Academic literature on the topic 'Generalised existence variety'
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Journal articles on the topic "Generalised existence variety"
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Terkourafi, Marina. "Understanding the present through the past." Diachronica 22, no. 2 (December 7, 2005): 309–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.22.2.04ter.
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Studies of Greek as spoken today in Cyprus draw attention to a generalised variety of Cypriot Greek, free from local variation within the island, yet diverging in several ways from the standard spoken on the mainland. In this article, I attempt first to classify this variety, examining whether it exhibits structural and sociohistorical characteristics of koinés. Having established today's generalised Cypriot variety as a koiné, I then trace its evolution, arguing that an early koiné already came into existence in the late 14th c., playing an important role in the formation of both the modern Cypriot dialect and today's koiné.
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Al-Ghafri, K. S. "Different Physical Structures of Solutions for a Generalized Resonant Dispersive Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Power Law Nonlinearity." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6143102.
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In this work, we investigate various types of solutions for the generalised resonant dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GRD-NLSE) with power law nonlinearity. Based on simple mathematical techniques, the complicated form of the GRD-NLSE is reduced to an ordinary differential equation (ODE) which has a variety of solutions. The analytic solution of the resulting ODE gives rise to bright soliton, singular soliton, peaked soliton, compacton solutions, solitary pattern solutions, rational solution, Weierstrass elliptic periodic type solutions, and some other types of solutions. Constraint conditions for the existence of solitons and other solutions are given.
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Tilstra, L. G., R. Lang, R. Munro, I. Aben, and P. Stammes. "Contiguous polarisation spectra of the Earth from 300 to 850 nm measured by GOME-2 onboard MetOp-A." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 7 (July 9, 2014): 2047–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2047-2014.
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Abstract. In this paper we present the first contiguous high-resolution spectra of the Earth's polarisation observed by a satellite instrument. The measurements of the Stokes fraction Q/I are performed by the spectrometer GOME-2 onboard the MetOp-A satellite. Polarisation measurements by GOME-2 are performed by onboard polarisation measurement devices (PMDs) and the high-resolution measurements discussed in this paper are taken in the special "PMD RAW" mode of operation. The spectral resolution of these PMD RAW polarisation measurements varies from 3 nm in the ultraviolet (UV) to 35 nm in the near-infrared wavelength range. We first compare measurements of the polarisation from cloud-free scenes with radiative transfer calculations for a number of cases. We find good agreement but also a spectral discrepancy at 800 nm, which we attribute to remaining imperfections in the calibration key data. Secondly, we study the polarisation of scenes with special scattering geometries that normally lead to near-zero Q/I. The GOME-2 polarisation spectra indeed show this behaviour and confirm the existence of the small discrepancy found earlier. Thirdly, we study the Earth polarisation for a variety of scenes. This provides a blueprint of Q/I over land and sea surfaces for various degrees of cloud cover. Fourthly, we compare the spectral dependence of measurements of Q/I in the UV with the generalised distribution function proposed by Schutgens and Stammes (2002) to describe the shape of the UV polarisation spectrum. The GOME-2 data confirm that these functions match the spectral behaviour captured by the GOME-2 PMD RAW mode.
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Tilstra, L. G., R. Lang, R. Munro, I. Aben, and P. Stammes. "Contiguous polarisation spectra of the Earth from 300–850 nm measured by GOME-2 onboard MetOp-A." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 6 (December 19, 2013): 11309–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-11309-2013.
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Abstract. In this paper we present the first contiguous high-resolution spectra of the Earth's polarisation observed by a satellite instrument. The measurements of the Stokes fraction Q/I are performed by the spectrometer GOME-2 onboard the MetOp-A satellite. Polarisation measurements by GOME-2 are performed by onboard polarisation measurement devices (PMDs) and the high-resolution measurements discussed in this paper are taken in the special "PMD RAW" mode of operation. The spectral resolution of these PMD RAW polarisation measurements varies from 3 nm in the ultraviolet (UV) to 35 nm in the near-infrared wavelength range. We first compare measurements of the polarisation from cloud-free scenes with radiative transfer calculations for a number of cases. We find good agreement but also a spectral discrepancy at 800 nm, which we attribute to remaining imperfections in the calibration key data. Secondly, we study the polarisation of scenes with special scattering geometries that normally lead to near-zero Q/I. The GOME-2 polarisation spectra indeed show this behaviour and confirm the existence of the small discrepancy found earlier. Thirdly, we study the Earth polarisation for a variety of scenes. This provides a blueprint of Q/I over land and sea surfaces for various degrees of cloud cover. Fourthly, we compare the spectral dependence of measurements of Q/I in the UV with the generalised distribution function that was proposed in the past (Schutgens and Stammes, 2002) to describe the shape of the UV polarisation spectrum. The GOME-2 data confirm that these functions match the spectral behaviour captured by the GOME-2 PMD RAW mode.
