Journal articles: 'General preferences'

1

Sekine, Sayaka, Kenichi Komatsu, Dai Matsushima, Taro Takeshima, Ryusuke Ae, Shinji Fujiwara, Eriko Matsushima, Masanobu Okayama, and Eiji Kaiji. "Factors Affecting People's Preferences of Visiting a Kakaritsukei (Home-doctor)." General Medicine 11, no. 2 (2010): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14442/general.11.71.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Benabbou, Nawal, and Thibaut Lust. "A General Interactive Approach for Solving Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization Problems with Imprecise Preferences." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v10i1.18472.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, we develop a general interactive method to solve multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems with imprecise preferences. Assuming that preferences can be represented by a parameterized scalarizing function, we iteratively ask preferences queries to the decision maker in order to reduce the uncertainty over the preference parameters until being able to determine her preferred solution. To produce informative preference queries at each step, we generate promising solutions using the extreme points of the polyhedron representing the admissible preference parameters and then we ask the decision maker to compare two of these solutions (we propose different selection strategies). These extreme points are also used to provide a stopping criterion guaranteeing that the returned solution is optimal (or near-optimal) according to the decision maker's preferences. For the multi-objective spanning tree problem with a linear aggregation function, we provide numerical results to demonstrate the practical efficiency of our approach and we compare our results to a recent approach based on minimax regret, where preferences are asked during the construction of a solution. We show that better results are achieved by our method both in terms of running time and number of questions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Zhang, Tengxiao, and Yunpeng Shi. "Color preference and color meaning in the context of flags." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8889.

Full text

Abstract:

Researchers have argued that people's general color preferences can readily be generalized to their color preferences for artificial objects. However, although a strong general preference for blue has been documented, recent researchers have reported a preference for red when viewed on national flags. We addressed this inconsistency by examining the flag color preferences of 181 Chinese participants across 3 contexts: own nation, allied nation, and enemy nation. We found that general color preferences did not generalize to flag color preferences, and that preferences varied across the different 3 flag contexts. Participants assessed competitive and affiliative meanings differently in terms of conformity to the most preferred flag colors across contexts, indicating that flags have different color meanings in different contexts. We have contributed to the field of color psychology by demonstrating the effect of the interaction between color and context on people's color preferences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Brewka, Gerhard, Miroslaw Truszczynski, and Stefan Woltran. "Representing Preferences Among Sets." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7584.

Full text

Abstract:

We study methods to specify preferences among subsets of a set (auniverse). The methods we focus on are of two types. The first one assumes the universe comes with a preference relation on its elements and attempts to lift that relation to subsets of the universe. That approach has limited expressivity but results in orderings that capture interesting general preference principles. The second method consists of developing formalisms allowing the user to specify "atomic" improvements, and generating from them preferences on the powerset of the universe. We show that the particular formalism we propose is expressive enough to capture the lifted preference relations of the first approach, and generalizes propositional CP-nets. We discuss the importance of domain-independent methods for specifying preferences on sets for knowledge representation formalisms, selecting the formalism of argumentation frameworks as an illustrative example.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Warren, Caleb, A. Peter McGraw, and Leaf Van Boven. "Values and preferences: defining preference construction." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2, no. 2 (July 9, 2010): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.98.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Farczadi, Linda, Konstantinos Georgiou, and Jochen Könemann. "Stable Marriage with General Preferences." Theory of Computing Systems 59, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00224-016-9687-z.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Fishburn, Peter C. "Ordered preference differences without ordered preferences." Synthese 67, no. 2 (May 1986): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00540076.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Richter, Michael, and Ariel Rubinstein. "Convex preferences: A new definition." Theoretical Economics 14, no. 4 (2019): 1169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te3286.

Full text

Abstract:

We suggest a concept of convexity of preferences that does not rely on any algebraic structure. A decision maker has in mind a set of orderings interpreted as evaluation criteria. A preference relation is defined to be convex when it satisfies the following condition: If, for each criterion, there is an element that is both inferior to b by the criterion and superior to a by the preference relation, then b is preferred to a. This definition generalizes the standard Euclidean definition of convex preferences. It is shown that under general conditions, any strict convex preference relation is represented by a maxmin of utility representations of the criteria. Some economic examples are provided.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ludwig, Kristina, Juan M. Ramos-Goñi, Mark Oppe, Simone Kreimeier, and Wolfgang Greiner. "To What Extent Do Patient Preferences Differ From General Population Preferences?" Value in Health 24, no. 9 (September 2021): 1343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2021.02.012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Guan, Zhengfei, and Feng Wu. "Modeling heterogeneous risk preferences." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2015-0016.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a general framework for modeling heterogeneous risk preferences of agricultural producers and identifying the underlying factors that affect risk preferences. Design/methodology/approach This paper nests the risk preference function in a general production decision framework to test and model producers’ risk preferences. The framework allows for both production and price risk, and accommodates potential inefficient behavior. Panel data and the GMM method are used in the empirical estimation. Findings The results in this study confirmed the hypothesis of heterogeneous risk preferences. Farmers are found to have decreasing absolute risk aversion. Both farmer characteristics and socioeconomic factors have significant impact on producers’ risk preferences. The results suggest that ignoring heterogeneity in risk preferences across individuals and how non-wealth variables could affect farmers’ risk preferences could result in biased economic behavior analysis. Originality/value It is generally assumed in the literature that risk preferences are homogeneous among farmers at given wealth. This is a strong assumption and there are abundant evidences that suggest otherwise. This paper makes contributions to the literature by proposing an approach to modeling heterogeneous risk preferences and identifying the factors that affect preferences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

