Journal articles on the topic 'General verbs'
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Tragel, Ilona, and Jane Klavan. "Kuhu suundub püsivus? Verbidega jääma ja jätma väljendatud sündmuste kujutamine katses." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.1.10.
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Kokkuvõte. Uurimus põhineb autorite välja töötatud joonistamise ja häälega mõtlemise katse tulemustel. Katses paluti katseisikutel (21 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat) kujutada ja selgitada katse läbiviijale 24 verbi suunda (näiteks nooltega). Selles artiklis esitame täpsemalt neist kahe – jääma ja jätma – analüüsi. Verb jätma on jääma kausatiivtuletis. See mõjutab ka nende tähenduserinevust – jääma on passiivsem, jätma aga aktiivsem ja agenti rõhutav. Katseisikute kujutiste ja selgituste põhjal kirjeldame, milline oli noolte suund kujutistel ja millistest elementidest koosneb mõlema uuritava verbi skeem. Selgus, et katseisikud kujutasid verbi jätma suunda nooltega, verbi jääma oli kujutatud pigem punktide, täppide, ringide või kaarjate joontega. Kujutistel ja selgitustes avaldusid ka tüüpilised skeemi osalised: JÄÄJA, JÄTJA ja JÄETU. Mõlema verbi tegevuse aega kujutati ja selgitati minevikulisusega. Sarnane on ka nende verbide mõistemetafoorsus: mõlemad kajastavad pigem negatiivset hinnangut. Verbi jääma tähenduses on olulisel kohal see, et potentsiaalne muutus ei toimu. Verb jätma väljendab aga seda, et potentsiaalse muutuse mittetoimumine põhjustatakse.
Abstract. Ilona Tragel, Jane Klavan: The direction and participants of the events expressed by the verbs jääma and jätma: a drawing experiment. We use an innovative experimental design to extract the regularities of the general conceptual structure from the speakers’ mind: a drawing task with a thinkaloud protocol. 21 native speakers of Estonian provided schematic representations of 20 experimental verbs and 4 control verbs. Our discussion focuses on jääma ‘stay, remain’ and jätma ‘leave something somewhere’. jääma typically expresses intransitive events and jätma transitive events. We zoom in on the following topics: transitivity and causativity, the positive/negative evaluation of the activity, the schematic representation of the direction of verbs and the elements belonging to the verb schema. Our study shows that the differences in the transitivity of the two verbs are reflected in the drawings and explanations given by the participants. Our results confirm the general prediction that abstract verbs have an image-schematic direction, but the specifics of the direction vary according to the type of verb.
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Syifa, Rizal D., and Agus Subiyanto. "KONSTRUKSI RELASI SEMANTIK VERBA SERIAL DALAM BAHASA KEDANG." Widyaparwa 50, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v50i1.899.
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This research is a qualitative descriptive study that discusses the semantic relation of serial verbs construction in Kedang language. There are two sources of data, namely; primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data obtained through language documentation. The data were analyzed using the agih and padan method which was initiated by Sudaryanto, then adjusted to Dixon's typology theory regarding the pattern of serial verb formation. The results showed that there were eight semantic relations of serial verbs in Kedang language, are (1) motion/displacement, (2) objective, (3) manner, (4) cause - effect, (5) locative, (6) aspectual, (7) benefactive. , and (8) causative. From the serialization, there is a special pattern of rules in the Kedang language, namely; (a) action-manner pattern for manner verbs, (b) action-purpose pattern for objective verbs, (c) action-location pattern for locative verbs, and (d) action (cause) - action (effect) pattern. There are two argument interpretations which can be classified as satelite verb in benefactive verb.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang membahas tentang relasi semantik konstruksi verba serial dalam bahasa Kedang. Ada dua sumber data, yaitu data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui dokumentasi bahasa. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode agih dan padan dari Sudaryanto, yang kemudian disesuaikan dengan teori tipologi dari Dixon mengenai pola pembentukan verba serial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada delapan relasi semantis verba serial dalam bahasa Kedang, kedelapan relasi semantis tersebut yaitu (1) gerak/perpindahan, (2) objektif, (3) kecaraan, (4) sebab akibat, (5) lokatif, (6) aspektual, (7) benefaktif, dan (8) kausatif. Dari serialisasi tersebut, terdapat pola kaidah khusus dalam bahasa Kedang, yaitu; (a) pola tindakan-cara untuk verba kecaraan, (b) pola tindakan-tujuan untuk verba objektif, (c) pola tindakan-lokasi untuk verba lokatif, dan (d) pola tindakan (penyebab) - tindakan (akibat). Ada dua interpretasi argumen yang dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa berkerangka verba dalam serialisasi benefaktif.
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Dadueva, Elena A., and Darima Sh Kharanutova. "Парные глаголы с каузативным значением: семантические особенности (на материале бурятского языка)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-3-590-599.
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Introduction. The article discusses the semantics of paired causative verbs in the Buryat language, which has not been the subject of a special study yet. The aim was to study the semantic features of Buryat paired causative verbs by way of identifying: 1) the types of paired causative verbs, 2) the contribution of each semantic component of a verbt of its general semantics and their correlation, and 3) paired causative verbs as a special case in expressing causative semantics. Materials and methods. The data was collected from works of fiction in the Electronic Corpus of the Buryat language; contextual and distributive analysis were used as the primary methods of research. Results. Semantic analysis of paired causative verbs, illustrative of causative relationships in the linguistic picture of the Buryat world, indicated that in pairs of non-causative + causative verb the latter is a leading component, which demonstrates the power of causative semantics; the verbs of this type most often express various emotions associated with impact and subjective assessment. The other type are represented by pairs of synonymous causative verb + causative verb that are effective in expressing the intensity of the impact; with the semes of the synonymous verbs combined, the meaning of causation in such pairs is enhanced, and their expressiveness and emotionale valuation aspects come to the fore.
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Maemunah, Emma, Dyah Susilawati, and Rini Esti Utami. "VERBA ITERATIF DALAM BAHASA SUNDA." Widyaparwa 50, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v50i2.1136.
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Iterative verbs are verbs that express an activity which occurs many times or repeatedly. Iterative verbs are characterized by language forms that arise as a result of morphological processes. This study describes the types of iterative verbs in Sundanese language in their morphological behavior. Iterative verb data were obtained from written sources using the listening method for providing data and followed by note-taking techniques. The data were analyzed using the distributional method with the two-by-two opposition technique. The results showed that morphologically iterative Sundanese verbs are characterized by affixation and reduplication. There are seven types of iterative verb marker affixations in Sundanese, namely D-an, di-D-an, di-D-ar-an, N-D-an, N-D-ar-an, ka-D-an, and (pa)ting +D. Meanwhile, reduplication of iterative verb markers in Sundanese is dwilingga dwimurni, dwilingga dwireka, dwilingga with R-keun suffix, dwilingga with N-R-keun confix, dwilingga with ka-R prefix, dwipurwa reduplication, dwipurwa with prefix and suffix ti–ar-R, dwilingga and dwipurwa with the suffix R-an, dwilingga and dwipurwa with the confix di-R-keun. The accompanying markers for iterative verbs are hantem, teu weleh, tansah, haben, mindeng, remen, often, osok, kungsi, and sometimes.Verba iteratif merupakan verba yang menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang terjadi berkali-kali atau berulang-ulang. Verba iteratif ditandai oleh bentuk bahasa yang muncul akibat proses morfologis. Dalam penelitian ini digambarkan jenis verba iteratif bahasa Sunda dalam perilaku morfologisnya. Data verba iteratif diperoleh dari sumber tertulis dengan metode simak untuk penyediaan data dan dilanjutkan dengan teknik catat. Data dianalisis dengan metode distribusional dengan teknik oposisi dua-dua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara morfologis verba iteratif bahasa Sunda ditandai oleh afiksasi dan reduplikasi. Terdapat tujuh jenis afiksasi penanda verba iteratif bahasa Sunda, yakni D-an, di-D-an, di-D-ar-an, N-D-an, N-D-ar-an, ka-D-an, dan (pa)ting+D. Sementara itu reduplikasi penanda verba iteratif bahasa Sunda adalah reduplikasi dwilingga dwimurni, dwilingga dwireka, dwilingga dengan sufiks R –keun, dwilingga dengan konfiks N-R-keun, dwilingga dengan prefiks ka- R, reduplikasi dwipurwa, dwipurwa dengan prefiks dan sufiks ti–ar-R, dwilingga dan dwipurwa dengan sufiks R-an, dwilingga dan dwipurwa dengan konfiks di-R-keun. Pemarkah penyerta verba iteratif adalah hantem, teu weleh, tansah, haben, mindeng, remen, sering, osok, kungsi, dan kadangkala.
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Heyna, Franziska. "Modélisation sémantique des verbes ENXER à base substantivale." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 14 (September 4, 2014): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2014.013.
