Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Générateur central de rythme'
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Errchidi, Soumya. "Modulation noradrénergénique du générateur de rythme respiratoire chez le rat nouveau-né : étude in vitro et in vivo." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30068.
Full textBouvier, Julien. "Dissection génétique du générateur central respiratoire chez la souris : neurones rythmogènes et synchronisation bilatérale." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555367.
Full textTazerart, Sabrina. "Le courant sodique persistant dans le réseau locomoteur du rat nouveau-né : sa contribution dans l'émergence des activités pacemakers et du rythme locomoteur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20653.
Full textIdentification of the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of the locomotor rhythm is of longstanding interest to physiologists. Hindlimb locomotor movements are generated by lumbar neuronal networks, referred to as central pattern generators (CPG). Although rhythm generation mechanisms within the CNS can vary, the activation of a subthreshold depolarizing conductance is always needed to start the firing of individual neurons. Among various subthreshold membrane conductances, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is involved in rhythmic activity of numerous supraspinal neurons such as those involved in the generation of masticatory and respiratory rhythm. The thesis was aimed at identifying and characterizing INaP in the neonatal rodent locomotor CPG, determining its importance in shaping neuronal firing properties and its role in the operation of the locomotor circuitry. Using electrophysiological studies the thesis has characterized INaP for the first time in the locomotor CPG. This current is essential to the generation of the locomotor rhythm and plays a fundamental role in the emergence of pacemaker activity within the CPG. These pacemaker activities emerge in a physiological context in which fluctuations in the ionic composition of the extracellular environment occur during locomotion. This study provides evidence that INaP generates pacemaker activities in CPG interneurons and new insights into the operation of the locomotor network with a critical implication of INaP in stabilizing the locomotor pattern
Wu, Jiaming. "A modular dynamic Neuro-Synaptic platform for Spiking Neural Networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP145.
Full textBiological and artificial neural networks share a fundamental computational unit: the neuron. These neurons are coupled by synapses, forming complex networks that enable various functions. Similarly, neuromorphic hardware, or more generally neuro-computers, also require two hardware elements: neurons and synapses. In this work, we introduce a bio-inspired spiking Neuro-Synaptic hardware unit, fully implemented with conventional electronic components. Our hardware is based on a textbook theoretical model of the spiking neuron, and its synaptic and membrane currents. The spiking neuron is fully analog and the various models that we introduced are defined by their hardware implementation. The neuron excitability is achieved through a memristive device made from off-the-shelf electronic components. Both synaptic and membrane currents feature tunable intensities and bio-mimetic dynamics, including excitatory and inhibitory currents. All model parameters are adjustable, allowing the system to be tuned to bio-compatible timescales, which is crucial in applications such as brain-machine interfaces. Building on these two modular units, we demonstrate various basic neural network motifs (or neuro-computing primitives) and show how to combine these fundamental motifs to implement more complex network functionalities, such as dynamical memories and central pattern generators. Our hardware design also carries potential extensions for integrating oxide-based memristors (which are widely studied in material science),or porting the design to very large-scale integration (VLSI) to implement large-scale networks. The Neuro-Synaptic unit can be considered as a building block for implementing spiking neural networks of arbitrary geometry. Its compact and modular design, as well as the wide availability of ordinary electronic components, makes our approach an attractive platform for building neural interfaces in medical devices, robotics, and artificial intelligence systems such as reservoir computing
Meyrand, Pierre. "Plasticité phylogénétique d'un réseau paucineuronique générateur de rythme moteur : comparaison des réseaux pyloriques de la crevette et des grands crustacés." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10532.
Full textCrouzier, David. "Effets non thermiques des champs de radiofréquences sur le système nerveux central : étude multiparamétrique réalisée sur le rat vigile." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10034.
Full textDeleterious effects on healthcare and particularly disruption of the cholinergic system have been reported after exposure to radiofrequency field at low power density. This work present a multiparametric study of freely moving rat where neurophysiology was investigated using a neurochemical (by microdialysis technique), electrophysiological, behavioral (by vigilance stages quantification) and thermophysiological approaches. No neurophysiological effect has been noticed after electromagnetic exposure at 1,8 GHz and 2,45 GHz frequencies and for low power (no thermic level) density. Similarly complementary studies of metabolic and lipidic composition of brain tissue was performed using NMR spectrometry and failed studies by NMR and failed to show any significant effect
Kosmidis, Efstratios. "Effets du bruit dans le système nerveux central : du neurone au réseau de neurones : fiabilité des neurones, rythmogenèse respiratoire, information visuelle : étude par neurobiologie numérique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066199.
Full textSurun-Morin, Marie-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude de l'intervention des neuropeptides dans la commande centrale de la respiration." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066635.
