobsen. "Interampatteness – a generic property of biochemical networks." IET Systems Biology 3, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-syb.2009.0008.

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Commault, Christian, and Stéphane Mocanu. "A generic property of phase-type representations." Journal of Applied Probability 39, no. 4 (December 2002): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1037816018.

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In this paper we introduce the notion of structured phase-type representations. A structured representation corresponds to a class of phase-type representations having the same graph but free parameters. We define a generic property for such a representation. Then we prove that, generically, an irreducible structured representation of a given order corresponds to a distribution whose degree is equal to this order.
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Commault, Christian, and Stéphane Mocanu. "A generic property of phase-type representations." Journal of Applied Probability 39, no. 04 (December 2002): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200022038.

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In this paper we introduce the notion of structured phase-type representations. A structured representation corresponds to a class of phase-type representations having the same graph but free parameters. We define a generic property for such a representation. Then we prove that, generically, an irreducible structured representation of a given order corresponds to a distribution whose degree is equal to this order.
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Kikyo, Hirotaka, and Anand Pillay. "The definable multiplicity property and generic automorphisms." Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 106, no. 1-3 (December 2000): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0072(00)00024-5.

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Di Nasso, Mauro. "The generic filter property in nonstandard analysis." Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 111, no. 1-2 (July 2001): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0072(01)00033-1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Generic property"

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Bester, Juan. "The political economy of the intellectual property rights regime : Aids and the generic medicine debate in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53144.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a descriptive and interpretive study into the political economy of intellectual property rights, the conceptual and practical implications for the phenomenon of global governance, and how developing countries experience problems with the implementation of national policies that infringe on international intellectual property rights. The specific area of interest is the generic medicine debate that ensued in South Africa after the alleged violation of patent rights of anti-HIV/Aids drugs by the Department of Health. The research question that is addressed is to what extent has the existing international intellectual property rights regime been influenced and/or undermined by South Africa's intended application of WTO regulations in terms of compulsory licensing and parallel imports of "essential" medicines. In doing so, the paper examines the roles of the important states, international organisations, institutions, and private sector firms within the sphere ofthe political economy of intellectual property and how they impede upon or improve the functioning of the intellectual property rights regime. The methodology entails analytical inquiries into documentary evidence on the nature of the international intellectual property rights regime. Areas that are examined are the agendas of the important actors, namely states and their respective departments; individuals and firms; and international organisations. The concept of intellectual property is examined to determine its dynamic role within the generic medicine debate. The thesis concludes that the agendas of pharmaceutical firms and states are exploiting current political stalemates in the negotiations for a fair intellectual property rights regime. National health agencies, and specifically the South African Department of Health, are under enormous pressure to provide affordable health services. Specifically, the US Government and US pharmaceutical firms are dominating discussions on the architecture of the international intellectual property law regime. By using an analysis incorporating systemic, domestic interest, institutional, and ideational perspectives, it is argued that South Africa's drive for a more distributive intellectual property rights regime has placed the issue of health, Aids and generic medicine firmly within the sphere of the political economy of trade agreements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n deskriptiewe en 'n interpretiewe studie oor die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendomsregte, die konseptuele en praktiese implikasies vir die verskynsel van globale regering, en hoe ontwikkelende lande probleme ervaar met die implimentering van nasionale beleid wat internasionale intellektuele eiendomsregte aantas. Die spesifieke area van belang is die generiese medisyne debat wat onstaan het na die beweerde skending van patentregte van anti-HIVNigs medisyne deur die Departement van Gesondheid. Die navorsingsvraag wat beantwoord word behels die omvang van die impak van Suid- Afrika se voorgenome toepassing van WTO bepalinge, met betrekking tot die verpligte lisensiering en parallelle invoer van "essensiele" medisyne, op die bestaande internasionale intellektuele eiedomsreg regime. Hierdie tesis ondersoek vervolgens die rol van state, internasionale organisasies, instellings, en privaat sector firmas binne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendom en hoe hulle afsonderlik die funksionaliteit van die intellektuele eiendomsregte regime beïnvloed. Die metodologie behels 'n analitiese ondersoek van die literatuur oor die aard van internasionale intellektuele eiendomsreg regimes. Areas wat ondersoek word, is die agendas van belangrike akteurs, naamlik die staat en sy onderskeie departemente; individue en firmas; asook internasionale organisasies en instellings. Die konsep van intellektuele eiendom word ondersoek om die dinamiese uitwerking daarvan op die generiese medisyne debat te verstaan. Hierdie tesis voer aan dat die agendas van firmas, spesifiek farmaseutiese firmas en state die huidige politieke dooiepunt in die onderhandeling rondom 'n regverdige intellektuele iendomsregte-regime, uitbuit. Nasionale instellings, soos die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Gesondheid, is onder groot druk om bekostigbare gesondheidsdienste te lewer. Die VSA en farmaseutiese firmas domineer onderhandelinge vir 'n nuwe struktuur vir die internasionale eiendomsregte-regime. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n analitiese raamwerk wat sistemiese, interne belange, institusionele, en ideologies perspektiewe inkorporeer, word daar geargumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se pogings om 'n meer distributiewe intellektuele eiendomsregte regime te verseker, die probleem van gesondheid, Vigs, en generiese medisyne binnne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van handelsooreenkomste, plaas.
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Nandjembo, Lucia Pandulo. "The Effectiveness of the Swkopmund Protocol on the Protection of Traditional knowledge in Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6402.

