Journal articles: 'Generational variation'

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Tse, Holman. "Variation and change in Toronto heritage Cantonese." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 124–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.2.2.02tse.

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Abstract This paper presents the first sociophonetic study of Cantonese vowels using sociolinguistic interview data from the Heritage Language Variation and Change in Toronto Corpus. It focuses on four allophones [iː], [ɪk/ɪŋ], [uː], and [ʊk/ʊŋ] of two contrastive vowels /iː/ and /uː/ across two generations of speakers. The F1 and F2 of 30 vowel tokens were analyzed for these four allophones from each of 20 speakers (N = 600 vowel tokens). Results show inter-generational maintenance of allophonic conditioning for /iː/ and /uː/ as well as an interaction between generation and sex such that second-generation female speakers have the most retracted variants of [ɪk/ɪŋ] and the most fronted variants of [iː]. This paper will discuss three possible explanations based on internal motivation, phonetic assimilation, and phonological influence. This will illustrate the importance of multiple comparisons (including inter-generational, cross-linguistic, and cross-community) in the relatively new field of heritage language phonology research.

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Erhard, Karl F., Susan E. Parkinson, Stephen M. Gross, Joy-El R. Barbour, Jana P. Lim, and Jay B. Hollick. "Maize RNA Polymerase IV Defines trans-Generational Epigenetic Variation." Plant Cell 25, no. 3 (March 2013): 808–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.107680.

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Policarpio, Monica Renee, Jeconiah Louis Dreisbach, Ana Grace R. Masalunga, Arvir Redondo, and Feorillo Petronilo A. Demeterio III. "Generational and Gender Differences on the Perception of the Attractiveness of the Darker Skin Complexion by Filipinos in Metro Manila." Revista Colombiana de Psicología 31, no. 2 (July 18, 2022): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v31n2.100516.

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Filipinos are said to have high esteem for the lighter skin complexion, and lower esteem for the darker one. By manipulating the skin colors some digitally created photographs of non-existent models, this paper empirically and quantitatively explored this Filipino attitude by surveying 527 respondents from Metro Manila, the metropolitan capital of the Philippines. This research was able to validate the Filipinos’ higher esteem for lighter skin complexion in general. However, generational variation was detected in the sense that Generation x respondents have a higher esteem for the lighter skin complexion, while Generation z respondents no longer have. Furthermore, gender variation was also detected in the sense male respondents have a wider divergence on how they highly esteem the lighter skin complexion against the darker one, compared to their female counterparts. This paper is significant in empirically documenting this Filipino esteem for the lighter skin color, as well as in pointing out that such esteem is shaped by generational and gender variations among the respondents.

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D.A., Ogolla, Kidombo H., and Senaji T.A. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN KENYAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS FIRMS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): 348–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i7.2018.1315.

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Employee retention is a major challenge facing many organizations today. The understanding of Generational differences at the workplace has been identified as a key requirement in implementing measures for effective employee retention. Within the telecommunications firms in Kenya, the problem of employee retention is a major challenge to the telecommunications firms. This paper thus examines the effect of generational differences on the retention of engineers in telecommunications firms in Kenya from the generational theory and generational cohorts theory perspective. This study used the cross-sectional and descriptive survey research design. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. We found that there exist a statistically significant variation in employee retention across the generational cohorts as observed through employee engagement, job satisfaction and organizational commitment (continuance commitment, affective commitment and normative commitment). These findings extend the theory regarding employees’ retention and have implication for employee retention practices which should be differentiated across the generational cohorts.

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Kennard, Holly. "Morphosyntactic and morphophonological variation in Breton: a cross-generational perspective." Journal of French Language Studies 29, no. 2 (July 2019): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269519000115.

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AbstractLike France’s other regional languages, Breton has seen a steep decline, followed by a period of revitalization in recent decades. Today there are two largely separate communities of speakers: older, traditional speakers who grew up speaking Breton at home, and younger speakers, generally from French-speaking homes, most of whom have learnt Breton through immersion schooling. It is claimed that this ‘Neo-Breton’ differs from the language of older speakers, lexically, phonologically and grammatically. This article examines morphosyntactic (impersonal) and morphophonological (mutation) data to explore exactly how Neo-Breton differs from that of traditional speakers, and how the variability in the data might be explained. The data show that contrary to what might be expected, new speakers do not differ greatly from older, traditional speakers in these areas. Influence from French is more subtle than might be supposed. Children and teenagers who attend Breton-medium schooling seem to show an extended period of acquisition, but the data from adult new speakers suggests that with enough Breton input, these young speakers can reach full proficiency. However, as the number of older speakers decreases, Breton seems likely to see more widespread language change.

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Freed, Gary L., Matthew M. Davis, Dianne C. Singer, Acham Gebremariam, Sara L. Schultz, Amilcar Matos-Moreno, and Mark Wietecha. "Variation in Generational Perceptions of Child Health and Well-being." Academic Pediatrics 18, no. 4 (May 2018): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.09.004.

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Habib, Rania. "Syrian Arabic negators' structural and social variation: Evidence from a supralocal-negation variety." Journal of Arabic Sociolinguistics 1, no. 1 (March 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/arabic.2023.0003.