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Lee, Min Ho. "Existence of Torus bundles associated to cocycles." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 73, no. 3 (June 2006): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700035383.
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A Kuga fibre variety is a fibre bundle over a locally symmetric space whose fibre is a polarized Abelian variety. We describe a complex torus bundle associated to a 2-cocycle of a discrete group, which may be regarded as a generalized Kuga fibre variety, and prove the existence of such a bundle.
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Rasool, Haroon, Mushtaq Ahmad Malik, and Md Tarique. "The curvilinear relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, no. 5 (March 16, 2020): 891–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-04-2019-0017.
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Purpose The genesis of Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) of “grow now clean later” has led to a substantial deterioration of local as well as the global environment. India has not been spared of this malaise and accounts for the third-largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world. Thus, the present study revisits the curvilinear relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in case of India over the period of 1971-2014. Design/methodology/approach Dickey–Fuller generalised least square (DF-GLS) test developed by Elliott et al. is used to ensure that none of the variables is I(2). The study applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds estimation technique to test for the existence of cointegration among variables and estimate long-run and short-run parameters. The study also applies the Bai–Perron structural break test with unknown break date to determine the threshold point. The study further uses the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality test to check the direction of causality between variables. Findings The ARDL bounds estimation technique confirms the cointegration among variables. The long-run coefficients of energy consumption, economic growth and financial development are found to have an adverse impact on environmental quality. The results also validate the existence of conventional EKC hypothesis. Bai–Perron structural break test, along with t-test and scatter graph, shows that inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth holds true. The VECM-based causality results support “growth hypothesis” both in the long run and short run. Research limitations/implications This study refrained from considering a variety of variables, as the main intention of the study is to investigate whether any threshold or turnaround point exists for India. The future studies should consider a new set of variables (e.g. population, corruption index, social indicators, political scenario, energy research and development expenditures, foreign capital inflows, public investment towards alternate energy exploration, etc.) in the estimation of EKC hypothesis. Practical implications The results validate the existence of conventional EKC hypothesis. Thereby the study argues that instead of being a threat to environmental quality, economic growth is observed to generate a sustainable environment to live in. Further, bi-directional causality is found between carbon emissions and economic growth. Thus, any effort to mitigate CO2 or environment conservation policy will impede economic growth. Consequently, controlling primary energy consumption and supply and replacing it with renewable and clean energy could be desirable for climate change mitigation. Originality/value The data set has been refined so that the EKC estimation issues raised by Stern (2004) are addressed. In particular, statistical properties of the data set such as serial correlation, presence of a stochastic or deterministic trend, has been adequately taken care of to remove any spurious correlation. Finally, various control variables have been included to provide consideration to issues of model adequacy, such as the possibility of omitted variables bias. To the authors’ best knowledge, there is no India-specific study which has taken care of data-related issues, as suggested by Stern, in the estimation of a curvilinear relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth in India. Further, this is the first study which has used Bai–Perron structural break test with unknown break date to identify the threshold point while estimating EKC in India.
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Zhou, Zhengxin, Valery G. Romanovski, and Jiang Yu. "Centers and Limit Cycles of a Generalized Cubic Riccati System." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30, no. 02 (February 2020): 2050021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127420500212.
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We obtain the conditions for the existence of a center for a cubic planar differential system, which can be considered as a polynomial subfamily of the generalized Riccati system. We also investigate bifurcations of small limit cycles from the components of the center variety of the system.
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Platonov, V. P., and G. V. Fedorov. "On S-units for linear valuations and the periodicity of continued fractions of generalized type in hyperelliptic fields." Доклады Академии наук 486, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524863280-286.
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This article proves the equivalence theorem for the following conditions: the periodicity of continued fractions of a generalized type for key elements hyperelliptic field L, the existence in the hyperelliptic field L of nontrivial S-units for sets S, consisting two valuations of degree one, and the existence of the torsion of a certain type in the Jacobian variety, associated with the hyperelliptic field L. This theorem allows in practice using continued fractions of a generalized type effectively search for fundamental S-units of hyperelliptic fields. We give an example of the hyperelliptic field of genus 3, showing all three equivalent conditions in the indicated theorem.
