Academic literature on the topic 'Generalized marking constraints'

A high-resolution stratigraphic model for the uppermost Messinian deposits of the Mediterranean basin is here proposed. The model provides new constraints for calibrating the time and space distribution of palaeoenvironmental proxies of the final phase of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC), characterized, after the main phase of massive evaporite precipitation, by the progressive and generalized establishment of brackish to freshwater aquatic environments throughout the Mediterranean basin (‘Lago Mare event’). The corresponding stratigraphic unit, bounded by the intra-Messinian unconformity (MES) at the base (~5.6 Ma) and the M/P boundary at top (5.33 Ma) is split into two sub-units by a minor unconformity marking a sharp facies change. The lower sub-unit (p-ev1) is localized in deepest and/or strongly subsiding basins and is commonly characterized by ‘regressive’ depositional trends. It records the transition from hyper- to hypohaline conditions over a short time span characterized by an acceleration of tectonic processes in many Mediterranean geodynamic contexts. The upper sub-unit (p-ev2) is more basin-wide distributed and records the generalized periodic activation of catastrophic flood-dominated fluvio-deltaic depositional systems, indicating important modifications in the drainage areas and/or in fluvial runoff. In this sub-unit four to five precessional cycles are usually recognized below the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, allowing basin-wide correlations and suggesting to place its basal age at around 5.42 Ma. While p-ev1 records the local and ephemeral development of Lago Mare environments with low-diverse, pioneer taxa, p-ev2 is marked by the diffusion of conspicuous brackish to freshwater fossil assemblages of increasing diversity and complexity upwards. The change is best approximated by the boundary between the two sub-units. No clear evidence of normal marine conditions established before the Zanclean flooding have been recognized. Converging sedimentary evolution and paleontologic record suggest that the last MSC phase was characterized by a dilution of the surface waters of a large, residual Mediterranean water body with strongly reduced ocean connections. These conditions likely resulted from a positive feedback loop between processes (increase of fluvial runoff, generalized subsidence, base-level rise, enlargement of shelf areas) promoting the establishment of progressively larger, more stable intra-basinal connections and water exchanges with the Paratethyan basins, up to the final full reopening of the Atlantic gateways.

AbstractWe have known since Trueman's classic work of 1922 that the Lower Jurassic Gryphaea of Britain exhibit phyletic size increase and heterochronic change in shape. Since Hallam's revisionary work in the 1960s, we have recognized that pronounced and generalized juvenilization of form accompanied this increasing size. This extensive literature provides invertebrate paleontology's most famous example of a biometrically documented, continuous anagenetic trend within a discrete lineage. But Gryphaea has also provoked great frustration because a key datum, required for a full solution, had been theoretically recognized but practically unavailable. We could identify the evolution of shape as paedomorphic, but could not specify the mode of heterochrony for this paedomorphic result because we could not standardize samples by common age or developmental stage.In this paper, we provide sclerochronological data on sizes and shapes at specified ages marked by annual growth bands in two Jurassic sequences of Gryphaea: the classic Lower Jurassic series showing phyletic size increase with paedomorphosis, and an independent Middle–Upper Jurassic series illustrating neither size increase nor heterochrony. We prove that size increase in the classic series occurs entirely by faster growth (larger descendant sizes at the same ages as ancestors), and not by extended age (for descendants lived no longer than ancestors). The well-marked paedomorphosis of form probably arose as a correlated consequence of growing larger by extending and maintaining rapid juvenile growth rates—thus marking the heterochronic mode as a case of neoteny. The independent upper sequence, acting as a different replicate in a natural experiment, shows neither size increase nor heterochrony but does exhibit (in contrast with the classic sequence) evolution toward greater longevity.Hallam's flow tank experiments indicated a strong adaptive advantage in shell stability for both larger size and paedomorphic form. Neotenous development provides an evolutionary pathway to the simultaneous acquisition of both favored traits—thus showing that “constraints” due to “correlations of growth” (Darwin's own phrase for the phenomenon) may be positive in promoting joint evolutionary advantages, and not only neutral (in carrying spandrels along with primary adaptations), or negative (by imposing inadaptive “baggage” upon trends in form through developmental correlation with selected traits).