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Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)
Traditional knowledge has been around for centuries and has gained over the centuries and adapted to the local culture and environment, traditional knowledge is transmitted orally from generation to generation. It tends to be collectively owned and takes the form of stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, cultural values, beliefs, rituals, community laws, local language, and agricultural practices, including the development of plant species and animal breeds. The Swakopmund Protocol has been one of the legislations that has been put in place to protect Traditional knowledge and has to be reviewed. With Traditional communities playing a huge role at the in the Namibian communities, the aim of the protocol is to protect them by establishing its effectiveness. The mini thesis aims to study the intellectual property system in Namibia as a system of protection which is inadequate for protecting Traditional knowledge, and as a result there is a huge need for Namibia to develop its national sui generis system for protecting TK. There are so many gaps existing in Namibia with regards to the existing intellectual property laws that need to be filled with all the results from the research this mini this will provide, it could provide the direction the country needs to go in. The research focuses on the effectiveness of the Swakopmund Protocol that was implemented in 2010. Questions in the paper to be answered are such as what the protocol has achieved in the time that it has been in place, but more importantly how effective the Protocol is in protecting TK within the country and ways forward to protecting TK and making the protection as efficient as possible to extending necessary protection for TK and allow the next generations of people to have access to such knowledge. The mini thesis will be a desk-based research focusing on the Swakopmund Protocol. There is today a growing appreciation of the value of traditional knowledge. This knowledge is valuable not only to those who depend on it in their daily lives, but to modern industry and agriculture as well. Many widely used products, such as plantbased medicines, health products and cosmetics, are derived from traditional knowledge. Other valuable products based on traditional knowledge include agricultural and non-wood forest products as well as handicraft.
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Kuudogrme, Barbara Bangfudem. "Towards the effective utilisation of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights flexibilities to improve access to essential medicines in Ghana." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6825.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Access to medicines is an essential component of the basic human right to health and a key determinant of the importance attached to the health care system of a country. It essentially entails the availability and acceptability of the essential medicines on the market and the ability of patients to afford such medicines when needed. Globally, countries face access to medicine challenges partly because of patents which undoubtedly accounts for excessive pricing of medicine. As such, efforts have been made to ensure the accessibility of medicines through the Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Beyond these interventions, it is incumbent on Members of the WTO to domesticate the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement before their utilisation because by their very nature, they cannot be self-executed. With an estimated population of 29.6 million, about 310 000 people in Ghana are living with HIV. The country’s health facilities record 40 per cent of outpatient visits each year and about 14 550 per 100 000 of the population are infected with tuberculosis with cancer on the rise. These diseases require medicines which are mostly patented yet Ghana has access to medicine problems despite the existence of a national health insurance system. Ghana has however not fully incorporated the TRIPS flexibilities in its national legislations and therefore unable to fully utilise the flexibilities as an option to access essential medicines. Questions therefore remain as to why and how Ghana can utilise the flexibilities to improve access to medicines. Based on an examination of the WTO’s patent system and legislations of Ghana, this mini- thesis contends that, the extent of incorporation of the flexibilities are inadequate due to the existence of lacunas in the Ghanaian legislations. Furthermore, a comparative assessment with South Africa supports an understanding that conditions are not ripe for full utilisation of all the flexibilities. It further argues that the utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities by Ghana has been rendered ineffective due to administrative, political, economic and social challenges which adversely affects the full utilisation of the flexibilities incorporated and those yet to be incorporated. It is therefore important that Ghana adopts holistic approaches taking into consideration best practices if the TRIPS flexibilities must be effectively utilised. This mini-thesis concludes that, the TRIPS flexibilities are necessary for accessing essential medicines in Ghana to promote the right to health and that a review of Ghana’s current legislations to fully incorporate the TRIPS flexibilities and addressing other non-legal challenges are the required linchpin for effective utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities.
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Dias, Claudia Regina Cilento. ""Medicamentos genéricos no Brasil: 1999 a 2002. Análise da legislação, aspectos conjunturais e políticos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6135/tde-26112003-223713/.