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De, Arkendra, Michael Ferguson, Suzanne Sindi, and Richard Durrett. "The equilibrium distribution for a generalized Sankoff-Ferretti model accurately predicts chromosome size distributions in a wide variety of species." Journal of Applied Probability 38, no. 02 (June 2001): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200019884.
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Sankoff and Ferretti (1996) introduced several models of the evolution of chromosome size by reciprocal translocations, where for simplicity they ignored the existence of centromeres. However, when they compared the models to data on six organisms they found that their short chromosomes were too short, and their long chromosomes were too long. Here, we consider a generalization of their proportional model with explicit chromosome centromeres and introduce fitness functions based on recombination probabilities and on the length of the longest chromosome arm. We find a simple formula for the stationary distribution for our model which fits the data on chromosome lengths in many, but not all, species.
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De, Arkendra, Michael Ferguson, Suzanne Sindi, and Richard Durrett. "The equilibrium distribution for a generalized Sankoff-Ferretti model accurately predicts chromosome size distributions in a wide variety of species." Journal of Applied Probability 38, no. 2 (June 2001): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/996986747.
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Sankoff and Ferretti (1996) introduced several models of the evolution of chromosome size by reciprocal translocations, where for simplicity they ignored the existence of centromeres. However, when they compared the models to data on six organisms they found that their short chromosomes were too short, and their long chromosomes were too long. Here, we consider a generalization of their proportional model with explicit chromosome centromeres and introduce fitness functions based on recombination probabilities and on the length of the longest chromosome arm. We find a simple formula for the stationary distribution for our model which fits the data on chromosome lengths in many, but not all, species.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Generalised existence variety"
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Rodgers, James David, and jdr@cgs vic edu au. "On E-Pseudovarieties of Finite Regular Semigroups." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080808.155720.
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An e-pseudovariety is a class of finite regular semigroups closed under the taking of homomorphic images, regular subsemigroups and finite direct products. Chapter One consists of a survey of those results from algebraic semigroup theory, universal algebra and lattice theory which are used in the following two chapters. In Chapter Two, a theory of generalised existence varieties is developed. A generalised existence variety is a class of regular semigroups closed under the taking of homomorphic images, regular subsemigroups, finite direct products and arbitrary powers. Equivalently, a generalised e-variety is the union of a directed family of existence varieties. It is demonstrated that a class of finite regular semigroups is an e-pseudovariety if and only if the class consists only of the finite members of some generalised existence variety. The relationship between certain lattices of e-pseudovarieties and generalised existence varieties is explored and a usefu l complete surjective lattice homomorphism is found. A study of complete congruences on lattices of existence varieties and e-pseudovarieties forms Chapter Three. In particular it is shown that a certain meet congruence, whose description is relatively simple, can be extended to yield a complete congruence on a lattice of e-pseudovarieties of finite regular semigroups. Ultimately, theorems describing the method of construction of all complete congruences of lattices of e-pseudovarieties whose members are finite E-solid or locally inverse regular semigroups are proved.
Books on the topic "Generalised existence variety"
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Gilbert, Margaret. Are There Any Moral Demand-Rights? Part II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813767.003.0013.
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The first part of this chapter addresses the question whether there are any generalized moral demand-rights, such as a moral demand-right of each person against each person that he not assault anyone. Moral demand-rights are demand-rights discovered by moral argument without any appeal to joint commitment as the immediate basis of the right. Discussion includes consideration of a variety of understandings of the idea of a moral community. No ground for any generalized moral demand-right is found. Several alternative definitions of “moral demand-right” are noted. If there are moral demand-rights in one of these senses, that does not show that there are moral demand-right in the sense at issue. Finally, a range of interpretations of the phrase “moral right” prevalent in moral theory are reviewed. The non-existence of moral demand-rights does not mean that there are no moral rights in any of these prevalent senses.
Book chapters on the topic "Generalised existence variety"
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Mukherjee, Sovik, and Asim Kumar Karmakar. "A Tri-Variate Nexus of Microfinance-Growth-Inequality." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 247–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5240-6.ch012.