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Semantic description of French denominal verbs enXerThis article presents a semantic description of French denominal verbs, such as EMBARQUER, EMPOISONNER, ENDIMANCHER and ENDEUILLER. Traditionally described as parasynthetic compounds, these verbs are the result of a special type of word formation, consisting in the affixation of a prefix and suffix to a stem. Our purpose is to deal with a semantic description of this particular verb class, based on the referential and cognitive nature of de noun stem. It will be shown that the semantic classification outlined by Fradin (2003) in verbes en-SITE (EMBARQUER, ENFOURNER, ENGLUER) and V-cibles (ENCOLLER, ENFLEURER, ENGLUER), based on the cognitive figure-ground opposition is not general enough. The thesis defended here is that denominal verbes enXer instantiate a transformational process of a more abstract topological kind.
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Mycellia Cempaka Mz, Mulyadi, and Dardanila. "Konstruksi Kausatif dalam Bahasa Gayo." Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA) 3, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v3i2.893.
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Artikel ini bertujuan guna meneliti dan mendiskripsikan kontruksi kausatif bahasa dalam Gayo. Pada awalnya dideskripsikan kausatif dalam bahasa Gayo dan disesuaikan berdasarkan makna pada Bahasa Indonesia dan akan diuraikan berdasarkan fungsi sintaksis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan metode lapangan mencakup elisitasi secara langsung, perekaman, wawancara dengan ketua adat serta orang tertua didesa tersebut dan pengecekan elisitasi. Lebih lanjut, instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah daftar tanyaan. Menggunakan konsep Penguasaan serta Pengikatan guna memperjelas perilalu verba dan tipe konstruksi kausatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam membentuk konstruksi kausatif verba intransitive sehingga menjadi verba transitif, dua jenis verba lain (transitif dan ditransitif tidak berubah kategorinya. konstruksi kausatif terdiri atas monoklausa dan biklausa. Kausatif monoklausa dibentuk verba intransitif dan verba transitif' berobjek refleksif dan bermakna tindakan, kausatif biklausa dibentuk verba transitif dan ditransitif.
This article aims to research and describe the causative construction of language in Gayo. Initially, it was described as causative in Gayo and adjusted based on the meaning in Indonesian and will be described based on syntactic functions. This research uses a descriptive method. The research data were obtained by field methods including direct elicitation, recording, interviews with traditional leaders and the oldest people in the village and checking elicitation. Furthermore, the instrument used in this study was a list of questions. Uses the concepts of Mastery and Binding to clarify verb behavior and types of causative constructs. The results showed that in forming the causative construction of intransitive verbs so that they became transitive verbs, two other types of verbs (transitive and transitive did not change their categories. Causative constructs consisted of monoclauses and biclauses. Monoclausal causative forms were intransitive verbs and transitive verbs "were reflexive and meaningful in action. causative biklausa is formed by transitive and transitive verbs.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "AN ANALYSIS OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN STUDENTS’ ESSAY WRITING." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 24, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v24i1.2595.
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The objective of the study is to know the using of regular and irregular verb in the students writing essay, and to know the most dominant verb past written by the students in their students writing essay. The design of this study is qualitative research. Based on the analysis from 14 students writing essay, it shows that the students use both regular and irregular verb (past) in their students writing essay. Both regular and irregular verbs are 312 data in verb 2 (past). In the regular verbs, there are 142 data or 45.51 %, and in irregular verb, there are 170 data or 54.49 %. It shows that the most dominant verb past written by the students in their students writing essay is irregular verb. Regular verbs are verbs that can change according to tense and change it regularly. Regular verbs are verbs whose changes comply with normal rules, that is with add the letter -d or -ed to the verb first-form / verb-1 (infinitive) so that it becomes a verb form second / verb-2 (past tense). There are several things that must be considered in the way of forming regular verbs by adding the letter -ed suffix or -d in the basic verb/verb-1 (infinitive). Irregular verbs are verbs that change according to the tense and do not comply with normal compliance. The past tense Irregular verbs are not formed from basic verbs / verb-1 (infinitives) plus letters -d or -ed letters to form verb-2/past tense. Irregular verbs form their past tense in a different way (through) not always) through a vowel and consonant change. So that, these forms must be memorized by the learners/students.
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Kozmács, István. "ON THE TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MOTION VERBS IN FINNO-UGRIC LANGUAGES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-2-222-226.
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In this paper, I compare the semantic structure of the Hungarian and Udmurt verbs of motion. I state that, contrary to the general opinion of the typological literature, the semantic structure of Finno-Ugric verbs is not only Motion + Mode (Motion + Co-event). In Udmurt and in the old Hungarian language there are many motion verbs with the pattern Movement + PATH. Today, PATH is encoded differently in Udmurt and Hungarian movement verbs from a typological point of view. Probably the following happened: when the Hungarian verb system was consolidated, PATH was coded with the preverb, and verb-framed motion verbs became satellite-framed motion verbs. This hypothesis requires further research.
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Norvik, Miina. "Change-of-state predicates and their use for expressing the future: the case of Livonian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.07.
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The present article considers change-of-state predicates in Livonian and their possible development into future copulas. The focus is on the verbs īedõ ‘remain, stay; become’, sǭdõ ‘get; become’, and līdõ (synchronically a future copula), but also the verbs tūlda ‘come’ and lǟdõ ‘go’ are included for comparative purposes. The results show that all five verbs can be used for expressing change of state, but it depends on the particular verb and underlying construction, whether conveying the sense ‘become’ is a central or only a marginal function. This study shows that Courland Livonian fits well to the general picture of Northern Europe where the present tense form of a verb with meaning ‘become’ can be used for marking the future time reference, and at least one verb – līdõ – also appears as a future copula.Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik: Muutust väljendavad predikaadid liivi keeles ning nende kasutamine tuleviku väljendamisel. Siinne artikkel analüüsib muutust märkivaid verbe liivi keeles ning nende võimalikku arengut tulevikukoopulaks. Põhirõhk on verbidel līdõ (sünkrooniliselt tulevikukoopula), sǭdõ ‘saada’ ja īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, kuid võrdluseks on vaadeldud ka verbe tūlda ‘tulla’ ja lǟdõ ‘minna’. Artiklis näidatakse, et kuigi kõik need viis verbi võivad esineda muutust väljendavana, on verbiti ja ühtlasi konstruktsiooniti erinev, kas muutuse väljendamine on esmane või üksnes marginaalne funktsioon. Uurimusest selgub, et kõige rahvapärasem ning üldisema tähendusega muutusverb liivi keeles on īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, mis siseneb translatiivsesse muutuskonstruktsiooni. Teine sage muutusverb on sǭdõ ‘saada’, kuid selle kasutamises võib vähemalt osaliselt tunda kontaktkeelte mõju, näiteks eelistatakse verbi sǭdõ ‘saada’ tarvitada muutuse väljendamiseks usulistes tekstides. Edasist arengut tulevikoopulaks näitab siiski vaid līdõ, mis ennekõike väljendab tulevikus olemist, kuigi tagaplaanil on sageli tunda ka muutuse tähendust ning ajaline tähenduselement põimub üldjuhul modaalse tähenduselemendiga.Märksõnad: seisundimuutus, koopulad, tuleviku väljendamine, Kuramaa liivi keelKubbõvõttõks. Miina Norvik: Mȭitõksvärbõd līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt kȭlbatõmi tulbiz āiga ulzkītõmiz pierāst. Se kēra tuņšlõb mȭitõksvärbidi līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt tultõkst tulbiz āiga kopulaks. Pǟažālistõz um vaņţõltõd värbidi līdõ, sǭdõ ja īedõ. Nēḑi um tazāntõd värbõdõks tūlda ja lǟdõ. Amād vīž värbõ võibõd ulzkītõ mȭitõkst. Vȱldantõs värbstõ ja konstruktsijst, või se um pǟtǟtõks agā set kūorali tǟntõks. Tuņšlõks nägțõb, ku amā rovvīți mȭitõksvärb um īedõ, mis sōb kȭlbatõd konstruktsijs translatīvõks. Tuoi sagdi mȭitõksvärb um sǭdõ, bet se um lieudtõb emmit vaimližis tekstis. Võib vȱlda, ku se um kontaktkīeld mȯj. Kazāndõkst mȭitõks > tulbiz āiga kopula nägțõb set līdõ. Se kītõb pakāndim vȯlmizt, bet vel võib se kītõ mȭitõkst ja modālizt tǟntõkst.
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KAMBANAROS, MARIA, and KLEANTHES K. GROHMANN. "More general all-purpose verbs in children with specific language impairment? Evidence from Greek for not fully lexical verbs in language development." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 5 (March 17, 2014): 1029–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000034.