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Os genéricos surgiram na década de 60 nos Estados e são medicamentos que, no geral, são mais baratos que os inovadores; por isso têm um papel importante no controle e diminuição dos preços dos medicamentos. Os preços mais baixos devem-se a economia com o desenvolvimento e testes clínicos pois esses investimentos já foram realizados pela empresa detentora do medicamento inovador. Em 1999 com a promulgação da Lei 9.787, foi instituída a política de Medicamentos Genéricos no Brasil. A nova Legislação introduziu uma série de inovações e exigências na produção, testes de qualidade e bioequivalência, prescrição, dispensação e preços de medicamentos. Houve reações contrárias iniciais para as quais o Governo teve que tomar medidas regulamentadoras para tentar corrigir os problemas que surgiram. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar as situações que levaram a adoção de tais medidas e sua eficácia. Propõem-se fazer uma analise das mudanças da Legislação de medicamentos genéricos no Brasil durante o período de 1999 a 2002 tendo como pano de fundo as características do mercado farmacêutico brasileiro e as reações do mercado. Para tanto, foram utilizadas notícias em jornais de grande circulação, bem como entrevistas com membros do órgão regulador e da indústria farmacêutica. A legislação brasileira será ainda analisada sob a óptica das recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde a fim de termos parâmetros qualitativos para averiguar a sua qualidade e finalmente analisar a influência da mídia e da política nos resultados obtidos pelos genéricos. As alterações da Legislação mostraram-se um artifício interessante para auxiliar o processo de implantação dos genéricos no Brasil e auxiliaram na obtenção dos resultados positivos obtidos no processo de implantação dos genéricos.
Generics first appeared in the United States in the 1960’s, and they are medications which, by and large, are less expensive than the innovative ones. This is why they have an important role in controlling and reducing medication prices. The lower prices are due to the savings with development and clinical tests, since these investments have already been made by the innovative medication proprietor. In 1999, with the promulgation of Law 9.787, a Generic Medication policy was instituted in Brazil. The new Legislation introduced a series of production innovations and demands, product quality and bioequivalence tests, as well as medication prescriptions, dispensations and pricing practices. Initial contrary reactions and problems occurred, forcing the Government to make corrective regulatory measures. This research project aims at analyzing both the conditions that lead to such measures being taken and their efficacy. The proposal herein is to analyze the changes made to the generic medication Legislation in Brazil between 1999 and 2002, keeping the Brazilian pharmaceutical market characteristics and market reactions as a backdrop and also relying on articles published in the major newspapers and on interviews made with members of both the regulation agency and of the pharmaceutical industry. The Brazilian Legislation will also be analyzed from the angle of the World Health Organization’s recommendations in order to provide qualitative parameters to evaluate its quality and, finally, to analyze media and political influence in the results the generic medications reached. Legislation manipulation revealed to be an interesting device to assist in the generic implanting process in Brazil and helped in reaching the positive results obtained in such process.
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Mennesson, Stéphane. "Les droits sur choses de genre." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0041/document.

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Cette étude a pour objet de démontrer la possibilité d'existence de droits sur des choses de genre, c'est-à-dire sur des choses définies de manière générale et d'exposer ensuite ses implications. Cette hypothèse est traditionnellement écartée par la théorie des biens, qui n'admet l'existence de droits de propriété et de droits réels que sur des choses individuellement déterminées. Le principe d'une réservation de choses génériquement déterminées est pourtant concevable et mérite, dans ces conditions, être reconnu. Les conséquences principales de cette reconnaissance sont au nombre de deux. Les droits sur choses de genre présentent tout d'abord la particularité de pouvoir survivre à la confusion de la chose qui constitue leur assiette. Ils présentent également la particularité plus remarquable de pouvoir, dans un assez grand nombre d'hypothèses, survivre à la disparition matérielle ou juridique de la chose qui en constitue l'objet
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of existence of rights over generic things, i.e things whose constitution is determined in consideration of generic features, and to present its implications. Property law has, historically, never admitted the fact that a right could be established on things other than those which are individually determined, and can be refered to as "this" thing. Rights over generic things are, nevertheless, a reality and therefore deserved to be recognized. They have two main characteristics. First of all, they have the ability to survive the mixing of their object with other identical things. They can also, in a rather important number of cases, survive the material or juridical loss of their object
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Khalil, Sarah. "Skyddet av geografiska ursprungsbeteckningar : en immaterialrättslig figur sui generis." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2566.

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Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.

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Cantuaria, Patricia Lucia Martins Cardoso. "Using Sui generis systems and biopartnerships to provide protection for plant genetic resources : a balance of stakeholder interests, rights and duties; case study Brazil." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364443.

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Williams-Jones, Bryn. "Embodiment, property, and the patenting of human genetic material." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ29520.pdf.

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Sacco, Solomon Frank. "A comparative study of the implementation in Zimbabwe and South Africa of the international law rules that allow compulsory licensing and parallel importation for HIV/AIDS drugs." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1100.