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Policymakers throughout the world have actively been in pursuit of improvements of financial markets in the developing regions, but often with disappointing results. In this background, this chapter claims that microfinance can play a significant role in financial development, and that by concentrating on microfinance, development policy can consolidate the links between financial development, growth, and thus inequality reduction. The inequality computation used is based on the generalized entropy index (standard assumption of weight equal to 2 is applicable). Panel cointegration and panel causality are the techniques that have been applied in a vector error correction mechanism (VECM) set-up using panel data for fifteen years across seven South-Asian nations (i.e., Bhutan, India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). The findings validate the existence of a cointegrated relation coupled with a tri-variate causality linking the focus variables in this model in the way that microfinance initiatives, their outreach is beneficial for the reduction of inequality but that inequality reduction does not promote economic growth per se.
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Floudas, Christodoulos A. "Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Optimization." In Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Optimization. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195100563.003.0011.
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This chapter presents the fundamentals and algorithms for mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problems. Sections 6.1 and 6.2 outline the motivation, formulation, and algorithmic approaches. Section 6.3 discusses the Generalized Benders Decomposition and its variants. Sections 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6 presents the Outer Approximation and its variants with Equality Relaxation and Augmented Penalty. Section 6.7 discusses the Generalized Outer Approximation while section 6.8 compares the Generalized Benders Decomposition with the Outer Approximation. Finally, section 6.9 discusses the Generalized Cross Decomposition. A wide range of nonlinear optimization problems involve integer or discrete variables in addition to the continuous variables. These classes of optimization problems arise from a variety of applications and are denoted as Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming MINLP problems. The integer variables can be used to model, for instance, sequences of events, alternative candidates, existence or nonexistence of units (in their zero-one representation), while discrete variables can model, for instance, different equipment sizes. The continuous variables are used to model the input-output and interaction relationships among individual units/operations and different interconnected systems. The nonlinear nature of these mixed-integer optimization problems may arise from (i) nonlinear relations in the integer domain exclusively (e.g., products of binary variables in the quadratic assignment model), (ii) nonlinear relations in the continuous domain only (e.g., complex nonlinear input-output model in a distillation column or reactor unit), (iii) nonlinear relations in the joint integer-continuous domain (e.g., products of continuous and binary variables in the scheduling/ planning of batch processes, and retrofit of heat recovery systems). In this chapter, we will focus on nonlinearities due to relations (ii) and (iii). An excellent book that studies mixed-integer linear optimization, and nonlinear integer relationships in combinatorial optimization is the one by Nemhauser and Wolsey (1988). The coupling of the integer domain with the continuous domain along with their associated nonlinearities make the class of MINLP problems very challenging from the theoretical, algorithmic,and computational point of view. Apart from this challenge, however, there exists a broad spectrum of applications that can be modeled as mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems.
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Spada, Clayton S., and Victor Raphael. "From Zero to Infinity." In Biologically-Inspired Computing for the Arts, 356–77. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0942-6.ch020.
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Art, science, and spirituality comprise a triumvirate of conceptual and process-oriented contexts founded on different philosophical tenets, but all serving to help interpret human experience with the universe. This chapter examines the potential value in leveraging a generalist perspective as a counterbalance against deconstruction to perceived elemental units so as to avoid becoming bound by paradigm. Art and science are addressed as related observational methods that engage hand and mind to explore hypotheses about and represent the varied aspects of existence. A practicing artist and a practicing artist/scientist present examples of artworks that evolved from their collaborative project, entitled From Zero to Infinity, to illustrate the commonalities that art and science share with respect to pragmatic and creative processes, while not equating art with science as similar cognitive domains.
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Kreidik, Leonid G., and George P. Shpenkov. "Philosophy and the Language of Dialectics and the Algebra of Dialectical Judgements." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 118–26. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia19988191.
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Subjective science, as a pattern of an objective science, is based on a dialectical triad: language-logic-philosophy, which is the language of dialectics. The first level of language is its grammar, whose basis constitutes lexemes (name-words) and lexas (relation-words). Dialectical logical factor sets (logical parts of speech) are the basis of dialectical logic and logical morphology. They form the second level of the language of dialectics. The logical factor sets are represented by dialectical forms of thinking, reflecting the contradictory nature of reality. In the first approximation, any face of a state or a phenomenon of nature has at least two sides of comparison. All variety of these sides are joined together by the common name oppositi. Dialectical philosophy is the third generalized level of language. The main qualitative postulates of dialectical philosophy constitute two postulates: a postulate of existence and a postulate of evolution. A simple description of an object of thought usually contains a statement and a judgment. In this paper, we consider the simplest meanings of judgments, namely, some dialectical combinations-judgments of Yes and No. Judgments are postulated on the basis of a material-ideal dialectical field.