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ABSTRACTThis paper addresses verbal performance and overuse of “not fully lexical verbs” by children with specific language impairment (SLI) and peers with typical language development (TLD). Experimental data come from picture-naming and retell narratives. Fourteen school-aged children with SLI (mean age = 6 years, 9 months) participated alongside 50 language- and age-matched peers with TLD. The results revealed that children with SLI do not use light verb constructions but only general all-purpose (GAP) verbs when unable to produce single-word, specific lexical verbs. Moreover, they do not differ from language-matched TLD children in this respect. As such, GAP verbs should be viewed as symptoms of immature language or absent representations rather than impaired language. Consequently, when discussing not fully lexical verbs productions in (a)typical development, researchers should make the fundamental distinction between GAP verbs and light verbs, and focus on GAP verbs as the relevant category in SLI.
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Kasman, Kasman. "PERAN SEMANTIK PREDIKAT PADA VERBA BERVALENSI SATU, DUA, DAN TIGA DALAM BAHASA SAMAWA DIALEK SUMBAWA BESAR/THE SEMANTIC ROLES OF THE PREDICATES ON VERB ONE, TWO, AND THREE SUMBAWA LANGUAGES IN THE SUMBAWA BESAR DIALECT." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.445.287-298.
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Abstrak Penelitian terhadap peran semantik bahasa Samawa masih belum banyak dilakukan. Untuk mendukung pengembangan dan pelestarian bahasa Samawa, penelitian-penelitian deskriptif seperti ini tetap perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada peran verba bervalensi satu, dua, dan tiga dalam bahasa Samawa dialek Sumbawa Besar dan bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran semantik verba bervalensi tersebut. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sintaksis struktural. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode cakap dan metode simak. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan me- tode padan intralingual. Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa verba bervalensi satu melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik mencermainkan verba proses, tindakan, dan verba keadaan. Adapun verba bervalensi dua melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik merefleksikan verba tindakan, seperti pada sangode (mengecilkan), samasak (memasak), dan pina (membuat). Secara sintaksis verba-verba tindakan itu membutuhkan kehadiran dua argumen kalimat sekaligus. Sementara itu, verba bervalensi tiga yang secara semantik merefleksikan makna benefaktif membutuhkan kehadiran tiga argu-men kalimat sekaligus. Kata kunci: semantik, sintaksis, subjek, predikat, argumen Abstract Research on semantic roles in Samawa language has not been comprehensively done. To support the ef- forts of fostering and developing Samawa language, descriptive studies like this study are always needed. This study is focused on the role of verb valency one, two, and three in Samawa language, especially in Sumbawa Besar Dialect and aimed to describe their semantic roles. The theory used in this study is syntax structural theory. The data were collected using two methods realized by observing and listening to the conversation. The collected data were then analyzed using comparative method. Results of data analysis indicated that syntactically one-valence verbs require argument which semantically re ies process, ac- tion, and constant meaning. While two-valence verb requires arguments which semantically re ies action, such as verbs Sangode (to make something smaller), Samasak (to cook), and Pina (to make). These kind of verbs syntactically require two sentence arguments. While three-valence verb which semantically shows benefective meaning needs the presence of three sentence arguments. Keywords: Semantic, syntactic, subject, predicate, argument
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Kořánová, Ilona Starý. "Temporal and aspectual characteristics of verba sentiendi et cogitandi in Czech." Korean Association of Slavic Languages 27, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30530/jsl.2022.27.2.159.
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The article deals with verba sentiendi et cogitandi in Czech, specifically with verbs vidět [see], slyšet [hear], cítit [smell/feel/sense], vědět and znát [know]. The framework of the study is the notion of TAM space, which is constituted by interrelations of time, aspect and modality factors in establishing communication construal. The article focuses on interplay of two of this factor triple, namely aspect and time. It builds on two distinctions: stative events (states) vs. dynamic events (activities processes), and distinction between morphological aspect (i.e., aspect given by the morphological make-up of the verb) vs. aspectual construal of the communication the verb is part of. The latter of the distinctions is motivated by the fact that in Czech morphologically perfective verbs may constitute an imperfective communication construal and vice versa. It is demonstrated that the above verbs behave in Czech in regard to TAM differently than other verbs: they do not constitute aspectual »perfective vs. imperfective« pairs contrary to, for instance, telic verbs; in respect to aspect and tense they result in different communication construals in collocation with temporal expressions and various verbal tenses than other verbs. The article provides explanation of these specifics. All conclusions and explanations are corpora based.
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Mukhamedjanova, Shahbora Kamolovna. "Semantic Features of the Verb来 [LÁI]." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i4.2564.
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Describing the semantics of a verb is a much more difficult task. Because the content of the verb depends in many ways on its distribution. With this in mind, verbs are classified according to the direction of their meaning and the presence or absence of subject-objects with which they interact, and their number, if any. Chinese language researchers classify action verbs as part of a group of action verbs. These verbs can appear in a sentence as an independent verb predicate or as an additional part of speech as a modifier or directional morpheme. These simple verbs represent 来 [lái] to come and 去 [qù] to leave directions of action. They form compound verbs with the same meaning. The verb 来 to come is used when the action is directed to the speaker (or object), and the verb 去 to leave is used if the action is directed away from the speaker (or object). Orientation, in turn, can be set by the object or subject: when the orientation is indicated in the sentence - the object, if not specified - by the subject. Verb 来 [lái] is included in the group of basic simple action verbs in Chinese. The peculiarity of the semantics of the verb 来 [lái] to come is that it determines not only the orientation or direction of the action but also the point of the message, who (or what) describes the situation. The article examines the semantic features of the verbs of 来 [lái] directions of action. Based on the materials in Liu Shushiang’s book “现 代 汉 语 八 百 词. 吕 叔 湘” (800 words in modern Chinese), the models of 来 [lái] verbs as independent and auxiliary verbs are analyzed.
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Gullberg, Marianne. "Reconstructing verb meaning in a second language." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 7 (November 16, 2009): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.7.09gul.
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This study examines to what extent English speakers of L2 Dutch reconstruct the meanings of placement verbs when moving from a general L1 verb of caused motion (put) to two specific caused posture verbs (zetten/leggen ‘set/lay’) in the L2 and whether the existence of low-frequency cognate forms in the L1 (set/lay) alleviates the reconstruction problem. Evidence from speech and gesture indicates that English speakers have difficulties with the specific verbs in L2 Dutch, initially looking for means to express general caused motion in L1-like fashion through over-generalisation. The gesture data further show that targetlike forms are often used to convey L1-like meaning. However, the differentiated use of zetten for vertical placement and dummy verbs (gaan ‘go’ and doen ‘do’) and intransitive posture verbs (zitten/staan/liggen ‘sit, stand, lie’) for horizontal placement, and a positive correlation between appropriate verb use and target-like gesturing suggest a beginning sensitivity to the semantic parameters of the L2 verbs and possible reconstruction.
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Yablonska, Tetyana. "THE SPECIFICITY OF PHRASAL VERBS USAGE IN THE ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY CLASSES." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2022, no. 34 (July 2022): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-34-12.
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The relevance of the English Language learning is substantiated in the article for many reasons. First, because of its international meaning in the whole world. Secondly, due to the huge variety of vocabulary, the presence of emotionally coloured set phrases, turns, idioms, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings and phrasal verbs. Thirdly, due to its emotional coloring, individuality and the presence of words of Greek, Latin and French origin. The article considers the specifics of the use of phrasal verbs in English Lexicology classes. Such teaching methods as descriptive (for a general description of the context of a phrasal verb in English); contextual-interpretive (to identify the functional and semantic meaning of a phrasal verb), as well as a method of creating a problem situation with the help of a phrasal verb. The essence of the term «phrasal verbs» is defined; the place of phrasal verbs in the English Lexicology is considered and the features of phrasal verbs usage in this discipline are determined. The features of perception and memorization of phrasal verbs are considered. Attention is paid to the classification of phrasal verbs. It has been proven that phrasal verbs are one of the most difficult moments regarding mastering the English language, but despite this, it is thanks to their use in the context that the English language becomes more «alive», extraordinary and emotionally colored, and in turn, the constant study of phrasal verbs and the use of their meanings in the context contributes to the memorization of new lexical units through associations, images and situations.
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Hudson, Richard, Andrew Rosta, Jasper Holmes, and Nikolas Gisborne. "Synonyms and syntax." Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 2 (September 1996): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700015954.