Full textBabski, Hélène. "Implication des neurones TJ-positifs dans le comportement locomoteur de la larve de Drosophile." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT021/document.
Full textCPGs (Central Pattern Generators) are neural networks able to autonomously generate essential rhythmic behaviours such as walking or breathing. In Drosophila larvae, the locomotor CPG is made up of motoneurons (MNs) and a huge variety of interneurons (INs). How many are actually necessary to constitute a functional CPG and how they interact is not known. During the course of this PhD, I studied a discrete neuronal population singled out by its expression of the Maf transcription factor (TF) Traffic Jam (TJ). Thanks to an intersectional genetics approach and a TJ-Flp line generated during my PhD, I showed for the first time that TJ+ neurons subpopulations have distinct functions in Drosophila larva locomotion. Functional subdivision of TJ+ population eventually led to the identification of 3 TJ+ per+ GABAergic neurons that regulate the speed of locomotion. Thorough molecular characterization of this population permitted to identify them as mnb progeny neurons, a well studied subgroup of midline cells whose function had never been described before. The TF combinatorial code expressed by these cells is highly reminiscent of the one found in V2b INs, a population in vertebrates thought to regulate the speed of locomotion as well in vertebrates; this opens the possibility of a functional conservation across evolution. Preliminary results furthermore suggest that TJ+ INs would have functional roles in the adult fly
Hurteau, Marie-France. "Effet d’une stimulation cutanée tonique de la région lombaire sur l’activité locomotrice du chat adulte ayant une lésion complète de la moelle épinière." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6749.
Full textHenningsen, Jo Beldring. "Rôle du RFRP dans le contrôle central de la reproduction saisonnière en fonction du sexe et de la photopériode." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ020/document.
Full textRFRP neurons regulate the reproductive axis, however, their effects depend on species and sex. Here, we aimed at providing a neuroanatomical description of the RFRP system in the Syrian hamster and at investigating the role of RFRP in the daily and seasonal control of female reproduction. We show that besides being regulated by annual changes in photoperiod, the RFRP system is more strongly expressed in females than in males. In line with this, we unveil that RFRP has multiple roles in regulating female reproduction. RFRP neuronal activity is specifically reduced at the time of the pre-ovulatory LH surge and central RFRP-3 administration prior to the surge decreases LH peak levels, altogether pointing towards a daily down-regulation of the inhibitory RFRP signal necessary for proper generation of the LH surge. Moreover, chronic RFRP-3 infusion in sexually inactive females, with endogenous low RFRP expression, completely reactivates the reproductive axis. Taken together, we demonstrate that RFRP is a key component in the seasonal control of reproduction while at the same time specifically regulating cyclic events controlling reproductive activity in females
Oueghlani, Zied. "Contrôle afférent du réseau locomoteur lombaire chez le rat néonatal intact et spino-lésé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0347/document.
Full textLocated within the spinal cord, the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) organize the rhythmical activation of limb muscles according to specific gait pattern requirements. These CPGs are under the control of supraspinal centers that are involved in the motivational aspect of locomotor behavior, and their activity is constantly modulated by sensory inputs to adapt the locomotor activities to environmental changes. The aim of my doctoral work was to further understand the dynamic interactions between (1) the supraspinal centers, (2) the CPGs and (3) the sensory inputs in both healthy and spinalized newborn rats. Using the isolated brainstem / spinal cord preparation as an in vitro experimental model, we first showed that manipulating the periodicity and the relative durations of left and right descending reticulospinal commands at the brainstem level is efficient to set the locomotor speed and sustain directional changes. We next established the interaction between the descending serotonergic pathways and sensory feedback to shape the spinal locomotor outputs during the first postnatal week. Finally, by combining behavioral, neurochemical and electrophysiological techniques, we showed different but complementary effects of monoaminergic neuromodulators (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine) in the expression of locomotor behavior after a spinal cord injury. Our work brings additional data to better understand the afferent control of locomotor spinal CPGs in healthy and spinalized newborn rats
Faucheux, Baptiste. "Vieillissement et exécution de tests mettant en œuvre les fonctions mentales : indices électroencéphalographiques, végétatifs et psychométriques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066367.
Full textBonnefond, Catherine. "Melatonine et transmission de l'information photoperiodique chez le vison et le hamster dore." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066626.
Full textMou, Yung-Ping. "Ecologie comparee de deux populations de lezards des murailles, podarcis muralis (laurenti, 1768), en france." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066544.
Full textMartel, Bruno. "Neurogenèse de la respiration chez la lamproie." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15694.
Full textCrouzier, David. "EFFETS NON THERMIQUES DES CHAMPS DE RADIOFREQUENCES SUR LE SYSTEME NERVEUX CENTRAL : ETUDE MULTIPARAMETRIQUE REALISEE SUR LE RAT VIGILE." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012197.