DORSEY, DALE. "Adaptive Preferences Are a Red Herring." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 3, no. 4 (2017): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2017.36.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT:Current literature in moral and political philosophy is rife with discussion of adaptive preferences. This is no accident: while preferences are generally thought to play an important role in a number of normative domains (including morality, the personal good, and political justice), adaptive preferences seem exceptions to this general rule—they seem problematic in a way that preference-respecting theories of these domains cannot adequately capture. Thus, adaptive preferences are often taken to be theoretically explanatory: a reason for adjusting our theories of the relevant normative domains. However, as I shall argue here, the relentless focus on the phenomenon of preference adaptation is a mistake. While I do not take a stand on whether typical examples of adaptive preferences are or are not problematic, I argue here that if they are problematic, it cannot be because they are adaptive.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Li, Xiaoshu, and G. Andrew Stainback. "On-Site Experience Effect on Stakeholders’ Preferences of Forest Management." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197845.

Full text

Abstract:

An understanding of how public preferences vary among different stakeholders toward forest management policies would be helpful in the forest policy design and administration process. In this study, we investigate the preferences toward forest management policies of three stakeholder groups-woodlot owners, environmentalists, and the general public. We used a stated-preference survey to elicit information about stakeholder preferences for forest management practices at Holt Research Forest in Maine. The survey was administered to each group both before and after an on-site experience at the forest. We specifically investigated how information and experience acquired through the on-site experience would influence the preferences of each group. We also conducted a latent class analysis to further explore the preference heterogeneity among survey participants. The results show differences in preferences for forest management policies between stakeholders with the preferences of woodlot owners differing substantially from environmentalists and the general public both before and after the on-site experience. The on-site experience did not have a substantial impact on woodlot owners. In contrast, it increased the consistency of choice decisions among environmentalists and the public.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Griffey, Jack A. F., and Anthony C. Little. "Similarities in Human Visual and Declared Measures of Preference for Opposite-Sex Faces." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000248.

Full text

Abstract:

Facial appearance in humans is associated with attraction and mate choice. Numerous studies have identified that adults display directional preferences for certain facial traits including symmetry, averageness, and sexually dimorphic traits. Typically, studies measuring human preference for these traits examine declared (e.g., choice or ratings of attractiveness) or visual preferences (e.g., looking time) of participants. However, the extent to which visual and declared preferences correspond remains relatively untested. In order to evaluate the relationship between these measures we examined visual and declared preferences displayed by men and women for opposite-sex faces manipulated across three dimensions (symmetry, averageness, and masculinity) and compared preferences from each method. Results indicated that participants displayed significant visual and declared preferences for symmetrical, average, and appropriately sexually dimorphic faces. We also found that declared and visual preferences correlated weakly but significantly. These data indicate that visual and declared preferences for manipulated facial stimuli produce similar directional preferences across participants and are also correlated with one another within participants. Both methods therefore may be considered appropriate to measure human preferences. However, while both methods appear likely to generate similar patterns of preference at the sample level, the weak nature of the correlation between visual and declared preferences in our data suggests some caution in assuming visual preferences are the same as declared preferences at the individual level. Because there are positive and negative factors in both methods for measuring preference, we suggest that a combined approach is most useful in outlining population level preferences for traits.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Khajedaluee, Mohammad, Zahra Yaghoubi, Tayebeh Malek Mohammadi, and Kosar Sadat Hosseini. "Socioeconomic Disparities in Iranians’ Preferences toward Dental Care Services: A Population-Based Survey." International Journal of Dentistry 2022 (October 26, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5652011.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and Aims. Patients’ perspectives and preferences are considered an essential influencing factor for healthcare utilization. This study is one of the first to investigate patient preference for dental services across socioeconomic and demographic indicators in Iran. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted through telephone interviews with adult residents in Mashhad and Kerman cities. A representative sample was selected by stratified random sampling. A valid structured questionnaire was used for data collection, including people’s preference toward dental care services in terms of dental settings, choosing a general or specialist dentist, prevention or treatment, and the preferable gender of the dentist. Factors potentially associated with preferences included gender, age, educational level, job, monthly income, house size, family number, insurance coverage, dental insurance, type of insurance, and social class in the city were investigated. Results. 1475 individuals participated in the study [response rate 63%]. Our findings showed higher preferences for private offices (50.6%), specialist dentists (76.2%), treatment services (40.8%), and no specific gender preference for the dentist (60.6%). Their preferences were significantly influenced by age range, social class, insurance status, dental insurance, and type of insurance. Income, household size, level of education, and job were not statistically significant with none of the preferences. Conclusions. Socioeconomic and demographic factors’ correlation with people’s preferences was observed. Efforts are needed to promote preventive care demand in deprived regions. Moreover, increasing financial resources allocated to preventive care and covering preventive dental services in insurance plans are recommended.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Alder, Simon, Timo Boppart, and Andreas Müller. "A Theory of Structural Change That Can Fit the Data." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 160–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20190303.

