Academic literature on the topic 'Generational variation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Generational variation"
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Tse, Holman. "Variation and change in Toronto heritage Cantonese." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 124–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.2.2.02tse.
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Abstract This paper presents the first sociophonetic study of Cantonese vowels using sociolinguistic interview data from the Heritage Language Variation and Change in Toronto Corpus. It focuses on four allophones [iː], [ɪk/ɪŋ], [uː], and [ʊk/ʊŋ] of two contrastive vowels /iː/ and /uː/ across two generations of speakers. The F1 and F2 of 30 vowel tokens were analyzed for these four allophones from each of 20 speakers (N = 600 vowel tokens). Results show inter-generational maintenance of allophonic conditioning for /iː/ and /uː/ as well as an interaction between generation and sex such that second-generation female speakers have the most retracted variants of [ɪk/ɪŋ] and the most fronted variants of [iː]. This paper will discuss three possible explanations based on internal motivation, phonetic assimilation, and phonological influence. This will illustrate the importance of multiple comparisons (including inter-generational, cross-linguistic, and cross-community) in the relatively new field of heritage language phonology research.
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Erhard, Karl F., Susan E. Parkinson, Stephen M. Gross, Joy-El R. Barbour, Jana P. Lim, and Jay B. Hollick. "Maize RNA Polymerase IV Defines trans-Generational Epigenetic Variation." Plant Cell 25, no. 3 (March 2013): 808–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.107680.
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Policarpio, Monica Renee, Jeconiah Louis Dreisbach, Ana Grace R. Masalunga, Arvir Redondo, and Feorillo Petronilo A. Demeterio III. "Generational and Gender Differences on the Perception of the Attractiveness of the Darker Skin Complexion by Filipinos in Metro Manila." Revista Colombiana de Psicología 31, no. 2 (July 18, 2022): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v31n2.100516.
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Filipinos are said to have high esteem for the lighter skin complexion, and lower esteem for the darker one. By manipulating the skin colors some digitally created photographs of non-existent models, this paper empirically and quantitatively explored this Filipino attitude by surveying 527 respondents from Metro Manila, the metropolitan capital of the Philippines. This research was able to validate the Filipinos’ higher esteem for lighter skin complexion in general. However, generational variation was detected in the sense that Generation x respondents have a higher esteem for the lighter skin complexion, while Generation z respondents no longer have. Furthermore, gender variation was also detected in the sense male respondents have a wider divergence on how they highly esteem the lighter skin complexion against the darker one, compared to their female counterparts. This paper is significant in empirically documenting this Filipino esteem for the lighter skin color, as well as in pointing out that such esteem is shaped by generational and gender variations among the respondents.
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D.A., Ogolla, Kidombo H., and Senaji T.A. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN KENYAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS FIRMS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): 348–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i7.2018.1315.
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Employee retention is a major challenge facing many organizations today. The understanding of Generational differences at the workplace has been identified as a key requirement in implementing measures for effective employee retention. Within the telecommunications firms in Kenya, the problem of employee retention is a major challenge to the telecommunications firms. This paper thus examines the effect of generational differences on the retention of engineers in telecommunications firms in Kenya from the generational theory and generational cohorts theory perspective. This study used the cross-sectional and descriptive survey research design. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. We found that there exist a statistically significant variation in employee retention across the generational cohorts as observed through employee engagement, job satisfaction and organizational commitment (continuance commitment, affective commitment and normative commitment). These findings extend the theory regarding employees’ retention and have implication for employee retention practices which should be differentiated across the generational cohorts.
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Kennard, Holly. "Morphosyntactic and morphophonological variation in Breton: a cross-generational perspective." Journal of French Language Studies 29, no. 2 (July 2019): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269519000115.
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AbstractLike France’s other regional languages, Breton has seen a steep decline, followed by a period of revitalization in recent decades. Today there are two largely separate communities of speakers: older, traditional speakers who grew up speaking Breton at home, and younger speakers, generally from French-speaking homes, most of whom have learnt Breton through immersion schooling. It is claimed that this ‘Neo-Breton’ differs from the language of older speakers, lexically, phonologically and grammatically. This article examines morphosyntactic (impersonal) and morphophonological (mutation) data to explore exactly how Neo-Breton differs from that of traditional speakers, and how the variability in the data might be explained. The data show that contrary to what might be expected, new speakers do not differ greatly from older, traditional speakers in these areas. Influence from French is more subtle than might be supposed. Children and teenagers who attend Breton-medium schooling seem to show an extended period of acquisition, but the data from adult new speakers suggests that with enough Breton input, these young speakers can reach full proficiency. However, as the number of older speakers decreases, Breton seems likely to see more widespread language change.
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Freed, Gary L., Matthew M. Davis, Dianne C. Singer, Acham Gebremariam, Sara L. Schultz, Amilcar Matos-Moreno, and Mark Wietecha. "Variation in Generational Perceptions of Child Health and Well-being." Academic Pediatrics 18, no. 4 (May 2018): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.09.004.
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Habib, Rania. "Syrian Arabic negators' structural and social variation: Evidence from a supralocal-negation variety." Journal of Arabic Sociolinguistics 1, no. 1 (March 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/arabic.2023.0003.
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This study empirically investigates the structural and social variation of five negators, maa ‘not’, muu ‘not’, laʔ ‘no’, laa ‘no/imperative not’, and wa-laa ‘(and) no/not/imperative not’, in the naturally occurring Syrian Arabic speech of 72 speakers. It quantitatively analyzes the frequency of all possible grammatical/pragmatic functions and/or following structural contexts for each negator; whether certain negators favor certain functions/contexts; and whether generational, sex, and/or age differences exist. The findings show correlation between certain negators and certain functions/contexts. The most frequent negator, maa, occurs most frequently in four contexts, yet shows encroachment on muu’s contexts. The differences in laʔ’s, laa’s, and wa-laa’s functions/contexts, despite some similarities, and ability to operate independently support treating them separately. Sex, age, and/or generational differences emerged as statistically significant regarding the use of some negators. The generational differences of children using more laʔ and adults more laa reflect societal norms that disfavor children giving commands or sounding authoritative yet allow emphatic/assertive negation with the more forcefully sounding laaʔ. The findings have implications for teachers and learners of Arabic regarding implementing these negators in real-life interactions. They also show that negators may have unexpected meanings and functions and may occur favorably in contexts where they are unexpected.
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Cai, Lin, Yating Xu, Kaiqi Zhang, Caiya Zhang, and Zhengzhe Xiang. "A New Measurement of Global Equity in a Sustainability Perspective: Examining Differences from Space and Time Dimensions." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159769.