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"Zimbabwe and South Africa are facing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of such proportions that the populations of these countries will markedly decline in the next ten years despite the existence of effective drugs to treat the symptoms of AIDS and dramatically lower the communicability of the virus. These drugs are under patent protection by companies in the developed world and the patents raise the prices above the level of affordability for HIV infected persons in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has declared a national emergency on HIV/AIDS, apparently in conformance with TRIPS and has issued compulsory licenses to a local company that has started to manufacture and sell cheap anti-retroviral drugs. South Africa has not declared a national emergency and has not invoked the TRIPS flexibilities or utilized flexibilities inherent in its own legislation. However, while thousands of people die every week in the two countries, neither government has yet provided an effective HIV/AIDS policy. Extensive litigation and public pressure in South Africa has led the government to announce a policy of supplying free HIV drugs in public hospitals while the Zimbabwean government has announced the provision of the same drugs, also in public hospitals, apparently utilising the state of emergency. The TRIPS agreement under which the two governments undertook to protect international patents allows compulsory licensing under certain circumstances (not limited to a national emergency) and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and subsequent agreements by the Ministerial Council of the WTO allow the manufacture and, in limited circumstances, the parallel importation of generic drugs. These provisions provide a theoretical mechanism for poor countries to ensure their citizens' rights of access to health (care). The research is aimed at identifying the extent of the effectiveness of the legal norms created by Articles 20 and 31 of TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and subsequent Council of Ministers' decisions, which together ostensibly provide a framework to allow provision of generic drugs. It is further aimed at investigating how the state of emergency in Zimbabwe has been utilised to provide cheap generic drugs to Zimbabweans and whether this would be an option for South Africa. A comparison of the legal provisions governing the provision of drugs in the two countries will also be undertaken to examine the extent to which international and national constitutional and legal provisions may be utilised to give effect to the right to health." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the American University in Cairo.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Most, Michael Thomas. "PRIVATIZING AGRICULTURAL GENETICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS AND IMPLICATIONS OF CREATING PROPERTY FROM A ONCE RES NULLIUS PUBLIC GOOD." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/544.

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For milennia, agricultural genetics were common-pool, open access (or res nullius) resources, unencumbered by the assignment of property rights. Beginning in 1930, a series of legislative and judicial actions incrementally altered the legal definition of agricultural genetics and, ultimately, permitted the application of utility patents to a resource that was once free to all. In the factitious process of creating ownable property from that which was previously shared, the potential consequences of privatizing these res nullius resources were often unanticipated, underappreciated or entirely dismissed. Ramifications include not only the widely publicized concerns of environmental contretemps and the potentially insalubrious effects of consuming transgenic foods, but also more obscure implications, many of which are economically counterproductive and socially undesirable (e.g., promoting farmers onto a technology treadmill that requires them to implement successive iterations of evolving technologies or risk becoming noncompetitive; creating hostilities between technology adopters and non-adopting farmers which, in turn, complexifies social relationships and diminishes the quality of rural life; encouraging questionable corporate behaviors; promoting strategic hold-ups whereby broadly applied patents constrain the widespread use of licenses and consequently inhibit further evolution of technologies, and; creating patent thickets that produce bottlenecks, slow innovation, and increase transaction costs). Proponents of biotechnology seek to strengthen the inchoate property to the point of adoption by minimizing or negating controversial aspects while emphasizing potentially positive outcomes. Opposing interests attempt to exploit potentially negative implications or outcomes in an attempt to weaken the propertization to the point of abandonment. (According to Radin (2000b), the term, propertization, refers to the creation of property, often intangible, or at least less tangible than traditional chattel assets, through a socially sanctioned, uncertain and malleable process.) The success of any attempt to privatize agricultural genetics is not assured, and opportunistic stakeholders opposing or promoting the creation of the property will attempt to exploit this incertitude to influence the outcome of the inchoate propertization. Thus, unlike ownership of conventional, tangible properties (e.g., land or chattel), the successful (or, equally, unsuccessful) privatization of agricultural genetic sequences is dependent upon the process of creating the property, itself. Employing grounded theory methodologies, this dissertation analyzes five case studies to develop a unique model describing the uncertain process of creating property from agricultural genetics and facilitate explaining why certain propertization attempts are successful while others are not.
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Books on the topic "Generic property"

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Pharmaceutical patent issues: Interpreting GATT : hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session ... S. 1277, a bill to provide equitable relief for the generic drug industry, and for other purposes, February 27, and March 5, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Philipp, Marc P. Intellectual property related generic defense strategies in the European pharmaceutical market: Implications of the EU Commission's sector inquiry from an IP, competition law and economic perspective. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011.

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ICANN generic top-level domains (gTLD): Hearing before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, May 4, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.

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Kazeeva, Iana. Sui Generis Intellectual Property Protection. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8897-6.

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Treacy, Gerald B. Community property: General considerations. [Washington, D.C.]: Tax Management Inc., 2005.

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Khalil, Mohamed H. Property rights, biotechnology, and genetic resources. Nairobi, Kenya: ACTS Press, African Centre for Technology Studies, 1992.

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1931-, Eberhart Steve A., and Crop Science Society of America., eds. Intellectual Property Rights III Global Genetic Resources: Access and Property Rights. Madison, Wis: Crop Science Society of America, 1998.

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Property & casualty: General insurance primer. Dix Hills, NY: Werbel Pub. Co., 1997.

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Virginia Law Foundation. Committee on Continuing Legal Education. and Virginia State Bar. Intellectual Property Law Section., eds. Intellectual property for the general practitioner. [Richmond, Va.]: Virginia Law Foundation, 1988.