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This study empirically investigates the structural and social variation of five negators, maa ‘not’, muu ‘not’, laʔ ‘no’, laa ‘no/imperative not’, and wa-laa ‘(and) no/not/imperative not’, in the naturally occurring Syrian Arabic speech of 72 speakers. It quantitatively analyzes the frequency of all possible grammatical/pragmatic functions and/or following structural contexts for each negator; whether certain negators favor certain functions/contexts; and whether generational, sex, and/or age differences exist. The findings show correlation between certain negators and certain functions/contexts. The most frequent negator, maa, occurs most frequently in four contexts, yet shows encroachment on muu’s contexts. The differences in laʔ’s, laa’s, and wa-laa’s functions/contexts, despite some similarities, and ability to operate independently support treating them separately. Sex, age, and/or generational differences emerged as statistically significant regarding the use of some negators. The generational differences of children using more laʔ and adults more laa reflect societal norms that disfavor children giving commands or sounding authoritative yet allow emphatic/assertive negation with the more forcefully sounding laaʔ. The findings have implications for teachers and learners of Arabic regarding implementing these negators in real-life interactions. They also show that negators may have unexpected meanings and functions and may occur favorably in contexts where they are unexpected.

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Cai, Lin, Yating Xu, Kaiqi Zhang, Caiya Zhang, and Zhengzhe Xiang. "A New Measurement of Global Equity in a Sustainability Perspective: Examining Differences from Space and Time Dimensions." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159769.

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With the increasing development gap, how to measure global equity in the perspective of sustainability has become an essential issue nowadays. To examine the intra-generational equity from the space dimension and the inter-generational equity from the time dimension, a new measurement of global equity in a sustainability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a comprehensive assessment index of regional development and an index of regional equity are constructed based on panel data using an entropy weight method (EVW) and a coefficient of variation method (CVM). Secondly, the intra-generational equity within different continents and echelons and the inter-generational equity in seven fields over the last 30 years are analyzed. Lastly, the global equity index for the next 10 years is predicted based on a panel data autoregressive model. The results of the study will be a reference for global equity strategies.

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Krępuła, Natalia. "Funkcjonowanie nazw dawnych zwyczajów gospodarskich we współczesnym języku mieszkańców Kawczyna (gm. Drawsko, pow. czarnkowsko-trzcianecki) – pierzak, dożynki, szczeblik." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 80/1 (December 29, 2023): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2023.80.9.

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The article analyzes changes over time (temporal variation) in the name of three old farming habits: pierzak, dożynki and szczeblik. The author analyzed the materials obtained today in terms of generational diversity and compared them with archival data – Adam Tomaszewski and Atlas of the language and folk culture of Greater Poland. The analyzes showed that the generational differentiation is insignificant among the surveyed informants, while the chronological changes of the surveyed names show a varying degree of transformation.

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Hite, Dwight M., Joshua J. Daspit, and Xueni Dong. "Examining the influence of transculturation on work ethic in the United States." Cross Cultural Management 22, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm-12-2013-0190.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of cultural assimilation – termed “transculturation” – on work ethic perceptions, thus this study examines trends in work ethic across ethnic and generational groups within the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Following a literature review on work ethic, ethnicity, and transculturation, an analysis of variance based on 873 survey responses is presented. The sample includes undergraduate and graduate students at several public universities within the USA. Findings – An empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that the variation of work ethic perceptions within the Millennial generation is significantly less than the variation among older generations. The authors find no significant difference in general work ethic perceptions among Millennial ethnic groups. Research limitations/implications – While the study is conducted using a convenience sample, the demographics are closely representative of the USA labor force. The results suggest that Millennials, while a more diverse ethnic population, exhibit less variation among work ethic perceptions than earlier generational groups. Practical implications – Understanding differences in work ethic perceptions across various ethnic groups is valuable for managers interested in designing jobs that appropriately exploit the full value of a multi-generational workforce. Originality/value – The findings of this study offer new insights into how more recent generations, while more ethnically diverse, exhibit a convergence in perceptions of work ethic.

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Newlin-Łukowicz, Luiza. "From interference to transfer in language contact: Variation in voice onset time." Language Variation and Change 26, no. 3 (October 2014): 359–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394514000167.

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AbstractThis study examines cross-generational differences in the realization of an English phonological contrast by bilingual Polish Americans in New York City. I analyze the production of voice onset time (VOT) in underlying stops, as intinandden, and stops derived from interdental fricatives, as in [t]in forthinand [d]en forthen, in an English-only reading task. Generation one exhibits VOT “interference” for both stop types, with a bias toward interference for voiced stops. Generation two “transfers” Polish-like VOTs to derived stops. I argue that the cross-generational progression from theglobaleffects of interference to thefocusedpresence of transfer is filtered through L1 markedness and reflects speakers' growing sensitivity to L2 phonology and social considerations. The observed asymmetries in the distribution of interference/transfer are unaccountable by existing models of L2 acquisition and motivate a view of L1/L2 phonetic categories as governed by a variable grammar with access to phonological and social information.

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Wang, Shizhe. "The Variation of the Meaning of Emojis Taking WeChats stickers as an Example." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/3/2022659.

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The study of the semantics of emoji is, in general, considered from a static perspective. Even when emoji are studied from a dynamic perspective, generational differences are rarely taken into account. An analysis of five typical and controversial emoji in this paper reveals a significant age gap of the usage of emoji.

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Portela, Rubén, Bi-Cheng Dong, Fei-Hai Yu, Rodolfo Barreiro, Sergio R. Roiloa, and Dalva M. Silva Matos. "Trans-generational effects in the clonal invader Alternanthera philoxeroides." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz043.