Abstract Models of consumer heterogeneity play a pivotal role in marketing and economics, specifically in random coefficient or mixed logit models for aggregate or individual data and in hierarchical Bayesian models of heterogeneity. In applications, the inferential target often pertains to a population beyond the sample of consumers providing the data. For example, optimal prices inferred from the model are expected to be optimal in the population and not just optimal in the observed, finite sample. The population model, random coefficients distribution, or heterogeneity distribution is the natural and correct basis for generalizations from the observed sample to the market. However, in many if not most applications standard heterogeneity models such as the multivariate normal, or its finite mixture generalization lack economic rationality because they support regions of the parameter space that contradict basic economic arguments. For example, such population distributions support positive price coefficients or preferences against fuel-efficiency in cars. Likely as a consequence, it is common practice in applied research to rely on the collection of individual level mean estimates of consumers as a representation of population preferences that often substantially reduce the support for parameters in violation of economic expectations. To overcome the choice between relying on a mis-specified heterogeneity distribution and the collection of individual level means that fail to measure heterogeneity consistently, we develop an approach that facilitates the formulation of more economically faithful heterogeneity distributions based on prior constraints. In the common situation where the heterogeneity distribution comprises both constrained and unconstrained coefficients (e.g., brand and price coefficients), the choice of subjective prior parameters is an unresolved challenge. As a solution to this problem, we propose a marginal-conditional decomposition that avoids the conflict between wanting to be more informative about constrained parameters and only weakly informative about unconstrained parameters. We show how to efficiently sample from the implied posterior and illustrate the merits of our prior as well as the drawbacks of relying on means of individual level preferences for decision-making in two illustrative case studies.

The study aims to substantiate the based on the marketing paradigm methodological approach to business entities selection for inclusion in the integration formations and develop recommendations for such entities competitive environment analysis. The possibility of enterprise development ensuring has been proved through the integration constraints system coordinated creation and through institutional norms and rules formalization for previously non-integrated actors' interaction. The strategic alternatives composition for the business, economic, technological, and organizational development have been generalized. The derivative two-dimensional strategic matrices formation framework for choosing the integrated business structure marketing strategy has been developed

In this paper, we consider a class of variational-hemivariational inequality problems with constraints in a reflexive Banach space. This inequality problem involves two nonlinear operators and two nondifferentiable functionals. We introduce the penalty parameter and the penalty operator and change the initial problem into the penalty one, and then use the generalize

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of corporate social responsibility on customer satisfaction, loyalty and repurchase with or without cause-related marketing or cause marketing across Islamic companies. Design/methodology/approach An experimental survey of Iranian university students was conducted to investigate the customer satisfaction, loyalty and purchase intention with companies using social marketing methods such as corporate social responsibility along with cause marketing and cause-related marketing. A total of 400 usable surveys were obtained in SRBIA University of Tehran, while possessing the greatest ability to consume more hoteling services companies and mobile producers beyond Iranian students. Findings The results indicated that through an experimental research by including social marketing in products or service companies such as mobile producers and hotel services companies in Iran (as an Islamic country), there are same levels of loyalty and repurchase intentions, but different levels of customer’s satisfaction. Furthermore, the authors found out there is no significant difference regarding the effect of cause marketing and cause-related marketing on loyalty and repurchase intentions. Also, it is different on customer’s satisfaction given the company type. Research limitations/implications The sampling frame for this research was limited to students in one of Iran capital city universities. The results are not exactly generalized to all the populations for Iranian product or service consumers. Also, the sampling methods used in this research might have generated bias due to time and resources constraints. So, it is recommended for future studies to consider broader samplings more than university students and beyond only the consumers of international product or service companies. Originality/value No study has used corporate social responsibilities to explain customer satisfaction while providing cause marketing and cause-related marketing as corporate social marketing in service companies influencing the customer loyalty and repurchase intentions.

Continuous influence maximization (CIM) generalizes the original influence maximization by incorporating general marketing strategies: a marketing strategy mix is a vector x = (x1, …, xd) such that for each node v in a social network, v could be activated as a seed of diffusion with probability hv(x), where hv is a strategy activation function satisfying DR-submodularity. CIM is the task of selecting a strategy mix x with constraint ∑ixi ≤ k where k is a budget constraint, such that the total number of activated nodes after the diffusion process, called influence spread and denoted as g(x), is maximized. In this paper, we extend CIM to consider budget saving, that is, each strategy mix x has a cost c(x) where c is a convex cost function, and we want to maximize the balanced sum g(x) + λ(k − c(x)) where λ is a balance parameter, subject to the constraint of c(x) ≤ k. We denote this problem as CIM-BS. The objective function of CIM-BS is neither monotone, nor DR-submodular or concave, and thus neither the greedy algorithm nor the standard result on gradient method could be directly applied. Our key innovation is the combination of the gradient method with reverse influence sampling to design algorithms that solve CIM-BS: For the general case, we give an algorithm that achieves (½ − ε)-approximation, and for the case of independent strategy activations, we present an algorithm that achieves (1 − 1/e − ε) approximation.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanism of the influence of consumer innovativeness (CI) on consumer-reasoned green consumption (GC) behavior to understand more about this behavior and help improve the practice of green marketing. Design/methodology/approach – To understand more about GC behavior and help to improve the practice of green marketing, this paper tries to explore the mechanism of CI influences on consumer-reasoned GC behavior. Findings – This study shows that CI has a significant influence on GC behavior. Its mechanism is that CI directly influences consumer attitude, subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) of GC, and then further influences GC intention and behavior. The direct influence of GC attitude on intention is not significant, but GC intention is indirectly influenced via SN by attitude. Moreover, male, young, highly educated and high-income consumers have stronger CI; the influence of CI on GC behavior is more significant in male, old, less-educated and low-income consumers. Research limitations/implications – This research focuses on consumption behaviors which are reasoned and environment condition-constrained only, and its findings cannot be generalized to impulsive consumption behaviors. The influence of CI on impulsive consumption behaviors should be further researched. Practical implications – Company managers should utilize new technology and design to make green products more innovative and fashionable to attract more customers. Social implications – Instead of environment protection propaganda and education, society and market supervisors should lay the key point of GC incentive on the draft and implementation of law and regulation. Originality/value – This research is an initial attempt to establish the relationship between CI and GC behaviors and generate a news research area in green marketing.