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With the increasing development gap, how to measure global equity in the perspective of sustainability has become an essential issue nowadays. To examine the intra-generational equity from the space dimension and the inter-generational equity from the time dimension, a new measurement of global equity in a sustainability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a comprehensive assessment index of regional development and an index of regional equity are constructed based on panel data using an entropy weight method (EVW) and a coefficient of variation method (CVM). Secondly, the intra-generational equity within different continents and echelons and the inter-generational equity in seven fields over the last 30 years are analyzed. Lastly, the global equity index for the next 10 years is predicted based on a panel data autoregressive model. The results of the study will be a reference for global equity strategies.
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Krępuła, Natalia. "Funkcjonowanie nazw dawnych zwyczajów gospodarskich we współczesnym języku mieszkańców Kawczyna (gm. Drawsko, pow. czarnkowsko-trzcianecki) – pierzak, dożynki, szczeblik." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 80/1 (December 29, 2023): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2023.80.9.
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The article analyzes changes over time (temporal variation) in the name of three old farming habits: pierzak, dożynki and szczeblik. The author analyzed the materials obtained today in terms of generational diversity and compared them with archival data – Adam Tomaszewski and Atlas of the language and folk culture of Greater Poland. The analyzes showed that the generational differentiation is insignificant among the surveyed informants, while the chronological changes of the surveyed names show a varying degree of transformation.
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Hite, Dwight M., Joshua J. Daspit, and Xueni Dong. "Examining the influence of transculturation on work ethic in the United States." Cross Cultural Management 22, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm-12-2013-0190.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of cultural assimilation – termed “transculturation” – on work ethic perceptions, thus this study examines trends in work ethic across ethnic and generational groups within the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Following a literature review on work ethic, ethnicity, and transculturation, an analysis of variance based on 873 survey responses is presented. The sample includes undergraduate and graduate students at several public universities within the USA. Findings – An empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that the variation of work ethic perceptions within the Millennial generation is significantly less than the variation among older generations. The authors find no significant difference in general work ethic perceptions among Millennial ethnic groups. Research limitations/implications – While the study is conducted using a convenience sample, the demographics are closely representative of the USA labor force. The results suggest that Millennials, while a more diverse ethnic population, exhibit less variation among work ethic perceptions than earlier generational groups. Practical implications – Understanding differences in work ethic perceptions across various ethnic groups is valuable for managers interested in designing jobs that appropriately exploit the full value of a multi-generational workforce. Originality/value – The findings of this study offer new insights into how more recent generations, while more ethnically diverse, exhibit a convergence in perceptions of work ethic.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Generational variation"
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Yu, Guo-Chiang. "Multi-platform film-viewing : Taipei audiences and generational variation." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515811.
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Thanks to the evolution of modern audiovisual technology, film audiences nowadays can enjoy the flexibility of watching movies at venues ranging from multiplex theatres to living rooms and bedrooms at home through various film-viewing platforms from broadcast television, cable movie channels, VCR, VCD, and DVD to internet downloading. With the increased amount of transnational audiovisual products imported over the years, Taiwanese audiences can also consume different types of films from different places in these ways. This thesis focuses on the relationship between different generations of film audiences and their 'film-viewing' practices via various viewing platforms, attempting to reveal the social, cultural and economic significance of their everyday practices, and frame them in the structure of the local film industry and the increasingly transnational local cinema culture. The project employs various qualitative research techniques to collect Taipei film audiences' own accounts of their quotidian film-viewing practices through currently available viewing platforms. This multi-platform approach to contemporary film audiences in today's digital-rich media environment contributes to this understudied field of film audience research. Furthermore, the empirical data on the 'film-viewing' practices of five age groups yields an understanding of the complicated interrelationships among film audiences, film texts and viewing platforms. On this basis, it is argued that the conventional 'audience-film' relationship studied in audience research should be reframed as the study of the 'audience-film-viewing platform' relationship.
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Garrison, Courtney. "Environmental Components of Phenotypic Variation Dietary and Trans-Generational Effects on Behavior." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28695.
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Phenotypic variation, or the total variation in a trait, and its components are of great importance in the fields of evolutionary and behavioral ecology. Phenotypic variation can be broken down into both environmental and genetic influences on that particular trait. However, due to an increasing trend of quantitative genetics in behavioral studies, researchers have begun to consider lesser studied components of phenotypic variation in addition to the commonly studied direct environmental and genetic influences. Some of these lesser studied components include maternal and paternal effects, or the effect that parental phenotype has on their offspring’s phenotype. In Chapter 1, I examine the impacts of direct environmental manipulation on cricket song production. For Chapter 2 however, instead of examining the direct environmental influence at the individual level, I examine, through meta-analysis, how the indirect environmental influences that occur at both the maternal and paternal level impact offspring phenotype across taxa.North Dakota State University. College of Science and Mathematics
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Ramos-Pellicia, Michelle Frances. "Language contact and dialect contact: cross-generational phonological variation in a Puerto Rican community in the midwest of the United States." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1101755688.
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He, Yun. "Politeness in contemporary Chinese : a postmodernist analysis of generational variation in the use of compliments and compliment responses." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9460.
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There is some evidence from scholarship that politeness norms in China are diversified. I maintain that a study aiming to provide systematic evidence of this would require an approach to politeness phenomena that is able to address such diversity. Drawing upon the insights of recent scholarship on the distinction between the modernist and postmodernist approaches to politeness, I survey relevant literature. I show that many current works on politeness argue that the modernist approach (Lakoff 1973/1975, Brown and Levinson 1987[1978], Leech 1983) generally tends to assume that society is relatively homogeneous with regard to politeness norms. By contrast, I demonstrate that the postmodernist approach to politeness (e.g. Eelen 2001, Mills 2003, Watts 2003) foregrounds the heterogeneity of society and the rich variability of politeness norms within a given culture. I argue that, by using a postmodernist approach to politeness, it is possible to show evidence of differences between groups of the Chinese in their politeness behaviour and the informing norms of politeness. I then explore this issue in depth by focusing on compliments and compliment responses (CRs). I show that studies on these speech acts in Chinese have to date tended to adopt a modernist approach to politeness and often assume a compliment and a CR to be easily identifiable. Moreover, I show that they do not address the heterogeneity of Chinese society and generally assume interactants to be homogeneous in terms of politeness norms that inform compliment and CR behaviours. On this basis, I raise the questions as to whether, by adopting a postmodernist rather than modernist approach, there is empirical evidence that politeness norms informing compliments and CRs vary among the Chinese, and whether these norms correlate with generation. v To this end, by audio-recording both spontaneous naturally occurring conversations and follow-up interviews, I construct a corpus of compliments and CRs generated by two generations of the Chinese brought up before and after the launch of China's reform. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of these data show that there is variation in compliment and CR behaviours in Chinese and the informing politeness norms. Furthermore, the result shows that this variation is correlated with generation. I then show how, by using a research methodology which emphasizes the interactants' perceptions obtained through follow-up interviews, my study brings to light problems with previous studies on compliments and CRs which hitherto are not addressed. By showing evidence that compliments and CRs are not as easy to identify as many previous researchers have indicated. I argue that my emic approach to data analysis provides a useful perspective on the complexity of intention in studies on speech acts and perhaps beyond. My study, therefore, makes an interesting contribution to the debate over this notion central to politeness research. Moreover, I argue my methodology which is able to categorize and analyze data according to participants' self-reported perceptions allows me to draw out differences in the two generations' compliment and CR behaviours and the informing politeness norms.