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Pirdavani, Ali, Tom Bellemans, Tom Brijs, Bruno Kochan, and Geert Wets. "Traffic Safety Implications of Travel Demand Management Policies." In Transportation Systems and Engineering, 1082–107. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8473-7.ch055.
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Travel Demand Management (TDM) consists of a variety of policy measures that affect the transportation system's effectiveness by changing travel behavior. Although the primary objective to implement such TDM strategies is not to improve traffic safety, their impact on traffic safety should not be neglected. The main purpose of this study is to investigate differences in the traffic safety consequences of two TDM scenarios: a fuel-cost increase scenario (i.e. increasing the fuel price by 20%) and a teleworking scenario (i.e. 5% of the working population engages in teleworking). Since TDM strategies are usually conducted at a geographically aggregated level, crash prediction models that are used to evaluate such strategies should also be developed at an aggregate level. Moreover, given that crash occurrences are often spatially heterogeneous and are affected by many spatial variables, the existence of spatial correlation in the data is also examined. The results indicate the necessity of accounting for the spatial correlation when developing crash prediction models. Therefore, Zonal Crash Prediction Models (ZCPMs) within the geographically weighted generalized linear modeling framework are developed to incorporate the spatial variations in association between the Number Of Crashes (NOCs) (including fatal, severe, and slight injury crashes recorded between 2004 and 2007) and a set of explanatory variables. Different exposure, network, and socio-demographic variables of 2200 traffic analysis zones in Flanders, Belgium, are considered as predictors of crashes. An activity-based transportation model is adopted to produce exposure metrics. This enables a more detailed and reliable assessment while TDM strategies are inherently modeled in the activity-based models. In this chapter, several ZCPMs with different severity levels and crash types are developed to predict the NOCs. The results show considerable traffic safety benefits of conducting both TDM scenarios at an average level. However, there are certain differences when considering changes in NOCs by different crash types.
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Pirdavani, Ali, Tom Bellemans, Tom Brijs, Bruno Kochan, and Geert Wets. "Traffic Safety Implications of Travel Demand Management Policies." In Data Science and Simulation in Transportation Research, 115–40. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4920-0.ch007.
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Travel Demand Management (TDM) consists of a variety of policy measures that affect the transportation system’s effectiveness by changing travel behavior. Although the primary objective to implement such TDM strategies is not to improve traffic safety, their impact on traffic safety should not be neglected. The main purpose of this study is to investigate differences in the traffic safety consequences of two TDM scenarios: a fuel-cost increase scenario (i.e. increasing the fuel price by 20%) and a teleworking scenario (i.e. 5% of the working population engages in teleworking). Since TDM strategies are usually conducted at a geographically aggregated level, crash prediction models that are used to evaluate such strategies should also be developed at an aggregate level. Moreover, given that crash occurrences are often spatially heterogeneous and are affected by many spatial variables, the existence of spatial correlation in the data is also examined. The results indicate the necessity of accounting for the spatial correlation when developing crash prediction models. Therefore, Zonal Crash Prediction Models (ZCPMs) within the geographically weighted generalized linear modeling framework are developed to incorporate the spatial variations in association between the Number Of Crashes (NOCs) (including fatal, severe, and slight injury crashes recorded between 2004 and 2007) and a set of explanatory variables. Different exposure, network, and socio-demographic variables of 2200 traffic analysis zones in Flanders, Belgium, are considered as predictors of crashes. An activity-based transportation model is adopted to produce exposure metrics. This enables a more detailed and reliable assessment while TDM strategies are inherently modeled in the activity-based models. In this chapter, several ZCPMs with different severity levels and crash types are developed to predict the NOCs. The results show considerable traffic safety benefits of conducting both TDM scenarios at an average level. However, there are certain differences when considering changes in NOCs by different crash types.
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Borland, Lisa. "The Pricing of Stock Options." In Nonextensive Entropy. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159769.003.0022.