Le contrôle des processus de désassemblage fait référence aux méthodes et aux techniques utilisées pour démonter de manière sûre et efficace des composants mécaniques ou des ensembles complexes. Pour ce faire, des approches de commandes des contrôles sont développés pour satisfaire les contraintes imposées à ces systèmes. Plus précisément, dans cette thèse nous nous s'intéressons à trois types de spécifications : les contraintes marquages, les Contraintes de Marquage Généralisées (CMGs), et les Contraintes d'Exclusions Mutuelles (CEMs).Pour cela, nous avons proposé trois méthodes analytiques. La première contribution concerne une nouvelle technique de conception de lois de commande pour les systèmes de désassemblages afin d'assurer la satisfaction des contraintes de marquage dans des Graphes d'Evénements Temporisés (GETs) avec certaines transitions d'entrée incontrôlables. La deuxième technique met l'accent sur la synthèse des contrôleurs tout en assurant des CMGs spécifiées par des inégalités pondérées dans l'algèbre Min-Plus soumis à des GETs. La dernière approche vise à piloter les processus de désassemblages modélisés par des Réseaux de Graphes d'Evénements Temporisés (RGETs) imposés à des CEMs.En alternative, il convient de noter que ces approches se basent sur les structures conceptuelles des Systèmes à Evénements Discrets (SEDs) ainsi que sur l'algèbre Min-Plus. Ces outils offrent la capacité de représenter de façon exacte et méthodique les systèmes de manufacturier. Par conséquent, la problématique se trouve formulée en utilisant des modèles linéaires de contrôle basés sur l'algèbre Min-Plus. En fait, le comportement de ces graphes est décrite en utilisant des équations Min-Plus linéaires, et les contraintes sont exprimées par des inégalités ou des inégalités pondérées dans l'algèbre Min-Plus.Des conditions suffisantes pour l'existence des lois de commande causales sont établies. Ces contrôleurs développés sont des retours d'états qui peuvent être symbolisés par des places de surveillance empêchant le système de toute violation de contrainte. Le graphe est vivant et sans blocage
Disassembly process control involves the methods and techniques used to safely and efficiently disassemble mechanical components or complex assemblies. To do this, control approaches are developed to satisfy the constraints imposed on these systems. More specifically, in this thesis we are interested in three types of specifications: marking constraints, Generalized Marking Constraints (GMCs), and Mutual Exclusion Constraints (MECs).To this aim, we have proposed three analytical methods. The first contribution concerns a new technique for designing control laws for disassembly systems to ensure the satisfaction of marking constraints in Timed Event Graphs (TEGs) with some uncontrollable input transitions. The second technique focuses on controller synthesis while ensuring GMCs specified by weighted inequalities in the Min-Plus algebra subject to GETs. The final method aims to control disassembly processes modelled by Timed Event Graph Networks (NGETs) imposed on MECs.Alternatively, it is worth noting that these approaches are based on the conceptual structures of Discrete Event Systems (DES) and the Min-Plus algebra. These tools offer the ability to represent manufacturing systems accurately and methodically. Consequently, the problem is formulated using linear control models based on Min-Plus algebra. In fact, the behaviour of these graphs is described using linear Min-Plus equations, and constraints are expressed by inequalities or weighted inequalities in the Min-Plus algebra.Sufficient conditions for the existence of causal control laws are established. These developed controllers are state feedbacks that can be represented by monitoring places preventing the system from any constraint violation. The graph is alive and unblocked

Irrespective of the differences between us, one of the binding cords that explain our homogeneity is that we all are consumers. However, there are idiosyncratic issues that might still differentiate consumption in one society from another. These constrain the extent to which we can generalise on the existing relevant postulations. Hence, this chapter presents a critical overview of consumer behaviour with reference to developing nations to give a well-focussed discussion of the topic. It shows that the consumer in these nations is influenced by personal, social and cultural factors, and the marketing stimuli. However, it also emphasises that despite the conventional understanding that developing nations are characterised with low development in many areas; globalisation and civilisation are introducing many changes into these societies. Consumers' taste and awareness in these countries are changing. Hence, while the plans for approaching marketing activities in developing nations will have to be contextualised, they also need to be made more dynamic, and robust to keep up with the pace.