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Recent work in a variety of different theoretical traditions has tended to emphasize the close match between syntax and semantics (Dixon 1991; Langacker 1987, 1990, 1995; Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1991, 1992; Wierzbicka 1988). It is very easy to be left with the impression that, if only we could analyse the relevant syntactic and semantic structures correctly, this match would be total. The following are fairly typical statements:The picture that emerges is that a verb's behavior arises from the interaction of its meaning and general principles of grammar. Thus the lexical knowledge of a speaker of a language must include knowledge of the meaning of individual verbs, the meaning components that determine the syntactic behavior of verbs, and the general principles that determine behavior from verb meaning. (Levin 1993: 11)
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Zainuddin, Kamilah, and Noor Asmaa' Hussein. "An Analysis on Newly Introduced English Verb in Oxford English Dictionary in 2016-2018: Levin’s Taxonomy of Verb Classification and Verbnet." International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics 5, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijmal.v5i4.15023.
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Levin (1993) argues that the behaviour of verbs is determined by word meaning which is directly linked to the expression and interpretation of its argument. Based on this statement, Levin classified verbs into 48 classes and VerbNet, an English verb lexicon was created based on the extension of Levin’s taxonomy of verb classification (VC). Therefore, this study presents the classification of the updated English verbs of 2016 to 2018 in the online version of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to examine the relevance of Levin’s VC and VerbNet in the recently added repertoire of verbs. In Addition, the study seeks to find out the new verb classes introduced in this study. This study uses a mixed-method to identify and classify the verbs. To conclude, this study found that both classifications were applicable and relevant in 14 new main verb classes introduced to classify the verbs that did not belong to Levin’s VC and VerbNet. Hence, this contributes to the body of knowledge as the newly introduced verb classes could be used based on the given semantic and syntactic conditions.
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THEAKSTON, ANNA L., ELENA V. M. LIEVEN, JULIAN M. PINE, and CAROLINE F. ROWLAND. "Note of clarification on the coding of light verbs in ‘Semantic generality, input frequency and the acquisition of syntax’ (Journal of Child Language 31, 61–99)." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 1 (February 2006): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905007178.
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In our recent paper, ‘Semantic generality, input frequency and the acquisition of syntax’ (Journal of Child Language31, 61–99), we presented data from two-year-old children to examine the question of whether the semantic generality of verbs contributed to their ease and stage of acquisition over and above the effects of their typically high frequency in the language to which children are exposed. We adopted two different categorization schemes to determine whether individual verbs should be considered to be semantically general, or ‘light’, or whether they encoded more specific semantics. These categorization schemes were based on previous work in the literature on the role of semantically general verbs in early verb acquisition, and were designed, in the first case, to be a conservative estimate of semantic generality, including only verbs designated as semantically general by a number of other researchers (e.g. Clark, 1978; Pinker, 1989; Goldberg, 1998), and, in the second case, to be a more inclusive estimate of semantic generality based on Ninio's (1999a,b) suggestion that grammaticalizing verbs encode the semantics associated with semantically general verbs. Under this categorization scheme, a much larger number of verbs were included as semantically general verbs.
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CHIU, IVEY, and L. H. SHU. "Using language as related stimuli for concept generation." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 21, no. 2 (March 19, 2007): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060407070175.
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This paper examines the use of language, specifically verbs, as stimuli for concept generation. Because language has been shown to be important to the reasoning process in general as well as to specific reasoning processes that are central to the design process, we are investigating the relationship between language and conceptual design. The use of language to facilitate different stages of the design process has been investigated in the past. Our previous work, and the work of others, showed that ideas produced can be expressed through related hierarchical lexical relationships, so we investigated the use of verbs within these hierarchical relationships as stimuli for ideas. Participants were provided with four problems and related verb stimuli, and asked to develop concepts using the stimuli provided. The stimuli sets were generated by exploring verb hierarchies based on functional words from the problem statements. We found that participants were most successful when using lower level (more specific) verbs as stimuli, and often higher level general verbs were only used successfully in conjunction with lower level verbs. We also observed that intransitive verbs (verbs that cannot take a direct object) were less likely to be used successfully in the development of concepts. Overall, we found that the verb chosen as stimulus by the participant directly affects the success and the type of concept developed.
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MYERS-SCOTTON, CAROL, and JANICE L. JAKE. "Nonfinite verbs and negotiating bilingualism in codeswitching: Implications for a language production model." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 3 (December 16, 2013): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000758.
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This paper argues that a set of codeswitching data has implications for the nature of cognitive control in bilingualism and for models of language production in general. The data discussed are Embedded Language (EL) nonfinite verbs that occur in Matrix Language (ML) frames with appropriate ML inflectional morphology in some codeswitching (CS) corpora. Notably EL infinitives are involved, as inwo muconçevoirbe nuɖe. . . “they don't imagine that something . . .” (from Ewe–French CS). The main argument is that such nonfinite forms are selected because they only need checking at the lexical-conceptual level of abstract structure with the speaker's intended semantic-pragmatic meaning. That is, they do not project information about syntactic and argument structure that is included in the abstract structure of finite verbs. Nonfinite EL verbs occur because they better satisfy the speaker's intentions regarding semantic and pragmatic meaning than NL finite verbs. The employment of nonfinite EL verbs instead of EL finite verbs partially explains why codeswitching in general and such verb phrases in particular is perceived as fast and effortless. How one lexical entry (the EL nonfinite verb) can take on the morphosyntactic role of another one (the ML finite verb) implies flexibility in cognitive control at an abstract level. It also implies a certain malleability at an abstract level in the ML morphosyntactic frame that makes it possible to take in a nonfinite verb in a slot for a finite verb.
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Sheverun, Nadiia, and Alina Dzhurylo. "PHRASAL VERBS IN THE SYSTEM OF LEXICAL UNITS OF MODERN ENGLISH AND THEIR CLASSIFICATON." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-148-152.
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The article is devoted to the investigation of phrasal verbs in the system of lexical units of modern English and their classification. Focusing on the consideration of phrasal verbs as combinations of two full words and thus limiting the study to a combination of verb and adverb, it turns out that the semantic center of such combination is shifted under the influence of the adverb towards its meaning. Different classifications of phrasal verbs depending on the features that distinguish them from simple verbs are outlined. It is found out, that the ability of the etymologically original unit of the postpositive to functionally reorient and become part of a phrasal verb is influenced by the frequency of use and the semantic volume of the adverb or preposition. It is distinguished, that phrasal verbs in English are very diverse both in their coherence or compatibility, and in the additional meanings they have in the text. A phrasal verb is the only semantic unit, that has its own specific features. As a result of the research it was revealed that phrasal verbs have been found to help express thoughts more clearly and accurately than ordinary verbs and to convey those aspects of meaning that a simple verb is unable to convey. Phrasal verbs are necessary for free and correct understanding of English texts.
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Mo, Junhua. "Second Language Acquisition of English Unaccusative Verbs: A Theoretical Critique and Prospects for Future Studies." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1006.05.
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Unaccusative verbs are a focus of second language acquisition research. Taking the second language acquisition of English unaccusative verbs as an example, this study first reviews the Unaccusative Hierarchy Hypothesis, the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis and the Semantic Verb Class Hypothesis, which are exclusively concerned with the acquisition of unaccusative verbs. Then it examines the Entrenchment Hypothesis and the Interface Hypothesis, which address language acquisition in general, but shed light on the second language acquisition of English unaccusative verbs. This study maintains that these five hypothesis help to provide a panoramic view of second language acquisition of English unaccusative verbs. But it also points out that these hypotheses need to be further tested. It advises future studies to take a usage-based theoretical approach. It also calls for more attention to the possible between-verb variations, the possible influence of L1 transfer and the online processing of English unaccusative verbs
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Volovyk, Larysa, and Alla Deduchno. "STRUCTURALLY SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PREFIXED VERBS IN GERMAN ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-53-55.
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The article is devoted to the studies of characteristics of word-formation structure and semantics of German economic verb-terms with prefixes be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-. The paper studies the stems of German prefixal verbs used as economic terms, examined by means of the determining their structural, semantic and functional organization. The examination of prefixal verbs’ stems proceeds from basic root words of derivational chains towards their cognate derivatives. Prefixal verbs are formed according to general language norms on the basis of prefixal derivational patterns of modern German. The results obtained show the decrease of borrowed verb-forming prefixes in German economic terminology. Prefixal verb stems form noun stems by means of suffixation and conversion which are very productive in German. Much attention is given to non-affixal derivative nouns formed by means of the processes of substantivization and conversion stems of infinitives, conversion stems of preterital prefixal verbs. The paper reveals the text-formative potential of prefixed verbs on the basis of German economic terms in economic texts. The derivational patterns of prefixed verbs on the basis of German economic terms in the economic texts are analysed. The article deals with the problems of the influence of context on word-formation structure of German economic verb-terms with prefixes be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-. The research has been done on the basis of the translation of German economic texts.
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Schirakowski, Barbara. "Satellite-framed lexicalization of creation events in French?" Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 8, no. 5 (November 29, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.230.