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Satyanti, Annisa. "A multi-scale exploration of the drivers and implications of germination strategy in Australian alpine plants." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143519.
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Alpine ecosystems are particularly sensitive to the effects of
global warming because they are characterized by species adapted
to low temperatures. Although adapted to low temperatures, alpine
plants may still be capable of persisting under a changing
climate and this will largely be dependent on the ability of
their seeds to germinate, establish and reproduce in situ, or
after dispersal to new sites. The effects of climate change on
regeneration from seeds may be influenced by intrinsic factors
such as seed longevity (how long seeds remain viable and able to
germinate after dispersal), or germination success (the
proportion of a seed population that will germinate following
exposure to future climate scenarios), and the seasonal timing of
germination. Germination strategy, among the earliest life
history traits expressed, reflects germination timing and pattern
across the progression of seasons after seed dispersal and I
therefore expected germination strategy would be a key trait
affecting the responses of species to climate change.
To examine seed longevity, which reflects the potential for
survival in a soil seed bank or in ex situ conservation, I
explored the seed intrinsic lifespan (longevity) and its
correlates across 56 species (Chapter 2). I showed that
Australian alpine seeds are short-lived, similar to alpine seeds
elsewhere and relatively shorter-lived compared to non-alpine
Australian seeds. Although relatively short-lived, the seeds do
survive long enough to form persistent soil seed banks. However,
it is unclear whether the conditions required for germination
will still be present in future climate scenarios. Thus, I
conducted experimental studies that investigated how germination
success in future climate scenarios will differ from germination
in ambient climate scenarios, and whether germination strategy
moderates the germination responses across 39 species (Chapter
3). This study highlights that when comparing across species,
germination strategy moderates the effect of changing climate on
germination success such that species with immediate germination
strategy that germinate readily after dispersal are less
sensitive to changing temperature and winter duration compared to
species with dormant seed components (staggered and postponed
strategies).
Since germination strategy is a significant factor in determining
the responses of species to climate change I also examined how
within-species variation in germination strategy might affect the
adaptability or plasticity of species in response to climate
change. I examined the germination strategy variation
within-species to specify the climate variables driving variation
in germination strategy in wild populations (Chapter 4). I found
that within the alpine herb Oreomyrrhis eriopoda, variation in
germination strategies is mainly determined by temperature
variability in the climate of origin. I also examined the
consequences of germination strategy on not just germination but
the whole plant life cycle, including early establishment,
vegetative and reproductive traits and phenology, under ambient
and future climate scenarios (Chapter 5). Under warmer soil
temperatures, survival was reduced, and lifetime (time to
senesce) and reproductive period were both condensed. Several
vegetative and reproductive traits were affected by warming and
the response indeed differed across germination strategies. This
reveals that within-species variation in germination strategy may
also enable species to express different patterns in life history
traits across development, not just germination timing. Lastly, I
also tested whether germination strategy is plastic across
generations. Intraspecific germination strategies in O. eriopoda
were not plastic across generations, even though labile in the
species.
The results highlight that across scales immediate species and
immediate populations are less constrained by changing climate.
What is interesting is the staggered germination strategy that
maintained seasonal variations in seedling emergence, at current
climate but also under future climate scenarios. Postponed
strategy also tend to maintain germination under warmer
germination temperatures, and hence, no shift in germination as
reported in alpine seed elsewhere is observed across Australian
alpine seeds. The germination strategy within species that is
observed to be a conserved trait and did not change with maternal
condition raises some questions. If germination strategy is not
plastic across generations, then why does recent climate matter?
Will germination strategy change when maternal conditions they
are exposed to repeated over a few more generations? And how do
the adult traits differ among the mothers?
Together, the findings of this thesis contribute to improved
understanding of alpine seed and seedling ecology, in particular
how among- and within-species variation in germination strategy
may influence species’ responses to climate change by affecting
germination success and contributing to the persistence of
species and/or populations. These findings have applied and pure
ecological and evolutionary relevance to Australia and will make
a substantive contribution to our global understanding of alpine
plants.
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Rebours, Marie-Alice. "Emprunts à l'anglais dans la terminologie du prêt-à-porter en France : entre distinction et appartenance : Etude sur corpus en diachronie 1952-2019." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO20091.