Full text

Abstract:

We study structural change in the historical consumption expenditure of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia over more than a century. We characterize the most general class of preferences in a time-additive setting that admits aggregation of the saving decision and allows us to identify preference parameters from aggregate data. We parameterize and estimate such intertemporally aggregable (IA) preferences and discuss their properties in a dynamic general equilibrium framework with sustained growth. Our preference class is considerably more flexible than the Gorman form or PIGL, giving rise to a good fit of the non-monotonic pattern of structural change. (JEL C51, E21, L16, N10)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Seitz, Holli H., and Jesse G. Grady. "Measuring veterinary client preferences for autonomy and information when making medical decisions for their pets." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 259, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.19.12.0630.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract OBJECTIVE To adapt the 3 scales of the Autonomy Preference Index to veterinary medicine and validate the 3 new scales to measure pet owner preferences for autonomy and information when making medical decisions for their pets. SAMPLE 10 small-animal veterinarians and 10 small-animal clients at a veterinary school–based community practice (pilot study) and 311 small-animal clients of the practice (validation study), of which 47 participated in a follow-up survey. PROCEDURES Wording of items in the Autonomy Preference Index was adapted, and instrument wording was finalized on the basis of feedback obtained in the pilot study to create 3 scales: the Veterinary General Decision-Making Preferences Scale (VGDMPS), Veterinary Clinical Decision-Making Preferences Scale (VCDMPS), and Veterinary Information-Seeking Preferences Scale (VISPS). The 3 scales were then validated by means of administering them to small-animal clients in a clinical setting. RESULTS The 3 scales had acceptable reliability and validity, but clients expressed concern over item wording in the VGDMPS during the pilot study. Overall, results showed that clients had a very high preference for information (mean ± SD VISPS score, 4.78 ± 0.36 on a scale from 1 to 5). Preferences for autonomy varied, but mean values reflected a low-to-moderate desire for autonomy in clinical decision-making (mean ± SD VCDMPS score, 2.04 ± 0.62 on a scale from 1 to 5). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The VCDMPS was a reliable and valid instrument for measuring client preferences for autonomy in clinical decision-making. Veterinarians could potentially use this instrument to better understand pet owner preferences and tailor their communication approach accordingly.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Cindiana, Merlin, Dedi Supriadi, and Herman Sambodo. "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Preferensi Anak Pekerja Migran Indonesia untuk Bekerja ke Luar Negeri di Kabupaten Cilacap." Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 6, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v6i1.380.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims to analyzing the preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad in Cilacap Regency, analyzing the factors affecting the preference of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad in Cilacap Regency, and analyzing differences in preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad in Cilacap Regency based on demographic characteristics. Preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad became dependent variable, meanwhile income, education, age, gender, and marital status as independent variable. The data collection method used purposive sampling with 100 samples and use multiple linear regression analysis model. The results obtained are: the indicators of preference for opening a new business, land and house ownership are more dominant than other indicators preference to work abroad. Income, education, age, gender, and marital status have an effect toward preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad. There is difference in preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad based on demographic characteristics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Holcombe, Randall G. "Elite Influence on General Political Preferences." Journal of Government and Economics 3 (2021): 100021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2021.100021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Araujo, Aloisio, Alain Chateauneuf, Juan Pablo Gama, and Rodrigo Novinski. "General Equilibrium With Uncertainty Loving Preferences." Econometrica 86, no. 5 (2018): 1859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta14777.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Dufwenberg, M., P. Heidhues, G. Kirchsteiger, F. Riedel, and J. Sobel. "Other-Regarding Preferences in General Equilibrium." Review of Economic Studies 78, no. 2 (February 4, 2011): 613–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdq026.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Velez, Rodrigo A. "Inequity-averse preferences in general equilibrium." Journal of Mathematical Economics 70 (May 2017): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2017.02.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Morrison, Mark, Tom Murphy, and Craig Nalder. "Consumer Preferences for General Practitioner Services." Health Marketing Quarterly 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j026v20n03_02.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Gordon, Ken. "THE REFERRAL PREFERENCES OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 7 (February 1987): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.1987.1.7.4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Miškolci, Simona. "Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for the health aspects of food." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 4 (2011): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040167.

Full text

Abstract:

Agri-food systems in the Czech Republic are currently undergoing a profound transformation toward high-value products. Appropriate policies are needed to guide this transformation, presupposing good understanding of consumer preferences. Having established a general framework for the analysis of food choice and quality perception, second part of the paper gives overview of results of stated preference evaluation studies conducted in the Czech Republic. The objective of secondary data analysis is to evaluate consumer preferences and willingness to pay for the food quality with the special attention to an evaluation of consumer preferences for health aspects of the food. The consumers’ relative preferences toward the different dimensions of a product’s quality are measured from the consumers’ perspective via their preference scores on various dimensions of quality derived from Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Price premium consumers are willing to pay for the high quality product is investigated using Contingent valuation method (CV). In general, the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that health ensuring and enhancing characteristics together with sensorial characteristics significantly affect consumers’ preferences for food and most consumers are willing to pay a price premium in order to ensure required quality of food.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Bradley, Gordon A., and Anne R. Kearney. "Public and Professional Responses to the Visual Effects of Timber Harvesting: Different Ways of Seeing." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.1.42.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This study examines preferences and differences in preference among forest professionals and other forest stakeholders. Specifically, the study explores the underlying dimensions of preference and the stated rationale behind those preferences. Preferences were assessed for six different silvicultural treatments, including clearcutting, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, commercial thin, and an unmodified control stand. Study participants were selected from six stakeholder groups: forest professionals, urban public, rural public, recreationists, environmentalists, and educators (n=210). Results show that people's preferences tend to follow the same general trend across all groups, with higher preference for less intense harvests. Foresters tended to show significantly greater preference than most other groups for treatments where tree removal left moderate to large openings; this difference was most striking with respect to clearcuts. Analysis of people's stated rationale behind the preference ratings suggests that differences in preference are a function of differences in how people interpret the scene. Foresters were more likely to see the management depicted in a scene and to interpret these signs of management in a favorable light; other groups were more likely to respond to the aesthetics of the scene or to processes perceived to be damaging to the landscape. Implications for these differences in preference and perception are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Chen, Pengzhan, Jihua Wu, and Ning Li. "A Personalized Navigation Route Recommendation Strategy Based on Differential Perceptron Tracking User’s Driving Preference." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2023 (January 4, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8978398.