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Organization, World Intellectual Property. General information. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Generic property"

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Atkinson D.Phil EPA C Chem. FRSC, Jonathan D. M. "Intellectual Property: The Patent Landscape Viewed from Generic and Originator Perspectives." In Early Drug Development, 691–720. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527801756.ch26.

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Byer, Amanda. "Blackstone and the Externalisation of Landscape." In Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies, 27–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31994-5_4.

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AbstractThe idea of absolutist ownership in land, introduced in William Blackstone’s influential work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, is the subject of this chapter. Blackstone’s reframing of intrinsic aspects of the landscape as external encumbrances burdening the individual landowner is discussed as the watershed moment that terminated property’s social function. Blackstone applied the generic feudal pyramid of tenures to England, without considering the lived-in experiences of local communities and their ancient way of life that varied and complicated feudal practices. The chapter examines the role of the new landowning class in Parliament, which passed the Enclosure Acts to enclose common land as private property, thereby using the law to dismantle common rights and functioning local communities, and legitimise exclusion as a feature of property.
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Kori, Mayuko, Natsuki Urabe, Shin-ya Katsumata, Kohei Suenaga, and Ichiro Hasuo. "The Lattice-Theoretic Essence of Property Directed Reachability Analysis." In Computer Aided Verification, 235–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13185-1_12.

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AbstractWe present LT-PDR, a lattice-theoretic generalization of Bradley’s property directed reachability analysis (PDR) algorithm. LT-PDR identifies the essence of PDR to be an ingenious combination of verification and refutation attempts based on the Knaster–Tarski and Kleene theorems. We introduce four concrete instances of LT-PDR, derive their implementation from a generic Haskell implementation of LT-PDR, and experimentally evaluate them. We also present a categorical structural theory that derives these instances.
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Wüthrich, Mario V., and Michael Merz. "Deep Learning." In Springer Actuarial, 267–379. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12409-9_7.

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AbstractThe core of this book are deep learning methods and neural networks. This chapter considers deep feed-forward neural (FN) networks. We introduce the generic architecture of deep FN networks, and we discuss universality theorems of FN networks. We present network fitting, back-propagation, embedding layers for categorical variables and insurance-specific issues such as the balance property in network fitting, as well as network ensembling to reduce model uncertainty. This chapter is complemented by many examples on non-life insurance pricing, but also on mortality modeling, as well as tools that help to explain deep FN network regression results.
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Abate, Carmine, Roberto Blanco, Ștefan Ciobâcă, Adrien Durier, Deepak Garg, Cătălin Hrițcu, Marco Patrignani, Éric Tanter, and Jérémy Thibault. "Trace-Relating Compiler Correctness and Secure Compilation." In Programming Languages and Systems, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_1.

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AbstractCompiler correctness is, in its simplest form, defined as the inclusion of the set of traces of the compiled program into the set of traces of the original program, which is equivalent to the preservation of all trace properties. Here traces collect, for instance, the externally observable events of each execution. This definition requires, however, the set of traces of the source and target languages to be exactly the same, which is not the case when the languages are far apart or when observations are fine-grained. To overcome this issue, we study a generalized compiler correctness definition, which uses source and target traces drawn from potentially different sets and connected by an arbitrary relation. We set out to understand what guarantees this generalized compiler correctness definition gives us when instantiated with a non-trivial relation on traces. When this trace relation is not equality, it is no longer possible to preserve the trace properties of the source program unchanged. Instead, we provide a generic characterization of the target trace property ensured by correctly compiling a program that satisfies a given source property, and dually, of the source trace property one is required to show in order to obtain a certain target property for the compiled code. We show that this view on compiler correctness can naturally account for undefined behavior, resource exhaustion, different source and target values, side-channels, and various abstraction mismatches. Finally, we show that the same generalization also applies to many secure compilation definitions, which characterize the protection of a compiled program against linked adversarial code.
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Safari, Mohsen, and Marieke Huisman. "A Generic Approach to the Verification of the Permutation Property of Sequential and Parallel Swap-Based Sorting Algorithms." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 257–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63461-2_14.

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Kaller, Thomas, Alexander Doehring, Stefan Hickel, Steffen J. Schmidt, and Nikolaus A. Adams. "Assessment of RANS Turbulence Models for Straight Cooling Ducts: Secondary Flow and Strong Property Variation Effects." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 309–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_20.

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Abstract We present well-resolved RANS simulations of two generic asymmetrically heated cooling channel configurations, a high aspect ratio cooling duct operated with liquid water at $$Re_b = 110 \times 10^3$$ and a cryogenic transcritical channel operated with methane at $$Re_b = 16 \times 10^3$$. The former setup serves to investigate the interaction of turbulence-induced secondary flow and heat transfer, and the latter to investigate the influence of strong non-linear thermodynamic property variations in the vicinity of the critical point on the flow field and heat transfer. To assess the accuracy of the RANS simulations for both setups, well-resolved implicit LES simulations using the adaptive local deconvolution method as subgrid-scale turbulence model serve as comparison databases. The investigation focuses on the prediction capabilities of RANS turbulence models for the flow as well as the temperature field and turbulent heat transfer with a special focus on the turbulent heat flux closure influence.
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Stasi, Alessandro. "Property Law." In General Principles of Thai Private Law, 183–219. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2191-6_4.