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As a typical verb-framed language, French has only limited ability to combine manner verbs with result-denoting constituents in the VP. Based on an event structural approach, this contribution explores the compatibility of different types of manner verbs with two syntactic means of lexicalizing the product/result of a creation event, namely effected objects and resultative PPs headed by en. Data from two acceptability judgment tasks show the following findings: 1) Manner verbs that do not allow for an effected object canonically can still be coerced into a creation reading as long as no general constraint is violated. 2) Resultative PPs prove as acceptable across verb classes, but acceptability is shown to vary based on the internal makeup of the PP, which embeds either a bare noun or a full DP. Verbs that allow for an effected object are judged as well-formed with PPs of both types, whereas verbs not selecting an effected object are only fully acceptable when a bare noun is embedded in the PP. Creation event lexicalizations that can be regarded as satellite-framed are, thus, not only subject to general structural constraints, but also to more subtle and verb‑specific restrictions.
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Treikelder, Anu. "Eesti modaalverbi pidama episteemilistest kasutustest võrdluses prantsuse verbiga devoir." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2016.7.2.07.
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Kokkuvõte. Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti keele modaalverbi pidama episteemilisi kasutusi võrdluses prantsuse keele modaalverbiga devoir. Episteemiliste kasutuste all on mõeldud juhtumeid, kus pidama ja devoir väljendavad kõneleja hinnangut kirjeldatud situatsiooni toimumise tõenäosusastme kohta. Analüüs tugineb tõlkekorpuse näidetele, milles pidama esineb nii originaal- kui ka tõlketekstides. Tõlkevastete analüüs näitab, et eesti verbi pidama kasutatakse prantsuse verbi devoir vastena episteemilises tähenduses tunduvalt harvemini kui vastupidi. Artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada selle ebasümmeetria põhjused ning tuua välja eesti verbi pidama episteemilise kasutusvälja eripärad võrreldes prantsuse analoogi ja sõnaraamatuvastega. Näidete analüüsi põhjal võib järeldada, et eesti keele verbil pidama on võrreldes verbiga devoir kitsam ulatus episteemilise hinnangu tugevuse skaalal. Verbi devoir indikatiivivormid on palju laiemalt kasutusel situatsiooni suhteliselt madala tõenäosuse väljendamisel. Verbi devoir vorm saab väljendada lisaks situatsiooni ajale ka eitust või situatsiooni aspektilisi omadusi, samas kui verbil pidama on episteemilises kasutuses piiratud vormistik. Tulemused näitavad, et verbide pidama ja devoir evidentsiaalsed omadused on sarnased ning neid ei saa vaadelda korrelatsioonis modaaltähendusega: episteemilise hinnangu tugevus ei sõltu otseselt infoallika subjektiivsusastmest või järelduse muudest omadustest.Abstract. Anu Treikelder: The epistemic use of the Estonian modal pidama in comparison with the French modal devoir. This article examines the epistemic uses of the Estonian modal verb pidama in comparison with the same type of verb devoir in French. The analysis is based on samples from a parallel corpus of translations in which pidama occurs both in originals and in translations. The general translation data reveal that the Estonian pidama is used as the equivalent of the French verb devoir less often than vice versa. The aim of this article is to find out the reasons of this asymmetry and to point out the peculiarities of the epistemic usage of pidama compared to its French counterpart. The findings of the corpus reveal some differences in the formal aspect of the two verbs: the epistemic devoir can express besides the time of the situation also aspect and it can occur in the negative form. The Estonian verb pidama has a more restricted paradigm in its epistemic uses. More importantly, the results of the study suggest that variations in translation are not merely due to the preferences of translators but that they reveal also differences in the epistemic meaning of these two verbs. The French modal devoir seems to offer a wider range of epistemic uses than its Estonian counterpart: it allows expressing different degrees of likelihood of a state of affairs on the scale from high to rather low probability, while Estonian pidama stays closer to the pole of (very) high probability. On the other hand, the evidential properties, concerning the source and the nature of the inference conveyed by the epistemic meaning of these two verbs, seem to be rather similar. This result seems to prove that epistemic and evidential categories are not directly correlated in the meaning of modal verbs: the strength of the epistemic evaluation does not depend on the reliability of the source of information.Keywords: modal verbs; epistemic modality; evidentiality; Estonian; French
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Yulia, Made Frida, and Lucia Niken Tyas Utami. "PROSPECTIVE INDONESIAN EFL TEACHERS’ PROBLEMS IN PLACING VERB STRESS." ELTR Journal 6, no. 2 (August 3, 2022): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37147/eltr.v6i2.158.
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In creating successful communication, pronunciation is one aspect which should be mastered well by EFL learners, particularly by prospective teachers who will later become role models for their students. One of the essential pronunciation features is stress. Although sometimes neglected, stress is said to have necessary implication for one’s speaking skills. This study attempted to reveal the problems in verb stress placement encountered by prospective Indonesian EFL teachers. The data were obtained from the recording of their class presentations. The verbs uttered during the presentations were categorized into verb types depending on the number of syllables, i.e. disyllabic verbs, trisyllabic verbs, and tetrasyllabic (or longer) verbs, and then analyzed in terms of their pronunciation accuracy. From the analysis, it could be concluded that there were two kinds of problems in placing verb stress which the prospective Indonesian EFL teachers encountered, namely they misplaced the stress and they put double stresses on a verb. Most of them put the stress on syllables which could not obtain any stresses, such as suffixes. Meanwhile, some others put double stresses on either trisyllabic verbs or verbs with four or more syllables, where, in fact, such stresses could only be obtained by disyllabic verbs.
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Patria, Tomy Handaka, and Andreas Hauw. "Signifikansi Teori Aspek Verbal terhadap Penggunaan Kala pada Verba Imperatif dalam Surat Yakobus." DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani 6, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30648/dun.v6i2.544.
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Abstract. This research analyzes the significance of tense usage on the meaning of an imperative verb, as contained in the verbal aspect theory. The letter of James is used as the corpus because it has a vast occurrence of imperative verbs. The author uses Constantine R. Campbell's approach to analyze the imperative verbs in the letter of James. As a result, several factors strongly influence James in using a tense, be it lexical or grammatical. In addition, this study proves that the tenses used by James have two significances. First, expressing the semantic meaning that refers to aspect. Second, reveal the pragmatic implicature, which refers to Aktionsart. As a semantic meaning, aspect is very significant. Even there are still imperative verbs that naturally appear at certain times due to these influencing factors.Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis signifikansi penggunaan kala terhadap makna aspektual sebuah verba, sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam teori aspek verbal. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada modus imperatif dan menggunakan korpus surat Yakobus karena tingginya frekuensi kemunculan imperatif di dalamnya. Penulis mengunakan pendekatan Constantine R. Campbell untuk menganalisis verba-verba imperatif dalam surat Yakobus secara aspektual. Hasilnya, terdapat faktor-faktor yang secara kuat memengaruhi Yakobus dalam menggunakan sebuah kala, baik itu faktor leksikal maupun gramatikal. Selain itu, penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa kala yang digunakan oleh Yakobus memiliki dua signifikansi. Pertama, mengungkapkan makna semantik yang mengacu pada aspek. Kedua, mengungkapkan implikatur pragmatik yang mengacu pada Aktionsart. Sebagai makna semantik, signifikansi aspek sangat besar, bahkan masih terdapat pada verba-verba imperatif yang secara wajar akan muncul dengan kala tertentu karena adanya faktor-faktor pengaruh tersebut.
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Mulaeva, Nina M. "Эмотивные глаголы в калмыцком героическом эпосе «Джангар»." Oriental Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 1103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-1103-1120.
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Introduction. In modern linguistics much attention is paid to the study of national/cultural features of functioning and semantics of emotive vocabulary. Still, Kalmyk emotive vocabulary has been no subject to any special research. Goals. The paper seeks to identify and classify lexicalsemantic groups of emotive verbs in texts of the Jangar epic, analyze functioning patterns of verbs denoting ‘basic’ emotions, namely: joy (Kalm. җирһх ‘be happy blissful’, байрлх ‘rejoice’), fear (әәх ‘be afraid, frightened, have a dread of, fear’, ичх ‘be ashamed, embarrassed’), and one verb of external (physical) manifestation of emotions (инәх ‘laugh’). Materials. The study analyzes emotive verbs traced in 28 Jangar texts recorded at different times (occasions) and either included in repertory cycles or once recited as separate songs. Results. The study reveals emotive verbs of the epic can be divided into six lexical and semantic groups. So, ‘verbs of negative emotional states’ are more frequently used than ‘verbs of positive emotional states’. The latter are represented by two verbs, the verb җирһх definitely dominates throughout narratives examined, reflecting the state of utmost happiness that consists in peace, tranquility and well-being of the blessed Bumba in general; the verb байрлх is used to denote the short-term emotional state of joy of a particular character. As for ‘verbs of negative emotional states’, the verb әәх prevails in frequency. And it is revealed that the emotion of fear may occur for a number of reasons as follows: fear of failure to execute an order of the Bogdo; fear of breaking an oath; fear of name shaming. The paper observes only scarce cases of the use of verbs naming emotions of sadness (энлх), embarrassment (эмәх), and vexation (һундх). The analyzed epic texts contain no emotive verbs that belong to semantic groups of fascination, love and hatred, worship or self-abasement.