Full textUN MODELE D'ETUDE MULTIPARAMETRIQUE A ETE DEVELOPPE CHEZ LE RAT VIGILE PRESENTANT A LA FOIS UN ASPECT ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIQUE, NEUROCHIMIQUE OBTENU PAR MICRODIALYSE, COMPORTEMENTAL PAR QUANTIFICATION DES ETATS DE VIGILANCE ET THERMOPHYSIOLOGIQUE PAR LE SUIVI DE LA TEMPERATURE CORPORELLE.
LORS DE L'EXPOSITION A UN CHAMP ELECTROMAGNETIQUE DE 1,8 GHZ OU 2,45 GHZ POUR DES PUISSANCES ATHERMIQUES, AUCUN EFFET SIGNIFICATIF N'A PU ETRE MIS EN EVIDENCE SUR LA NEUROPHYSIOLOGIE. PARALLELEMENT A CETTE ETUDE, UNE ETUDE DE LA COMPOSITION LIPIDIQUE DU TISSU CEREBRAL ET UNE ETUDE DE SES METABOLITES ONT ETE REALISEES PAR SPECTROSCOPIE RMN. CES ETUDES EGALEMENT N'ONT PAS MONTRE D'EFFETS DES ONDES ELECTROMAGNETIQUES.
Frigon, Alain. "Functional organization of cutaneous reflex pathways during locomotion and reorganization following peripheral nerve and/or spinal cord lesions." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6467.
Full textMorquette, Philippe. "Rôle des astrocytes dans la décharge rythmique neuronale du noyau sensoriel principal du trijumeau." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18377.
Full textCommunication between neurons rests on their capacity to change their firing pattern to encode different messages. For several vital functions, such as respiration and mastication, neurons need to generate a repetitive firing pattern, and the groups of neurons responsible for these rhythmic discharges are called central pattern generator (CPG). Despite intense research in this field, the exact mechanisms underlying rhythmogenesis in CPGs are not completely defined. In most instances, the potential contribution of astrocytes is largely unexplored, even though these cells are now well known to be involved in neuronal synaptic modulation. In our work, the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (NVsnpr) was used as a model owing to its central role in the rhythmic movement of mastication. Previous work have shown that rhythmic bursting discharge is triggered in NVsnpr neurons when extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]e) is artificially decreased. Based on this observation, our first hypothesis postulated that the reduction of [Ca2+]e could also happen physiologically in relation to relevant sensory stimulation. Secondly, because astrocytes have been involved in the buffering and the homeostasis of extracellular ions like potassium, we have postulated that these cells could also play a role in the control of [Ca2+]e. The results presented in this thesis show that astrocytes can regulate [Ca2+]e and thus control the ability of neurons to change their firing pattern. First, we showed that stimulation of sensory afferent fibers to the NVsnpr induced neuronal rhythmic bursting and in parallel reduction of [Ca2+]e . Secondly, we have demonstrated that astrocytes respond to the same sensory stimuli that induce neuronal rhythmic activity, and their blockade with a Ca2+ chelator prevents generation of neuronal rhythmic bursting. This ability is restored by adding S100β, an astrocytic Ca2+-binding protein, to the extracellular space, while the application of an anti- S100β antibody prevents generation of rhythmic activity. These results indicate that astrocytes regulate a fundamental neuronal property: that is the capacity to change their firing pattern. Thus, CPG functions result from integrated neuronal and glial activities. These findings may have broad implications for many other neural networks whose functions depend on the generation of rhythmic activity.
Lavoie, Raphaël. "Caractérisation spatiale des syncytia formés par le couplage des astrocytes du noyau sensoriel principal du nerf trijumeau en fonction de la concentration de calcium extracellulaire." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6901.
Full textThe masticatory movement is generated and coordinated by a central pattern generator (CPG) located in the pons. Previous results from our laboratory suggest that the neural network responsible for its rythmogenesis is located in the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (NVsnpr). Moreover, results indicate that in this region, decrease in extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]e) plays an important role in genarating burst. One of our laboratory's goal is to assess if the contribution of astrocytes to the extracellular calcium concentration homeostasis is involved in the genesis of the mastication rhythm. With this study, we characterized the astrocyte syncytium within the NVsnpr and measured the effect of [Ca2+]e on the astrocytes electrophysiology and their networks. A patch-clamp recording technique in conjunction with a rat brain stem slice preparation was used. We demonstrate that a decrease in [Ca2+]e does not affect the electrophysiological properties of astrocytes but induces an increase in the size of the syncytium. We also report the existence, within the dorsal NVsnpr, of an anatomofunctional organization between neurons and astrocytes.
Jeffrey-Gauthier, Renaud. "Détermination des facteurs bénéfiques et néfastes à la récupération locomotrice à la suite d’une section spinale complète chez la souris." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22704.
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