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Thorand, Fabian, and Jurriaan Hage. "Higher-Ranked Annotation Polymorphic Dependency Analysis." In Programming Languages and Systems, 656–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_24.

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AbstractThe precision of a static analysis can be improved by increasing the context-sensitivity of the analysis. In a type-based formulation of static analysis for functional languages this can be achieved by, e.g., introducing let-polyvariance or subtyping. In this paper we go one step further by defining a higher-ranked polyvariant type system so that even properties of lambda-bound identifiers can be generalized over. We do this for dependency analysis, a generic analysis that can be instantiated to a range of different analyses that in this way all can profit.We prove that our analysis is sound with respect to a call-by-name semantics and that it satisfies a so-called noninterference property. We provide a type reconstruction algorithm that we have proven to be terminating, and sound and complete with respect to its declarative specification. Our principled description can serve as a blueprint for making other analyses higher-ranked.
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Ishtiaq, Muhammad, Muhammad Waqas Mazhar, Mehwish Maqbool, Muhammad Ajaib, Tanveer Hussain, Mahnoor Muzamil, and Mubashir Mazhar. "Biosafety, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and Protection (IPP)." In Genetic Engineering, 1–22. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003378273-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Generic property"

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Hu, Vincent C., D. Richard Kuhn, and Tao Xie. "Property Verification for Generic Access Control Models." In 2008 IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euc.2008.22.

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Yanni, Guo, Xu Genqi, and Yang Lingling. "Riesz Basis Property for Generic Network of Strings." In 2007 Chinese Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2006.4347543.

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Jones, Dumont M., Kim F. Ferris, Bobbie-Jo M. Webb-Robertson, Joan T. Muellerleile, and Roger W. Hyatt. "Generic materials property data storage and retrieval for the semiconducting materials knowledge base." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Ralph B. James, Larry A. Franks, and Arnold Burger. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.830146.

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Megahed, Sandra, Karl Michael Krämer, Christoph Heinze, Christian Konterman, Annett Udoh, Stefan Weihe, and Matthias Oechsner. "Development and Evaluation of Generic Test Pieces for Creep Property Assessment of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Components." In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-102193.

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Abstract Metal Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) allows for high degrees of design freedom and the manufacture of high temperature Ni-based materials, such as IN738LC. The PBF-LB/M microstructure is dependent on several factors, including process parameters, component geometry, build orientation and post-processing steps (e.g. heat treatment). The correlation between the resulting microstructure and these parameters is material specific and not yet fully understood. In this study, the development of a Specimen Extraction Cube (SEC), based on a generic component with design aspects related to turbomachinery applications, is presented. The SEC allows for the extraction of three samples, one for each of the build orientations: 0° (perpendicular to build direction), 45° (diagonal) and 90° (parallel to build direction). Specimens extracted from the SEC are mechanically tested and compared to witness samples manufactured in 0°, 45° and 90° build orientation. Particular focus is placed on correlating measured properties and their variations with heat treated microstructures. Creep testing was performed using 240 MPa and a temperature of 850 °C. Microstructural differences and hence differences in mechanical properties are found in extracted and witness samples.
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Lokagariwar, Dhaval, and Bernhard Bettig. "Purely Declarative Feature-Based Design With Feature Type Property Maintenance." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57360.

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Commercial feature-based design systems are based on describing the design model in some form of sequential representation of primitive shapes and operations called features. In these systems, the overall design process, the behavior of building blocks and the characteristics of the final model, are governed by the construction sequence. These systems do not check for the conformity of the final shape with the actual design intent of features, and allow their design and engineering intent to be altered during the design process. The research work presented here describes a new design methodology and feature representation for facilitating a design environment that is independent of any construction order or constraint-based dependencies and provides a mechanism for maintaining design and engineering intent of the design features. The methodology works by dynamically evaluating the features using a planning algorithm such that the validity of each feature is maintained. These are intended to serve as a generic template that can be used to design and develop specific design features and CAD software systems.
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Turski, M., P. J. Bouchard, M. Smith, L. Edwards, and P. J. Withers. "Spatially Resolved Materials Property Data From a Cross-Weld Tensile Test." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26613.

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This work involves the determination of uniaxial stress-strain data from ‘cross-weld’ specimens machined from across a 3 pass welded generic 316 type austenitic stainless steel grooved plate test specimen, using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). ESPI has been applied as a novel surface strain mapping tool for measuring the mechanical properties of uniaxial tensile test specimens with heterogenous microstructures. Using this technique, proof stresses have been measured at different distances from the centre of a manual metal arc (MMA) weld, using a single cross-weld specimen. Mechanical properties were measured using cross-weld specimens taken across a first pass and third pass weld bead, thus allowing the effect of subsequent weld passes on a single weld bead to be quantified. Measurements indicate 0.2% proof stress values more than 100 MPa higher in the first pass weld bead compared to the third pass. This is due to the higher levels of accumulated plastic strain in the first pass weld bead, as a result of thermo-mechanical cycling associated with subsequently deposited weld passes.
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van Esch, Hans, and Ernst Herren. "High Temperature Braze Repair for Compressor Blades." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-372.