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Abstract Aims Recent studies have revealed heritable phenotypic plasticity through vegetative generations. In this sense, changes in gene regulation induced by the environment, such as DNA methylation (i.e. epigenetic changes), can result in reversible plastic responses being transferred to the offspring generations. This trans-generational plasticity is expected to be especially relevant in clonal plants, since reduction of sexual reproduction can decrease the potential for adaptation through genetic variation. Many of the most aggressive plant invaders are clonal, and clonality has been suggested as key to explain plant invasiveness. Here we aim to determine whether trans-generational effects occur in the clonal invader Alternanthera philoxeroides, and whether such effects differ between populations from native and non-native ranges. Methods In a common garden experiment, parent plants of A. philoxeroides from populations collected in Brazil (native range) and Iberian Peninsula (non-native range) were grown in high and low soil nutrient conditions, and offspring plants were transplanted to control conditions with high nutrients. To test the potential role of DNA methylation on trans-generational plasticity, half of the parent plants were treated with the demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine. Important Findings Trans-generational effects were observed both in populations from the native and the non-native ranges. Interestingly, trans-generational effects occurred on growth variables (number of ramets, stem mass, root mass and total mass) in the population from the native range, but on biomass partitioning in the population from the non-native range. Trans-generational effects of the population from the native range may be explained by a ‘silver-spoon’ effect, whereas those of the population from the non-native range could be explained by epigenetic transmission due to DNA methylation. Our study highlights the importance of trans-generational effects on the growth of a clonal plant, which could help to understand the mechanisms underlying expansion success of many clonal plants.

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Jacewicz, Ewa, Robert Allen Fox, and Joseph Salmons. "Cross-generational vowel change in American English." Language Variation and Change 23, no. 1 (March 2011): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000219.

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AbstractThis study examines cross-generational changes in the vowel systems in central Ohio, southeastern Wisconsin, and western North Carolina. Speech samples from 239 speakers, males and females, were divided into three age groups: grandparents (66–91 years old), parents (35–51), and children (8–12). Acoustic analysis of vowel dynamics (i.e., formant movement) was undertaken to explore variation in the amount of spectral change for each vowel. A robust set of cross-generational changes in /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ɑ/ was found within each dialect-specific vowel system, involving both their positions and dynamics. With each successive generation, /ɪ, ɛ, æ/ become increasingly monophthongized and /ɑ/ is diphthongized in children. These changes correspond to a general anticlockwise parallel rotation of vowels (with some exceptions in /ɪ/ and /ɛ/). Given the widespread occurrence of these parallel chainlike changes, we term this development the “North American Shift,” which conforms to the general principles of chain shifting formulated by Labov (1994) and others.

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Ray Chaudhuri, Bikramjit. "Generational Variation of the Antecedents of Corporate Sustainability Strategies in Family Firms." Academy of Management Proceedings 2019, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 10279. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.10279abstract.

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Zielińska, Sylwia, Mariola Dąbrowska, Weronika Kozłowska, Danuta Kalemba, Renata Abel, Andrzej Dryś, Antoni Szumny, and Adam Matkowski. "Ontogenetic and trans-generational variation of essential oil composition in Agastache rugosa." Industrial Crops and Products 97 (March 2017): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.009.

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Carter, Phillip M., and Tonya Wolford. "Cross-generational prosodic convergence in South Texas Spanish." Spanish in Context 13, no. 1 (April 14, 2016): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.1.02car.

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This study investigates variation in the prosodic system of Spanish in the speech of three generations of Mexican Americans living in a Mexican American-majority community in South Texas, United States, characterized by high levels of bilingualism and long-term, sustained contact between languages. Low and Grabe’s (1995) Pairwise Variability Index was used to quantify prosodic rhythm in the Spanish and the English of community members across generations in order to: (1) assess differences between contact and non-contact varieties of Spanish, (2) investigate the cross-generational stability of prosodic rhythm in the community, and (3) ascertain the type of influence from English, if any, on Spanish prosody. Findings show that while the oldest generations maintain separate systems of rhythm in Spanish and English, the youngest generation demonstrates prosodic convergence.

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Callahan, Erin. "Interlanguage and Cross-Generational Assimilation: Past Tense Unmarking in Hispanicized English." Journal of English Linguistics 45, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424217702948.

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This study analyzes an emerging variety of North Carolina Hispanicized English in terms of the grammatical variable of past tense marking. It compares variation in Durham, North Carolina, Hispanicized English at increasing lengths of residency to generational varieties of Hispanicized English in a comparison sample, another contact-influenced ethnic variety of English, spoken by a longstanding Chicano community in south Texas. In this way, it tests the hypothesis that interlanguage (socio)linguistic development may in fact recapitulate generational changes in different sociodemographic speech settings. Results indicate that for the speakers in this study, the -t/-d variable indicates not only the constraints of the phonological process of deletion, but two morphosyntactic constraints: (1) the effects of verb class and (2) a grammatical process of past tense unmarking.

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Brainer, Amy. "New Identities or New Intimacies? Rethinking ‘Coming Out’ in Taiwan through Cross-Generational Ethnography." Sexualities 21, no. 5-6 (March 30, 2017): 914–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460716677282.

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In this article, the author analyzes the emergence of a ‘coming out’ discourse in Taiwan and the generational variation in its relevance for queer lives. Drawing from fieldwork with gender and sexually nonconforming people ranging in age from their 20s to their 70s, she argues that dominant identity-based frameworks are inadequate for understanding how and why this discourse has emerged in Taiwan at this historical moment. The findings point instead to generational shifts in familial interdependency and intimacy, which require new and hybridized strategies for managing gender and sexuality within families. This article highlights the importance of placing the small but growing body of work on LGBT family of origin relationships in conversation with theories of parenthood, kinship and family change.

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Ray Chaudhuri, Bikramjit. "Generational Variation in the Antecedents of Environmental and Social Sustainability in Family Firms." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 11718. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.11718abstract.

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Duan, Yihan, and Guoxi Zhang. "The Emerging Consciousness of Citizens’ Rights in China: Interest Recognition and Generational Variation." Journal of Contemporary China 30, no. 127 (May 15, 2020): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766905.

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DeBolt, Seth. "Copy Number Variation Shapes Genome Diversity in Arabidopsis Over Immediate Family Generational Scales." Genome Biology and Evolution 2 (January 1, 2010): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evq033.