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We describe how a stock price model based on nonextensive statistics can be used to derive a generalized theory for pricing stock options. A review of theoretical and empirical results is presented…. In 1973, Black and Scholes [1] and Merton [12] published their seminal papers which developed a theory of the fair price of options. Scholes and Merton were later to receive the 1997 Nobel prize for this famous work (Fisher Black had unfortunately passed away two years earlier). Options are important financial instruments which are traded in a huge volume all around the world on a variety of exchanges. There are options on underlying assets ranging from orange juice to gold, stocks to currency. In principle, an option is simply the right—but not the obligation—to execute some previously agreed upon action, for example, the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at some predetermined price, called the strike. It is not difficult to understand that the existence of such instruments could be extremely useful—for example, the right to buy an asset at a certain price protects against unforeseen events which could lead to huge price rises and thereby losses to someone who knows that they will need the asset at some time in the future. Similarly, the right to sell the asset at a certain price will protect against unforeseen drops in its value. These examples illustrate the use of options to hedge oneself against possible future events. Another use is more speculative: If a trader believes that the price of a stock will rise above a certain price at some date in the future, then it is in his interest to secure an option to buy the stock at some fixed lower price. Then, if the price of the stock does rise above that price, the trader can execute his option, just to turn around and resell the stock again at the higher market price.
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Michele Evans, Kellie. "Replicators and Larger-than-Life Examples." In New Constructions in Cellular Automata. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137170.003.0009.
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After watching a substantial number of cellular automaton dynamics generated by rules containing suitable ingredients, eventually a particular time-dependent pattern catches the eye. A configuration of occupied sites makes copies of itself, then the copies make copies of themselves, and these copies move toward one another and also toward the boundaries of the evolution. This continues as long as there is room for the evolution. When the innermost copies collide, they annihilate one another. Meanwhile, the outermost copies continue to reproduce, provided that no occupied sites from the outside impede. The pattern repeats, ad infinitum. We first saw this kind of evolution, which we call a replicator, in our studies of the Larger-than-Life (LtL) family of cellular automaton (CA) rules. The first replicators we found were all in the same region of LtL space. We thought an intrinsic property of this specific region was necessary for the existence of a replicator. However, we began seeing similar configurations, with slight variations, in many different subregions of LtL space. Then we learned of the range 1 HighLife cator. However, we began seeing similar configurations, with slight variations, in become quite famous. We saw more examples on Christopher Langton’s computer at the Santa Fe Institute in 1995; this convinced us that the behavior was not exclusive to LtL-like rules. Since then, new replicators have been discovered for a variety of CA rules. In this chapter, we define a replicator using an axiomatic approach and prove various theorems that follow from the axioms. We also present a collection of Larger-than-Life replicator examples, HighLife’s famous example, and propositions that generalize several of the LtL examples. We will begin by presenting a collection of Larger-than-Life replicator examples, but first let us define the family of Larger-than-Life update rules. Larger-than-Life (LtL) is a four-parameter family of two-state cellular automaton rules. The four parameters are the upper and lower bounds of the birth and survival intervals. At each time t, each site x∊ Zd is either live or dead. We think of a live site as being in state 1 and a dead site as being in state 0.
Conference papers on the topic "Generalised existence variety"
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MOGHADDAM, MOHAMMAD REZA R., and ALI REZA SALEMKAR. "GENERALIZED SCHREIER VARIETY AND A CRITERION FOR NON-EXISTENCE OF COVERING GROUPS." In Proceedings of the ICM Satellite Conference in Algebra and Related Topics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705808_0014.
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Wen, Ying, Yaodong Yang, and Jun Wang. "Modelling Bounded Rationality in Multi-Agent Interactions by Generalized Recursive Reasoning." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/58.
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Though limited in real-world decision making, most multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) models assume perfectly rational agents -- a property hardly met due to individual's cognitive limitation and/or the tractability of the decision problem. In this paper, we introduce generalized recursive reasoning (GR2) as a novel framework to model agents with different \emph{hierarchical} levels of rationality; our framework enables agents to exhibit varying levels of ``thinking'' ability thereby allowing higher-level agents to best respond to various less sophisticated learners. We contribute both theoretically and empirically. On the theory side, we devise the hierarchical framework of GR2 through probabilistic graphical models and prove the existence of a perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Within the GR2, we propose a practical actor-critic solver, and demonstrate its convergent property to a stationary point in two-player games through Lyapunov analysis. On the empirical side, we validate our findings on a variety of MARL benchmarks. Precisely, we first illustrate the hierarchical thinking process on the Keynes Beauty Contest, and then demonstrate significant improvements compared to state-of-the-art opponent modeling baselines on the normal-form games and the cooperative navigation benchmark.