Full text

Abstract:

With the increasing frequency of autonomous driving, more and more attention is paid to personalized path planning. However, the path selection preferences of users will change with internal or external factors. Therefore, this paper proposes a personalized path recommendation strategy that can track and study user’s path preference. First, we collect the data of the system, establish the relationship with the user preference factor, and get the user’s initial preference weight vector by dichotomizing the K-means algorithm. The system then determines whether user preferences change based on a set threshold, and when the user’s preference changes, the current preference weight vector can be obtained by redefining the preference factor or calling difference perception. Finally, the road network is quantized separately according to the user preference weight vector, and the optimal path is obtained by using Tabu search algorithm. The simulation results of two scenarios show that the proposed strategy can meet the requirements of autopilot even when user preferences change.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Madrigal, Caroline, Lan Jiang, Whitney Mills, Wen-Chih Wu, Diane Berish, Tonya Roberts, Kimberly Van Haitsma, and James Rudolph. "Predictors of Everyday Care Preference Importance Ratings for Veterans Living in the Nursing Home Setting." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.300.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Preference-based care is required by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and is linked to improved quality of nursing home care. The federally mandated Minimum Data Set (3.0) Preference Assessment Tool (PAT) is a 16-item standardized measure used to facilitate preference-based care through rating how important residents’ daily and activity preferences are. Little work has explored how Veterans’ unique demographic backgrounds and functional/cognitive abilities may influence how they rate their preferences (compared to general nursing home residents). Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective study was to explore the relationships between Veterans’ demographic/clinical characteristics and number of preference importance ratings. Our sample (n=194,068) consisted of Veterans admitted to community nursing homes after hospitalization at a Veterans Affairs facility for heart failure between 2010-2015. We used ordinal regression to explore predictors of preference importance ratings. Veterans were, on average, 78-years-old (SD=10.42) and mostly male (95%), white (81%), married (46%), cognitively intact (74%) with extensive functional impairment (60%) and minimal depressive symptoms (74%). Veterans rated an average of 12.47 preferences as important (SD=2.86; range=0-16). Veterans living with cognitive impairment, depression, and extensive functional impairment who were not married or separated had a lower number of important preferences (all p<0.0001). Veterans that were female, under the age of 85, and any race but white had a higher number of important preferences (all p<0.0001). Discussion will include implications for planning and delivering preference-based care for Veterans as well as next steps in research and practice to better understand and fulfill Veterans’ everyday care preferences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Jonsson, Petur O. "On meta-preferences and incomplete preference maps." International Advances in Economic Research 2, no. 2 (May 1996): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295050.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Hahn, Volker. "Transparency of Central Bank Preferences." German Economic Review 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00440.x.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In this paper, we examine whether the transparency of the central bank’s preferences is desirable. We make two major points. First, in the literature on preference transparency variance-reduction frameworks are often adopted. As a consequence a change in the degree of transparency affects the magnitude of information asymmetries, but at the same time it implies a rather arbitrary effect on the distribution of preferences. We present a clean framework without this problem. Second, using a very general specification of shocks to the central bank’s preferences, we show that society prefers transparency if it sufficiently values the employment target, whereas it prefers opacity if it estimates inflation as sufficiently important.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Alzahrani, Shrooq, Khalid Aboalshamat, Samaher Bedaiwi, Sarah Alnefaie, Taghreed Almutairi, Saja Asiri, and Ibtihal Alnuwaymi. "Patients’ Preferences for Dentist’s Nationality and Gender among Residents of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Open Dentistry Journal 14, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602014010137.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Several studies have shown that a dentist’s gender and nationality are important factors for patients when they choose their dentist. This topic is important in countries like Saudi Arabia, which is considered to be conservative and has many cultural boundaries that separate men from women in daily activities. Aim: This study aimed to investigate patient preference for a dentist’s gender among a sample population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 1,000 participants who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.21. Results: A total of 46.2% of the participants had no particular gender preference for dentists in general, while 28.6% prefered male dentists and 25.2% prefered female dentists. Male and female participants had statistically significant differences in the selection of a dentist’s gender in general, with all participants tending to choose a dentist of the same gender as themselves. Previous personal experience and recommendations from friends were among the most influential factors in choosing dentists of a specific gender. In terms of preferences for dentists of a particular nationality, 45.6% had no preferences, while 28.4% preferred Saudi dentists. Conclusion: Although half of the Jeddah residents participating in our study had no preference for dentists of a particular gender or nationality, the other half had specific preferences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Kulok, Michael, and Kemper Lewis. "A Method to Ensure Preference Consistency in Multi-Attribute Selection Decisions." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 10 (December 18, 2006): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2761921.