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Yi, Xiang, Barbara Ribbens, Linna Fu, and Weibo Cheng. "Variation in career and workplace attitudes by generation, gender, and culture differences in career perceptions in the United States and China." Employee Relations 37, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-01-2014-0005.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare and understand how age, gender and culture affect individual career and work-related attitudes in Chinese and American samples. Design/methodology/approach – Online and printed questionnaires were administered to employees and managers in China, whereas in the USA, faculty, staff and students at a Midwestern university responded to an online survey. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect data. Independent sample t-tests were conducted to test the hypothesis. Findings – The study showed different work values and attitudes in the workplace between Chinese and the US samples, and indicated the specifics influences that national culture has on them. Culture affects generational changes; generational differences in the US sample are bigger than in Chinese sample; work values differ across generations and cultures; traditional gender role differences persist more strongly across generations in Chinese sample than in the US sample. Research limitations/implications – Generalizability issues; cross-sectional data. Practical implications – US-based multi-national corporations need to understand these differences and better manage their diverse employees operating in China. Originality/value – This study compared generation, culture and gender differences simultaneously; parallel groups at similar life stages were used by basing the boundaries of each generation on the distinct cultural events of each nation. This approach is more consistent with generation definitions than by using influential specific events of each country, respectively. Useful to managers, it will provide guidance for understanding work values and attitudes across gender and generations in the USA and China. Most benefit will occur for US based multinational companies that have Chinese operations, and manage employees with cultural, gender and generational differences.

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Urnikyte, Alina, Laura Pranckeniene, Ingrida Domarkiene, Svetlana Dauengauer-Kirliene, Alma Molyte, Ausra Matuleviciene, Ingrida Pilypiene, and Vaidutis Kučinskas. "Inherited and De Novo Variation in Lithuanian Genomes: Introduction to the Analysis of the Generational Shift." Genes 13, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13040569.

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Most genetic variants are rare and specific to the population, highlighting the importance of characterizing local population genetic diversity. Many countries have initiated population-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies. Genomic variation within Lithuanian families are not available in the public databases. Here, we describe initial findings of a high-coverage (an average of 36.27×) whole genome sequencing for 25 trios of the Lithuanian population. Each genome on average carried approximately 4,701,473 (±28,255) variants, where 80.6% (3,787,626) were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and the rest 19.4% were indels. An average of 12.45% was novel according to dbSNP (build 150). The WGS structural variation (SV) analysis identified on average 9133 (±85.10) SVs, of which 95.85% were novel. De novo single nucleotide variation (SNV) analysis identified 4417 variants, where 1.1% de novo SNVs were exonic, 43.9% intronic, 51.9% intergenic, and the rest 3.13% in UTR or downstream sequence. Three potential pathogenic de novo variants in the ZSWIM8, CDC42EP1, and RELA genes were identified. Our findings provide useful information on local human population genomic variation, especially for de novo variants, and will be a valuable resource for further genetic studies, and medical implications.

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Alfaraz, Gabriela G. "Accusative object marking." Spanish in Context 8, no. 2 (November 8, 2011): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.8.2.02alf.

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Although accusative object marking has been widely studied in Spanish, there do not appear to be sociolinguistic studies addressing its variation and possible change, despite evidence of loss of the marker from Dominican Spanish. This paper describes the findings of a study on the marking of human accusative objects in Cuban Spanish that compared two time periods and two generational cohorts with spoken data from the 1960s and 1990s. A significantly lower rate of object marking was found for the later time period, as well as similar rates for one generational cohort studied at both times. The findings of a logistic regression analysis suggested that loss of the object marker is a change in progress constrained by definiteness of the object. It is shown that the pattern found here for Cuban Spanish is more similar to Old Spanish than to Modern Spanish.

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Priest, Nicholas K., Deborah A. Roach, and Laura F. Galloway. "Cross-generational fitness benefits of mating and male seminal fluid." Biology Letters 4, no. 1 (November 6, 2007): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0473.

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In many species, the physical act of mating and exposure to accessory gland proteins (Acps) in male seminal fluid reduces female survival and offspring production. It is not clear what males gain from harming their sexual partners or why females mate frequently despite being harmed. Using sterile strains of Drosophila melanogaster that differ in their production of Acps, we found that both the physical act of mating and exposure to male seminal fluid in mothers increase the fitness of daughters. We show that the changes in daughter fitness are mediated by parental effects, not by sexual selection involving good genes or owing to variation in maternal egg production. These results support the idea that male harm of females might partly evolve through cross-generational fitness benefits.

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Bowen, Gary L., and Peter A. Neenan. "Sex-Role Orientations among Married Men in the Military: The Generational Factor." Psychological Reports 62, no. 2 (April 1988): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.2.523.

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Drawing upon a probability sample of 928 US Air Force married men from 24 bases worldwide, the present study examined the extent to which variation in sex-role orientation is age-related. Parallel to findings in the civilian community, younger men in the military, as compared to their more senior peers, reported more egalitarian attitudes toward the roles of men and women in marriage and society.

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Van Hofwegen, Janneke. "Cross-generational change in /l/ in Chicano English." English World-Wide 30, no. 3 (September 25, 2009): 302–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.3.04van.