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Sulaiman, Masagus, Indawan Syahri, and Kurnia Saputri. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN COPULATIVE VERBS." English Community Journal 6, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/ecj.v6i1.4342.
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This research aims at determining the similarities, dissimilarities, and possible learning difficulties faced by the students learning English and Indonesian copulative verbs, as well as the recommendations to TEFL. The descriptive research design was used. The documentation technique was applied to collect the data. To analyze the data, the researchers used a descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were two similarities between English and Indonesian copulative verbs in meanings and dynamic verb. The three dissimilarities were in grammatical structure, tense on subject-verb agreement and certain verbs. The possible learning difficulties faced by the students learning English and Indonesian copulative verbs was tense and subject-verb agreement. The recommendations of this research was as a fundamental teaching guidance in helping English teachers design a better teaching Grammar on copulative verbs, in terms of nonverbal copulative nominal, stative copulative nominal and dynamic copulative nominal.
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Kailuweit, Rolf. "Verbes de sentiment « figurés » de la classe N0 V N1sujet_intentionnel." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.24.2.06kai.
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Summary This paper accounts for French and Italian figurative verbs of emotion. These verbs are ambiguous in so far as they have a “physical » and a “psychological » meaning. French verbs are extracted from LG Table 4. I will consider the idea put forward by Lamiroy that the psychological use a of given verb can be determined by a reduction of syntactical flexibility in comparison to the physical use. Evidence will be given that at least as far as Table 4 verbs are concerned this is not the case. The approaches of Bouchard and Van Voorst who propose general semantic rules concerning the relation of physical and psychological meaning also fail to account for the data. This will be illustrated by a closer look on French and Italian verbs of anger. Although the devices of metaphorical interpretation can be explained, these devices are not general rules that permit the derivation of a psychological use from a physical use in a given context. Lexicalization seems to be idiosynchratic. Hence, LG has to provide separate lexical entries for the two constructions of any existing ambiguous verb.
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Penkova, Yana. "Semantics of Inception: A Corpus-Based Research of Inchoative Verbs in the History of the Russian Language." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 6 (December 2022): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.6.5.
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The paper discusses the problem of semantic evolution of the language units. It focuses on the semantics and collocation of the inchoative verbs: nachatisja, pochatisja, zachatisja, nastati, nastupiti, vozniknuti, pojavitisja in the Middle Russian writing. The research is based on the historical modules of the Russian National Corpus, historical dictionaries and card indices of the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11 th – 17 th centuries. The primary parameter for comparing inchoative verbs is the taxonomic class of a noun used as the main participant in the situation. The author argues that, in earlier period, the main inchoative verbs were verbs with the root -chn- and the verb nastati; their collocation was much wider than in contemporary Russian (they could collocate with almost any class of a noun). The high-code verb vozniknuti co-occurred with nouns that categorize such types of objects that can "rise", i.e., appear moving from bottom to top. On the contrary, the verb nastupiti co-occurred with nouns denoting entities and phenomena, which cover a large space and move horizontally. The verb pojavitisja collocated with the nouns of various phenomena, which can be perceived by senses. The verbs nastupiti, pojavitisja, vozniknuti are noted to have expanded their collocation gradually, taking over some meanings of the verbs nachatisja and nastati, which tended to narrow their collocation. Other verbs with the root -chn- ceased to be used.
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Hramova, Anastasiya Viktorovna, and Oksana Georgievna Amirova. "Componentional Analysis of Verbs With a General Meaning “Manner of Movement” in English and Russian Languages." Development of education, no. 2 (8) (June 10, 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-75570.
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The article deals with problems of differentiating verb units with partially same meaning and the lexical meaning in modern dictionaries. The purpose of the research is to identify the integral and differential features of verbs with the common meaning “manner of movement” in English. Methods of research. In the process of the research the following research methods were used: descriptive method, method of opposition component analysis, associative experiment method, receptive experiment method, experimental method, contextual analysis. The object of the study are verbs: to dash, to parade, to race, to roam, to march, to shamble, to plod, to lumber, to shuffle, to stride, to stroll, to strut, to trudge, to wander. The authors of the article emphasize that the choice of these verb units is due to the fact that they are the most frequent lexemes representing the lexico-semantic group of verbs with the common meaning “manner of movement”. Research results. As a result of the lexicographic analysis it is turned out that the dictionary entries do not completely reveal the situation, and experimental analysis revealed additional components that depend on context.
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O’Neill, Paul. "Near-synonymy in morphological structures." Languages in Contrast 18, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 6–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00002.one.
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Abstract This article examines the concept of defectivity in the verbal system of Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan. Building on previous studies on defective verbs in Spanish and Portuguese I investigate why there are no such defective verbs in Catalan. I conclude that the structure of the verbal paradigm in Catalan non-first conjugation verbs is radically different from that of the other languages; Catalan verbs constitute paradigms which correspond to regular patterns of inflection whereas Spanish and Portuguese display non-predictable types of root allomorphy which require all non-first conjugation verbs to have a memorised form for the rhizotonic forms of the verb. Theoretically, this type of defectivity poses problems for models of inflectional morphology and suggests that the patterns of frequent verbs can become general rules for all verbs of a particular conjugation.
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Akker, Saskia van den, John Hoeks, Jennifer K. Spenader, and Petra Hendriks. "Is the Dutch Delay of Principle B Effect dependent on verb type?" Linguistics in the Netherlands 29 (November 2, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.29.01akk.
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Dutch children interpret reflexives correctly from age 4 on, but frequently misinterpret object pronouns as coreferring with the local subject until age 6. We investigated whether this so-called Delay of Principle B Effect (DPBE) differs by verb type. We tested 47 children between 4 and 6 years old with regular transitive verbs (e.g., to hit) and grooming verbs (e.g., to wash), verbs that often refer to self-directed actions. In general, children displaying the DPBE performed equally well on both verb types. In contrast, children who performed poorly on pronouns and reflexives made significantly more errors interpreting pronouns with grooming verbs than with transitive verbs. This suggests that young children are aware of the tendency for certain events to be self-directed. However, our results show they only apply this information when interpreting pronouns but not reflectives, indicating that they also use their grammatical knowledge.
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Udayana, I. Nyoman. "NASALIZATION IN BALINESE VERBS/PENASALAN VERBA BAHASA BALI." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.643.339-348.
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Abstract Balinese has two forms in relation to nasal pre xes. First, the initial segment of the verb root can be assimilated with the homorganic nasal and both coalesce. Second, the nasal pre x still assimilates with the rst segment of the verb root but forms a CC cluster. The data source of this study is Balinese dictionaries and analyzed by Optimality Theoretic (OT) so it was found that the af x nasal did not form a cluster with the rst segment of the verb root uniformly occurred in verbs where the rst segment is obstruent both voiced and voiceless while the one forming the cluster is the rst segment of a verb root which is realized by a sonorant. The rst phenomenon can be handled by the constraint * NC (obs) while the second one by violates linearity constraint, namely, Align-L (root) constraint. OT analysis also predicts that the ungrammaticality of an output verb structure ngmaang ‘to give’ due to fact that the correct underlying form baang is confused with its corresponding surface form. Keywords: nasalization, obstruent, sonorant, OT analysis Abstrak Bahasa Bali mempunyai dua bentuk dalam kaitannya dengan pre x nasal. Pertama, segmen awal dari akar verba bisa berasimilasi dengan nasal yang homorganik dan keduanya berkoalisi. Kedua, nasal pre ks masih berasimilasi dengan segmen pertama akar verba, tetapi membentuk klaster CC. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah Kamus Bahasa Bali dan dianalisis dengan Optimality Theoretic (OT) sehingga didapatkan bahwa nasal a ks yang tidak membentuk klaster dengan segmen pertama akar verba secara seragam hanya terjadi pada verba yang mana segmen pertamanya adalah obstruent, baik bersuara maupun tak bersuara sedangkan yang membentuk klaster adalah segmen pertama verba yang direalisasikan oleh segmen bertipe sonorant. Yang pertama bisa ditangani oleh konstrein *NC (obs), sedangkan yang kedua adalah secara jelas melangggar konstrein linieritas, yaitu Align-L (root). Analisis OT juga memprediksi ketidakgramatikalan bentuk-output verba ngmaang ‘memberi’ yang bentuk dasarnya yang benar adalah baang dikacaukan dengan bentuk output-nya. Kata kunci: penasalan, hambatan, sonoran, Analisis OT
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Amaral, Luana Lopes. "Online resources for the syntactic-semantic classification of verbs." Texto Livre 15 (July 6, 2022): e38715. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/1983-3652.2022.38715.