Full text

Abstract:

A number of approaches for multi-attribute selection decisions exist, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. One method that has recently been developed, called the hypothetical equivalents and inequivalents method (HEIM) supports a decision maker (DM) by implicitly determining the importances a DM places on attributes using a series of simple preference statements. In this and other multi-attribute selection methods, establishing consistent preferences is critical in order for a DM to be confident in his/her decision and its validity. In this paper, a general preference consistency method is developed, which is used to ensure that a consistent preference structure exists for a given DM. The method is demonstrated as part of HEIM, but is generalizable to any cardinal or ordinal preference structure, where the preferences can be over alternatives or attributes. These structures play an important role in making selection decisions in engineering design including selecting design concepts, materials, manufacturing processes, and configurations, among others. The theoretical foundations of the method are developed and the need for consistent preferences is illustrated in the application to a drill selection case study where the decision maker expresses inconsistent preferences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Firdausiyah, N., and D. P. Chrisdiani. "Freight shipper’s mode choice preference for sustainable inland transportation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 916, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012004.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Modelling of transport mode choice preferencehas beencurrently regarded essential to identify the preference of transport agents towards a transport policy. This research proposes a model of the freight mode choice preference by using Stated Preference Methods for the data collection from industrial freight shippers in Gresik, Indonesia. This research examines how truck as an existing mode and rail as a sustainable mode alternative compete for goods movement. As the common feature of discrete choice models, the Binary Logit was utilized to analyze the data. The sensitivity of mode preferences was investigated by changing the shipping cost and hauling time. The results indicated that the respondents were sensitive to haul time and shipping cost. When the shipping cost and hauling time was similar, the probability of choosing a truck was 77%. However, the industrial freight shippers changed the preference when the truck’s shipping cost and haul time was higher than that in the train. The train had a 65% choosing probability when the cost difference was IDR 500,000 lower and the hauling time difference was two days faster than the truck. This study assisted the policymakers to correctly design the variables of shipping cost and hauling time for the future sustainable inland transportation based on freight shipper’s preferences.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Žnidaršič, Martin, Aljaž Osojnik, Peter Rupnik, and Bernard Ženko. "Improving Effectiveness of a Coaching System through Preference Learning." Technologies 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies10010024.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper describes an approach for indirect data-based assessment and use of user preferences in an unobtrusive sensor-based coaching system with the aim of improving coaching effectiveness. The preference assessments are used to adapt the reasoning components of the coaching system in a way to better align with the preferences of its users. User preferences are learned based on data that describe user feedback as reported for different coaching messages that were received by the users. The preferences are not learned directly, but are assessed through a proxy—classifications or probabilities of positive feedback as assigned by a predictive machine learned model of user feedback. The motivation and aim of such an indirect approach is to allow for preference estimation without burdening the users with interactive preference elicitation processes. A brief description of the coaching setting is provided in the paper, before the approach for preference assessment is described and illustrated on a real-world example obtained during the testing of the coaching system with elderly users.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Nave, Gideon, Juri Minxha, David M. Greenberg, Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, and Jason Rentfrow. "Musical Preferences Predict Personality: Evidence From Active Listening and Facebook Likes." Psychological Science 29, no. 7 (March 27, 2018): 1145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618761659.

Full text

Abstract:

Research over the past decade has shown that various personality traits are communicated through musical preferences. One limitation of that research is external validity, as most studies have assessed individual differences in musical preferences using self-reports of music-genre preferences. Are personality traits communicated through behavioral manifestations of musical preferences? We addressed this question in two large-scale online studies with demographically diverse populations. Study 1 ( N = 22,252) shows that reactions to unfamiliar musical excerpts predicted individual differences in personality—most notably, openness and extraversion—above and beyond demographic characteristics. Moreover, these personality traits were differentially associated with particular music-preference dimensions. The results from Study 2 ( N = 21,929) replicated and extended these findings by showing that an active measure of naturally occurring behavior, Facebook Likes for musical artists, also predicted individual differences in personality. In general, our findings establish the robustness and external validity of the links between musical preferences and personality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Yennurajalingam, Sriram, Luis Fernando Rodrigues, Omar M. Shamieh, Colombe Tricou, Marilène Filbet, Kyaw Naing, Akhileshwaran Ramaswamy, et al. "Decisional control preferences among patients with advanced cancer: An international multicenter cross-sectional survey." Palliative Medicine 32, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216317747442.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Understanding patients’ decision control preferences is important in providing quality cancer care. Patients’ decisional control preference can be either active (patients prefer to make decisions themselves), shared (collaborative between patient, their physician, and/or family), or passive (patients prefer that the decisions are made by either the physician and/or their family). Aim: To determine the frequency and predictors of passive decision control preferences among advanced cancer patients. We also determined the concordance between actual decision-making and decision control preferences and its association with patient satisfaction. Design: In this cross-sectional survey of advanced cancer patients referred to palliative care across 11 countries, we evaluated sociodemographic variables, Control Preference Scale, and satisfaction with the decisions and care. Results: A total of 1490 participants were evaluable. Shared, active, and passive decision control preferences were 33%, 44%, and 23%, respectively. Passive decision control preferences (odds ratio, p value) was more frequent in India (4.34, <0.001), Jordan (3.41, <0.001), and France (3.27, <0.001). Concordance between the actual decision-making and decision control preferences was highest in the United States ( k = 0.74) and lowest in Brazil (0.34). Passive decision control preference was significantly associated with (odds ratio per point, p value) better performance status (0.99/point, 0.017), higher education (0.64, 0.001), and country of origin (Brazil (0.26, <0.0001), Singapore (0.25, 0.0003), South Africa (0.32, 0.0002), and Jordan (2.33, 0.0037)). Conclusion: Passive decision control preferences were less common (23%) than shared and active decision control preference even among developing countries. Significant predictors of passive decision control preferences were performance status, education, and country of origin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Hunter, Gary L., and Steven A. Taylor. "The relationship between preference for privacy and social media usage." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-11-2018-2927.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether preferences for certain types of privacy predict the frequency and duration of social media usage as well as the moderating role of gender on these relationships. Design/methodology/approach An e-mail-based survey among the faculty, staff and students of a medium-sized mid-western university is used to gather data regarding preferences for privacy and social media usage. Using 530 respondents, structural equation modeling explores the relationship between the various privacy types, gender and social media usage. Findings Evidence supports a relationship between four types of privacy preferences and social media usage. A positive relationship exists between frequency of social media usage and a preference for not neighboring. Duration of social media usage shows a negative relationship with preferences for seclusion and reserve, and surprisingly, a positive relationship with a preference for anonymity. Gender moderates the relationship between preference for privacy and social media usage, offering evidence that intimacy, seclusion and reserve predict social media usage for males, while not neighboring and anonymity predict usage for females. Originality/value The study extends the privacy literature through investigating differential impacts of privacy preferences. The marketing literature examines privacy as a general concept, without allowing for differences in consumers' preferences for types of privacy. Additionally, the study shows that gender moderates the relationship between preferences for privacy and social media usage. A second contribution is investigating the relevance of a scale, developed in an age without social media, to an era permeated in social media.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Álvaro, Leticia, Humberto Moreira, Julio Lillo, and Anna Franklin. "Color preference in red–green dichromats." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (July 13, 2015): 9316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502104112.

Full text

Abstract:

Around 2% of males have red–green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision where one type of cone photoreceptor is missing. Here we investigate the color preferences of dichromats. We aim (i) to establish whether the systematic and reliable color preferences of normal trichromatic observers (e.g., preference maximum at blue, minimum at yellow-green) are affected by dichromacy and (ii) to test theories of color preference with a dichromatic sample. Dichromat and normal trichromat observers named and rated how much they liked saturated, light, dark, and focal colors twice. Trichromats had the expected pattern of preference. Dichromats had a reliable pattern of preference that was different to trichromats, with a preference maximum rather than minimum at yellow and a much weaker preference for blue than trichromats. Color preference was more affected in observers who lacked the cone type sensitive to long wavelengths (protanopes) than in those who lacked the cone type sensitive to medium wavelengths (deuteranopes). Trichromats’ preferences were summarized effectively in terms of cone-contrast between color and background, and yellow-blue cone-contrast could account for dichromats’ pattern of preference, with some evidence for residual red–green activity in deuteranopes’ preference. Dichromats’ color naming also could account for their color preferences, with colors named more accurately and quickly being more preferred. This relationship between color naming and preference also was present for trichromat males but not females. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence on how dichromats experience color, advance the understanding of why humans like some colors more than others, and have implications for general theories of aesthetics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Petre, Ligiana Mihaela, and Bianca Nicoleta Vatasescu. "According, against, and above dietary norms: a key to understanding the relationship between personality style and taste preferences." PeerJ 7 (December 6, 2019): e8198. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8198.

Full text

Abstract:

Background Understanding individual food preferences is critical for creating tailored strategies that promote healthy individual eating behaviors. Individual sensory liking appears to be an essential determinant of dietary intake. Taste preferences influence satisfaction and satiety, and may consequently influence weight status and psychological adjustment. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between taste preferences (sweet, salty, sweet & fatty, salty & fatty) and personality features. Methods The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) was used for the assessment of personality traits and PrefQuest (PQ) was used for measuring recalled food preferences. A total of 137 participants were included in the study. The relationship between compulsive and antisocial features and taste preferences was assessed by hierarchical multiple linear regression, while controlling for age, gender, BMI, marital status, and educational level. Results The antisocial personality traits were a negative explanatory variable for sweet & fatty taste preference, R2 = .15, t(132) = − 2.40, p = .018, 95% [−.57, −.06] and salty & fatty taste preference, R2 = .16, t(133) = − 2.38, p = .019, 95% [−.07, −.01], while controlling for anthropological factors. In addition, men showed a higher preference than women for sweet & fatty food, such as chocolate or desserts, rsp = .19, p = .021, and for the salty & fatty food, rsp = .30, p < .001. BMI was not found to moderate the relationship between personality and taste preference. No significant association was found between compulsive personality traits and food preference, as assessed by sensory liking. Conclusions The findings can bring a much better understanding of the relationship between the compulsive or antisocial personality and taste preferences. In addition, it may help build psychotherapeutic and nutritional strategies that promote healthy eating behaviors, tailored to a particular personality style.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Johnston, K., J. Stoffman, A. Mickle, S. Olatunde, R. Klaassen, and D. Diles. "PRO64 Preferences for Hemophilia Treatments in Canada: A General Population Preference-Based Utility Study." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.1800.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Rodríguez, Rafael L., Karthik Ramaswamy, and Reginald B. Cocroft. "Evidence that female preferences have shaped male signal evolution in a clade of specialized plant-feeding insects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1601 (August 2006): 2585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3635.