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This summary describes the repair and refurbishment process development for a set of compressor blades that suffered from heavy pitting corrosion. The objective was to restore the surface of the corroded blades and regain fatigue strength, while maintaining the proper airfoil profile. Metallurgical evaluation during the development and refurbishment indicated where improvements were needed and later on controlled the progress of the repair. Mechanical tests, such as fatigue and hardness, were performed to ensure that mechanical property criteria were met following the complete refurbishment of the blades. The resulting repair scheme is generic and can be used on most types of gas turbine compressor blades.
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Xie, X., and X. Xue. "A Modeling Study of Porous Electrode Property Effects on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85244.

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A two-dimensional isothermal mathematical model is developed for an anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The model takes into account the complex coupling effects of multi-physics processes including mass transfer, charge (ion/electron) transport, and electrochemical reaction. The SOFC multi-physics processes are numerically linked to SOFC global performance such as polarization curve. The model is validated using polarization curve as a metric with the experimental data from open literature. Since triple phase boundary reaction zone may vary from the vicinity of the electrolyte all the way to the entire electrode depending on selected materials and fabrication process, the effects of anode active reaction zone with different volumes are investigated comprehensively for a generic button cell using the developed mathematical model. The tradeoff design between active reaction zone volumes and other design parameters such as porosity and tortuosity of electrodes are also examined. Results show that porous composite electrode properties have very complex effects on SOFC performance. The results may provide a valuable guidance for high performance SOFC design and fabrication.
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Cao, Xinlin, and Yong Zeng. "Detecting Risk of Intellectual Property (IP) Leakage due to Reverse Design in Collaborative Product Development Environments." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48278.

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Intellectual Property (IP) leakage during collaborative product development is drawing more and more attentions nowadays. Unlike most of existing research, which is focused on the effect of IP leakage on the supply chain’s material and information flows, we propose a reverse design based conceptual model of information leakage during collaborative product development environments. In addition, a generic extensible framework is proposed to detect and estimate the IP leakage due to reverse design. Specifically, we propose an inference model to obtain inferred knowledge based on public knowledge and shared knowledge. We also present an algorithm to detect potential IP leakage due to reverse design in collaborative product development environments when potential competition may exist between a product partner and the manufacturer. An industrial example is used to demonstrate the problem and our proposed approach.
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Lee, Evan J., Christine C. Schleicher, Craig F. Merrill, Anne M. Fullerton, Jayson S. Geiser, Charles R. Weil, Jason R. Morin, et al. "Benchmark Testing of Generic Prismatic Planing Hull (GPPH) for Validation of CFD Tools." In SNAME 30th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2017-0023.

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Model tank testing with the intent for verification and validation of numerical simulations carries its own unique set of challenges. As a part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) project to obtain better physical understanding of the dynamic response of high speed craft, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, (NSWCCD), United States Naval Academy (USNA) and University of Iowa have been comparing experimental results and CFD predictions of planing hulls. To obtain a comprehensive set of model scale experimental data for assessing of CFD tools, a representative planing hull with a realistic bow shape, the Generic Prismatic Planing Hull (GPPH), was designed by NSWCCD. The GPPH is based on a notional full–scale hull about 12.8 m (42.8 ft) long with a 15.9 metric ton (35,000 lb) displacement. A detailed study of the model performance in calm water was conducted at NSWCCD. These calm water tests were used for the verification and validation of the CFD tools. Uncertainty analysis was conducted to provide confidence intervals on the experimental results. Uncertainty analysis was also performed on the mass property measurements, demonstrating the level of bias uncertainty associated with establishing the model baseline. The experimental uncertainty was combined with the numerical uncertainty to determine the validation uncertainty, which provides a benchmark for validating CFD tools. The calm water CFD predictions show agreement with the experimental results.
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Reports on the topic "Generic property"

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Waite, William M., and Basim M. Kadhim. A General Property Storage Module. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada447758.

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Andrews, Lori, B. Complex Genetic Disorders and Intellectual Property Rights Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895052.

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Minero Alejandre, Gemma. Ownership of Databases: Personal Data Protection and Intellectual Property Rights on Databases. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64578.

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When we think on initiatives on access to and reuse of data, we must consider both the European Intellectual Property Law and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The first one provides a special intellectual property (IP) right – the sui generis right – for those makers that made a substantial investment when creating the database, whether it contains personal or non-personal data. That substantial investment can be made by just one person, but, in many cases, it is the result of the activities of many people and/or some undertakings processing and aggregating data. In the modern digital economy, data are being dubbed the ‘new oil’ and the sui generis right might be con- sidered a right to control any access to the database, thus having an undeniable relevance. Besides, there are still important inconsistences between IP Law and the GDPR, which must be removed by the European legislator. The genuine and free consent of the data subject for the use of his/her data must remain the first step of the legal analysis.
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Lutz, Carsten, and Maja Miličić. A Tableau Algorithm for DLs with Concrete Domains and GCIs. Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.150.