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Verb classes are defined in lexical-semantics literature as syntactically coherent groups of verbs that also share meaning components. Thus, the investigation of verb classes leads to important insights into the syntax-semantics interface. In this perspective, starting from Levin’s (1993) foundational work for English, many authors have developed analyses for the syntactic-semantic classification of verbs in different languages. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of such studies, focusing on those that constitute online open access resources for the syntactic-semantic classification of verbs: VerbNet for English, BVI for Basque, AnCoraVerb for Spanish and Catalan, VerboWeb for Brazilian Portuguese, CROVALLEX for Croatian, and VALLEX for Czech. Thus, this paper reviews the general theoretical assumptions on verb classification shared by all the works presented, and shows the specific characteristics of each one, considering the body of data, the specific theoretical perspective, analyses and methodology, and the search engines they provide. Finally, it offers a comparative analysis of two specific verb classes (namely, image creation verbs and verbs of creation and transformation), drawing on data from the studies mentioned above. Although these resources assume a specific lexical-semantic approach for verb classification, they provide valuable data and analyses that can be useful for research in different theoretical perspectives.
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Tobias Gunas, Sebastianus Menggo, and Yosefina Helenora Jem. "The Verbs with the Notion of Eating in Manggaraian Language: Natural Semantic Metalanguage Analysis." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 7, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.7.2.3826.191-200.
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The aim of this research is to explicate and account for the verb of eating in Manggaraian language. There are some verbs denoting the meaning of eating, such as hang, lompong, jumik, mboros, takung, la’ur, alas, pongo mu’u. The qualitative research method was applied to unveil and explain the explication of meaning in the given verbs respectively. Field-observation and recording were the techniques used to gather the data from the natural speakers utterances as well as part of the data were based on the researchers’ intuitive knowledge as the native speakers. The data were analyzed through the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). The results of the analysis reveal that Manggaraian language has the inventory of verbs designating the meaning of eating such as hang, jumik, lompong, mboros, takung, raci, alas, pongo mu’u. In terms of semantic prime, the verbs are under the category of the action verb. Comparing to the other verbs, the verbs jumik, lompong, pongo mu’u have more delicate meaning of eating. Furthermore, those verbs are classified into generic and specific category of meaning. The verbs “hang, jumik, mboros” are generic in meaning while the verbs lompong alas,racik, pongo mu’u, takung are specific in meaning. The verbs are categorized into non-compositional polysemy. Regarding the explication of meaning, the verbs reveal the action and the process of eating involving certain parts of body (hands and mouth) as well as specific tools (plate, spoon, bowl).
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LAAKSO, AARRE, and LINDA B. SMITH. "Pronouns and verbs in adult speech to children: A corpus analysis." Journal of Child Language 34, no. 4 (October 24, 2007): 725–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008136.
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ABSTRACTAssessing whether domain-general mechanisms could account for language acquisition requires determining whether statistical regularities among surface cues in child directed speech (CDS) are sufficient for inducing deep syntactic and semantic structure. This paper reports a case study on the relation between pronoun usage in CDS, on the one hand, and broad verb classes, on the other. A corpus analysis reveals statistical regularities in co-occurrences between pronouns and verbs in CDS that could cue physical versus psychological verbs. A simulation demonstrates that a simple statistical learner can acquire these regularities and exploit them to activate verbs that are consistent with incomplete utterances in simple syntactic frames. Thus, in this case, surface regularitiesaresufficiently informative for inducing broad semantic categories. Childrenmightuse these regularities in pronoun/verb co-occurrences to help learn verbs, although whether theyactuallydo so remains a topic of ongoing research.
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Engelbrecht, Wilken, Agnieszka Flor-Górecka, and Kateřina Křížová. "A comparison of biaspectual verbs borrowed from Latin into Dutch, Czech and Polish." Scandinavian Philology 19, no. 2 (2021): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2021.202.
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West Germanic languages such as Dutch have a temporal system, but a typical feature of the Slavonic verb system is aspectuality. Most Slavonic borrowed or newlyformed verbs in the technical sphere are based on Latin, however, a language with a rather strict temporal system. Typically, such verbs are mostly borrowed as imperfective (durative) verbs. This paper examines several such verbs and compares their integration into Dutch, Czech and Polish. Dutch has no morphological forms showing aspectuality. However, aspectuality is present, the difference is there a semantic one, between a dynamic or a static character. In this article, ten potentially bi-aspectual verbs borrowed from Latin are discussed, all of them having in Dutch a dynamic character. In Czech and Polish, such verbs will have after borrowing initially a bi-aspectual character. Depending on frequency of use, the verbs will become integrated by adding aspectual prefixes. This integration is illustrated for both Slavonic languages by sentences from recent press articles. Where in the Czech dictionaries, the majority of the analysed verbs are still described as bi-aspectual, it seems that Polish is much faster at changing Latin borrowed verbs into aspectual pairs. One should be, however, cautious as it is often dependent on which dictionary one consults whether a verb is marked as bi-aspectual or as imperfectivum tantum. Nevertheless, the general tendencies are clear.
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Hulstijn, Jan H., and Elaine Marchena. "Avoidance." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11, no. 3 (September 1989): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100008123.
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This article follows up on a study by Dagut and Laufer (1985), who found that Hebrew learners of English avoid phrasal verbs, such as ‘let down’, while preferring one-word verbs, such as ‘;disappoint’, since phrasal verbs do not exist in Hebrew. A corollary derived from Dagut and Laufer's study is that Dutch learners of English would tend not to avoid English phrasal verbs, since phrasal verbs also exist in Dutch. It was hypothesized, however, that Dutch learners of English as a second language (ESL) would avoid phrasal verbs, too, not for structural, but for semantic reasons. Three tests (multiple choice, memorization, and translation) were administered to intermediate and advanced Dutch learners of English. Each test contained 15 sentences, eliciting preference for either a phrasal verb or an equivalent one-word verb. The results show that, as expected, Dutch learners of English do not avoid phrasal verbs categorically. However, they seem to avoid those idiomatic phrasal verbs that they perceive as too Dutch-like (lack of contrast between the first and second language). Furthermore, they exhibit a tendency to adopt a play-it-safe strategy, preferring one-word verbs with general, multi-purpose meanings over phrasal verbs with specific, sometimes idiomatic, meanings. It is argued that this semantic play-it-safe strategy may have also played a causal role in the avoidance behavior of the Hebrew ESL learners observed by Dagut and Laufer.
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Taulia, Taulia, and Abdul Gapur. "The Japanese Compound Verb ~ kakeru (~ かける): It's Meaning and Formation." International Journal of Cultural and Art Studies 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v6i2.9572.
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This study examines "~kakeru (～かける) Compound Verbs in Japanese Sentences." This study describes the structure and meaning of the compound verb kakeru in Japanese sentences. The data used by the researcher come from diverse sources, including books, dictionaries, and sentences written by the researchers themselves. It utilizes library resources to collect the necessary data. Then, the form and meaning of the compound verb kakeru are determined using the distributional method and the basic direct element technique. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that the meaning describes the activity's initiation and its state. In addition to being attached to activity verbs and punctual verbs, the form of the compound verb kakeru can also be attached to stative verbs. In sentences containing the compound verb kakeru, that state just before an activity begins and activities that have been ongoing for some time.
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Pratiwi, Safira. "VARIASI DAN POLA KOLOKASI VERBA DALAM MAKNA ‘MEMBERIKAN INFORMASI’ PADA KORPUS BERITA." LITERASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/literasi.v13i1.6606.
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There are many variations of verb in the meaning of 'providing information’ in the news text. This diversity of verbs in the same field of meaning often creates similar meanings from one to another. In sentences, these variation of verbs not only functioned to enrich the vocabulary and the beauty of dictions but also can show its function in sentences. It’s relevant with Chaer's statement (2012) which said that utterances or words of synonymous are never have the same meaning. It means, each word has its role and function in giving meaning to a sentence. This research was conducted to look further at the relationship of meaning between verbs which are in the same meaning field. The meaning relations which observed are the similarities and differences between these verbs by looking at the collocate that comes after those verbs. The collocate that accompanies the verb can give an idea of the verb pattern in a sentence. This research using a corpus-based application with the theme 'Reconstruction of the Murder of Brigadier J by Ferdy Sambo'. The final results show that out of thirty published reports, fourteen variations of the verb which means 'providing information' with different collocate patterns are found. This research reinforces Chaer's (2012) statement that some verbs which have a close meaning also have their pattern even though they are in the same meaning field. Keywords: news corpus, verb variations, collocations.
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Li, Peize. "The Translation of the Main Modal Verbs in the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China." Learning & Education 10, no. 2 (September 16, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i2.2331.