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La présente thèse consiste en une étude en diachronie de la terminologie du prêt-à-porter féminin dans des catalogues français de vente par correspondance depuis l’introduction du concept en France au début des années 1950. Notre travail est centré sur les emprunts à l’anglais et les créations sous influence anglaise comparativement à la néologie dans l’ensemble de notre corpus.Notre objectif est, d’une part, d’apprécier l’influence de l’anglais dans cette terminologie et, d’autre part, d’appréhender les tendances et mécanismes propres à ce domaine. Par l’étude des néologismes, des nécrologismes et des termes stables de notre corpus, nous examinons le renouvellement terminologique, ses mécanismes et ses motivations.Nous avons travaillé par comparaison de sous-corpus distants de cinq ans environ, chacun composé des catalogues des collections Printemps-Été et Automne-Hiver d’une année donnée. Les termes, collectés et traités manuellement, ont dans un premier temps fait l’objet d’une étude synchronique, à l’aide de sources secondaires, pour établir leur étymologie, leur définition et les catégoriser selon une typologie adaptée de la typologie des emprunts proposée par l’Office québécois de la langue française. Dans un second temps, les analyses diachroniques se sont fondées sur un trépied méthodologique formé des termes du corpus, des visuels des catalogues et d’avis d’experts. Sur le plan théorique, ces analyses se sont appuyées sur des théories issues de la linguistique et de la sociologie, en tenant compte de logiques économiques et d’autres facteurs, tels que des évènements historiques et sociétaux.Ces analyses nous ont permis d’étayer la place de l’anglais dans ce domaine ainsi que l’importance du renouvellement terminologique, fréquemment citées dans la littérature. De plus, au-delà de logiques propres au fonctionnement de la mode, notre corpus a révélé une régularité dans l’activité néologique permettant d’appuyer l’hypothèse d’un renouvellement à fréquence générationnelle. Enfin, nous proposons une réflexion sur la nécessité de travaux – en linguistique notamment – dans le domaine de la mode, compte tenu du manque d’étude sur le sujet et des lacunes des sources dictionnairiquesThis dissertation is a diachronic study of the terminology of women’s ready-to-wear fashion in French mail-order catalogs since the introduction of the ready-to-wear concept in France in the early 1950s. Our work focuses on English borrowings and English-influenced neologisms, compared with neologisms in our corpus as a whole.Our goal is two-fold: we wish, first, to assess the influence of English in this terminology, and second, to delineate trends and mechanisms specific to this field. Based on a study of neologisms, necrologisms, and stable terms in our corpus, we examine terminological renewal, its mechanisms, and its motivations.We compared sub-corpora approximately five years apart, each comprising the catalogs from the Spring-Summer and Fall-Winter collections of a given year. The terms were collected and studied manually. They were first studied synchronically, using secondary sources to establish their etymologies, their definitions, and their types, according to a typology adapted from the Office québécois de la langue française’s typology of borrowings. Secondly, terms were analyzed diachronically using a three-part methodological framework, consisting of the terms from our corpus, of the visuals from the catalogs, and of expert opinions. These analyses drew on theories from linguistics and sociology, while also considering economic and other factors, such as historical and societal events.Our analyses enabled us to show the importance of the English language in this field, as well as the importance of terminological renewal, both frequently cited in academic works. Our corpus demonstrated neological activity that goes beyond the dynamics of fashion and that supports the hypothesis of regular generational terminological renewal. Finally, we propose a reflection on the need for work – linguistic research in particular – in the field of fashion, given the lack of studies on the subject and the shortcomings of dictionary sources
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Low, Hock Soon. "Asynchronous techniques for new generation variation-tolerant FPGA." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3003.
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This thesis presents a practical scenario for asynchronous logic implementation that would benefit the modern Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) technology in improving reliability. A method based on Asynchronously-Assisted Logic (AAL) blocks is proposed here in order to provide the right degree of variation tolerance, preserve as much of the traditional FPGAs structure as possible, and make use of asynchrony only when necessary or beneficial for functionality. The newly proposed AAL introduces extra underlying hard-blocks that support asynchronous interaction only when needed and at minimum overhead. This has the potential to avoid the obstacles to the progress of asynchronous designs, particularly in terms of area and power overheads. The proposed approach provides a solution that is complementary to existing variation tolerance techniques such as the late-binding technique, but improves the reliability of the system as well as reducing the design’s margin headroom when implemented on programmable logic devices (PLDs) or FPGAs. The proposed method suggests the deployment of configurable AAL blocks to reinforce only the variation-critical paths (VCPs) with the help of variation maps, rather than re-mapping and re-routing. The layout level results for this method's worst case increase in the CLB’s overall size only of 6.3%. The proposed strategy retains the structure of the global interconnect resources that occupy the lion’s share of the modern FPGA’s soft fabric, and yet permits the dual-rail iv completion-detection (DR-CD) protocol without the need to globally double the interconnect resources. Simulation results of global and interconnect voltage variations demonstrate the robustness of the method.
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Sheikh, Christine. "Religious and Ethnic Variation Among Second-Generation Muslim Americans." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194730.
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The research question for this study is: how do religious and ethnic identities intersect for second-generation Americans? Is religious identification consistently coupled with strong ethnic identity among second-generation Americans, as posited by the current literature on is this issue, or are there other extant patterns that need to be further examined? I considered this question by comparing religious and non-religious second-generation Americans from Muslim-origin families from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. I interviewed 44 individuals across a range of religious and ethnic identification, and found six main patterns in how ethno-religious identities do and do not map on to one another. I titled these six patterns thusly: "Religion > Ethnicity; Higher Religion, Higher Ethnicity," "Religion > Ethnicity; Higher Religion, Lower Ethnicity," "Religion = Ethnicity," "Religion < Ethnicity," "Somewhat Ethnic, Somewhat Religious," and "Critics of Religion and Ethnicity."The case of second-generation Muslim Americans is particularly interesting, given that what may actually be occurring is the growing importance of a "pan-religious" identity, rather than the continued dominance of specific ethnic identities at the group level. Indeed, the primary function of the congregation vis-Ã -vis ethnicity may not be to maintain the ascendancy of a particular ethnic identity, as the sociology of religion literature claims; rather, for second-generation Muslims, religiosity may encourage a "pan-ethnicity" based on shared religious identity. This is borne out in the presence of two forms of the "Religion > Ethnicity" category, and the differentiation in how segmented assimilation occurs between the highly religious and the less religious.
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Casini, Luca. "Automatic Music Generation Using Variational Autoencoders." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16137/.
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The aim of the thesis is the design and evaluation of a generative model based on deep learning for creating symbolic music. Music, and art in general, pose interesting problems from a machine learning standpoint as they have structure and coherence both locally and globally and also have semantic content that goes beyond the mere structural problems.
Working on challenges like those can give insight on other problems in the machine learning world. Historically algorithmic music generation focused on structure and was achieved through the use of Markov models or by defining, often manually, a set of strict rules to be followed. In recent years the availability of large amounts of data and cheap computational power led to the resurgence of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Deep Learning is machine learning based on ANN with many stacked layers and is improving state of the art in many fields, including generative models.
This thesis focuses on Variational Autoencoders(VAE), a type of neural network where the input is mapped to a lower-dimensional code that is fit to a Gaussian distribution and then tries to reconstruct it minimizing the error. The distribution can be easily sampled allowing to generate and interpolate data in the latent space. Autoencoders can use any type of network to encode and decode the input, we will use Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Netowrks (RNN).
Since the quality of music and art in general is deeply subjective and what seems pleasing to one may not be for another we will try to determine the “best” model by conducting a survey and asking the participants to rate their enjoyment of music and whether or not they think each sample to be composed by a human or AI.
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Yan, Dongming. "Variational shape segmentation and mesh generation." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43932514.
Full textBooks on the topic "Generational variation"
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Morpho-syntactic erosion between two generational groups of Spanish speakers in the United States. New York: P. Lang, 1993.
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Gavrielatou, Hariklia. Isozyme and tissue culture variation in short generation beets. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), ed. Minimizing variation in outdoor CPV power ratings. Golden, Colo.]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.) and International Conference on Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems (7th : 2011 : Las Vegas, Nev.), eds. Minimizing variation in outdoor CPV power ratings: Preprint. Golden, CO]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
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John Deere new generation and generation II tractors: History, models, variations & specifications 1960s-1970s. Minneapolis: MBI Pub. Co., 2010.