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We identify a general property of concrete domains that is sufficient for proving decidability of DLs equipped with them and GCIs. We show that some useful concrete domains, such as temporal one based on the Allen relations and a spatial one based on the RCC-8 relations, have this property. Then, we present a tableau algorithm for reasoning in DLs equipped with such concrete domains.
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Borgwardt, Stefan, Felix Distel, and Rafael Peñaloza. Gödel Description Logics: Decidability in the Absence of the Finitely-Valued Model Property. Technische Universität Dresden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.199.

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In the last few years there has been a large effort for analysing the computational properties of reasoning in fuzzy Description Logics. This has led to a number of papers studying the complexity of these logics, depending on their chosen semantics. Surprisingly, despite being arguably the simplest form of fuzzy semantics, not much is known about the complexity of reasoning in fuzzy DLs w.r.t. witnessed models over the Gödel t-norm. We show that in the logic G-IALC, reasoning cannot be restricted to finitely valued models in general. Despite this negative result, we also show that all the standard reasoning problems can be solved in this logic in exponential time, matching the complexity of reasoning in classical ALC.
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Баттахов, П. П. Договоры о передаче исключительных прав на объекты промышленной собственности с участием социальных предприятий. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1818-1538-2021-55669.

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The article considers contractual designs aimed at transferring exclusive rights to industrial property. The problem of the contractual process was identified when concluding a contract on the transfer of a set of exclusive rights. Based on the study, a number of changes to Russian laws have been proposed. First of all, this applies to a commercial concession contract. The author proposes to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by supplementing the article on commercial concession with the right of organizations that do not conduct commercial activities to conclude the same contracts on a general basis. The appropriateness of applying the classification of transactions into real and consensual ones in relation to this contract is justified. The peculiarities of transfer of the complex of exclusive rights to objects of industrial property with participation of social enterprises under the legislation of the Russian Federation are studied.
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Mucke, Hermann. D6.5 Generic guideline for conducting an extended FtO analysis and FtO analyses for all intended clinical trials. REPO4EU, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58647/repo4eu.202300d6.5.

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This document provides the generic methodology and specific resource access points to conduct a freedom-to-operate (FtO) analysis tailored to the needs of a drug repurposing project. It has been compiled based on the extensive experience the author has accumulated with many projects of this type. Its most valuable feature is that it can be executed with minimal technical resources (only web access is required) and can be conducted internally up to the point where potentially critical findings (if any) are discussed with a patent attorney. When conducted properly this method actually improves the relevance of the analysis because no patent attorney can be expected to be fully familiar with all scientific aspects of a repurposing project. Despite its simplicity it integrates easily into the REPO4EU drug repurposing platform as a module that draws mostly on internal resources, and involves minimal expenses. While patent searches form the dominant motive, we also discuss how suitable suppliers can be recruited, an issue that is particularly important when the active ingredient is reformulated (as mostly will be the case).
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Dietrich, Anna Mracek. Unsettled Topics in the General Aviation Autonomy Landscape. SAE International, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022004.

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The extent of automation and autonomy used in general aviation (GA) has been accelerating dramatically. This has huge potential benefits for safety given that 75% of accidents in personal and on-demand GA are due to pilot error. However, an approach to certifying autonomous systems that relies on reversionary modes limits their potential to improve safety. Placing a human pilot in a situation where they are suddenly tasked with flying an airplane in a failed situation, often without sufficient situational awareness, is overly demanding. This, coupled with advancing technology that may not align with a deterministic certification paradigm, creates an opportunity for new approaches to certifying autonomous and highly automated aircraft systems. Unsettled Topics in the General Aviation Autonomy Landscape discusses how these new approaches must account for the multifaceted aviation approach to risk management which has interlocking requirements for airworthiness and operations (including training and airspace integration). If implemented properly, autonomy can take GA safety to the next level while simultaneously increasing the number and variety of aircraft and transportation options they provide.
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Courtright, E. L. CRADA with the General Motors Corporation and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNL-042): Processing/Property Relationships in Centrifugally Cast AL-MMCs Gears. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770366.

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Carrión-Tavárez, Ángel, Luz N. Fernández-López, and Juan Lara. Free Market in Puerto Rico 2022. Institute for Economic Liberty, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13584005.

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The general objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of the main principles of economic liberty and free market, and the affinity with them in Puerto Rico. A questionnaire was constructed and administered that included the dimensions “current situation,” “economic liberty,” “free market,” “individual liberty,” “rule of law,” “property rights,” “limited government,” “challenges of free market,” “moral agency,” “social welfare,” and “meritocracy.” In addition, a ranking of a series of principles of economic liberty and free market was created, according to their importance to participants and the functioning of those principles in Puerto Rico.
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