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This paper will mainly delve into the meanings and use of main modal verbs including “may”, “shall” and “must” in legal texts. Among all these three modal verbs, the modal verb “shall” is the emphasis of this article due to its most frequency of use, the importance of function and the very debatable translation in legal texts. Firstly, the author will introduce the basic meanings of them and the relevant theories of their translation. Secondly, in order to reveal how they exist in legal texts, the author will analyze the three modal verbs in the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China in combination with previous studies, and present examples to illustrate whether the translations are appropriate enough or not. Finally, the author will give her own opinion on the use and translation of those main modal verbs in legal texts.
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Hidajat, Lanny. "A DISTRIBUTED MORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN KE-/-AN VERBS." Linguistik Indonesia 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v32i1.12.
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Indonesian ke-/-an verbs have a complex argument structure. Similarly to Indonesian passive di- verbs, ke-/-an verbs never have an agentive NP in the subject position and their subject NPs must be definite. However, unlike passive di- verbs, these verbs generally cannot be followed by an agentive prepositional phrase. In addition, when ke-/-an verbs have two arguments, the applied argument appears in the subject position instead of the internal one. In this study, the structure of Indonesian ke-/-an verbs is analyzed by using the Distributed Morphology framework (Folli dan Harley, 2002; Kratzer, 1996; Marantz, 1997; among others). Based on the verbs’ distribution and interpretation, this study argues that of ke-/-an verbs are derived by attaching the ke-/-an circumfix, which is an overt representation of a verbalizing head, to the projection ofROOT.
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Braine, Martin D. S., Ruth E. Brody, Shalom M. Fisch, Mara J. Weisberger, and Monica Blum. "Can children use a verb without exposure to its argument structure?" Journal of Child Language 17, no. 2 (June 1990): 313–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013799.
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ABSTRACTWe hypothesize that canonical sentence schemas (e.g. Agent—verb-Patient) can sometimes assign argument structure to verbs. In particular, they provide a default argument structure early in learning when a verb's lexical entry may record the nature of the action but lack a specific argument structure. To test the theory and its application to causative verb errors (e.g. stay it there), novel action verbs were modelled, some as causative, some as intransitive, and some unmarked for transitivity. Spontaneous usage was recorded, along with responses to agent-questions (‘What is the [Agent] doing?’) and patient-questions (‘What is the [Patient] doing?’). Comparable data were obtained for familiar English verbs, some of fixed and some of optional transitivity. Subjects were willing to use all novel verbs both transitively and intransitively, although adults respected assigned transitivity more than children. All subjects largely respected the transitivity of familiar verbs. The discourse pressure of the agent- and patient-questions greatly affected observed transitivity. No evidence was found for the intransitive-to-causative derivational process postulated by Bowerman. We propose that the kind of causativity error observed by Bowerman is due to assignment of argument structure from canonical sentence schemas, especially under pressure of a need to make a sentence with a particular argument (Agent or Patient) as subject. The theory has the advantage of explaining errors without postulating the acquisition of erroneous lexical entries that have to be unlearned, and it can be extended to other kinds of errors in the choice and placement of arguments.
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Zaman, Mochamad Nuruz. "UNGKAPAN HONORIFIK MUTLAK DALAM MENGAKOMODASI SAPAAN DAN VERBA KEISLAMAN PADA NOVEL KARYA OKKY MADASARI." Khazanah: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora 16, no. 1 (September 26, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/khazanah.v16i1.2130.
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Abstract: This research is sociolinguistics approach of language contact of absolute honorifics in accommodating Islamic addresses and verbs on Okky Madasari’s novels. This is conducted by qualitatively descriptive by analyzing the data to be categorized the Islamic addresses and verbs in order to focus on those novels. Islamic addresses consist of nobility, general society, and Islamic verbs simultaneously able to well integrate on Okky Madasari’s novels. This development of Islamic addresses and verbs is substantially supporting theory of honorifics expressions focusing on Javenese lexicon and Indonesian language referent of respecting the utterance participants based on appropriate words.Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan kajian sosilinguistik dalam menelaah kontak bahasa pada ungkapan honorifik mutlak dalam mengakomodasi sapaan dan verba keislaman pada novel karya Okky Madasari. Dikaji secara kualitatif deskriptif dengan analisis data secara domain untuk pengkategorian jenis sapaan dan verba keislaman agar terfokus pada keempat novel. Sapaan keagamaan kebangsawanan, masyarakat umum dan verba keislaman secara simultan mampu berintegrasi pada novel karya Okky Madasari. Pengembangan teori sapaan dan verba keislaman ini merupakan substansial pendukung teori ungkapan honorifik mutlak agar mampu difokuskan pada leksikon bahasa Jawa dan kata sandang bahasa Indonesia dalam pola meninggikan pelibat tuturan sesuai pilihan kata yang tepat.
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Jere, Estiana, and Rikardus Nasa. "VERB FORMS OF ENGLISH AND SIKKA KROWE LANGUAGE: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS." Metahumaniora 12, no. 3 (December 6, 2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v12i3.38718.
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This research was aimed at finding and describing about English and Sikka Krowe language verb forms, the similarities and differences of both language verb forms, the implications of the similarities and differences of English and Sikka Krowe language verbs in teaching English in EFL setting. This research was classified as a qualitative study. The techniques of data collection used in this research were interview and study document. The result of the research showed that both English and Sikka Krowe language verbs changed based on subjects. There are some verbs which do not change. The difference was that Sikka Krowe language verbs did not have any grammatical tense as in English. Each subject has its own verb form which is used for all times. English have six basic verb forms namely base, to infinitive, present, past, present participle and pas participle whereas Sikka Krowe language only has base forms which different for each subject. Since the difference of both language is caused by the grammatical tense of the verbs, the recommended methods which could be applied are grammar translation method and community language learning.
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Kulsum, Eva Meidi. "Phrasal Verbs in George Orwell’s 1984 and Its Arabic Translation." e-Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i02.p04.
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In English, phrasal verb comprises of a verb and a particle, so does in Arabic. Although both languages have phrasal verbs, it does not mean that each phrasal verb in English is translated in the same form as a phrasal verb into Arabic. This research aimed to know the translation shift of phrasal verbs in George Orwell’s novel entitled 1984 and its Arabic translations. This research employed a qualitative descriptive method using a purposive sampling technique. The result showed that Arabic is a rich vocabulary language. It was proven by more than 50% of the English phrasal verbs found in the novel is translated into Arabic in the same category or grammatical class, not in the form of description.
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Travis, Catherine E., and Rena Torres Cacoullos. "Categories and Frequency: Cognition Verbs in Spanish Subject Expression." Languages 6, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030126.
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Are semantic classes of verbs genuine or do they merely mask idiosyncrasies of frequent verbs? Here, we examine the interplay between semantic classes and frequent verb-form combinations, providing new evidence from variation patterns in spontaneous speech that linguistic categories are centered on high frequency members to which other members are similar. We offer an account of the well-known favoring effect of cognition verbs on Spanish subject pronoun expression by considering the role of high-frequency verbs (e.g., creer ‘think’ and saber ‘know’) and particular expressions ((yo) creo ‘I think’, (yo) no sé ‘I don’t know’). Analysis of variation in nearly 3000 tokens of unexpressed and pronominal subjects in conversational data replicates well-established predictors, but highlights that the cognition verb effect is really one of 1sg cognition verbs. In addition, particular expressions stand out for their high frequency relative to their component parts (for (yo) creo, proportion of lexical type, and proportion of pronoun). Further analysis of 1sg verbs with frequent expressions as fixed effects reveals shared patterns with other cognition verbs, including an association with non-coreferential contexts. Thus, classes can be identified by variation constraints and contextual distributions that are shared among class members and are measurably different from those of the more general variable structure. Cognition verbs in variable Spanish subject expression form a class anchored in lexically particular constructions.
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Berman, Ruth A. "Marking of verb transitivity by Hebrew-speaking children." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 3 (October 1993): 641–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008527.
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ABSTRACTThe study examines children's command of transitivity permutations in Hebrew, where a change in verb-argument syntax entails a change in verb-morphology. 30 children aged two, three and eight were required to produce existing and novel Hebrew verbs differing in transitivity. Younger children showed a good grasp of the syntax and semantics, but not the morphological marking of transitivity, three-year-olds did much better, and eight-year-olds produced mainly adultlike responses. Results were higher on existing verbs than on novel forms. Direction of change had little effect with existing verbs, but with novel verbs success was much higher in changing intransitive to transitive forms than the converse. Some alternations proved easier than others, e.g. intransitive activity verbs in the basic pa'al verb-pattern yielded more causative hif'il forms than intransitive inchoative verbs in the nif'al pattern. Findings throw light on the development of derivational morphology, item-based versus class-based learning, and the impact of lexical productivity and language-particular properties on acquisition.