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The acoustic study of consonants has lagged considerably behind that of vowels. While a robust literature exists about vowel shifting, vowel quality, and the sociolinguistic significance of vowels, comparable literature is lacking for the acoustic quality of liquids. This study seeks to supplement the acoustic studies of vowels by analyzing characteristics of the liquid /l/ in its word-initial context. Traditionally, phonologists have subdivided /l/ into two allophones: dark and light, although current analysis has characterized these distinctions as gradient, not discrete. Word-initial /l/ is thought to be the canonically lightest variant of the phoneme, but cross-dialectal research has shown great acoustic variance in its phonetic realization. This case study aims to trace the phoneme through three generations of Chicano English speakers from South Texas, and to draw conclusions about how its variation among speakers and generations can shed light on other sociolinguistic phenomena, such as the persistence of substrate features from Spanish (with its characteristically light /l/s) or assimilation into mainstream American English dialects (with their characteristically dark /l/s). The study shows that there is indeed significant shift in the lightness of /l/ — independent of phonetic context — across the generations of speakers under examination. This result supports other studies that show notable assimilation with Anglo English varieties in earlier generations, but robust use of ethnically-marked phonological features among recent generations.

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Pereira, E. J. G., M. C. Picanço, L. Bacci, A. L. B. Crespo, and R. N. C. Guedes. "Seasonal mortality factors of the coffee leafminer, Leucoptera coffeella." Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, no. 4 (July 24, 2007): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307005202.

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AbstractSeasonal population fluctuation of the coffee leafminer, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville & Perrottet) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), led to an investigation of its natural mortality factors during the rainy season when the population level is low and during the dry season when population peaks occur. Life-table data were colleted from insecticide-free plots within a 3 ha coffee plantation on the upper, medium and lower canopy. Leafminer mortality was similar among the canopy parts but varied in the two seasons studied. During the rainy season, the generational mortality averaged 94.3%, with 50.2, 33.7 and 10.4% occurring during egg, larval and pupal stages, respectively. During the dry season, total mortality was 89%, with 13.2, 61.0 and 14.8% occurring during egg, larval and pupal stages, respectively. Marginal mortality rates during the rainy season were highest for physiological disturbances, rainfall and egg inviability; but, in the dry season, they were highest for predaceous wasps, physiological disturbances and parasitoids. Egg and larval stages accounted for most of the mortality variation in the rainy season, while the combination of larval and pupal mortality better described the generational mortality in the dry season. Variation in mortality during the rainy season was primarily associated with egg inviability, rainfall and parasitoids. In contrast, predatory wasps and physiological disturbances were the main factors associated with mortality variation during the dry season. These results suggest that weather conditions, natural enemies and plant quality attributes are the main determinants of the population dynamics of L. coffeella.

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Jacewicz, Ewa, and Robert Allen Fox. "The effects of cross-generational and cross-dialectal variation on vowel identification and classification." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 2 (February 2012): 1413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3676603.

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Barringer, M. N., J. E. Sumerau, and David A. Gay. "Generational Variation in Young Adults’ Attitudes toward Legal Abortion: Contextualizing the Role of Religion." Social Currents 7, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496520905020.

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Recent sociological research has addressed a wide range of attitudinal, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors that influence attitudes toward legal abortion. Young adulthood is an important life stage for the development of attitudes and behaviors that are likely to influence individuals over time. Several life course theorists in psychology, social psychology, and sociology hold views consistent with this idea. We use a cohort comparison to evaluate the extent to which attitudes among young adults vary by cohort/historical epoch. We examine the influence of religious preference and participation on support for legal abortion across three birth cohorts controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables. Using data from the General Social Survey, we compare abortion attitudes and religious predictors of these attitudes across three generational cohorts—Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials. Our findings indicate (1) differences between cohorts, (2) variation in the influence of religion on abortion attitudes among young adults socialized in different time periods, and (3) consistency and inconsistency in relation to sociodemographic effects across cohorts. These findings suggest that part of the continuity of abortion debates in U.S. society reflects changes whereby young adults became less supportive of legal abortion after the Baby Boomer cohort.

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Gondra, Ager. "Cross-generational syntactic variation in Mundaka Basque: the influence of the language of instruction." Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 47, no. 2 (May 18, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/asju.18682.

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This article examines syntactic variation in relative clause (RC) constructions in Mundaka Basque among two groups of Mundaka Basque speakers. The language of instruction the Mundaka Basque speakers had in school draws the line that separates the two populations: the first group (Mundaka Basque I) had Spanish as the language of instruction and no Basque as a subject, while the second one (Mundaka Basque II) had Standard Basque as the language of instruction and Spanish as a subject. The results of an experiment involving a cloze test show that differences in production between these populations depends on the grammaticality of RCs with an indirect object or adjunct gap and a subject or direct object RC head: for Mundaka Basque I relativization under this configuration is grammatical, while for Mundaka Basque II, it is not. This variation is due to simplification of relativization accessibility in Mundaka Basque II caused by Standard Basque.

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Sroka, Wojciech, Michał Dudek, Tomasz Wojewodzic, and Karol Król. "Generational Changes in Agriculture: The Influence of Farm Characteristics and Socio-Economic Factors." Agriculture 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9120264.

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The increasing importance of large cities (metropolises) poses a range of challenges to the socio-economic functions of the rural and agricultural areas around them. One such challenge is pressure exerted on family-run farms to abandon agricultural activity and on people engaged in such activity to shift to other sectors. This may be a hindrance to successful succession on family farms. The aim of this paper is to present spatial variation in generational changes in farms located around large cities (metropolises) in Poland and to assess the factors affecting the scale of such changes. Special attention was paid to the importance of the location of farms relative to large cities. One innovative feature of the approach presented was to conduct an analysis of generational changes in the agricultural sector at the supra-local level along with an attempt to quantify the impact of large urban centers on that process. The empirical material based on which the conclusions were formulated included official statistics data and information made available by an institution engaged in the implementation of agricultural policy programs financed from European Union (EU) funds, i.e., young farmer payments (Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) pillar I) and measures “Setting up of young farmers” and “Early retirement” (CAP Pillar II). In the executed study, methods of descriptive and multivariate statistics, including regression trees, were used. It was found that socio-economic (exogenous) factors had a significant statistical impact on generational changes in farms. In areas with an attractive labor market and a high level of urbanization, a successful generational shift in farms occurred less often. Nonetheless, generational changes in the agriculture of the analyzed areas were relatively most strongly determined by endogenous factors linked with the economic potential of the farm. Farm characteristics (area of agricultural land and economic size) and the characteristics of managers, including in particular their education, were found to be more important than exogenous factors. In areas where large and economically strong farms dominated and the level of education among farmers was relatively high, generational changes were faster compared to other areas.

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Council, LaToya D., Chelsea Johnson, Karina Santellano, and Hajar Yazdiha. "Linking Contexts, Intersectionality, and Generations: Toward a Multidimensional Theory of Millennials and Social Change." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121420914294.

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While millennials are culturally homogenized as a unitary group, scholarly work has examined the complex historical, economic, and social challenges that shape millennials’ heterogeneity. This paper draws on three studies to build on this work, showing how millennials experience and enact social change across different spaces: beauty politics and the natural hair movement, black men shaping new masculinities at work and home, and undocumented students navigating institutions of higher education. We show how different groups of millennials bridge and forge new communities, generate hybridized identities that challenge fixed conceptions of identity, and develop new mechanisms for changing the world around them. From findings that highlight the complexity of intra-group and intra-generational experience, we argue for a multidimensional theory of millennials and social change that links contexts, intersectionality, and generational transmission. Such a framework offers a more systematic way to conceptualize variation as it shapes contentious politics and social change.

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Cai, Yaxi, and Xiaodong Yang. "Sediment Variation Characteristics of Major Rivers in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 5, no. 5 (September 28, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v5i5.2519.

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The sediment sequence analysis of Mann-Kendall method based on major rivers of 10 hydrological station in the middle reaches of the Yellow River [1]. The results show that: The main rivers in the middle reaches of the Yellow River hydrologic station sediment overall showed a trend of decreased significantly. Sediment discharge of all stations except Gao Jiachuan station have reached the maximum in 1956-1969s [2-3]. Among various hydrologic station sediment discharge of inter-generational are generally shows the tendency of reducing year by year. Calculate the sediment transport of major river basin of Yellow River, which average is 0.63.

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Szołtysek, Mikołaj, Sebastian Klüsener, Radosław Poniat, and Siegfried Gruber. "The Patriarchy Index: A New Measure of Gender and Generational Inequalities in the Past." Cross-Cultural Research 51, no. 3 (March 21, 2017): 228–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117697666.

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This article presents a new measure of family-driven age- and gender-related inequalities. This composite measure, which we call the Patriarchy Index, combines a range of variables related to familial behavior that reflect varying degrees of sex- and age-related social inequality across different family settings. We demonstrate the comparative advantages of the index by showing how 266 historical populations from the Atlantic coast of Europe to Moscow scored on the patriarchy scale. We then compare the index with contemporary measures of gender discrimination, and find a strong correlation between historical and current inequality patterns. Finally, we explore how variation in patriarchy levels across Europe is related to the socioeconomic and institutional characteristics of the regional populations, and to variation across these regions in their degree of demographic centrality and environmental conditions. The results confirm previous findings that family organization is a crucial generator of social inequality, and point to the importance of considering the historical context when analyzing the current global contours of inequality.

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Knooihuizen, Remco. "Variation in Faroese and the development of a spoken standard: In search of corpus evidence." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 37, no. 1 (May 2014): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586514000079.

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Although Faroese exhibits extensive linguistic variation and rapid social change, the language is near-uncharted territory in variationist sociolinguistics. This article discusses some recent social changes in Faroese society in connection with language change, focusing in particular on the development of a de facto spoken standard, Central Faroese. Demographic mobility, media and education may be contributing to this development in different ways. Two linguistic variables are analysed as a first step towards uncovering the respective roles of standardisation, dialect levelling and dialect spread as contributing processes in the formation of Central Faroese: morphological variation in -st endings and phonological variation in -ir and -ur endings. The analysis confirms previously described patterns of geographically constrained variation, but no generational or stylistic differences indicative of language change are found, nor are there clear signs that informants use Central Faroese. The results may in part be due to the structure of the corpus used.

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FARR-WHARTON, ROD, BEN FARR-WHARTON, YVONNE BRUNETTO, and FERRUCCIO BRESOLIN. "THE ROLE OF GENERATIONAL COHORTS: COMPARING APPROACHES TO INNOVATION USING INTERNAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Innovation Management 18, no. 04 (July 9, 2014): 1450028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919614500285.

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This paper uses a range of theories to compare the use of internal networks for seeking the next innovative idea by two countries experiencing different examined the effect of variation in macroeconomic conditions to determine motivational differences between SME owners/managers in Australia and Italy. The paper used interviews from SME owner/managers from Italy and Australia. The findings confirm a small generational cohort impact across the two countries in affecting how SMEs owner/managers perceive information from their employees. However, the strongest predictor of whether information from employees was perceived as a potential innovation is the norms of the SME owner/manager, irrespective of the country.

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Pascual y Cabo, Diego. "Examining the role of cross-generational attrition in the development of Spanish as a heritage language." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15057.pas.

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Abstract The goal of this article is to contribute to the literature on heritage speaker bilingualism by weighing in on the current debate regarding the source(s) of heritage speaker linguistic differences. Focusing on Spanish dative experiencers -gustar-like verbs-, I report on production and comprehension data from heritage speaker children and adults, from monolingual children and adults, as well as from adult bilingual immigrants. The results show (i) comprehension differences from expected outcomes for all heritage groups but not for the adult monolingual and bilingual control groups, and (ii) significant variation in the adult bilingual immigrant group’s production of the dative marker ‘a’ in obligatory contexts. I posit that this variation is at least in part responsible for the heritage speaker outcomes observed.

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Asadpour, Hiwa. "Cross-dialectal diversity in Mukrī Kurdish I: Phonological and phonetic variation." Journal of Linguistic Geography 9, no. 1 (April 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2021.1.

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AbstractThis article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.

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Aryal, Badri, Durga Devkota, and Naba Raj Devkota. "Inter-generational Mobility in Occupations of People in Rural Nepal." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8 (December 31, 2019): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v8i0.27298.

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This paper attempts to investigate the causal factors for occupational variation between father and son using Nepalese data from rural context. A well-structured questionnaire schedule was used to collect information from a total of 385 father son pairs in Gajuri rural municipality of Province No 3 in Dhadingdistrict of Nepal. Information was collected from those father and/or son, the senior son of a father who was married at the time of interview and whose father was alive. Three sets of variables were isolated as having an effect on the occupational relationships between father and son; father's characteristics, son’s characteristics and household characteristics. Findings revealed that three fifths of all sons adopted occupations different than their fathers. Chi-square statistics revealed a statistically significant relationship between occupation of father and occupation of son revealing a high level of occupational persistence in between generations. Binary logistic regression revealed that sons of the fathers holding salaried job/business and trades as well as those having wage labour are more likely to catch father’s occupation than the sons of farmers. Among all explanatory measures, sons' own level of education and migration experiences are powerful determinant for whether son adopts occupations different than their fathers or not.

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Andrade, Maureen Snow, and Jonathan H. Westover. "Generational differences in work quality characteristics and job satisfaction." Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 6, no. 3 (December 3, 2018): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-03-2018-0020.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to determine if job satisfaction increases with age, and if this is consistent across countries; and second, if individuals belonging to the same age cohort, who experience similar life conditions and events and have been posited to share common attitudes and behaviors, differ in terms of job satisfaction, and if this difference is comparable across countries. Design/methodology/approach The study provides a comparative analysis of the impact of age and generational differences on job satisfaction globally, based on non-panel longitudinal data from the most recent wave of the International Social Survey Program (Work Orientations IV, 2015). Findings Age has a positive statistically significant impact on job satisfaction (e.g. the older you get, the more satisfied you are with your job). However, the same analysis with each specific age cohort indicates that age is only statistically significant with the baby boomers. Statistically significant cross-generational differences exist in the levels of job satisfaction across generations and cross-generational differences in the determinants of job satisfaction. Most differences are seen between the silent generation and the other three age cohorts. Originality/value Previous comparative studies have found that job satisfaction across generations, even within the same or similar countries, shows little variation. Research measuring the relationship between age and job satisfaction indicates three key contradictory findings – satisfaction increases with age, decreases with age, or no relationship exists. The current large-scale, global study updates and extends previous research by exploring similarities and differences in job satisfaction and work quality characteristics by age cohort, with a global sample.

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Anwar, Adeem Ali, and Irfan Younas. "Optimization of Many Objective Pickup and Delivery Problem with Delay Time of Vehicle Using Memetic Decomposition Based Evolutionary Algorithm." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 29, no. 01 (February 2020): 2050003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213020500037.

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The pickup and delivery problem (PDP) is a very common and important problem, which has a large number of real-world applications in logistics and transportation. In PDP, customers send transportation requests to pick up an object from one place and deliver it to another place. This problem is under the focus of researchers since the last two decades with multiple variations. In the literature, different variations of PDP with different number of objectives and constraints have been considered. Depending on the number of objectives, multi and many-objective evolutionary algorithms have been applied to solve the problem and to study the conflicts between objectives. In this paper, PDP is formulated as a many-objective pickup and delivery problem (MaOPDP) with delay time of vehicle having six criteria to be optimized. To the best of our knowledge, this variation of PDP has not been considered in the literature. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a memetic I-DBEA (Improved Decomposition Based Evolutionary Algorithm), which is basically the modification of an existing many-objective evolutionary algorithm called I-DBEA. To demonstrate the superiority of our approach, a set of experiments have been conducted on a variety of small, medium and large-scale problems. The quality of the results obtained by the proposed approach is compared with five existing multi and many-objective evolutionary algorithms using three different multi-objective evaluation measures such as hypervolume (HV), inverted generational distance (IGD) and generational distance (GD). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has significant advantages over several state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of the quality of the obtained solutions.

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Jiang, Ling, and Juan Shan. "Heterogeneity of luxury value perception: a generational comparison in China." International Marketing Review 35, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 458–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-12-2015-0271.

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Purpose Despite the growing research regarding consumer luxury value perception and their influence on luxury consumption behavior in different cultural contexts, there is little research investigating the cultural variation toward luxury within different generations in a given society. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationships among Confucian propriety, luxury value perception, and purchase intention of luxury brands, and especially how these relationships differ between young and older consumers in a Chinese context. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a questionnaire survey in China. A multi-group structural equation model was used to test the conceptual model and research hypotheses. Findings The results show that the effects of functional value and social value on purchase intention of luxury brands are stronger for older generations than younger ones, while the effects of self-identity and hedonic value on purchase intention are stronger for younger generations than older ones. The Confucian propriety relates positively to the functional value and social value; however, these effects are more salient for older consumers. Originality/value The results of this study reveal the evolution of luxury consumption values and behaviors of Chinese consumers, suggesting that marketers should no longer label Chinese luxury consumers with common behaviors. It is also recommended that marketers of luxury brands in China should adapt this shifting attitude and respond actively to the expectations of different generations.

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Miatto, Veronica, Amber Leon, Tia Rosales, and Kaitlin Stephen. "Gemination variation in three varieties of regional Italian." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018917.

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Consonant gemination in Italian is phonologically distinctive, being acoustically realized with consonant closure duration and duration of the preceding vowel as primary cues. Southern varieties of Italian have been claimed to geminate more than Northern varieties. The purpose of these study is to analyze variation in gemination in two Northern varieties of Italian (Veneto Italian and Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italian) and Neapolitan Italian, spoken in the South. Moreover, generational variation will be analyzed for Venetian speakers. The study involved 40 speakers: 10 young speakers per region and 10 older speakers from Veneto. The speakers read aloud bisyllabic Italian words with voiceless stop geminates or singletons. Results show that there is no significant difference in gemination between younger (VY) and older Venetians (VO). This is surprising, as VO are more proficient in Venetian, a non-geminating language. Moreover, while VY and Friulian (F) speakers geminate similarly, a significant difference was found with how Neapolitan (N) speakers geminate, but not on whether N speakers geminate more than VY and F speakers. In fact, while VO and F geminate by lengthening the consonant closure more than shortening the preceding vowel, N speakers appear to shorten the preceding vowel much more than lengthening the consonant closure.

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BEES, M. A., O. ANGULO, J. C. LÓPEZ-MARCOS, and D. SCHLEY. "DYNAMICS OF A STRUCTURED SLUG POPULATION MODEL IN THE ABSENCE OF SEASONAL VARIATION." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 2006): 1961–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202506001777.

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We develop a novel, nonlinear structured population model for the slug Deroceras reticulatum, a highly significant agricultural pest of great economic impact, in both organic and non-organic settings. In the absence of seasonal variations, we numerically explore the effect of life history traits that are dependent on an individual's size and measures of population biomass. We conduct a systematic exploration of parameter space and highlight the main mechanisms and implications of model design. A major conclusion of this work is that strong size dependent predation significantly adjusts the competitive balance, leading to non-monotonic steady state solutions and slowly decaying transients consisting of distinct generational cycles. Furthermore, we demonstrate how a simple ratio of adult to juvenile biomass can act as a useful diagnostic to distinguish between predated and non-predated environments, and may be useful in agricultural settings.

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Kinslow, Kyle, Adel Elkbuli, and Mark McKenney. "Letter regarding: Variation in Courtesy Authorship Perceptions and Practices Among Modern Surgical Journals: The Generational Gap." Journal of Surgical Research 258 (February 2021): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.065.

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Chretien, R. D., and M. A. Persinger. "“Prefrontal Deficits” Discriminate Young Offenders from Age-Matched Cohorts: Juvenile Delinquency as an Expected Feature of the Normal Distribution of Prefrontal Cerebral Development." Psychological Reports 87, no. 3_suppl (December 2000): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3f.1196.

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A total of 36 male adolescent delinquents and 19 age-matched students from a male secondary school were administered several different performance-based tests. Although estimates of intelligence did not differ significantly between the groups, the incarcerated delinquents displayed more impulsivity, lower conceptual level, less conceptual flexibility, and poorer critical thinking than the reference group. The linear combination of only three variables, critical thinking, conceptual level, and numbers of errors during a conditioned spatial association task, correctly classified 89% of the 55 subjects. The results were considered consistent with the hypothesis that delayed or different development of complex functions associated with the left and (particularly) the right prefrontal cortices and their limbic inputs may be responsible for antisocial behavior. This variation will always be present due to the statistical variations in ontogeny and less than optimal parental structure within a consistent but small proportion of any generational cohort.

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Mehta, Neil K., Pekka Martikainen, and Agneta Cederström. "Age at Immigration, Generational Status, and Death Among Children of Immigrant Mothers: A Longitudinal Analysis of Siblings." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 7 (March 5, 2019): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz055.

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Abstract Studies have documented that age at immigration and generational status are important predictors of socioeconomic outcomes among children of immigrants. Whether these characteristics are related to long-term risk of death is unknown. Leveraging variation within sibships, we evaluated the association of age at immigration and generational status (i.e., first or second generation) with death among children of immigrant mothers to Sweden. Data included 272,429 individuals (126,701 sibships) aged 15 or more years from the total Swedish population followed between 1990 and 2009. Population-average and sibling fixed-effect regressions were estimated, with the latter controlling for unobserved factors shared by siblings. The foreign-born children of immigrants experienced a 17% higher risk of death than the Swedish-born children of immigrants. This excess risk was evident for external and nonexternal causes of death. In general, a graded association was not detected between age at immigration and death among the foreign-born individuals; however, those arriving during primary school ages appeared especially vulnerable. This study provides robust evidence that among children of immigrants, being foreign born was associated with a long-term death penalty compared with being born in the host country.

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Cabeza-Ramírez, L. Javier, Fernando J. Fuentes-García, M. Carmen Cano-Vicente, and Miguel González-Mohino. "How Generation X and Millennials Perceive Influencers’ Recommendations: Perceived Trustworthiness, Product Involvement, and Perceived Risk." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 1431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17040072.

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Previous literature has found underlying differences in purchasing behaviors, consumption habits, and Internet and social media usage between Generation X and Millennials. The activities and how users engage with consumer advice made by popular social media personalities can differ according to their age. Recent studies have shown that trust in the message transmitted by influencers is a critical factor in explaining the impact of consumer recommendations on their followers. However, so far there is little evidence of the possible variation according to the generational cohort to which they belong. This paper attempts to fill this gap by reviewing theoretical contributions on the relationships between perceived trustworthiness, perceived risk, product involvement, and purchase intention. Next, we proposed an exploratory model that analyzes the differences through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with multigroup analysis. The resulting hypotheses were tested on a sample of 116 Millennial and 135 Generation X influencer followers. The results confirmed moderating effects of the generational cohort on message credibility and purchase intention, as well as on Millennials’ risk perception. Additionally, social norm and gender were analyzed, and heterogeneity was found according to the level of social norm of the followers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Generational variation'

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