Full text

Abstract:

Mate choice is considered an important influence in the evolution of mating signals and other sexual traits, and—since divergence in sexual traits causes reproductive isolation—it can be an agent of population divergence. The importance of mate choice in signal evolution can be evaluated by comparing male signal traits with female preference functions, taking into account the shape and strength of preferences. Specifically, when preferences are closed (favouring intermediate values), there should be a correlation between the preferred values and the trait means, and stronger preferences should be associated with greater preference–signal correspondence and lower signal variability. When preferences are open (favouring extreme values), signal traits are not only expected to be more variable, but should also be shifted towards the preferred values. We tested the role of female preferences in signal evolution in the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers, a clade of plant-feeding insects hypothesized to have speciated in sympatry. We found the expected relationship between signals and preferences, implicating mate choice as an agent of signal evolution. Because differences in sexual communication systems lead to reproductive isolation, the factors that promote divergence in female preferences—and, consequently, in male signals—may have an important role in the process of speciation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

DELGRANDE, JAMES P., TORSTEN SCHAUB, and HANS TOMPITS. "A framework for compiling preferences in logic programs." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 3, no. 2 (March 2003): 129–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068402001539.

Full text

Abstract:

We introduce a methodology and framework for expressing general preference information in logic programming under the answer set semantics. An ordered logic program is an extended logic program in which rules are named by unique terms, and in which preferences among rules are given by a set of atoms of form s [pr ] t where s and t are names. An ordered logic program is transformed into a second, regular, extended logic program wherein the preferences are respected, in that the answer sets obtained in the transformed program correspond with the preferred answer sets of the original program. Our approach allows the specification of dynamic orderings, in which preferences can appear arbitrarily within a program. Static orderings (in which preferences are external to a logic program) are a trivial restriction of the general dynamic case. First, we develop a specific approach to reasoning with preferences, wherein the preference ordering specifies the order in which rules are to be applied. We then demonstrate the wide range of applicability of our framework by showing how other approaches, among them that of Brewka and Eiter, can be captured within our framework. Since the result of each of these transformations is an extended logic program, we can make use of existing implementations, such as dlv and smodels. To this end, we have developed a publicly available compiler as a front-end for these programming systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Johnston, Robert J., Stephen K. Swallow, Dana Marie Bauer, and Christopher M. Anderson. "Preferences for Residential Development Attributes and Support for the Policy Process: Implications for Management and Conservation of Rural Landscapes." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 32, no. 1 (April 2003): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500002513.

Full text

Abstract:

The rural public may not only be concerned with the consequences of land management; residents may also have systematic preferences for policy instruments applied to management goals. Preferences for outcomes do not necessarily imply matching support for the underlying policy process. This study assesses relationships among support for elements of the policy process and preferences for management outcomes. Preferences are examined within the context of alternative proposals to manage growth and conserve landscape attributes in southern New England. Results are based on (a) stated preferences estimated from a multi-attribute contingent choice survey of rural residents, and (b) Likert-scale assessment of strength of support for land use policy tools. Findings indicate general but not universal correlation among policy support indicators and preferences for associated land use outcomes, but also confirm the suspicion that policy support and land use preference may not always coincide.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Stern, Michael C., LeeAnn Stover, Ernesto Guerra, and Gita Martohardjono. "Syntactic and Semantic Influences on the Time Course of Relative Clause Processing: The Role of Language Dominance." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11080989.

Full text

Abstract:

We conducted a visual world eye-tracking experiment with highly proficient Spanish-English bilingual adults to investigate the effects of relative language dominance, operationalized as a continuous, multidimensional variable, on the time course of relative clause processing in the first-learned language, Spanish. We found that participants exhibited two distinct processing preferences: a semantically driven preference to assign agency to referents of lexically animate noun phrases and a syntactically driven preference to interpret relative clauses as subject-extracted. Spanish dominance was found to exert a distinct influence on each of these preferences, gradiently attenuating the semantic preference while gradiently exaggerating the syntactic preference. While these results might be attributable to particular properties of Spanish and English, they also suggest a possible generalization that greater dominance in a language increases reliance on language-specific syntactic processing strategies while correspondingly decreasing reliance on more domain-general semantic processing strategies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

CÔRTE-REAL, PAULO P. "FUZZY VOTERS, CRISP VOTES." International Game Theory Review 09, no. 01 (March 2007): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021919890700128x.

Full text

Abstract:

In a binary choice voting scenario, voters may have fuzzy preferences but are required to make crisp choices. In order to compare a crisp voting procedure with more general mechanisms of fuzzy preference aggregation, we first focus on the latter. We present a formulation of strategy-proofness in this setting and study its consequences. On one hand, we achieve an axiomatic recommendation of the median as the aggregation rule for fuzzy preferences. On the other hand, we present conditions under which strategic concerns imply the optimality of a crisp voting procedure and argue that there is a potential gain in the integration of the preference and choice aggregation programs — namely that an underlying fuzzy preference structure may also help inform the selection of a choice aggregation rule.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Jiao, Luyang, Mengying Du, Yameng Hou, Yuan Ma, and Xianglei Kong. "Homochiral or Heterochiral: A Systematic Study of Threonine Clusters Using a FT ICR Mass Spectrometer." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010086.