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Komfort-Hein, Susanne, Bea Dörr, and Eveline Kilian. GeNarrationen: Variationen zum Verhältnis von Generation und Geschlecht. Tübingen: Attempto, 1999.
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Chen, Huey-Kuo. Dynamic travel choice models: A variational inequality approach. Berlin: Springer, 1999.
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Immigrant education: Variations by generation, age-at- immigration, and country of origin. New York: LFB Scholarly, 2005.
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Sivasankar, Shoba, Noel Ellis, Ljupcho Jankuloski, and Ivan Ingelbrecht, eds. Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0000.
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Abstract This book presents reviews on the application of the technology for crop improvement towards food and nutrition security, and research status on mutation breeding and associated biotechnologies in both seed crops and vegetatively propagated crops. It also presents perspectives on the significance of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics in determining the molecular variants underlying mutations and on emerging biotechnologies such as gene editing. Reviews and articles are organized into five sections in the publication: (1) Contribution of Crop Mutant Varieties to Food Security; (2) Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement and Climate-Change Adaptation; (3) Mutation Induction Techniques for Enhanced Genetic Variation; (4) Mutation Breeding in Vegetatively Propagated and Ornamental Crops; and (5) Induced Genetic Variation for Crop Improvement in the Genomic Era. The contents of this volume present excellent reference material for researchers, students and policy makers involved in the application of induced genetic variation in plants for the maintenance of biodiversity and the acceleration of crop adaptation to climate change to feed a growing global population in the coming years and decades.
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Nuccio, Vito F. Variations in vitrinite reflectance values for the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation, Southeastern Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado: Implications for burial history and potential hydrocarbon generation. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Generational variation"
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Princée, F. P. G. "Genetic Variation and Generations." In Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, 171–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50032-4_12.
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Fauzi, Andri Imam, and Dwi Puspitorini. "The Dynamics of the Graphemic Transcription of the Javanese Language in the Instant Messaging Apps, Line and WhatsApp." In Language Practices Among Children and Youth in Indonesia, 107–23. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4775-1_7.
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AbstractIn social media, the development of Javanese is primarily evident from the variations in its graphemic transcription. Such variations occur not only at the phonological level but also morphological level. Javanese sound system and word formation, including its graphemic conventions, have been prescribed in Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Jawa yang Disempurnakan (Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta, in Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Jawa yang Disempurnakan [General Guidelines for the Improved Javanese Spelling], revised edn. Penerbit Kanisius, 2006). However, the use of Javanese in social media, particularly in nine chat groups on instant messaging apps Line and WhatsApp, shows some graphemic deviations from the prescribed system. This research uses a qualitative method by describing variations of Javanese graphemic transcription found in the data. The analysis reveals that there are at least three categories of Javanese graphemic variation found in social media, namely variation in vowel transcription (for phonemes /a/, /i/, and /u/), variation in consonant transcription (for phonemes /dh/, /t/, and /th/), and reduction in phoneme transcription (phonemes /y/ and /u/). These findings demonstrate how netizens who represent the younger generation of Javanese speakers use graphemic transcriptions based on the sounds they hear, without consulting the prescribed Javanese spelling system. In other words, Javanese in social media is the writing form of oral language.
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Wang, Chonglin, Sizhen Liang, Jingjie Feng, Ran Li, and Gaolei Zhao. "The Variation of Hydrological Regime According to the Daily Operation of a Complementary Hydro-Photovoltaic Reservoir and Its Impact." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 465–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_41.
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AbstractDaily operation of a hydropower station is conducted to meet the energy requirement. The hydraulic parameters of the downstream are significantly affected by the dam operation, which has a negative impact on the aquatic system. When the multi energy complementary method is used, such as hydro-photovoltaic (hydro-PV) combined power generation, the problem will worsen. Hydropower station A (HSA) on River X was selected to investigate the impact of daily operation. HSA is a part of hydro-PV complementary power generation. The spawning and breeding period of typical fish, April to July, was selected as the study period. According to various scheduling, the changes of hydrological regime were analyzed. The results show that the maximum flow variation was 334 m3/s, and the variations in water surface width and velocity during reservoir operation were between natural conditions. The maximum daily water level variations under the two operating scenarios were 1.6 m and 3.5 m respectively. The remarkable change of water level may have a negative impact on aquatic organisms. Considering the daily variation limit of 1.2 m under natural condition, the relationship between the allowable daily variation of reservoir outflow and the reference base flow was proposed. The results in this paper serve as a technical reference for studying changes in the hydrological regime and lessening their impacts on aquatic organisms in hydro-photovoltaic complementary development.
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Taheri, Alireza. "Generational difference: parent and child." In Hegelian-Lacanian Variations on Late Modernity, 67–70. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057390-12.
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Stede, Manfred. "Classifying Lexical Variation." In Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation in Multilingual Text Generation, 33–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5179-9_3.
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Reames, Donald V. "Introducing the Sun and SEPs." In Solar Energetic Particles, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_1.
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AbstractThe structure of the Sun, with its energy generation and heating, creates convection and differential rotation of the outer solar plasma. This convection and rotation of the ionized plasma generates the solar magnetic field. This field and its variation spawn all of the solar activity: solar active regions, flares, jets, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar activity provides the origin and environment for both the impulsive and gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events. This chapter introduces the background environment and basic properties of SEP events, time durations, abundances, and solar cycle variations.
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Lu, Jianguo, and Zhanjiang John Liu. "Copy Number Variations." In Next Generation Sequencing and Whole Genome Selection in Aquaculture, 21–33. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958964.ch2.
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Rathje, Marianne. "Quotations and quotatives in the speech of three Danish generations." In Language Variation - European Perspectives III, 71–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.7.06rat.
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Geyken, Alexander, Jörg Didakowski, and Alexander Siebert. "Generation of word profiles for large German corpora." In Corpus Analysis and Variation in Linguistics, 141–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tufs.1.10gey.
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Maqbool, Osama, and Jürgen Roßmann. "Scenario-Driven Data Generation with Experimentable Digital Twins." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2022, 129–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10071-0_11.
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AbstractSynthetic data is an indispensable supplement to the difficult-to-acquire real data in order to meet the substantial demand by machine learning based systems. Data playing the key role in machine learning models, its objective and maintainable quality metrics are vital for quality assurance of the whole system. This paper introduces a systematic and domain-neutral methodology based on formalized scenario variation and experimental digital twins for the generation of synthetic data. The methodology uses human-readable scenarios and semantically meaningful parameter variations to describe possible entities, actions and events to be simulated, whereas experimental digital twins bring the scenarios to life by the integration of various domains of a system such as mechanics, sensors, actuators and communication under one platform that can be simulated as a whole. The scenario description and digital twin simulation is carried out iteratively to derive the optimal distribution of synthetic data. Thus scenarios and experimentable digital twins can together serve as mediums to systematically cover diverse application scenarios, test dangerous situations and find faults within a system.
Conference papers on the topic "Generational variation"
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Fang, Yilin, Hongkai Wei, Quan Liu, Yongliang Li, Zude Zhou, and Duc Truong Pham. "Minimizing Energy Consumption and Line Length of Mixed-Model Multi-Robotic Disassembly Line Systems Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2773.
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Abstract Robot helps to increase automation and economic benefits of disassembly line systems, and reduce risk to the human worker. For the robotic disassembly line, its energy consumption can be further optimized to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, energy consumption of disassembly line systems is considered to be one of optimization objectives of disassembly line balancing problem. In the proposed model, the optimization objectives are to minimize the energy consumption and the line length (number of multi-robotic workstations and number of opened disassembly robots). To solve this multi-objective optimization problem, an improved NSGA-III optimization algorithm which consists of problem-dependent global and local variation operators is proposed. Several experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In terms of hypervolume indicator, compared with three other state-of-art multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, the proposed method outperforms the best in small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale problems. The proposed method also performs better on the problem of all scales than MOEA\D and NSGA-II in inverted generational distance metric, the proposed approach outperforms NSGA-III in most small-scale, some medium-scale and large-scale problems. The Friedman test based on the indicators of hypervolume and inverted generational distance is also conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Ficler, Jessica, and Yoav Goldberg. "Controlling Linguistic Style Aspects in Neural Language Generation." In Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-4912.
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Lin, Grace, and Marilyn Walker. "Stylistic Variation in Television Dialogue for Natural Language Generation." In Proceedings of the Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-4911.
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Potash, Peter, Alexey Romanov, and Anna Rumshisky. "Evaluating Creative Language Generation: The Case of Rap Lyric Ghostwriting." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1604.
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Jewell, Tanya E. "Effect of amplitude and phase dispersion on images in multilayer coated soft x-ray projection systems." In Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.we2.
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Multilayer soft x-ray coatings on curved optical surfaces may affect the quality of the image in the imaging system due to variation in phase and reflectance across the aperture. Because the reflectance stopband for these coatings is narrow, these variations tend to be large. The multilayer coating reflectance and phase variations depend on both wavelength and incidence angle of the radiation going through the imaging system. Figure 1 shows these dependencies for a multilayer coating containing 20 bilayers of Mo/Si. As can be seen from this figure for a given wavelength the phase change due to incidence angle variation can be significant.
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Petrov, E. P., and D. J. Ewins. "Generic Friction Models for Time-Domain Vibration Analysis of Bladed Discs." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38475.
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New efficient models have been developed to describe dynamic friction effects in order to facilitate analysis of the vibration of bladed discs in the time domain. These friction models describe friction forces occurring at contact interfaces under time-varying normal load variations, including cases of separation. The friction models developed allow one to take into account time-varying friction contact parameters, such as friction coefficient and contact stiffness coefficients. Anisotropy and variation of the friction characteristics over the contact surfaces are included in the proposed models. The capabilities of the new friction models are demonstrated. Analysis of the friction forces is performed for different motion trajectories and different time variations of the normal load, and the effects of anisotropy, variation in time of the friction characteristics and normal load variation are discussed. A numerical analysis of transient vibrations of shrouded blades using the new models is presented.
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Zhou, Jun, XiaoPing Li, Tao Deng, Mengya Cheng, and Jing Gong. "Layout Optimization of Branch Pipeline Network on Curved Surface Using Genetic Algorithm." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33259.
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Branch structure is common in oil and gas field gathering system. The rational determination of the pipe network structure and pipelines trend is an important part of the gathering system design. The previous optimization of tree structure is usually studied under two dimensions and the distances between stations, which are represented by straight lines. The study can neither correctly reflect the real situation nor get the optimal solution, because of the dramatic topographic. This paper firstly deals with the shortest route issue on a curved surface. The common way to solve the problem is variational method. However, the method relies on the surface function, which becomes the constraints hard to deal with. The author would obtain the optimal route between two points with the genetic algorithm. Both steady state (SS) and generational (GN) GAs were implemented for the test problem. The performance of a GA generally depends on the selected GA parameters, in particular the crossover and mutation probabilities. Based on the variation of crossover and mutation probability CP and MP in the range of 0.4–1.0 and 0.0005–0.3, the sensitivity of GA to the Gas was therefore established. The best solution has been found by GN GA based on the average evaluation value of the best solutions, which obtained from fifty independent GA runs. According to the case analysis, a 21.73% reduction in total length of the pipeline has been found by using GA. The results presented show that the GA is a robust and stable technique for the solution of route optimization problem. According to further study, the practice of engineering designs are often carried out under two dimensions by using minimum spanning tree algorithm to realize the layout optimization of pipe network. On a curved surface, with the GA above, one can get the trends of each pipe section without changing the connection relationship and the total length of the network is reduced by 12.21%. Yet the connection within a plane cannot guarantee the optimum solution, thus the paper developed the optimization model of branch structure distribution within a curved surface. According to the case analysis, the previous connection relationship between points has been changed, further reducing the total length by 0.97%. In conclusion, the technique in this paper can determine the optimal pipeline laying route, effectively develop the network structure and reduce the total length of pipelines.
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Shu, Lei, Alexandros Papangelis, Yi-Chia Wang, Gokhan Tur, Hu Xu, Zhaleh Feizollahi, Bing Liu, and Piero Molino. "Controllable Text Generation with Focused Variation." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.339.
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Carsella, Boyce. "Accurate Measurement of Water in Feedwater Heaters." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26055.
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The accurate measurement of liquid levels in power plant operations is key to efficient operation. Although water is a liquid that can be easily measured by numerous measurement technologies, detection in applications like feedwater heaters, for example, takes on a range of complexity that stresses even the most robust devices. Feedwater heaters operate in various ranges depending upon the stage of the process. High-pressure heaters typically operate at 1030 psig @550°F (71 bar @288°C). Further, liquid level transmitters should operate ideally from ambient start-up to operating conditions at full capacity; a wide variation. Torque tube and differential pressure transmitters have been the technologies of choice for many years, each technology having a set of strengths, weaknesses and idiosyncrasies. Performance of both technologies are dependent on the Specific Gravity (SG) of the medium of they are measuring; both suffer inaccuracies when the SG of water varies over temperature. A new level measurement technology, Guided Wave Radar (GWR), has emerged that eliminates the issues that have plagued torque tube and DP transmitters. Guided Wave Radar (GWR) has shown to accurately measure the level of water throughout the changing conditions seen in the life cycles of vessels like feedwater heaters. GWR is a technology based on the speed of light, or more precisely, electromagnetic energy. Inaccuracies due to Specific Gravity (SG) variations are not an issue. In fact, Guided Wave Radar has shown to accurately measure media with wide variations in dielectric.
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Shah, Minesh, and Malath I. Arar. "Probabilistic Methodology for Combustor Airflow Surrogate Development." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38044.
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Operability of Dry-Low-NOx (DLN) combustors in heavy-duty gas turbines is dependent in part on satisfying boundaries or constraints associated with lean blow out (LBO), NOx, and combustion dynamics. To satisfy each of these boundaries or constraints, the determination of combustor airflow is critical. Since combustor airflow is difficult to measure directly, a surrogate or an estimator of combustor airflow that can be implemented in the control system is required. Presented in this paper is a methodology for determining the combustor airflow surrogate based on measurable parameters. The approach relies on developing a nonlinear equation of combustor airflow based on cycle simulations over a wide range of ambient (temperature, pressure and humidity) and parameter (e.g., inlet guide vane and load) variations. To understand the robustness of the combustor airflow estimate, sensitivity analysis with regard to sensor uncertainty, machine degradation, and machine-to-machine variation is presented. In each of these cases, the uncertainty/parameter variation is investigated via Monte Carlo simulations to quantify performance in terms of mean shift (i.e, bias) and standard deviation. It is shown that the resulting surrogate, which is comprised of compressor discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature and specific humidity, is capable of addressing the variations listed above and is capable of representing a compressor map at different IGV settings via a simple relationship.
Reports on the topic "Generational variation"
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Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.
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Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.
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Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from the original cultivar. In the present project we focused on two of the most common date palm off-types: (1) trees with reduced fruit setting, in which most of the flowers turn into three-carpel parthenocarpic fruits. In a severe form, multi-carpel flowers and fruitlets (with up to six or eight carpels instead of the normal three-carpel flowers) are also formed. (2) dwarf trees, having fewer and shorter leaves, very short trunk and are not bearing fruits at their expected age, compared to the normal trees. Similar off-types occur in other crop species propagated by tissue culture, like banana (mainly dwarf plants) or oil palm (with a common 'Mantled' phenotype with reduced fruit setting and occurrence of supernumerary carpels). Some off-types can only be detected several years after planting in the fields. Therefore, efficient methods for prevention of the generation of off-types, as well as methods for their detection and early removal, are required for date palms, as well as for other tissue culture propagated crops. This research is aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms by which off-types are generated, and developing markers for their early identification. Several molecular and genomic approaches were applied. Using Methylation Sensitive AFLP and bisulfite sequencing, we detected changes in DNA methylation patterns occurring in off-types. We isolated and compared the sequence and expression of candidate genes, genes related to vegetative growth and dwarfism and genes related to flower development. While no sequence variation were detected, changes in gene expression, associated with the severity of the "fruit set" phenotype were detected in two genes - PdDEF (Ortholog of rice SPW1, and AP3 B type MADS box gene), and PdDIF (a defensin gene, highly homologous to the oil palm gene EGAD). We applied transcriptomic analyses, using high throughput sequencing, to identify genes differentially expressed in the "palm heart" (the apical meristem and the region of embryonic leaves) of dwarf vs. normal trees. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified genes related to hormonal biosynthesis, perception and regulation, genes related to cell expansion, and genes related to DNA methylation. Using Representation Difference Analyses, we detected changes in the genomes of off-type trees, mainly chloroplast-derived sequences that were incorporated in the nuclear genome and sequences of transposable elements. Sequences previously identified as differing between normal and off-type trees of oil palms or banana, successfully identified variation among date palm off-types, suggesting that these represent highly labile regions of monocot genomes. The data indicate that the date palm genome, similarly to genomes of other monocot crops as oil palm and banana, is quite unstable when cells pass through a cycle of tissue culture and regeneration. Changes in DNA sequences, translocation of DNA fragments and alteration of methylation patterns occur. Consequently, patterns of gene expression are changed, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. The data can be useful for future development of tools for early identification of off-type as well as for better understanding the phenomenon of somaclonal variation during propagation in vitro.
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.
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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.
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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Yogev, David, Ricardo Rosenbusch, Sharon Levisohn, and Eitan Rapoport. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and its Application in Diagnosis and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573073.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae are two phylogenetically related mycoplasmas which cause economically significant diseases in their respective bovine or small ruminant hosts. These organisms cause persistent asymptomatic infections that can result in severe outbreaks upon introduction of carrier animals into susceptible herds. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying mycoplasma-host interaction, variation in virulence, or of the factors enabling avoidance of the host immune system. In recent years it has become apparent that the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to rapidly alter surface antigenic structures and to fine tune their antigenicity, a phenomena called antigenic variation, is one of the most effective strategies used to escape immune destruction and to establish chronic infections. Our discovery of a novel genetic system, mediating antigenic variation in M. bovis (vsp) as well as in M. agalactiae (avg) served as a starting point for our proposal which included the following objectives: (i) Molecular and functional characterization of the variable surface lipoproteins (Vsp) system of M. bovis and comparison with the Vsp-counterpart in M. agalactiae (ii) Determination of the role of Vsp proteins in the survival of M. bovis when confronted by host defense factors, (iii) Assessment of Vsp-based genetic and antigenic typing of M. bovis and M. agalactiae for epidemiology of infection and (iv) Improvement of diagnostic tests for M. bovis and M. agalactiae based on the vsp-and vsp-analogous systems. We have carried out an extensive molecular characterization of the vsp system and unravelled the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of surface antigenic variation in M. bovis. Our data clearly demonstrated that the two pathogenic mycoplasma species possess large gene families encoding variable lipoprotein antigens that apparently play an important role in immune evasion and in pathogen-host interaction during infection. Phase variable production of these antigens was found to be mediated by a novel molecular mechanism utilizing double site-specific DNA inversions via an intermediate vsp configuration. Studies in model systems indicate that phase variation of VspA is relevant in interaction between M. bovis and macrophages or monocytes, a crucial stage in pathogenesis. Using an ELISA test with captured VspA as an antigen, phase variation was shown to occur in vivo and under field conditions. Genomic rearrangements in the avg gene family of M. agalactiae were shown to occur in vivo and may well have a role in evasion of host defences and establishment of chronic infection. An epidemiological study indicated that patterns of vsp-related antigenic variation diverge rapidly in an M. bovis infected herd. Marked divergence was also found with avg-based genomic typing of M. agalactiae in chronically infected sheep. However, avg-genomic fingerprints were found to be relatively homogeneous in different animals during acute stages of an outbreak of Contagious Agalactiae, and differ between unrelated outbreaks. These data support the concept of vsp-based genomic typing but indicate the necessity for further refinement of the methodology. The molecular knowledge on these surface antigens and their encoding genes provides the basis for generating specific recombinant tools and serological methods for serodiagnosis and epidemiological purposes. Utilization of these methods in the field may allow differentiating acutely infected herds from chronic herds and disease-free herds. In addition the highly immunogenic nature of these lipoproteins may facilitate the design of protective vaccine against mycoplasma infections.
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Heinrich, Carolyn. Demand and Supply-Side Determinants of Conditional Cash Transfer Program Effectiveness: Improving the First-Generation Programs. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011174.
Full textAbstract:
The Programa Nacional de Becas Estudiantiles is a conditional cash transfer program designed to promote long-term human capital accumulation among Argentine youth and to reduce poverty. This study follows a 1999 cohort of students from 24 schools for five years. Propensity score matching methods are used with a comparison group of students who were excluded due to quotas to estimate the average and marginal impacts of the Becas program. Multilevel methods are also used to estimate the contributions of Becas program management and school characteristics in explaining variation between schools in student outcomes. The results show significant effects of the Becas program in increasing attendance, reducing grade repetition and improving students' performance. The impacts were largest for students who received the scholarship for more than one year, suggesting a dynamic incentive may have been established by linking receipt of the scholarship in subsequent years to students' academic performance in the first year of participation. The multilevel analysis suggested that efforts to strengthen institutional capacity and conditions for learning in the schools and to promote better management and communication also contributed to student performance.
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Harris, Bernard. Anthropometric history and the measurement of wellbeing. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.rev02.
Full textAbstract:
It has often been recognised that the average height of a population is influencedby the economic, social and environmental conditions in which it finds itself, andthis insight has inspired a generation of historians to use anthropometric data toinvestigate the health and wellbeing of past populations. This paper reviews someof the main developments in the field, and assesses the extent to which heightremains a viable measure of historical wellbeing. It explores a number of differentissues, including the nature of human growth; the impact of variations in diet andexposure to disease; the role of ethnicity; the relationships between height, mortalityand labour productivity; and the “social value” of human stature. It concludes that,despite certain caveats, height has retained its capacity to act as a “mirror” of theconditions of past societies, and of the wellbeing of their members.
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Paradis, S., S. E. Jackson, D. Petts, G. J. Simandl, R. J. D'Souza, and T S Hamilton. Distribution of trace elements in pyrite from carbonate-hosted sulfide deposits of southern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328002.
Full textAbstract:
This paper combines petrography with in situ laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to document trace-element variations in pyrite (Py) from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits in the Kootenay Arc, British Columbia. Three generations of pyrite are Py 1, Py 2, and Py 3. Pyrite 1, the earliest (occurring in MVT deposits only), has higher Ag, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, and V than adjacent Py 3. It has higher Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, and Tl than Py 2. Pyrite 2 occurs in MVT and FCR deposits. Relative to FCR Py 2, MVT Py 2 is enriched in Co, Ni, Mo, Ba, Tl, and Pb and depleted in other elements. The FCR Py 2 has growth-related compositional banding, which is absent in MVT Py 2. The FCR Py 2 has Ag, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, and Zn enriched cores, intermediate Au- and As-rich bands, and Co- and Ni-rich rims. Pyrite 3, the latest occurring pyrite, present in MVT and FCR deposits, is enriched in Co and Ni near overgrowths or infillings of sphalerite. Variations in composition of Py reflect mineralogy, characteristics of ore-forming fluids, and differences in physicochemical conditions between MVT and FCR deposits at the time of ore deposition.
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Eshed, Y., and Z. B. Lippman. Fine tuning the shoot and inflorescence architectures for improved tomato yield. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134148.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In this project, we are determining the contribution of different types of variations, in gene function and in gene regulation, to altered shoot architecture first, and to field performance in the next stage. We are using tomato as a target, but also as a model for many other crops. Our focus is on two different components of yield associated traits - shoot architecture and organization of the inflorescence. Our focus was on two types of regulators; 1) genes involved in florigen - antiflogen balance and the way they impact the shoot, and 2) genes involved in inflorescence branching and it this way, the way they impact the number of flowers produced by the plant. For the first class, we described our thoughts on that matter in a joint review (Eshed and Lippman, 2019) where we argued that annualization of short-lived vine plants such as tomato and soybean was their major adaptation for intensive modern farming. This annualization was achieved by introduction of mutations in the anti florigen gene SELFPRUNING, mutations that were also used to domesticate/adapt cotton, roses, strawberries and more (Eshed and Lippman, 2019). Indeed, introduction of this mutation and additional one in another antifloraigen gene SP5G into a vine type tomatoes resulted in compact, early yielding plants suitable for urban agriculture (Kwon et al., 2020 - please note that Yossi Capua, a former graduate student from the Eshed group is a coauthor of this study). The other side of this project, customized generation of large branched inflorescences, relied on ongoing collaboration between the two labs on genes like S and genes of the SEP clade, J2 and EJ2. We first showed that highly branched j2 ej2 inflorescences can be quantitatively modified by introduction of either null or naturally weak alleles of the TM3/STM3 gene cluster (Alonge et al., 2020). We next showed that variation in inflorescence branching can be obtained by customized interreference in selected promoter motifs of S, a gene that is otherwise essential at the seed stage (Hendelamn et al., 2021). Overall, our joint project provided some prime examples for targeted use of genome editing for the formation of valuable alleles that can either improve modern crops or, significantly, open the door for rapid "domestication" of orphan crops
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Adame Espinosa, Francisco. Monetary Rules, Financial Stability and Welfare in a non-Ricardian Framework. Banco de México, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36095/banxico/di.2023.14.
Full textAbstract:
This work is based on a new Keynesian theoretical model for an advanced economy, which incorporates overlapping generations to analyze a channel through which fluctuations in household financial wealth influence aggregate demand. The optimal monetary policy, corresponding to that of a central planner maximizing households' welfare, aims to mitigate financial fluctuations while simultaneously reducing variability in inflation and the output gap. The model is calibrated for the United States and reproduces the effect of variations in the price of financial assets on aggregate demand. The results show, first, that in the presence of productivity, financial, and demand shocks, optimal monetary policy significantly improves aggregate welfare by stabilizing financial fluctuations that impact households' wealth. Secondly, in the face of productivity and financial shocks, an augmented monetary rule responding explicitly to fluctuations in the price of financial assets, in addition to inflation and output gaps, can reproduce the welfare achieved under optimal monetary policy. However, this is not the case for demand shocks.