Full text

Abstract:

The strong chiral preferences of some magic clusters of amino acids have attracted continually increasing interests due to their unique structures, properties and possible roles in homochirogenesis. However, how chirality can influence the generation and stability of cluster ions in a wild range of cluster sizes is still unknown for most amino acids. In this study, the preference for threonine clusters to form homochiral and heterochiral complex ions has been investigated by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Abundant cluster [Thrn+mH]m+ ions (7 ≤ n ≤ 78, 1 ≤ m ≤ 5) have been observed for both samples of enantiopure (100% L) and racemic (50:50 L:D) threonine solutions. Further analyses of the spectra show that the [Thr14+2H]2+ ion is characterized by its most outstanding homochiral preference, and [Thr7+H]+ and [Thr8+H]+ ions also clearly exhibit their homochiral preferences. Although most of the triply charged clusters (20 ≤ n ≤ 36) are characterized by heterochiral preferences, the quadruply charged [Thrn+4H]4+ ions (40 ≤ n ≤ 59) have no obvious chiral preference in general. On the other hand, a weak homochiral preference exists for most of the quintuply charged ions observed in the experiment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Lou, Yifan, Mercedes Bern-Klug, and Jinyu Liu. "Change of Health and Change of Preferences on Life-Sustaining Treatment: Evidence From a Longitudinal Study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.069.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background: Decision-making for end-of-life (EoL) care is not a one-off choice. Older adults may change their preferences for life-sustaining treatments along their health continuum. Guided by prospect theory, we hypothesize that perceived change in health status is a driver behind preference changes. Method: Health and Retirement Study Wave 2012 to 2018 data. Sample is limited to 5,646 older adults who reported whether they requested to limit treatment in living will during two waves of data. Two possible preference changes were tested: from limited to default care and from default to limited care. Change in health status was indicated by changes (1=same, 2=improve, 3=decline) in physical pain, general health, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and number of diagnoses. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to understand how change of health status was related to changes in EoL preferences. Results: 700 older adults changed their preferences some time in 8 years. Those who changed their preferences are more likely to be older and not married, and to have lower socioeconomic background. Older adults who experienced deteriorated pain levels were more likely to change their preferences from default to limited care (OR=3.77, p<.05) and less likely to change from limited to default care (OR=0.63, p<.05). Change in IADL is also a significant predictor of change of preferences. Implication: The findings highlight the importance of periodic reassessment of EoL care preferences with older adults. We discuss policy and practice implications regarding health changes as underlying mechanisms of preference changes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Posluszna, Joanna, Agnieszka Burtowy, and Robert Palusinski. "Music Preferences and Tobacco Smoking." Psychological Reports 94, no. 1 (February 2004): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.1.240-242.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated the association of music preferences with tobacco smoking in a group of 152 high school and college students. Both the questionnaire and the listening survey indicated a higher preference for music associated with anxiety and depressed mood among smokers. These findings may reflect a common etiology of tobacco addiction and a specific type of music preferences. To elucidate this phenomenon further studies are needed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Kościński, Krzysztof. "Facial attractiveness: General patterns of facial preferences." Anthropological Review 70, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 45–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10044-008-0001-9.

Full text

Abstract:

Facial attractiveness: General patterns of facial preferencesThis review covers universal patterns in facial preferences. Facial attractiveness has fascinated thinkers since antiquity, but has been the subject of intense scientific study for only the last quarter of a century. Many facial features contribute to facial attractiveness: Averageness and symmetry are preferred by males and females, probably because they signal genetic quality and developmental stability. Men prefer highly feminized female faces because they reflect high estrogen levels and low testosterone levels. This indicates that the woman is reproductively healthy. Women, on the other hand, prefer a moderate level of male facial masculinity, since facial masculinity that is too pronounced signals high level of testosterone and, thereby, a poorly developed pro-family personality. In women, facial hair is detrimental to facial attractiveness. In men, the effect is not consistent. Faces with a clear complexion are attractive to both men and women. Men prefer light and smooth skin in women. Positive facial expressions also enhance facial attractiveness. Many factors, in particular skin condition and facial proportions, affect perceived age, which is an important component of facial attractiveness. Men in particular strongly prefer youthful-looking female faces. Facial preferences enable an individual to recognize reproductively fit mates. Therefore, facial preferences are adaptive, although non-adaptive mechanisms related to general brain function also play a role.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Nadeau, Richard, Richard G. Niemi, and Timothy Amato. "Expectations and Preferences in British General Elections." American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (June 1994): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944710.

Full text

Abstract:

We address two questions: How do people form their expectations about the likely winner of the next general election? and What are the links between expectations and votes? Using data collected by the Gallup organization in Great Britain, we find that the expectations formation process (1) has a significant inertia component but also a rapid adjustment to current information; (2) reflects voters' ability to translate economic expectations into political forecasts; and (3) is “time-bounded,” possessing special characteristics immediately before and after a general election. The analysis also confirms the existence of a small bandwagon effect, whereby expectations that one party will win inflate that party's vote. The ability of voters to make reasonable forecasts without being unduly influenced by their own preferences suggests that under normal circumstances voters are expressing real preferences and not simply following the crowd.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Wong, Tsz-Nga. "A Tractable Monetary Model under General Preferences." Review of Economic Studies 83, no. 1 (July 21, 2015): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdv034.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'General preferences'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles