Journal articles on the topic 'General k-max search'

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of carbapenemase production and carbapenem resistance mechanisms in 47 carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates by phenotypic confirmatory tests and molecular assay. Methodology: Carbapenem resistance genes KPC, OXA-48 and NDM were investigated with the BD MAX CRE assay kit in the BD MAX real time PCR instrument. Modified Hodge test, MBL gradient strip test, D70C Carbapenemase Detection Set, Temocillin gradient strip test methods were used as phenotypic confirmatory tests. Clonal relationship between study isolates was investigated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: Analysis with BD MAX CRE assay revealed OXA-48 positivity in 17 (36%) strains, NDM positivity in 6 (13%) strains and coexistence of OXA-48 + NDM positivity in 8 (17%) strains. In 16 (34%) strains, none of the KPC, OXA-48 and NDM genes were detected. While MHT was the most sensitive phenotypic confirmatory test, D70C disc set had not been considered as a useful tool to assist the search for carbapenemase production. Temocillin gradient test alone could not be considered as sufficient to detect the presence of OXA-48. PFGE analyses revealed that 23 of 31 carbapenemase producing strains were in three major PFGE genotypes (A, B and C). Conclusions: This study revealed that carbapenem resistance observed in K. pneumoniae isolates was mainly due to OXA-48 and NDM genes and the increase of carbapenem resistance among K. pneumoniae strains in our hospital was due to the interhospital spread of especially 3 epidemic clones.

An essential task of the event-based social network (EBSN) platform is to recommend events to user groups. Usually, users are more willing to participate in events and interest groups with their friends, forming a particularly closely connected user group. However, such groups do not explicitly exist in EBSN. Therefore, studying how to discover groups composed of users who frequently participate in events and interest groups in EBSN has essential theoretical and practical significance. This article proposes the problem of discovering maximum k fully connected user groups. To address this issue, this article designs and implements three algorithms: a search algorithm based on Max-miner (MMBS), a search algorithm based on two vectors (TVBS) and enumeration tree, and a divide-and-conquer parallel search algorithm (DCPS). The authors conducted experiments on real datasets. The comparison of experimental results of these three algorithms on datasets from different cities shows that the DCPS algorithm and TVBS algorithm significantly accelerate their computational time when the minimum support rate is low. The time consumption of DCPS algorithm can reach one tenth or even lower than that of MMBS algorithm.

The workflow of this research is based on numerous hypotheses involving the usage of pre-processing methods, wheat canopy segmentation methods, and whether the existing models from the past research can be adapted to classify wheat crop water stress. Hence, to construct an automation model for water stress detection, it was found that pre-processing operations known as total variation with L1 data fidelity term (TV-L1) denoising with a Primal-Dual algorithm and min-max contrast stretching are most useful. For wheat canopy segmentation curve fit based K-means algorithm (Cfit-kmeans) was also validated for the most accurate segmentation using intersection over union metric. For automated water stress detection, rapid prototyping of machine learning models revealed that there is a need only to explore nine models. After extensive grid search-based hyper-parameter tuning of machine learning algorithms and 10 K fold cross validation it was found that out of nine different machine algorithms tested, the random forest algorithm has the highest global diagnostic accuracy of 91.164% and is the most suitable for constructing water stress detection models.

Abstract In the last decade quantum machine learning has provided fascinating and fundamental improvements to supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning (RL). In RL, a so-called agent is challenged to solve a task given by some environment. The agent learns to solve the task by exploring the environment and exploiting the rewards it gets from the environment. For some classical task environments, an analogue quantum environment can be constructed which allows to find rewards quadratically faster by applying quantum algorithms. In this paper, we analytically analyze the behavior of a hybrid agent which combines this quadratic speedup in exploration with the policy update of a classical agent. This leads to a faster learning of the hybrid agent compared to the classical agent. We demonstrate that if the classical agent needs on average ⟨J⟩ rewards and ⟨T⟩cl epochs to learn how to solve the task, the hybrid agent will take ⟨ T ⟩ q ⩽ α s α o ⟨ T ⟩ c l ⟨ J ⟩ epochs on average. Here, α s and α o denote constants depending on details of the quantum search and are independent of the problem size. Additionally, we prove that if the environment allows for maximally α o k max sequential coherent interactions, e.g. due to noise effects, an improvement given by ⟨T⟩q ≈ α o ⟨T⟩cl/(4k max) is still possible.

Diversity maximization is a fundamental problem with broad applications in data summarization, web search, and recommender systems. Given a set X of n elements, the problem asks for a subset S of k≪n elements with maximum diversity, as quantified by the dissimilarities among the elements in S. In this paper, we study diversity maximization with fairness constraints in streaming and sliding-window models. Specifically, we focus on the max–min diversity maximization problem, which selects a subset S that maximizes the minimum distance (dissimilarity) between any pair of distinct elements within it. Assuming that the set X is partitioned into m disjoint groups by a specific sensitive attribute, e.g., sex or race, ensuring fairness requires that the selected subset S contains ki elements from each group i∈[m]. Although diversity maximization has been extensively studied, existing algorithms for fair max–min diversity maximization are inefficient for data streams. To address the problem, we first design efficient approximation algorithms for this problem in the (insert-only) streaming model, where data arrive one element at a time, and a solution should be computed based on the elements observed in one pass. Furthermore, we propose approximation algorithms for this problem in the sliding-window model, where only the latest w elements in the stream are considered for computation to capture the recency of the data. Experimental results on real-world and synthetic datasets show that our algorithms provide solutions of comparable quality to the state-of-the-art offline algorithms while running several orders of magnitude faster in the streaming and sliding-window settings.

The outlier detection technique is widely used in the data analysis for the clustering of data. Many techniques have been applied in the outlier detection to increase the efficiency of the data analysis. The Local Projection based Outlier Detection (LPOD) method effectively identifies neighbouring values of data, but this has the drawback of random selection of the cluster centre that affects the overall clustering performance of the system. In this study, the Adaptive Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peak (ACFSFDP) is proposed to select the clustering centre and density peak. This ACFSFDP method is implemented with the min-max algorithm to find the number of categories that measured the local density and distance information. The density and distance are used to select the cluster centre, but density is not calculated on the existing distance based clustering techniques. The ACFSFDP method calculates cluster centre based on the density and distance during the clustering process, whereas the existing techniques randomly select the data centre. The results indicated that the ACFSFDP method is provided effective outlier detection compared with existing Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peak (CFSFDP) methods. The ACFSFDP is tested on two datasets Pen-digits and waveform datasets. The experiment results proved that Area Under Curve (AUC) of the ACFSFDP is 99.08% on the Pen-Digit dataset, while the existing distance classifier method k-Nearest Neighbour has achieved 68.7% of AUC.

Local Search is one of the fundamental approaches to combinatorial optimization and it is used throughout AI. Several local search algorithms are based on searching the k-exchange neighborhood. This is the set of solutions that can be obtained from the current solution by exchanging at most k elements. As a rule of thumb, the larger k is, the better are the chances of finding an improved solution. However, for inputs of size n, a naive brute-force search of the k-exchange neighborhood requires n(O(k)) time, which is not practical even for very small values of k. Fellows et al. (IJCAI 2009) studied whether this brute-force search is avoidable and gave positive and negative answers for several combinatorial problems. They used the notion of local search in a strict sense. That is, an improved solution needs to be found in the k-exchange neighborhood even if a global optimum can be found efficiently. In this paper we consider a natural relaxation of local search, called permissive local search (Marx and Schlotter, IWPEC 2009) and investigate whether it enhances the domain of tractable inputs. We exemplify this approach on a fundamental combinatorial problem, Vertex Cover. More precisely, we show that for a class of inputs, finding an optimum is hard, strict local search is hard, but permissive local search is tractable. We carry out this investigation in the framework of parameterized complexity.

The article shows the importance of legal relations, based on the work of K. Marx “Debate on the order to steal a forest”, in which he clearly raised the question of the independence of legal relations, whether it be criminal law, or criminal procedure, or any other relationship... Any legal relationship has only its own form and content, inextricably dialectically interconnected. This is the true scientific nature of legal relations. Therefore, one legal relationship cannot be made the content of other relationships. For example, it is impossible to squeeze the Chinese procedural procedure into the French procedure without distorting its true essence, while Marx sharply criticizes the position of the Landtag deputies who tried to make the selfish private interest of forest owners the property of state criminal law and criminal procedural relations. According to Marx: “a form is devoid of any value if it is not a form of content”. Hence, the criminal process cannot be considered as a form of criminal law, since then the content of the criminal procedural legal relationship changes, since inevitably then the accused will be identified with the guilty (criminal), and the measures of procedural coercion will be identified with the measures of criminal punishment, and the presumption of innocence will be replaced on the presumption of guilt. In the same way, it is impossible to make operational-search relations the content of criminal-procedural relations and thereby erase the differences between criminal-procedural evidence and operational-search data. At the same time, the very institution of interaction between the investigator and the body of inquiry, carrying out operational-search activities, is important.

The first half of the 19th century was a period of dissidence and alternative social movements in Europe. The most famous and influential dissidents were A.I. Herzen and K. Marx. Both were supporters of socialism and founded movements that were destined to radically change the social life of the European East and West. They developed those social constructs of the future that are still in demand, since socialist and social-democratic ideas largely determine the contemporary political landscape. At first, both supported liberalism but later declared it unconstructive. Herzen criticized liberals for inventing the people rather than studying them and for demanding that everyone would become homo politicus to solve social problems. Marx became a preacher of dictatorship as the only way to build a just society in Europe, and often practiced authoritarianism which Herzen criticized. Herzen also criticized liberalism for its latent individualism and searched for a path to democratically reorganize the Russian society, which he considered mainly in the collectivist spirit. The author focuses on Herzen’s attempt to prove the possibility of bypassing the bourgeois formation of Marx by a ‘diagonal’ transition from pre-capitalism to socialism. Herzen considered capitalism a social failure, a ‘historical dislocation’ that developed in Western Europe but affected all peoples of the world. Herzen proposed an alternative construct with a certain potential for anticapitalist associations constantly emerging in various regions of the world - they try to create selfgoverning communities free from the shortcomings of bourgeois democracy.

We present the distribution of dust color temperature, Planck's function, dust mass, and visual extinction in the far-infrared (140 μm and 90 μm) AKARI surveys of the Crab Nebula using Sky View Virtual Observatory. With a systematic search of a supernova remnants, we found Crab Nebula at R. A. (J2000) / Decl. (J2000) = 05h 34' 31.94"/+22° 00' 52.20". The maximum flux is found to be 145.94 MJysr-1 at 140 μm and 177.01 MJysr-1 at 90 μm wavelength. The total dust mass of the Supernova remnant is estimated to be 6.11×1039 kg (3.07×109 Mʘ) and the dust color temperature is found in the range between 31.16 K to 47.11 K with mean value of temperature of 38.07 K. Similarly we obtained the value of Planck’s function in the range of 3.96 × 10-15 Wm-2sr-1Hz-1 to 1.96 × 10-14 Wm-2sr-1Hz-1 with average value 9.59 × 10-15 Wm-2sr-1Hz-1. The value of visual extinction ranges from 9.21 × 10-14 mag to 2.70 × 10-13 mag with mean value of 1.57 × 10-13 mag. The distribution trend of flux, dust color temperature, and Planck’s function are nearly similar, whereas dust mass and visual extinction follow an inverse relationship with the previous three parameters.

The 135 OH/IR stars within 0.8 deg (∼ 100 pc) of the Galactic Center (GC) identified in a search with the VLA (Lindqvist et al. 1991) are in rapid rotation about the center with a regression line showing a velocity gradient of 1.2±0.1 km s−1, equivalent to 178 km s—1 deg−1 for Ro = 8.5 kpc (Lindqvist et al. 1992). This is of the same order as the inward extrapolation of the Galactic rotation curve derived from the terminal velocities of HI for l < 2 deg (Burton and Gordon 1978) and the general trend of the velocities of the CO clouds in the equatorial disk mapped by Dame et al. (1987) (Fig. 1b). These OH/IR stars are located along the ridge of highest projected CO density. This spatial location and the flat configuration argue for assignment to the disk population, a possibility suggested by Feast (1989). The VLA objects are not in general supergiants (Blommaert et al. 1992). On a K-band map of an area 1×2 deg around the GC, Catchpole et al. (1990) found a number of stars brighter than (mK)o = 5. On the assumption that BCK = 3.3, (Frogel and Whitford 1987), and Ro = 8.5 kpc, Mbol < — 6.3, i.e., in the supergiant range.

The article analyzes the role of collective management enterprises as an example of practical application of Marxist economic theory in today’s market economy. The goal of the research is to search for suggestions appropriate for solving the problem of fair distribution of labour product illustrated by functioning of enterprises with collective forms of property in present day economy. This problem was elaborated in works by theoreticians of Marxist and neo-Marxist economic schools and in current conditions of private market economy. A positive aspect of the Marxist theory was identified in the sphere of fair distribution of labour product and aspiration for production democracy. Topicality of these problems in current social and economic conditions was demonstrated. Arising of the concept of public enterprises and its realization within the frames of different economic models was analyzed illustrated by such countries as the US, Great Britain, Italy and some others. Economic results of such enterprises were studied and their higher economic efficiency in comparison with enterprises of other forms of property was shown. The demand for justice in social and economic sphere of production in market economy was highlighted. Special attention was paid to the role of enterprises with collective forms of management in economic systems of Russia and China, the efficiency of collective enterprises was analyzed and legal aspects of their functioning were studied. As a result of the research certain drawbacks in collective enterprise work were revealed, for instance, undeveloped interaction with the banking environment, insufficient legal base of their functioning and poor information of the population. The article proved the importance of enterprises with collective form of management as a factor of labour productivity rising and underlined significance of the social aspect of their work. Topicality of the issue of social justice in labour product distribution was shown in the context of positive heritage of the Marxist theory. On the basis of the research key practical suggestions aimed at developing the system of enterprises with collective form of property were formulated.

In this letter, we propose a new algorithm for estimating sparse nonnegative sources from a set of noisy linear mixtures. In particular, we consider difficult situations with high noise levels and more sources than sensors (underdetermined case). We show that when sources are very sparse in time and overlapped at some locations, they can be recovered even with very low signal-to-noise ratio, and by using many fewer sensors than sources. A theoretical analysis based on Bayesian estimation tools is included showing strong connections with algorithms in related areas of research such as ICA, NMF, FOCUSS, and sparse representation of data with overcomplete dictionaries. Our algorithm uses a Bayesian approach by modeling sparse signals through mixed-state random variables. This new model for priors imposes ℓ0 norm-based sparsity. We start our analysis for the case of nonoverlapped sources (1-sparse), which allows us to simplify the search of the posterior maximum avoiding a combinatorial search. General algorithms for overlapped cases, such as 2-sparse and k-sparse sources, are derived by using the algorithm for 1-sparse signals recursively. Additionally, a combination of our MAP algorithm with the NN-KSVD algorithm is proposed for estimating the mixing matrix and the sources simultaneously in a real blind fashion. A complete set of simulation results is included showing the performance of our algorithm.

This proposed system provides a website called 'Safari Nepal', where users can search for destinations and check their location on a map. Users when registering on the website, can fill up the details about themselves and choose to either be a tour guide or a tourist. Based on the search and preferences of the user, similar destinations are recommended to the user via a recommendation system that uses a content-based recommendation feature. This feature works on the data obtained from the user, either explicitly or implicitly. The concept of K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) and Cosine similarity makes the recommendation more accurate. KNN uses a distance algorithm that sorts from most liked destinations to least liked, based on the preferences of the user. This sorted list of destinations is further filtered by Cosine similarity, which is a measure of how similar two vectors in an inner product space are. It is calculated by taking the cosine of the angle between two vectors and determining whether two vectors are pointing towards the same general direction. Thus, combined KNN and Cosine similarity gives a better recommendation to the user. The map is integrated into the system using Mapbox API. Also, the system connects users with tour guides and gives them space to chat via a chatbox called ‘Travel Buddy’ where they can discuss further the destination, the amount charged by the guide, etc. The chatting feature on the system allows multiple users to connect and make conversations about the destination creating various chatrooms. In the system, the user can also publish their blogs describing their experiences and share their thoughts on particular destinations.

If $S$ is a quintic surface in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ with singular set 15 3-divisible ordinary cusps, then there is a Galois triple cover ${\it\phi}:X\rightarrow S$ branched only at the cusps such that $p_{g}(X)=4$, $q(X)=0$, $K_{X}^{2}=15$ and ${\it\phi}$ is the canonical map of $X$. We use computer algebra to search for such quintics having a free action of $\mathbb{Z}_{5}$, so that $X/\mathbb{Z}_{5}$ is a smooth minimal surface of general type with $p_{g}=0$ and $K^{2}=3$. We find two different quintics, one of which is the van der Geer–Zagier quintic; the other is new.We also construct a quintic threefold passing through the 15 singular lines of the Igusa quartic, with 15 cuspidal lines there. By taking tangent hyperplane sections, we compute quintic surfaces with singular sets $17\mathsf{A}_{2}$, $16\mathsf{A}_{2}$, $15\mathsf{A}_{2}+\mathsf{A}_{3}$ and $15\mathsf{A}_{2}+\mathsf{D}_{4}$.

In the task of camouflaged human target detection, the target is highly integrated with the complex environment background, which is difficult to identify and leads to false detection and missed detection. A detection algorithm MC-YOLOv5s is proposed for the characteristics of camouflaged targets. The algorithm takes YOLOv5s as the basic framework. First, a multispectral channel attention module is embedded in the backbone feature extraction network, which enhances the network’s ability to extract camouflaged target features, weakens the attention to the surrounding background, and effectively improves the algorithm’s antibackground interference. Second, the original upsampling operation is replaced by a lightweight general upsampling operator to achieve effective fusion of high-resolution low-level feature maps and low-resolution high-level feature maps. Finally, the K-means++ clustering method is used to optimize the anchor boxes of the dataset target, and the sizes of the generated priori boxes are allocated to each detection layer, which increases the matching degree between the priori boxes and the actual target boxes, and further improves the detection accuracy of the algorithm. The training and verification were carried out on the military camouflaged personnel dataset (MCPD), the precision (P), recall (R), and mean average precision (mAP) of the MC-YOLOv5s algorithm reached 97.4%, 86.1%, and 94%, respectively. Compared to the original YOLOv5s model, mean average precision (mAP) is increased by 3.7 percentage points. The improved algorithm has better detection effect, is more sensitive to camouflaged targets, and achieves accurate positioning and identification of camouflaged human targets. If the proposed MC-YOLOv5s is applied to personnel search and rescue in complex battlefields and natural disaster environments, it can greatly improve personnel search and rescue efficiency and life survival rate, and reduce the consumption of human and material resources in rescue.

A single-celled amoeboid organism is known to maximize nutrient acquisition efficiently by deforming its body (Fig. 1(a)). This ability made it possible for the organism to survive in the harsh natural environment over a billion years. Its sophisticated search capability has been demonstrated by means of the amoeba-based computer in which the amoeboid organism is used to search for a solution of the optimization problem [1]. However, from engineering point of view, the deformation speed of the organism is too slow to compute compared to the modern computers. Here, our idea is to artificially represent the amoeba search capability by electronically mimicking the spatiotemporal dynamics of the organism, which is called “electronic amoeba” (Fig. 1(b)) [2]. We have demonstrated that our system can find a reliable and swift solution to the intractable combinatorial optimization problems including maximum cut problem, satisfiability problem (SAT), and traveling salesman problem (TSP) [3]. In this paper, we show the important features of the amoeba dynamics in terms of the solution search and their electronic representations. We also show how to map the problem to the system, which has a great advantage than the currently available optimization computers called Ising machine. [1] e.g. L. Zhu, S.-J. Kim, M. Hara, and M. Aono, R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 180396 (2018). [2] S. Kasai, M., Aono & M. Naurse, Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 163703 (2013). [3] K. Saito, M. Aono & S. Kasai, Sci. Rep. 10, 20772 (2020). Figure 1

Graph edit distance (GED) computation is a fundamental NP-hard problem in graph theory. Given a graph pair ( G 1 , G 2 ), GED is defined as the minimum number of primitive operations converting G 1 to G 2 . Early studies focus on search-based inexact algorithms such as A*-beam search, and greedy algorithms using bipartite matching due to its NP-hardness. They can obtain a sub-optimal solution by constructing an edit path (the sequence of operations that converts G 1 to G 2 ). Recent studies convert the GED between a given graph pair ( G 1 , G 2 ) into a similarity score in the range (0, 1) by a well designed function. Then machine learning models (mostly based on graph neural networks) are applied to predict the similarity score. They achieve a much higher numerical precision than the sub-optimal solutions found by classical algorithms. However, a major limitation is that these machine learning models cannot generate an edit path. They treat the GED computation as a pure regression task to bypass its intrinsic complexity, but ignore the essential task of converting G 1 to G 2 . This severely limits the interpretability and usability of the solution. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning framework that solves the GED problem in a two-step manner: 1) The proposed graph neural network GEDGNN is in charge of predicting the GED value and a matching matrix; and 2) A post-processing algorithm based on k -best matching is used to derive k possible node matchings from the matching matrix generated by GEDGNN. The best matching will finally lead to a high-quality edit path. Extensive experiments are conducted on three real graph data sets and synthetic power-law graphs to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework. Compared to the best result of existing GNN-based models, the mean absolute error (MAE) on GED value prediction decreases by 4.9% ~ 74.3%. Compared to the state-of-the-art searching algorithm Noah, the MAE on GED value based on edit path reduces by 53.6% ~ 88.1%.

The utilization of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) holds significant importance in diverse data collection applications. Efficient operation of computers, especially in predictive tasks, is imperative for obtaining accurate results within WSNs. This research introduces an innovative approach employing Stochastic Fractal Search-Particle Swarm Optimization (SFS-PSO) to enhance the performance of the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm. The proposed methodology initiates with the establishment of a particle population, dynamically adjusting their positions and velocities and integrating a diffusion process. Through an iterative process of incremental adjustments and evaluations, the algorithm fine-tunes its parameters, resulting in a refined KNN regression model. The enhanced model exhibits substantial improvements, as indicated by the notable reduction in root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), accompanied by a strengthened correlation between variables. The favorable outcomes underscore the efficacy of the SFS-PSO optimization technique in augmenting the KNN algorithm's performance within wireless sensor networks. In simpler terms, the application of SFS-PSO in conjunction with KNN leads to a significant decrease in RMSE, reaching a value as low as 0.00894, demonstrating the notable effectiveness of this optimization approach in refining the predictive capabilities of the KNN algorithm in the context of WSNs.

The utilization of machine learning methods in modern material science enables the design of more efficient and innovative materials. This research aims to develop a machine learning model using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm to predict the mechanical properties of low alloy steel. The dataset used consists of 15 input variables and 2 output variables, namely Yield Strength (YS) and Tensile Strength (TS). In this study, three ANN architectures were designed and their performance was compared using evaluation metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R-squared. During the search for the best parameters for the ANN model, variations were made in the optimizer, learning rate, and batch size. The evaluation was conducted using cross-validation technique with k=10. The evaluation results indicate that the model with the best performance in predicting YS had MAE of 18.197, RMSE of 23.552, and R-squared of 0.969. For predicting TS, the model achieved MAE of 27, RMSE of 36.696, and R-squared of 0.907. The research results demonstrate that the ANN model can be used to predict the mechanical properties of low alloy steel based on alloy chemical composition and heat treatment temperature with reasonably high accuracy

Objective: to describe a clinical case of polymorphic leukocytoclastic vasculitis (PLCV) associated with renal neoplasia.Materials and methods. Patient K., a man, 67 y. o., was admitted to the surgical department No. 2 of the N. I. Pirogov State Clinical Hospital No. 1 with cardiac complaints and heart failure decompensation symptoms, severe respiratory insufficiency associated right lower lobe pneumonia. Besides cardiac function evaluation and pneumonia managing there was a conducting of differential diagnostic search to clarify the genesis of ulcerative necrotic rashs among systemic vasculitis, paraneoplastic syndrome including hematologic problems and sepsis.Results. It was no data for systemic connective tissue diseases and systemic vasculitis during clinical examination and immunological diagnostics. On contrast-enhanced multispiral computed tomography of abdomen and retroperitoneal space there was latent malignant neoplasia of left kidney Т2аN1M0. PLCV was considered to paraneoplastic syndrome associated with malignancy. Due to the progression of vasculitis and the patient’s refusal of surgical treatment was prescribed GC 0.5 mg / kg / day as a result positive dynamics was noted.Conclusion. This clinical case demonstrates necessity of providing examination aimed at malignancy excluding for early neoplasm’s detecting for patients with vasculitis.

Pure sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic, inflammable, chemically inert and thermally stable gas and has proven its worth as an excellent interruption and dielectric medium. SF6 has been successfully used for interruption and insulation purposes as interrupters and circuit-breakers in gas-insulated substations. Due to its long lifetime and high global warming potential, this gas was put on the list of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the Kyoto Protocol aimed at controlling the emission of man-made greenhouse gases. This factor makes the search for an environmentally friendly alternative to SF6 all the more urgent. In this paper, we conducted computations on the thermal and aerodynamic behaviors of SF6 and an alternative CO2 switching arcs in a self-blast chamber in order to compare the switching phenomena and the thermal reignition from an engineering point of view. Through the complete work, the 3,000 K isotherm of the remnant arc column within microseconds after a current zero was used to evaluate the thermal reignition of SF6 and CO2 switching arcs with the slope of the tangential line of the transient recovery voltage on a microscopic scale.

This study applies response surface methodology (RSM) to the hyperparameter fine-tuning of three machine learning (ML) algorithms: artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and deep belief network (DBN). The purpose is to demonstrate RSM effectiveness in maintaining ML algorithm performance while reducing the number of runs required to reach effective hyperparameter settings in comparison with the commonly used grid search (GS). The ML algorithms are applied to a case study dataset from a food producer in Thailand. The objective is to predict a raw material quality measured on a numerical scale. K-fold cross-validation is performed to ensure that the ML algorithm performance is robust to the data partitioning process in the training, validation, and testing sets. The mean absolute error (MAE) of the validation set is used as the prediction accuracy measurement. The reliability of the hyperparameter values from GS and RSM is evaluated using confirmation runs. Statistical analysis shows that (1) the prediction accuracy of the three ML algorithms tuned by GS and RSM is similar, (2) hyperparameter settings from GS are 80% reliable for ANN and DBN, and settings from RSM are 90% and 100% reliable for ANN and DBN, respectively, and (3) savings in the number of runs required by RSM over GS are 97.79%, 97.81%, and 80.69% for ANN, SVM, and DBN, respectively.

The total organic carbon (TOC) content is a critical parameter for estimating shale oil resources. However, common TOC prediction methods rely on empirical formulas, and their applicability varies widely from region to region. In this study, a novel data-driven Bayesian optimization extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was proposed to predict the TOC content using wireline log data. The lacustrine shale in the Damintun Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China, was used as a case study. Firstly, correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the well logs and the core-measured TOC data. Based on the degree of correlation, six logging curves reflecting TOC content were selected to construct training dataset for machine learning. Then, the performance of the XGBoost model was tested using K -fold cross-validation, and the hyperparameters of the model were determined using a Bayesian optimization method to improve the search efficiency and reduce the uncertainty caused by the rule of thumb. Next, through the analysis of prediction errors, the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of the TOC content predicted by the XGBoost model and the core-measured TOC content reached 0.9135. The root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were 0.63, 0.77, and 12.55%, respectively. In addition, five commonly used methods, namely, Δ log R method, random forest, support vector machine, K -nearest neighbors, and multiple linear regression, were used to predict the TOC content to confirm that the XGBoost model has higher prediction accuracy and better robustness. Finally, the proposed approach was applied to predict the TOC curves of 20 exploration wells in the Damintun Sag. We obtained quantitative contour maps of the TOC content of this block for the first time. The results of this study facilitate the rapid detection of the sweet spots of the lacustrine shale oil.

Automatic guided vehicles have become an important part of transporting goods in dynamic environments, and how to design an efficient path planning method for multiple AGVs is a current research hotspot. Due to the complex road conditions in dynamic environments, there may be dynamic obstacles and situations in which only the target point is known but a complete map is lacking, which leads to poor path planning and long planning time for multiple automatic guided vehicles (AGVs). In this paper, a two-level path planning method (referred to as GA-KL, genetic KL method) for multi-AGVs is proposed by integrating the scheduling policy into global path planning and combining the global path planning algorithm and local path planning algorithm. First, for local path planning, we propose an improved Q-learning path optimization algorithm (K-L, Kohonen Q-learning algorithm) based on a Kohonen network, which can avoid dynamic obstacles and complete autonomous path finding using the autonomous learning function of the Q-learning algorithm. Then, we adopt the idea of combining global and local planning by combining the K-L algorithm with the improved genetic algorithm; in addition, we integrate the scheduling policy into global path planning, which can continuously adjust the scheduling policy of multi-AGVs according to changes in the dynamic environment. Finally, through simulation and field experiments, we verified that the K-L algorithm can accomplish autonomous path finding; compared with the traditional path planning algorithm, the algorithm achieved improves results in path length and convergence time with various maps; the convergence time of the algorithm was reduced by about 6.3%, on average, and the path length was reduced by about 4.6%, on average. The experiments also show that the GA-KL method has satisfactory global search capability and can effectively avoid dynamic obstacles. The final experiments also demonstrated that the GA-KL method reduced the total path completion time by an average of 12.6% and the total path length by an average of 8.4% in narrow working environments or highly congested situations, which considerably improved the efficiency of the multi-AGVs.

The growing social inequality and the abandonment of the welfare-state model raise the question of the return of classes to the historical arena. The author argues that the contemporary society can be characterized as capitalist due to its main structural element - a pattern of striving for profit; at the same time, the contemporary capitalist society has changed the vector of making profit from external expansion (search for new markets and centers of production) to internal intensity (automatization, increased exploitation, total commodification, removal of institutional barriers to profit). Today, capitalism has exhausted the possibilities of external expansion and is changing its strategy to the restructuring of social systems and its actors, which is accompanied by the abandonment of the welfare-state model and by the growing instability in labor relations. This leads to the situation in which middle classes disappear and social inequality grows. The concept of classes developed by K. Marx has regained its importance, since the theories created in the middle of the 20th century no longer correspond to the contemporary realities. The article revises the Marxist class model, in particular the author argues that the type of ownership is no longer a key differentiating criterion, and capitalists and proletarians are no longer the main classes of the contemporary society. The classes of employers and precariat are more relevant for describing the contemporary society. The ideas of these two classes also differ: the precariat strives to preserve social guarantees and labor rights; while employers, on the contrary, strive to maximize profits by reducing social guarantees and violating labor rights.

Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) have recently been proven to be valuable remote sensing tools for detecting marine macro litter (MML), with the potential of supporting pollution monitoring programs on coasts. Very low altitude images, acquired with a low-cost RGB camera onboard a UAS on a sandy beach, were used to characterize the abundance of stranded macro litter. We developed an object-oriented classification strategy for automatically identifying the marine macro litter items on a UAS-based orthomosaic. A comparison is presented among three automated object-oriented machine learning (OOML) techniques, namely random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN). Overall, the detection was satisfactory for the three techniques, with mean F-scores of 65% for KNN, 68% for SVM, and 72% for RF. A comparison with manual detection showed that the RF technique was the most accurate OOML macro litter detector, as it returned the best overall detection quality (F-score) with the lowest number of false positives. Because the number of tuning parameters varied among the three automated machine learning techniques and considering that the three generated abundance maps correlated similarly with the abundance map produced manually, the simplest KNN classifier was preferred to the more complex RF. This work contributes to advances in remote sensing marine litter surveys on coasts, optimizing the automated detection on UAS-derived orthomosaics. MML abundance maps, produced by UAS surveys, assist coastal managers and authorities through environmental pollution monitoring programs. In addition, they contribute to search and evaluation of the mitigation measures and improve clean-up operations on coastal environments.

Abstract. Just 4 days after the M = 7.1 earthquake on 12 January 2010, Haitians could send SMS messages about their location and urgent needs through the on-line mapping platform Ushahidi. This real-time crowdsourcing of crisis information provided direct support to key humanitarian resources on the ground, including Search and Rescue teams. In addition to its use as a knowledge base for rescue operations and aid provision, the spatial distribution of geolocated SMS messages may represent an early indicator on the spatial distribution and on the intensity of building damage. This work explores the relationship between the spatial patterns of SMS messages and building damage. The latter is derived from the detailed damage assessment of individual buildings interpreted in post-earthquake airborne photos. The interaction between SMS messages and building damage is studied by analyzing the spatial structure of the corresponding bivariate patterns. The analysis is performed through the implementation of cross Ripley's K-function which is suitable for characterizing the spatial structure of a bivariate pattern, and more precisely the spatial relationship between two types of point sets located in the same study area. The results show a strong attraction between the patterns exhibited by SMS messages and building damages. The interactions identified between the two patterns suggest that the geolocated SMS can be used as early indicators of the spatial distribution of building damage pattern. Accordingly, a statistical model has been developed to map the distribution of building damage from the geolocated SMS pattern. The study presented in this paper is the first attempt to derive quantitative estimates on the spatial patterns of novel crowdsourced information and correlate these to established methods in damage assessment using remote sensing data. The consequences of the study findings for rapid damage detection in post-emergency contexts are discussed.

This paper focuses on the application of machine learning algorithms to predict cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Every year a large number of deaths are registered all over the world. According to the World Health Organisation, CVDs are the leading cause of high mortality in the world. One of the necessary preventive measures to reduce mortality from CVDs is the timely prediction of diseases in people at high risk of such diseases. Specially developed scales and machine learning algorithms are now being used for the timely prediction of CVDs. Background. To predict heart disease, algorithms are often used: naive Bayesian classifier (Gaussian Naïve Bayes Classificator, GNBC), k-nearest neighbours (K-Nearest Neghboors, KNN), decision tree (Decision Tree, DT). In domestic literature, there are known works devoted to the application of SWD prediction using Adam gradient algorithm in deep neural network training. One of the necessary conditions for increasing the predictive ability of a machine learning model (MLM) is the optimal selection of hyperparameters. The choice of the optimal hyperparameters is often made on the basis of empirical experience. Purpose. To explore the specific application of machine algorithms to the prediction of heart disease. Materials and methods. Scientific novelty of the work. In this research we analyse machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of CVDs using the approach of automatic search for hyperparameters MMO. The following algorithms were used to construct MMOs: NBS, KNN, DT, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Foorest (RF), Complement Naïve Bayes Classificator (CNBC), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Radial Basic Function (RBF), Gradient Boost (XGBoost). To evaluate the accuracy of machine learning models we used the following indicators: mean absolute error (MAE), precision, completeness (recall), F-measure (F-beta), False Positive Rate (FPR), False Negative Rate (FNR). Additionally, visual analysis of ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic) and areas under the curve (areas under the curve, AUC) were used to analyse the results of MMO. Using AUC value allows to estimate prognostic ability of MLM. Results. The training results showed that RF and XGBoost algorithms are characterized by higher accuracy. With optimal selection of MMO parameters, the overall classification accuracy was 0.88 and 0.94 respectively. Conclusion. The application of machine learning algorithms allows predictive models to be built with high accuracy. This requires the construction of a machine learning model. The ensemble machine learning algorithms RF and XGBoost have higher accuracy rates than the following algorithms: decision trees, Bayesian classification methods, logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis.

To meet the increasing energy demands of portable devices and electric vehicles, high-nickel lithium-ion cathode materials with the general formula Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 (NMC) have been extensively researched. Currently NMC811 is used commercially for high-energy applications. The energy density of NMC also comes with concerns over cycle life and safety1,2. To improve the cycle life of NMC-based cells, single-crystal materials have recently gained attention to tackle the particle cracking issues found in polycrystalline cathodes3. However, for successful introduction to the lithium-ion battery market, inherent safety over a material’s lifetime also needs to be proven. Failure and degradation mechanisms both need to be fully understood to improve the stability of future cathode materials. Abusive testing, such as overheating, overcharge and nail penetration, has been used in conjunction with in-situ and ex-situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) 3D imaging to perform post-mortem studies and understand the relationship between thermal failure and cathode microstructure4,5. However, the interplay between safety characteristics, microstructural properties and material degradation remains unclear. This work first aims to compare the safety performance of polycrystalline and single-crystal NMC811 in 200 mAh pouch cells. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) with a heat-wait-search (HWS) technique is used to heat cells and determine the onset of self-heating, onset of thermal runaway and the peak thermal runaway temperature. Laboratory-based pre- and post-mortem in-situ and ex-situ X-ray CT is also used for non-destructive imaging at multiple length scales to determine how failure propagates through the cells and the impacts on the electrodes and microstructure. Pouch cells containing polycrystalline and single-crystal NMC811 cathode and graphite anode are electrochemically cycled to induce material degradation. EIS measurements and diagnostic cycles are performed to identify prevalent degradation modes in both types of cathode materials. Finally, the same ARC and X-ray CT characterisations are performed on the aged cells to determine how degradation and changes to the material structure affect the safety performance in high-nickel cathode materials. The results of this work will improve the current understanding of capacity fade in high-nickel cathodes and the safety behaviour over the lifetime of a battery cell. This information can then be used to inform future materials development and strategies for mitigating thermal runaway in batteries. References L. Ma, M. Nie, J. Xia, and J. R. Dahn, J. Power Sources, 327, 145–150 (2016). H. J. Noh, S. Youn, C. S. Yoon, and Y. K. Sun, J. Power Sources, 233, 121–130 (2013). J. Langdon and A. Manthiram, Energy Storage Mater., 37, 143–160 (2021). D. Patel, J. B. Robinson, S. Ball, and D. J. L. Brett, (2020). D. P. Finegan et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 30912–30919 (2016).

We review a number of old and new concepts in quantum gauge theories, some of which are well-established but not widely appreciated, some are most recent, that may have analogs in gauge formulations of quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, and their topological versions, and may be of general interest. Such concepts involve noncommutative gauge theories and their relation to the large-N limit, loop equations and the change to the anti-selfdual (ASD) variables also known as Nicolai map, topological field theory (TFT) and its relation to localization and Morse–Smale–Floer homology, with an emphasis both on the mathematical aspects and the physical meaning. These concepts, assembled in a new way, enter a line of attack to the problem of the mass gap in large-NSU(N) Yang–Mills (YM), that is reviewed as well. Algebraic considerations furnish a measure of the mathematical complexity of a complete solution of large-NSU(N) YM: In the large-N limit of pure SU(N) YM the ambient algebra of Wilson loops is known to be a type II1 nonhyperfinite factor. Nevertheless, for the mass gap problem at the leading 1/N order, only the subalgebra of local gauge-invariant single-trace operators matters. The connected two-point correlators in this subalgebra must be an infinite sum of propagators of free massive fields, since the interaction is subleading in [Formula: see text], a vast simplification. It is an open problem, determined by the growth of the degeneracy of the spectrum, whether the aforementioned local subalgebra is in fact hyperfinite. Moreover, the sum of free propagators that occurs in the two-point correlators in the aforementioned local subalgebra must be asymptotic for large momentum to the result implied by the asymptotic freedom and the renormalization group: This fundamental constraint fixes asymptotically the residues of the poles of the propagators in terms of the mass spectrum and of the anomalous dimensions of the local operators. For the mass gap problem, in the search of a hyperfinite subalgebra containing the scalar sector of large-N YM, a major role is played by the existence of a TFT underlying the large-N limit of YM, with twisted boundary conditions on a torus or, which is the same by Morita duality, on a noncommutative torus. The TFT is trivial at the leading large-N order and localized on a set of critical points by means of a quantum version of Morse–Smale–Floer homology, that involves loop equations in the ASD variables. A hyperfinite sector arises by fluctuations around the trivial TFT, in which the joint spectrum of scalar and pseudoscalar glueballs is linear in the square of the masses [Formula: see text] with degeneracy k = 1, 2,…, and the two-point correlator satisfies the aforementioned fundamental constraint arising by the asymptotic freedom and the renormalization group.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been dominating the energy storage market for decades, but the political and economic issues related to raw materials availability and cost is fueling the search for new electrochemical solutions. Sodium-based batteries (SBBs) are the most promising substitute to LIBs, because the similar physico-chemical properties of these two alkali guarantees the knowledge transfer from LIBs to SBBs and facilitate the working phenomena comprehension (so called rocking-chair mechanism). The materials used as cathodes in LIBs often have a sodium-based analogue that offers acceptable performances in SBBs, yet this is not the case for anode materials. Graphite is the most used material as anode in LIBs and its electrochemical behaviour with lithium is based on the intercalation mechanism. Unfortunately, Na does not intercalate into graphite, pushing scientists to find other solutions, such as hard/soft carbons and alloying elements [1]. Tin, in particular, has a high theoretical capacity (847 mAh/g) due to the formation of the high-sodium-content alloy Na15Sn4, making it a promising candidate for the next generation of SBBs [2]. In our work tin nanoparticles and tin/carbon composites are prepared and analysed through electrochemical techniques. Being the sodiation of tin an alloying reaction, during the half cells discharge the increasing of sodium amount in tin is observed as the formation of high-sodium-content alloys according to the related phase diagram. We investigated the evolution of the system by operando XRD carried out at low current rate (coulometric titration), to confirm the expected phases based on the phase diagram are indeed observed. The results are corroborated by the electrochemical tests (galvanostatic cycling and voltammetry). Experimental data and theoretical information from literature are used to identify crystalline and amorphous phases [3]. The main issue linked to alloying materials is the high-volume expansion after discharge (420 % for tin), leading to fast capacity fade because of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) continuous destruction. For this reason, we prepared Sn/carbon composite structures able to mitigate the expansion and avoid the tin aggregation. In this way the capacity retention is improved, making this material a valid alternative for next generation batteries. References [1] Michael D. Slater, Donghan Kim, Eungje Lee, Christopher S. Johnson, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 947–958 [2] Shu-Min Zheng, Yan-Ru Tian, Ya-Xia Liu, Shuang Wang, Chao-Quan Hu, Bao Wang, Kai-Ming Wang, Rare Metals volume 40, pages272–289 (2021) [3] Joshua M. Stratford, Martin Mayo, Phoebe K. Allan, Oliver Pecher, Olaf J. Borkiewicz, Kamila M. Wiaderek, Karena W. Chapman, Chris J. Pickard, Andrew J. Morris, and Clare P. Grey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 7273−7286

BackgroundANCA associated vasculitides (AAV) are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases with unknown etiology. In the most severe cases AAV can lead to end stage kidney disease or death. Since etiology and detailed pathogenesis of AAV is not known, the prediction of disease outcome at the time of diagnosis is challenging. Thus, there is an unmet need for tools to identify patients with the highest risk of organ dysfunction and death and apply effective personalized therapy.ObjectivesThe aim of this work was to search for tools allowing outcome prediction at the time of AAV diagnosis. Early identification of patients, who are likely to develop severe organ dysfunction and death is crucial for appropriate disease management. Induction therapy in AAV relays on immunosuppressive drugs characterized by a high risk of severe side effects. Thus, their administration in high doses should be limited only to individual patients with an especially high risk of poor outcome.MethodsWe applied here two methods of identification of AAV patients at risk to develop severe organ dysfunction and death. First method (latent class analysis [LCA] followed by logistic regression) was meant to subcategorize patients and identify a subgroup at subjects at risk to develop chronic renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and death [1]. Second, served to assess individual poor outcome risk and was based on two machine learning (ML) classifiers, which by analyzing clinical information allow assigning computed risk for CRRT and death in an individual patient allowing to identify subjects with high risk of chronic replacement therapy (CRRT) and death. We have evaluated a number of different approaches to build the ML models (including logistic regression, support vector machines, random forests), and obtained the best results for the gradient boosting algorithm implementation called LightGBM [2]. It works as a sequential ensemble of so-called weak learners (decision trees) finally combined in a one prediction model. Both analyses were based on retrospective data from Polish national AAV registry (POLVAS) [3] including presently 565 GPA and 135 MPA patients. The parameters used were: demographic data and laboratory parameters, specific organ involvement, ANCA specificity and time between selected stages of the disease.ResultsLCA used on our AAV cohort identified four subphenotypes – three already previously proposed - and revealing a fourth clinically relevant subphenotype. This new subphenotype includes only GPA patients, usually diagnosed at a younger age as compared to other groups, and characterized by multiorgan involvement, high relapse rate, relatively high risk of death, but no end-stage kidney disease. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant differences in the risk of CRRT and death between those subphenotypes – the worst prognosis was found for severe MPO AAV. On the other hand, using ML approach we obtained an individual prediction model with potentially relevant clinical performance (ROC AUC of 0.85 for CRRT and 0.82 for death).ConclusionWe consider results obtained encouraging. They may offer a new insight into AAV course based on data available at diagnosis, and create a solid foundation for potential clinical decision support system.References[1]Wójcik K et al. Subphenotypes of ANCA-associated vasculitis identified by latent class analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021 Mar-Apr;39 Suppl 129(2):62-68.[2]Ke G, at al. Light GBM: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017), pp. 3149-3157.[3]Wójcik K et al. Clinical characteristics of Polish patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides-retrospective analysis of POLVAS registry. Clin Rheumatol. 2019 Sep;38(9):2553-2563.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by a grant from Polish National Science Center UMO-2018/31/B/NZ6/03898Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

The article presents studies that discuss the relationship between the teaching work of preschool teachers and their health. Research was carried out in three different places: from 2010 to 2017 in the databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO Brazil), from 2000 to 2017 in the Portal da Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Educação - ANPEd (Portal of the National Association of Postgraduate and Research in Education) and from 2000 to 2017 at the Banco de Teses da Capes/MEC- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/Ministério da Educação (Capes Bank of Theses/MEC - Coordination of Improvement of Higher Personnel Education / Ministry of Education). In the "article search" field, we used the descriptors (isolated and associated): "illness", "teacher" and "early childhood education", and later added "sickness". Search was carried out in "general" and "summary" fields. Among these papers, theses and dissertations were found 17 papers that analysed the relationship between the sickness of the preschool teachers and their work, it was shown that this relatively new group of teachers who are still constructing their professional identity, is still poorly studied although it presents itself as a risk group for illness, so more studies are needed to identify problems and seek solutions.ResumoO artigo apresenta estudos que abordam a relação do trabalho docente das professoras de educação infantil com a sua saúde. Pesquisou-se nas bases – Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO Brasil) o período de 2010 até 2017, no Portal da Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (ANPEd) o período de 2000 a 2017 e no Banco de Teses da Capes/MEC – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/Ministério da Educação (de 2000 a 2017). No campo “pesquisa de artigos”, utilizamos os descritores (isolados e associados): “doença”, “professora” e “educação infantil”, posteriormente acrescentou-se “adoecimento”. Pesquisou-se nos campos em “geral” e “resumo”. Entre artigos, teses e dissertações encontrou-se 17 trabalhos que analisavam a relação do adoecimento das professoras de educação infantil com seu trabalho. Constatou-se que esse grupo de professoras, por ser relativamente novo e por estar em construção a sua identidade profissional, ainda é pouco estudado, embora apresente-se como grupo de risco para adoecimento, portanto mais estudos são necessários para identificar problemas e buscar soluções. ResumenEl artículo presenta estudios que abordan la relación del trabajo docente de las profesoras de educación infantil con su salud. La investigación se realizó en el portal de la Asociación Nacional de Postgrado e Investigación en Educación (ANPEd), en el período de 2000 a 2017 y en el Banco de Tesis de la Capes/MEC – Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior/Ministerio de Educación (de 2000 a 2017). En el campo "investigación de artículos", utilizamos los descriptores (aislados y asociados): "enfermedad", "profesora" y "educación infantil", posteriormente se añadió “enfermarse”. Se ha investigado en los campos en "general" y "resumen". Entre los artículos, tesis y disertaciones se encontraron 17 trabajos que analizaban la relación de la enfermedad de las profesoras de educación infantil con su trabajo, se constató que ese grupo de profesoras por ser un grupo relativamente nuevo, por estar en construcción de su identidad profesional, todavía es poco estudiado, aunque se presenta como grupo de riesgo para enfermarse, por lo que más estudios son necesarios para identificar problemas y buscar soluciones.Keywords: Early childhood education, Teachers, Health, Job.Palavras chave: Educação infantil, Professores, Saúde, Trabalho.Palabras clave: Educación infantil, Profesores, Salud, Trabajo.ReferencesARANDA, S. M. Um olhar implicado sobre o mal-estar docente. 2007. 149f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) ? Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. 2007.ARAÚJO, T. M. et al. Saúde e trabalho docente: dando visibilidade aos processos de desgaste e adoecimento docente a partir da construção de uma rede de produção coletiva. Educação em Revista, Belo Horizonte, n. 37, p. 183-212, jul. 2003.ARAÚJO, T.; CARVALHO, F. M. Condições de trabalho docente e saúde na Bahia: estudos epidemiológicos. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas, vol. 30, n. 107, p. 427-449, maio/ago. 2009. Disponível em http://www.cedes.unicamp.br. Acesso em 10 de abr. 2017.ASSIS, M. S. Ama, guardiã, crecheira, pajem, auxiliar... em busca da profissionalização do educador da educação infantil. In: ANGOTTI, M. (Org.). Educação Infantil: da condição de direito a condição de qualidade no atendimento. Editora Alínea: São Paulo, Campinas, 2009, p. 37-50.BERALDO, K. E. A. Educadoras de creche: percepção de motivos de satisfação, de insatisfação e de estresse vinculados ao desempenho profissional. 2006. 200f. Tese. (Doutorado em Psicologia) ? Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006.BRANQUINHO, N. das G. S. Qualidade de vida no trabalho e vivências de bem-estar e mal-estar em professores da rede pública municipal de Unaí/MG. 2010. 117 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2010.BRASIL. Decreto-Lei 9.694 de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. Disponível em: <http://portal.mec.gov.br/arquivos/pdf/ldb.pdf>. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2017.BRASIL. Resolução CNE/CP nº 1, de 15 de maio de 2006. Institui Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Graduação em Pedagogia, licenciatura. Disponível em: <http://portal.mec.gov.br/arqui­vos/pdf/ldb.pdf>. Acesso em: 27 jun. 2017.CARNEIRO, N. Estresse ocupacional do gestor escolar na educação infantil. 2017. 102 páginas. Dissertação (mestrado em Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 2017.CORTEZ, P.; SOUZA, M. V.; AMARAL, L. O.; SILVA, L. A saúde docente no trabalho: apontamentos a partir da literatura recente. Cadernos de Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v.25, n. 1, p.113-122, jan./mar., 2017.DEFINA-IQUEDA, A. P. Auto percepção da voz e interferências de problemas vocais: um estudo com professores da rede municipal de Ribeirão Preto/SP. 2006. 165f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Saúde) ? Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2006.ESTEVE, J. S. O mal-estar docente. Bauru, São Paulo: EDUSC, 1999.LEHMANN, B. A. et al. Trabalho e Saúde das Professoras da educação infantil das escolas públicas municipais da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul – Caderno online Issuu.com/trabalhodocenteesaude. Acesso em 10 de abril de 2017.MARTINS, L. Maria. Educação Infantil: assumindo desafios. In: SILVA, A.; SANTOS, B. R.; SEQUEIRA, C. H. (orgs). Infância e adolescência em perspectiva. São Vicente, SP, Prefeitura Municipal de São Vicente, 2006, v. I, p. 66-76.MARTINS, M. de F.; VIEIRA, J.; FEIJÓ J.; GONÇALVES, V. B. O trabalho das docentes da Educação Infantil e o mal-estar docente: o impacto dos aspectos psicossociais no adoecimento. Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho, São Paulo, v.17, n.2, p. 281-289, 2014.PINTO, M. de F. N.; DUARTE, A. M. C.; VIEIRA, L. M. F.. O trabalho docente na educação infantil pública em Belo Horizonte. Rev. Bras. Educ. [online]. 2012, vol.17, n.51, pp.611-626. ISSN 1413-2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-24782012000300007PURIN, P. C. O trabalho na rede municipal de Cidreira/RS: limites e possibilidades de uma práxis emancipadora. 2011. 69f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) ? Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2011.ROMANOWSKI, J. P.; ENS, R. T. As pesquisas denominadas de tipo “estado da arte” em educação. Diálogo Educacional, Curitiba, v.6, n.9, p.37-50, set./dez. 2006. Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=189116275004. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2017.SANTOS, M. N.; MARQUES, A. Condições de saúde, estilo de vida e características de trabalho de professores de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v.18, n3, p.837-846, mar., 2013.SILVA, L. G.; SILVA M. C. Condições de trabalho e saúde de professores pré-escolares da rede pública de ensino de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v.18, n.11, 3137-3146, nov. 2013.SILVEIRA, L.; MEIRELES, J.; ESLABÃO, L.; VIEIRA, J.; MARTINS M. de F. Mal-Estar docente e absenteísmo: uma relação de trabalho e saúde das professoras de Educação Infantil. Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos em Cultura e Sociedade, v.1, p. 01-07, 2015.SOLIMÕES, A. C. Impacto na precarização do trabalho sobre a saúde das docentes. 2015. 157p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Instituto de Ciências da Educação Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação). Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, 2015.SOUZA, A.; LEITE, M. P. Condições de trabalho e suas repercussões na saúde dos professores da educação básica no Brasil. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas, v.32, n.117, p. 1105-1121, out./dec. 2011.VIEIRA, J.; GONÇALVES, V. B.; MARTINS, M. de F. D. Trabalho docente e saúde das professoras de Educação Infantil de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14 n. 2, p. 559-574, maio/ago. 2016.VIEIRA, J.; MARTINS, M.de F. D. Educação básica e saúde do professorado: efeitos dos descuidos das políticas educacionais. Diálogo crítico-educativo, Pelotas, Vlll, p. 157-170, 2017.VIEIRA, L. F.; OLIVEIRA, T. G. As condições do trabalho docente na educação infantil no Brasil: alguns resultados de pesquisa (2002-2012) Revista Educação em Questão, Natal, v. 46, n. 32, p. 131-154 maio/ago., 2013.ZENARI, M. S.; BITAR, M.; NEMR Nair. Efeito do ruído na voz de educadoras de instituições de educação infantil. Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v.46, n.4, p. 657-664, ago. 2012.

Electrochemical energy conversion technologies based on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are at the heart of many efforts to achieve a sustainable future, carbon-free fuel, and a circular economy. The sluggish kinetics of oxygen electrocatalysis, as well as the high overpotential required to attain practical current densities, limit the efficiency of several promising electrochemical technologies, including water and carbon dioxide electrolyzers, metal–oxygen batteries, and fuel cells. The most efficient OER catalysts are precious metals such as iridium- and ruthenium-based materials (i.e., IrO2 and RuO2). This fact represents a challenge against the cost-effective implementation of these electrolysis technologies.1-3 As a result, there is a necessity for the development of cost effective PGM-free OER catalysts, with equivalent or superior activity and durability to the PGM catalysts. This presentation will describe the application of machine learning (ML)-guided materials discovery and high-throughput synthesis to address these concerns, taking advantage of the intriguing properties and rich chemistry of nanoporous materials, the demonstrated capability of machine learning (ML)-guided materials discovery, and the high OER electrocatalytic activity of perovskites especially in alkaline media.4-10 Simulation of over 8,000 perovskites across a variety of cell sizes, space groups, and compositions using density functional theory (DFT) has been performed. Mining of the simulation data indicated that experimentally-known perovskites are characterized by low energy above the thermodynamic convex hull. Efficient search algorithms, deep learning-based models, and DFT calculations have been used to explore the space of perovskite oxides to produce novel compositions with tailored electronic descriptors. Promising compositions designed for high activity and stability are then selected for high throughput automated synthesis using the High-Throughput Research Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. A correlation between the phase purity, annealing temperature and OER activity has been identified. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) under the DIFFERENTIATE program. This work was authored in part by Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science laboratory operated for DOE by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. References Katsounaros, Ioannis, Serhiy Cherevko, Aleksandar R. Zeradjanin, and Karl JJ Mayrhofer. "Oxygen electrochemistry as a cornerstone for sustainable energy conversion." Angewandte Chemie International Edition53, no. 1 (2014): 102-121. Lee, Youngmin, Jin Suntivich, Kevin J. May, Erin E. Perry, and Yang Shao-Horn. "Synthesis and activities of rutile IrO2 and RuO2 nanoparticles for oxygen evolution in acid and alkaline solutions." The journal of physical chemistry letters3, no. 3 (2012): 399-404. Cherevko, S. et al. Oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions on Ru, RuO2, Ir, and IrO2 thin film electrodes in acidic and alkaline electrolytes: A comparative study on activity and stability. Today 262, 170–180 (2016). Nahar, Lamia, Ahmed A. Farghaly, Richard J. Alan Esteves, and Indika U. Arachchige. "Shape controlled synthesis of Au/Ag/Pd nanoalloys and their oxidation-induced self-assembly into electrocatalytically active aerogel monoliths." Chemistry of Materials29, no. 18 (2017): 7704-7715. Farghaly, Ahmed A., Rezaul K. Khan, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Biofouling-resistant platinum bimetallic alloys." ACS applied materials & interfaces10, no. 25 (2018): 21103-21112. Khan, Rezaul K., Ahmed A. Farghaly, Tiago A. Silva, Dexian Ye, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Gold-Nanoparticle-Decorated Titanium Nitride Electrodes Prepared by Glancing-Angle Deposition for Sensing Applications." ACS Applied Nano Materials2, no. 3 (2019): 1562-1569. Farghaly, Ahmed A., Mai Lam, Christopher J. Freeman, Badharinadh Uppalapati, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Potentiometric measurements in biofouling solutions: comparison of nanoporous gold to planar gold." Journal of The Electrochemical Society163, no. 4 (2015): H3083. Suntivich, Jin, Kevin J. May, Hubert A. Gasteiger, John B. Goodenough, and Yang Shao-Horn. "A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles." Science334, no. 6061 (2011): 1383-1385. Hwang, Jonathan, Zhenxing Feng, Nenian Charles, Xiao Renshaw Wang, Dongkyu Lee, Kelsey A. Stoerzinger, Sokseiha Muy et al. "Tuning perovskite oxides by strain: electronic structure, properties, and functions in (electro) catalysis and ferroelectricity." Materials Today31 (2019): 100-118. Gómez-Bombarelli, Rafael, Jennifer N. Wei, David Duvenaud, José Miguel Hernández-Lobato, Benjamín Sánchez-Lengeling, Dennis Sheberla, Jorge Aguilera-Iparraguirre, Timothy D. Hirzel, Ryan P. Adams, and Alán Aspuru-Guzik. "Automatic chemical design using a data-driven continuous representation of molecules." ACS central science 4, no. 2 (2018): 268-276.

Background:Chronic pain is common in rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions, and a major driver of disability worldwide. Knowledge gaps exist with respect to correct estimates of chronic pain [1], what causes it and how best to manage it [2]. To address this, researchers need validated methods to measure pain in large, representative populations. Though many authors have recognised the potential benefits of paper-based and digital pain manikins [3]–[5], it is unknown to what extent studies have adopted digital manikins as a data collection tool.Objectives:The objective of our review was to identify and characterise published studies that have used digital pain manikins as a data collection tool.Methods:We systematically searched six electronic databases, including Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, IEEE Xplore digital library, ACM Digital Library, on 3-4 of November 2020 by using a pre-defined search strategy. We included a study in our review if it used a digital manikin for self-reporting any pain aspect (e.g., intensity, type) by people suffering from pain, and if its full text was published in English. We conducted this review by following the PRISMA reporting guidelines and conducted a descriptive synthesis of findings, including manikin-derived outcome measures.Results:Our search yielded 4,685 unique studies. After full text screening of 705 articles, we included 14 studies in our review. Most articles were excluded because they used either paper-based manikins or didn’t include enough details to determine that the manikin was digital (n=386). The majority of included studies were published in Europe (n=11). Most studies collected data on a manikin once (n=11); from people with pain conditions (n=9); and in clinical settings (n=9). There was only one study that collected digital pain manikin data in a large sized (i.e., ~20,000) population-based survey.In most studies participants shaded any painful area on manikin (n=9) and did not enable participants to record location-specific pain aspects (n=11). None of the manikins enabled participants to record location-specific pain intensity. Pain distribution (i.e. number or percentage of pre-defined body areas or locations experiencing pain) and pain extent (i.e. number or percentage of shaded pixels) were commonly used manikin-derived outcome measures. In six studies, a heat map was used to summarise the extent of pain across the population.Conclusion:Digital pain manikins have been available since the 1990s but their adoption in research has been slow. Few manikins enabled location-specific pain recording suggesting that the digital nature of the manikin is not yet fully utilised. Future development of a validated digital pain manikin supporting self-reporting of the location and intensity of pain, usable across any device and screen size, may increase uptake and value.References:[1]S. E. E. Mills, K. P. Nicolson, and B. H. Smith, “Chronic pain: a review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies,” Br. J. Anaesth., vol. 123, no. 2, pp. e273–e283, Aug. 2019.[2]D. B. Reuben et al., “National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: The Role of Opioids in the Treatment of Chronic Pain,” Ann. Intern. Med., vol. 162, no. 4, p. 295, Feb. 2015.[3]R. Waller, P. Manuel, and L. Williamson, “The Swindon Foot and Ankle Questionnaire: Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?,” ISRN Rheumatol., vol. 2012, pp. 1–8, 2012.[4]M. Barbero et al., “Clinical Significance and Diagnostic Value of Pain Extent Extracted from Pain Drawings: A Scoping Review,” Diagnostics, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 604, Aug. 2020.[5]S. M. Ali, W. J. Lau, J. McBeth, W. G. Dixon, and S. N. van der Veer, “Digital manikins to self-report pain on a smartphone: A systematic review of mobile apps,” Eur. J. Pain, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 327–338, Feb. 2021.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

The article examines the concept of catastrophe as an art theme, which is extremely relevant in our time and is also marked by the entropy features. We can confirm that this phenomenon grows and affects many spheres of human life, both external (global, social) and internal (psychological). The author of the article focuses on how modern dystopia reflects an awareness of a catastrophe, which is happening or has already happened. We have analyzed two novels from this point of view: “Masha, or the Fourth Reich” by the French writer of Ukrainian origin Yaroslav Melnyk and “Never Let me Go” by the English writer of Japanese origin Kazuo Ishiguro. The article emphasizes that the dystopias of our time correct classical dystopia attitudes, because they tend to the diffusion of new genres, acquiring the features of a parable novel, a myth novel, an alternative history fiction, and a philosophical novel. We have also noted the controversial nature of new formations, which combine signs of utopia and dystopia. Regarding the ideological and thematic component, the author of the article states that Ya. Melnyk and K. Ishiguro focus on the traditional problems of humanism and the relationship between “man and society” and on individual’s catastrophic depopulation issues in the conditions of nowadays turbulent challenges. The purpose of the article is to study the specificity of catastrophism artistic embodiment in the novels “Masha, or the Fourth Reich” by Yaroslav Melnyk and “ Never Let me Go ” by Kazuo Ishiguro and its functions in the structure of the dystopia genre. To achieve this goal we used historical-literary, cultural-historical and hermeneutic research methods. It was determined that the catastrophism motif realization in the dystopia genre contributes to searching for new experimental forms, activates the processes of transformation and diffusion in the genre creation field, paradoxically and organically combines classic and modern elements of dystopia, renewing the poetics of the genre. Conclusion. Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel “Never Let me Go” demonstrates a powerful example of genre synthesis: “stream of consciousness” coexists with the classic English estate novel, which is emphasized by confessional and allegorical intonations and does not prevent the writer from resorting to some possibilities of a detective story. Features of the traditional parable form and mythological genre are also observed. Fantastic elements are interspersed with realistic ones. But allegorical, mythological, fantastic, and realistic features organically coexist in the novel, reinforcing the author’s main ideas. Yaroslav Melnyk in his novel “Masha, or the Fourth Reich” successfully synthesizes an alternative history novel, an adventure novel and a classic philosophical novel. Here conflicting utopia and dystopia also organically coexist, reinforcing each other. A dystopia genre structure becomes open and acquires unlimited hybridization, losing its classical features and even postmodern boundaries. Thus, the catastrophic reality of the 21st century promotes the search for new experimental forms, activates unpredictable processes in the genre creation field, and paradoxically and organically combines classical and modern elements of literary art. Once again, modern dystopian literature shows that “common issue” as a social slogan cannot satisfy individual human needs. The problem of egocentrism with the insufficient development of the political machine is becoming more and more acute. As a general phenomenon, consumer society does not justify itself and makes the lives of its sons doomed. Unfortunately, the heroes of modern dystopias less and less often choose to fight and more often to humble themselves or flee, which is the main difference from their classical predecessors. The prospects of further work are to deepen the understanding of the causes of stylistic and substantive differences in dystopias, the influence of socio-cultural reality on modern dystopias genre synthesis, the differences in the methods of utopian representation and artistic means of enhancing catastrophization within stories framework.

Abstract SYNTHESIS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR RESEARCH IN COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY Introduction At the beginning of the development of the social sciences there was a considerable vogue for comparative research. A long period of empirical studies and almost total preoccupation with methodological problems followed. Once again, however, psychology, political science, sociology, and above all anthropology, have taken up the thread of this tradition, and the bibliography in these fields is becoming ever more abundant. The study of deviance, of various manifestations of criminality, and of social reaction against crime are, however, noticeably missing in the picture, even though there is nothing in the nature of criminology which precludes the development of comparative research. To many research workers in criminology, the time seemed ripe to take up the comparative tradition once again. Two imperatives were considered : the generalization of norms of deviance which are tied to the standard of living set by industrial civilization, thus putting the problem of criminality in a global light ; and, second, the development and standardization of methods of studying these phenomena, drawing on the experience of allied disciplines. The response of the participants in this Symposium and the results of their discussions were not unexpected. A consensus was arrived as to the problems it was thought important to study, and agreement was reached about the strategies of research to be undertaken. Priorities, however, were not established since too much depends on the availability of research teams, funds, etc. But the broad, overall look at the main problems in comparative criminology will, hopefully, open a new chapter in the history of crimino-logical research and in our continuing search for knowledge of man and society. The brief resume which follows should give the reader an idea of the extent of the problems tackled. The detailed proceedings of the Symposium will be published at a later date, in mimeographed form. Sectors of research proposed In a sense, this Symposium was prepared by all the participants. The organizers had requested that each person invited prepare a memorandum setting out the problems in comparative criminology which he considered to be most important. The compilation of their replies, reported to the plenary session at the opening of the Symposium, produced the following results : Summary of suggestions for research activities Note : In all that follows, it should be understood that all of these topics should be studied in a cross-cultural or international context. 1) Definitions and concepts : a) Social vs legal concept of deviance ; b) Distinction between political and criminal crimes ; c) The law : a moral imperative or a simple norm ; d) The concepts used in penal law : how adequate ? e.g. personality of criminal ; e) Who are the sinners in different cultures and at different times. 2) Procedures : a) Working concepts of criminal law and procedure ; b) Differentiating between factors relating to the liability-finding process and the sentencing process ; c) Behavioural manifestations of the administration of criminal justice ; d) Judicial decisions as related to the personality of the judges and of the accused ; e) Sentencing in the cross-national context (2 proposals) ; f) In developing countries, the gap between development of the legal apparatus and social behaviour ; g) Determination of liability ; h) The problem of definition and handling of dangerous offenders ; i) Decision-making by the sentencing judges, etc. (2 proposals) ; ;) Medical vs penal committals ; k) Law-enforcement, policing. 3) Personnel : a) Professionalization in career patterns ; b) Criteria for personnel selection ; c) Greater use of female personnel. 4) Causation. Situations related to criminality : a) How international relations and other external factors affect crime ; 6) Hierarchy of causes of crime ; c) Migrants. Minorities in general ; d) Relation to socio-economic development in different countries ; e) A biological approach to criminal subcultures, constitutional types, twin studies, etc. ; f) Cultural and social approach : norms of moral judgment, ideals presented to the young, etc. ; g) Effect of social change : crime in developing countries, etc. (6 proposals) ; h) Effects of mass media, rapid dissemination of patterns of deviant behaviour (2 proposals). 5) Varieties of crime and criminals : a) Traffic in drugs ; b) Prison riots ; c) Violence particularly in youth (7 proposals) ; d) Dangerousness ; e) Relation to the rights of man (including rights of deviants); f) Female crime (2 proposals) ; g) Prostitution ; i) The mentally ill offender ; ;) Cultural variations in types of crime ; k) Organized crime ; /) Use of firearms ; m) Gambling ; n) Victims and victimology. 6) Treatment : evaluation : a) Social re-adaptation of offenders ; b) Statistical research on corrections, with possible computerization of data ; c) Comparisons between prisons and other closed environments ; d) Extra-legal consequences of deprivation of liberty ; e) Rehabilitation in developing countries ; f ) Criteria for evaluation of programs of correction ; g) Biochemical treatment (2 proposals) ; i) Differential treatment of different types of offense. Evaluation ; /) Prisons as agencies of treatment ; k) Effects of different degrees of restriction of liberty ; /) Environments of correctional institutions ; m) Study of prison societies ; n) Crime as related to the total social system. 7) Research methodology : a) Publication of what is known regarding methodology ; b) Methods of research ; c) Culturally-comparable vs culturally-contrasting situations ; d) Development of a new clearer terminology to facilitate communication ; e) Actual social validity of the penal law. 8) Statistics : epidemiology : a) Need for comparable international statistics ; standardized criteria (3 proposals) ; b) Difficulties. Criminologists must collect the data themselves. 9) Training of research workers : Recruiting and training of « com-paratists ». 10) Machinery : Committee of co-ordination. Discussions The discussions at the Symposium were based on these suggestions, the main concentration falling on problems of manifestations of violence in the world today, the phenomenon of student contestation, and on human rights and the corresponding responsibilities attached thereto. Although the participants did not come to definite conclusions as to the respective merits of the problems submitted for consideration, they did discuss the conditions under which comparative studies of these problems should be approached, the techniques appropriate to obtaining valid results, and the limitations on this type or work. Four workshops were established and studied the various problems. The first tackled the problems of the definition of the criteria of « danger » represented by different type of criminals ; the problem of discovering whether the value system which underlies the Human Rights Declaration corresponds to the value system of today's youth; the problem of the treatment of criminals ; of female criminality ; and, finally, of violence in the form of individual and group manifestations. The second workshop devoted its main consideration to the revolt of youth and to organized crime, also proposing that an international instrument bank of documentation and information be established. The third workshop considered problems of theory : how the police and the public view the criminal ; the opportunity of making trans-cultural comparisons on such subjects as arrest, prison, etc. ; and the role of the media of information in the construction of value systems. The fourth workshop blazed a trail in the matter of methodology appropriate to research in comparative criminology. The period of discussions which followed the report of the four workshops gave rise to a confrontation between two schools of thought within the group of specialists. The question arose as to whether the problem of student contestation falls within the scope of the science of criminology. Several experts expressed the opinion that criminologists ought not to concern themselves with a question which really belongs in the realm of political science. On the other hand, the majority of the participants appeared to feel that the phenomenon of student contestation did indeed belong in the framework of criminological research. One of the experts in particular took it upon himself to be the spokesman of this school of thought. There are those, he said, who feel that criminology should confine itself and its research to known criminality, to hold-ups, rape, etc. However, one should not forget that penal law rests on political foundations, the legality of power, a certain moral consensus of the population. Today, it is exactly this « legitimate » authority that is being contested. Is it not to be expected, therefore, that criminology should show interest in all sociological phenomena which have legal and criminal implications ? Contestation and violence have consequences for the political foundations of penal law, and therefore are fit subjects for the research of the criminologist. International Centre {or Comparative Criminology The First International Symposium for Research in Comparative Criminology situated itself and its discussions within the framework and in the perspectives opened by the founding of the International Centre for Comparative Criminology. The Centre is sponsored jointly by the University of Montreal and the International Society for Criminology, with headquarters at the University of Montreal. As one of the participants emphasized, criminologists need a place to retreat from the daily struggle, to meditate, to seek out and propose instruments of research valid for the study of problems common to several societies. Viewing the facts as scientists, we are looking for operational concepts. Theoreticians and research workers will rough out the material and, hopefully, this will inspire conferences and symposiums of practitioners, jurists, sociologists, penologists, and other specialists. Above all, it will give common access to international experience, something which is lacking at present both at the level of documentation and of action. A bank of instruments of method- ology in the field of comparative criminology does not exist at the present time. The Centre will undertake to compile and analyse research methods used in scientific surveys, and it will establish such an instrument bank. It will also gather and analyse information pertaining to legislative reforms now in progress or being contemplated in the field of criminal justice. Through the use of computers, the Centre will be able to put these two projects into effect and make the results easily accessible to research workers, and to all those concerned in this field. The participants at the Symposium were given a view of the extent of the problems envisaged for research by the future Centre. It is hoped that this initiative will be of concrete use to research workers, private organizations, public services and governments at many levels, and in many countries.

Background. The problem of the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet, its origins and the first years of Slavic writing can rightly be called the “cursed question” (questio dia-bolica – B. Uspensky) of Slavic studies, as attempts to connect the Glagolitic alphabet with any of the existing alphabets did not lead to any convincing results. Until now, the only relevant ideas of P. Shafarik remain, expressed about 150 years ago. Purpose. The aim of the article is to systematize and analyze historical and modern ideas (from the 90s to the present day), which are expressed by researchers regarding the longer antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet. Results. The authors consider the development of P. Shafarik’s ideas at the pre-sent stage of development of East Slavic paleolinguistics. Materials about the origins of Slavic writing, which have accumulated in science, do not facilitate the solution of ques-tions about: 1) which of the two Slavic alphabets was created and / or improved by Constantine the Philosopher, 2) how and when another Slavic alphabet appeared, and 3) how the Slavic script developed in the post -Constantine period. In this context, as the authors show, all the hypotheses and ideas of modern researchers in one way or another develop the arguments of the hypothesis of PY Shafarik and do not go beyond it. Keywords: Slavonic writing, Cyrillic, Glagolitic, P. Shafarik’s hypothesis. Cristiano, Diddi, 2015. In the footsteps of Glagolitic protographers of Pannonian leg-ends: Methodological notes on the critique of variants. ΠΟΛΥΙΣΤΩΡ. Scripta slavica Mar-io Capaldo dicata. Moskow, Indrik, рp. 80–98. (In Russian) Dodonov, I. Yu., 2008. The origins of Slavic writing. Moskow: Veche. Avialable at: http://www.libma.ru/istorija/istoki_slavjanskoi_pismennosti). [Accessed 22.08.2021] (In Russian) Glazunova, O. I. On the countable value of the Glagolitic alphabet. Avialable at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o- schetnom-znachenii- glagolitsy). [Accessed 22.08.2021] (In Russian) Granstrom, E., 1985. On the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet. Proceedings of the De-partment of Ancient Russian Literature IRLI AN SSSR, 11. Leningrad, s.300–313. (In Russian) Hakobyan, Ruben, 2018. An Attempt to Reveal the Prototype of the Glagolitic Letters, Based on a Comparative Analysis with the Cyrillic Letters and the Signs of the Middle East. Scripts Scientific almanac, 12. Pskov: Pskov State University, рp. 30–58. (In Rus-sian) Horalek, K., 1971. The need for a new Glagolitic compendium. Slovo, 21, рp.359–363. (In Czech) Ivanova, T., 2004. Glagolitic: new hypotheses (several critical remarks about new re-search on the first Slavic alphabet. Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Litera-ture (Pushkin House) RAS, pp.78–93. (In Russian) Karpenko, L., 1999. Glagolitic — Slavic sacred alphabet (semiotic analysis in the context of the Bible). Samara: PH of the Samara Humanitarian Academy. (In Russian) Karpenko, L., 2000. Glagolitic as a semiotic system: Doctoral thesis abstract, p.90. (In Russian) Karpenko, L., 2010. Cyril glagolitic alphabet. About the roots of the Slavic spirituali-ty. Bulletin of polessky state university. Series in social sciences and humanities, 1, рp.69–78. (In Russian) Kiparsky, B., 1968. On the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet. Clement Ohridsky. Mate-rial z negovot cheztvuvane po sluchai 1050 godini smerta mu. Sofia, 1968, рp.91–92. (In Russian) Kuznetsov, Anatoly, 2012. The Greek letter Y ψιλόν and Glagolitic Alphabet . Slavisti-ca Vilnensis. Kalbotyra, 57(2), рp.7–14. (In Russian). Mozhaeva, I. Ye., 1980. Bibliography on Cyril and Methodius problems 1945–1974. Moscow, 1980. (In Russian) Prokhorov, G., 1992. Glagolitic alphabet among missionary alphabets. 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Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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Environments containing significant concentration of NaCl such as salt lakes harbor extremophiles microorganisms which have a great biotechnology interest. To explore the diversity of Bacteria in Chott Tinsilt (Algeria), an isolation program was performed. Water samples were collected from the saltern during the pre-salt harvesting phase. This Chott is high in salt (22.47% (w/v). Seven halophiles Bacteria were selected for further characterization. The isolated strains were able to grow optimally in media with 10–25% (w/v) total salts. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. It showed that these cultured isolates included members belonging to the Halomonas, Staphylococcus, Salinivibrio, Planococcus and Halobacillus genera with less than 98% of similarity with their closest phylogenetic relative. The halophilic bacterial isolates were also characterized for the production of biosurfactant and industrially important enzymes. Most isolates produced hydrolases and biosurfactants at high salt concentration. In fact, this is the first report on bacterial strains (A4 and B4) which were a good biosurfactant and coagulase producer at 20% and 25% ((w/v)) NaCl. In addition, the biosurfactant produced by the strain B4 at high salinity (25%) was also stable at high temperature (30-100°C) and high alkalinity (pH 11).Key word: Salt Lake, Bacteria, biosurfactant, Chott, halophiles, hydrolases, 16S rRNAINTRODUCTIONSaline lakes cover approximately 10% of the Earth’s surface area. The microbial populations of many hypersaline environments have already been studied in different geographical regions such as Great Salt Lake (USA), Dead Sea (Israel), Wadi Natrun Lake (Egypt), Lake Magadi (Kenya), Soda Lake (Antarctica) and Big Soda Lake and Mono Lake (California). Hypersaline regions differ from each other in terms of geographical location, salt concentration and chemical composition, which determine the nature of inhabitant microorganisms (Gupta et al., 2015). Then low taxonomic diversity is common to all these saline environments (Oren et al., 1993). Halophiles are found in nearly all major microbial clades, including prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic forms (DasSarma and Arora, 2001). They are classified as slight halophiles when they grow optimally at 0.2–0.85 M (2–5%) NaCl, as moderate halophiles when they grow at 0.85–3.4 M (5–20%) NaCl, and as extreme halophiles when they grow at 3.4–5.1 M (20–30%) NaCl. Hyper saline environments are inhabited by extremely halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms such as Halobacillus sp, Halobacterium sp., Haloarcula sp., Salinibacter ruber , Haloferax sp and Bacillus spp. (Solomon and Viswalingam, 2013). There is a tremendous demand for halophilic bacteria due to their biotechnological importance as sources of halophilic enzymes. Enzymes derived from halophiles are endowed with unique structural features and catalytic power to sustain the metabolic and physiological processes under high salt conditions. Some of these enzymes have been reported to be active and stable under more than one extreme condition (Karan and Khare, 2010). Applications are being considered in a range of industries such as food processing, washing, biosynthetic processes and environmental bioremediation. Halophilic proteases are widely used in the detergent and food industries (DasSarma and Arora, 2001). However, esterases and lipases have also been useful in laundry detergents for the removal of oil stains and are widely used as biocatalysts because of their ability to produce pure compounds. Likewise, amylases are used industrially in the first step of the production of high fructose corn syrup (hydrolysis of corn starch). They are also used in the textile industry in the de-sizing process and added to laundry detergents. Furthermore, for the environmental applications, the use of halophiles for bioremediation and biodegradation of various materials from industrial effluents to soil contaminants and accidental spills are being widely explored. In addition to enzymes, halophilic / halotolerants microorganisms living in saline environments, offer another potential applications in various fields of biotechnology like the production of biosurfactant. Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds synthesized from plants and microorganisms. They reduce surface tension and interfacial tension between individual molecules at the surface and interface respectively (Akbari et al., 2018). Comparing to the chemical surfactant, biosurfactant are promising alternative molecules due to their low toxicity, high biodegradability, environmental capability, mild production conditions, lower critical micelle concentration, higher selectivity, availability of resources and ability to function in wide ranges of pH, temperature and salinity (Rocha et al., 1992). They are used in various industries which include pharmaceuticals, petroleum, food, detergents, cosmetics, paints, paper products and water treatment (Akbari et al., 2018). The search for biosurfactants in extremophiles is particularly promising since these biomolecules can adapt and be stable in the harsh environments in which they are to be applied in biotechnology.OBJECTIVESEastern Algeria features numerous ecosystems including hypersaline environments, which are an important source of salt for food. The microbial diversity in Chott Tinsilt, a shallow Salt Lake with more than 200g/L salt concentration and a superficies of 2.154 Ha, has never yet been studied. The purpose of this research was to chemically analyse water samples collected from the Chott, isolate novel extremely or moderate halophilic Bacteria, and examine their phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics with a view to screening for biosurfactants and enzymes of industrial interest.MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy area: The area is at 5 km of the Commune of Souk-Naâmane and 17 km in the South of the town of Aïn-Melila. This area skirts the trunk road 3 serving Constantine and Batna and the railway Constantine-Biskra. It is part the administrative jurisdiction of the Wilaya of Oum El Bouaghi. The Chott belongs to the wetlands of the High Plains of Constantine with a depth varying rather regularly without never exceeding 0.5 meter. Its length extends on 4 km with a width of 2.5 km (figure 1).Water samples and physico-chemical analysis: In February 2013, water samples were collected from various places at the Chott Tinsilt using Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of 35°53’14” N lat. and 06°28’44”E long. Samples were collected randomly in sterile polythene bags and transported immediately to the laboratory for isolation of halophilic microorganisms. All samples were treated within 24 h after collection. Temperature, pH and salinity were measured in situ using a multi-parameter probe (Hanna Instruments, Smithfield, RI, USA). The analytical methods used in this study to measure ions concentration (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−) were based on 4500-S-2 F standard methods described elsewhere (Association et al., 1920).Isolation of halophilic bacteria from water sample: The media (M1) used in the present study contain (g/L): 2.0 g of KCl, 100.0/200.0 g of NaCl, 1.0 g of MgSO4.7HO2, 3.0 g of Sodium Citrate, 0.36 g of MnCl2, 10.0 g of yeast extract and 15.0 g agar. The pH was adjusted to 8.0. Different dilutions of water samples were added to the above medium and incubated at 30°C during 2–7 days or more depending on growth. Appearance and growth of halophilic bacteria were monitored regularly. The growth was diluted 10 times and plated on complete medium agar (g/L): glucose 10.0; peptone 5.0; yeast extract 5.0; KH2PO4 5.0; agar 30.0; and NaCl 100.0/200.0. Resultant colonies were purified by repeated streaking on complete media agar. The pure cultures were preserved in 20% glycerol vials and stored at −80°C for long-term preservation.Biochemical characterisation of halophilic bacterial isolates: Bacterial isolates were studied for Gram’s reaction, cell morphology and pigmentation. Enzymatic assays (catalase, oxidase, nitrate reductase and urease), and assays for fermentation of lactose and mannitol were done as described by Smibert (1994).Optimization of growth conditions: Temperature, pH, and salt concentration were optimized for the growth of halophilic bacterial isolates. These growth parameters were studied quantitatively by growing the bacterial isolates in M1 medium with shaking at 200 rpm and measuring the cell density at 600 nm after 8 days of incubation. To study the effect of NaCl on the growth, bacterial isolates were inoculated on M1 medium supplemented with different concentration of NaCl: 1%-35% (w/v). The effect of pH on the growth of halophilic bacterial strains was studied by inoculating isolates on above described growth media containing NaCl and adjusted to acidic pH of 5 and 6 by using 1N HCl and alkaline pH of 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 using 5N NaOH. The effect of temperature was studied by culturing the bacterial isolates in M1 medium at different temperatures of incubation (4°C–55°C).Screening of halophilic bacteria for hydrolytic enzymes: Hydrolase producing bacteria among the isolates were screened by plate assay on starch, tributyrin, gelatin and DNA agar plates respectively for amylase, lipase, protease and DNAse activities. Amylolytic activity of the cultures was screened on starch nutrient agar plates containing g/L: starch 10.0; peptone 5.0; yeast extract 3.0; agar 30.0; NaCl 100.0/250.0. The pH was 7.0. After incubation at 30 ºC for 7 days, the zone of clearance was determined by flooding the plates with iodine solution. The potential amylase producers were selected based on ratio of zone of clearance diameter to colony diameter. Lipase activity of the cultures was screened on tributyrin nutrient agar plates containing 1% (v/v) of tributyrin. Isolates that showed clear zones of tributyrin hydrolysis were identified as lipase producing bacteria. Proteolytic activity of the isolates was similarly screened on gelatin nutrient agar plates containing 10.0 g/L of gelatin. The isolates showing zones of gelatin clearance upon treatment with acidic mercuric chloride were selected and designated as protease producing bacteria. The presence of DNAse activity on plates was determined on DNAse test agar (BBL) containing 10%-25% (w/v) total salt. After incubation for 7days, the plates were flooded with 1N HCl solution. Clear halos around the colonies indicated DNAse activity (Jeffries et al., 1957).Milk clotting activity (coagulase activity) of the isolates was also determined following the procedure described (Berridge, 1952). Skim milk powder was reconstituted in 10 mM aqueous CaCl2 (pH 6.5) to a final concentration of 0.12 kg/L. Enzyme extracts were added at a rate of 0.1 mL per mL of milk. The coagulation point was determined by manual rotating of the test tube periodically, at short time intervals, and checking for visible clot formation.Screening of halophilic bacteria for biosurfactant production. Oil spread Assay: The Petridis base was filled with 50 mL of distilled water. On the water surface, 20μL of diesel and 10μl of culture were added respectively. The culture was introduced at different spots on the diesel, which is coated on the water surface. The occurrence of a clear zone was an indicator of positive result (Morikawa et al., 2000). The diameter of the oil expelling circles was measured by slide caliber (with a degree of accuracy of 0.02 mm).Surface tension and emulsification index (E24): Isolates were cultivated at 30 °C for 7 days on the enrichment medium containing 10-25% NaCl and diesel oil as the sole carbon source. The medium was centrifuged (7000 rpm for 20 min) and the surface tension of the cell-free culture broth was measured with a TS90000 surface tensiometer (Nima, Coventry, England) as a qualitative indicator of biosurfactant production. The culture broth was collected with a Pasteur pipette to remove the non-emulsified hydrocarbons. The emulsifying capacity was evaluated by an emulsification index (E24). The E24 of culture samples was determined by adding 2 mL of diesel oil to the same amount of culture, mixed for 2 min with a vortex, and allowed to stand for 24 h. E24 index is defined as the percentage of height of emulsified layer (mm) divided by the total height of the liquid column (mm).Biosurfactant stability studies : After growth on diesel oil as sole source of carbone, cultures supernatant obtained after centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 15 min were considered as the source of crude biosurfactant. Its stability was determined by subjecting the culture supernatant to various temperature ranges (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100 °C) for 30 min then cooled to room temperature. Similarly, the effect of different pH (2–11) on the activity of the biosurfactant was tested. The activity of the biosurfactant was investigated by measuring the emulsification index (El-Sersy, 2012).Molecular identification of potential strains. DNA extraction and PCR amplification of 16S rDNA: Total cellular DNA was extracted from strains and purified as described by Sambrook et al. (1989). DNA was purified using Geneclean® Turbo (Q-BIO gene, Carlsbad, CA, USA) before use as a template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. For the 16S rDNA gene sequence, the purified DNA was amplified using a universal primer set, forward primer (27f; 5′-AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG) and a reverse primer (1492r; 5′-TAC GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T) (Lane, 1991). Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the amplification product as a 1400-bp DNA fragment.16S rDNA sequencing and Phylogenic analysis: Amplicons generated using primer pair 27f-1492r was sequenced using an automatic sequencer system at Macrogene Company (Seoul, Korea). The sequences were compared with those of the NCBI BLAST GenBank nucleotide sequence databases. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA version 5.05 software (Tamura et al., 2011). Bootstrap resembling analysis for 1,000 replicates was performed to estimate the confidence of tree topologies.Nucleotide sequence accession numbers: The nucleotide sequences reported in this work have been deposited in the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. The accession numbers are represented in table 5.Statistics: All experiments were conducted in triplicates. Results were evaluated for statistical significance using ANOVA.RESULTSPhysico-chemical parameters of the collected water samples: The physicochemical properties of the collected water samples are reported in table 1. At the time of sampling, the temperature was 10.6°C and pH 7.89. The salinity of the sample, as determined in situ, was 224.70 g/L (22,47% (w/v)). Chemical analysis of water sample indicated that Na +and Cl- were the most abundant ions (table 1). SO4-2 and Mg+2 was present in much smaller amounts compared to Na +and Cl- concentration. Low levels of calcium, potassium and bicarbonate were also detected, often at less than 1 g/L.Characterization of isolates. Morphological and biochemical characteristic feature of halophilic bacterial isolates: Among 52 strains isolated from water of Chott Tinsilt, seven distinct bacteria (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B4 and B5) were chosen for further characterization (table 2). The colour of the isolates varied from beige, pale yellow, yellowish and orange. The bacterial isolates A1, A2, A4, B1 and B5 were rod shaped and gram negative (except B5), whereas A3 and B4 were cocci and gram positive. All strains were oxidase and catalase positive except for B1. Nitrate reductase and urease activities were observed in all the bacterial isolates, except B4. All the bacterial isolates were negative for H2S formation. B5 was the only strain positive for mannitol fermentation (table 2).We isolated halophilic bacteria on growth medium with NaCl supplementation at pH 7 and temperature of 30°C. We studied the effect of NaCl, temperature and pH on the growth of bacterial isolates. All the isolates exhibited growth only in the presence of NaCl indicating that these strains are halophilic. The optimum growth of isolates A3 and B1 was observed in the presence of 10% NaCl, whereas it was 15% NaCl for A1, A2 and B5. A4 and B4 showed optimum growth in the presence of 20% and 25% NaCl respectively. A4, B4 and B5 strains can tolerate up to 35% NaCl.The isolate B1 showed growth in medium supplemented with 10% NaCl and pH range of 7–10. The optimum pH for the growth B1 was 9 and they did not show any detectable growth at or below pH 6 (table 2), which indicates the alkaliphilic nature of B1 isolate. The bacterial isolates A1, A2 and A4 exhibited growth in the range of pH 6–10, while A3 and B4 did not show any growth at pH greater than 8. The optimum pH for growth of all strains (except B1) was pH 7.0 (table 2). These results indicate that A1, A2, A3, A4, B4 and B5 are neutrophilic in nature. All the bacterial isolates exhibited optimal growth at 30°C and no detectable growth at 55°C. Also, detectable growth of isolates A1, A2 and A4 was observed at 4°C. However, none of the bacterial strains could grow below 4°C and above 50°C (table 2).Screening of the halophilic enzymes: To characterize the diversity of halophiles able to produce hydrolytic enzymes among the population of microorganisms inhabiting the hypersaline habitats of East Algeria (Chott Tinsilt), a screening was performed. As described in Materials and Methods, samples were plated on solid media containing 10%-25% (w/v) of total salts and different substrates for the detection of amylase, protease, lipase and DNAse activities. However, coagulase activity was determined in liquid medium using milk as substrate (figure 3). Distributions of hydrolytic activity among the isolates are summarized in table 4.From the seven bacterial isolates, four strains A1, A2, A4 and B5 showed combined hydrolytic activities. They were positive for gelatinase, lipase and coagulase. A3 strain showed gelatinase and lipase activities. DNAse activities were detected with A1, A4, B1 and B5 isolates. B4 presented lipase and coagulase activity. Surprisingly, no amylase activity was detected among all the isolates.Screening for biosurfactant producing isolates: Oil spread assay: The results showed that all the strains could produce notable (>4 cm diameter) oil expelling circles (ranging from 4.11 cm to 4.67 cm). The average diameter for strain B5 was 4.67 cm, significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for the other strains.Surface tension and emulsification index (E24): The assimilation of hydrocarbons as the sole sources of carbon by the isolate strains led to the production of biosurfactants indicated by the emulsification index and the lowering of the surface tension of cell-free supernatant. Based on rapid growth on media containing diesel oil as sole carbon source, the seven isolates were tested for biosurfactant production and emulsification activity. The obtained values of the surface tension measurements as well as the emulsification index (E24) are shown in table 3. The highest reduction of surface tension was achieved with B5 and A3 isolates with values of 25.3 mN m−1 and 28.1 mN m−1 respectively. The emulsifying capacity evaluated by the E24 emulsification index was highest in the culture of isolate B4 (78%), B5 (77%) and A3 (76%) as shown in table 3 and figure 2. These emulsions were stable even after 4 months. The bacteria with emulsification indices higher than 50 % and/or reduction in the surface tension (under 30 mN/m) have been defined as potential biosurfactant producers. Based on surface tension and the E24 index results, isolates B5, B4, A3 and A4 are the best candidates for biosurfactant production. It is important to note that, strains B4 and A4 produce biosurfactant in medium containing respectively 25% and 20% (w/v) NaCl.Stability of biosurfactant activities: The applicability of biosurfactants in several biotechnological fields depends on their stability at different environmental conditions (temperatures, pH and NaCl). For this study, the strain B4 appear very interesting (It can produce biosurfactant at 25 % NaCl) and was choosen for futher analysis for biosurfactant stability. The effects of temperature and pH on the biosurfactant production by the strain B4 are shown in figure 4.biosurfactant in medium containing respectively 25% and 20% (w/v) NaCl.Stability of biosurfactant activities: The applicability of biosurfactants in several biotechnological fields depends on their stability at different environmental conditions (temperatures, pH and NaCl). For this study, the strain B4 appear very interesting (It can produce biosurfactant at 25 % NaCl) and was chosen for further analysis for biosurfactant stability. The effects of temperature and pH on the biosurfactant production by the strain B4 are shown in figure 4. The biosurfactant produced by this strain was shown to be thermostable giving an E-24 Index value greater than 78% (figure 4A). Heating of the biosurfactant to 100 °C caused no significant effect on the biosurfactant performance. Therefore, the surface activity of the crude biosurfactant supernatant remained relatively stable to pH changes between pH 6 and 11. At pH 11, the value of E24 showed almost 76% activity, whereas below pH 6 the activity was decreased up to 40% (figure 4A). The decreases of the emulsification activity by decreasing the pH value from basic to an acidic region; may be due to partial precipitation of the biosurfactant. This result indicated that biosurfactant produced by strain B4 show higher stability at alkaline than in acidic conditions.Molecular identification and phylogenies of potential isolates: To identify halophilic bacterial isolates, the 16S rDNA gene was amplified using gene-specific primers. A PCR product of ≈ 1.3 kb was detected in all the seven isolates. The 16S rDNA amplicons of each bacterial isolate was sequenced on both strands using 27F and 1492R primers. The complete nucleotide sequence of 1336,1374, 1377,1313, 1305,1308 and 1273 bp sequences were obtained from A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B4 and B5 isolates respectively, and subjected to BLAST analysis. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the isolated strains belong to the genera Halomonas, Staphylococcus, Salinivibrio, Planococcus and Halobacillus as shown in table 5. The halophilic isolates A2 and A4 showed 97% similarity with the Halomonas variabilis strain GSP3 (accession no. AY505527) and the Halomonas sp. M59 (accession no. AM229319), respectively. As for A1, it showed 96% similarity with the Halomonas venusta strain GSP24 (accession no. AY553074). B1 and B4 showed for their part 96% similarity with the Salinivibrio costicola subsp. alcaliphilus strain 18AG DSM4743 (accession no. NR_042255) and the Planococcus citreus (accession no. JX122551), respectively. The bacterial isolate B5 showed 98% sequence similarity with the Halobacillus trueperi (accession no. HG931926), As for A3, it showed only 95% similarity with the Staphylococcus arlettae (accession no. KR047785). The 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences of all the seven halophilic bacterial strains have been submitted to the NCBI GenBank database under the accession number presented in table 5. The phylogenetic association of the isolates is shown in figure 5.DICUSSIONThe physicochemical properties of the collected water samples indicated that this water was relatively neutral (pH 7.89) similar to the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake (USA) and in contrast to the more basic lakes such as Lake Wadi Natrun (Egypt) (pH 11) and El Golea Salt Lake (Algeria) (pH 9). The salinity of the sample was 224.70 g/L (22,47% (w/v). This range of salinity (20-30%) for Chott Tinsilt is comparable to a number of well characterized hypersaline ecosystems including both natural and man-made habitats, such as the Great Salt Lake (USA) and solar salterns of Puerto Rico. Thus, Chott Tinsilt is a hypersaline environment, i.e. environments with salt concentrations well above that of seawater. Chemical analysis of water sample indicated that Na +and Cl- were the most abundant ions, as in most hypersaline ecosystems (with some exceptions such as the Dead Sea). These chemical water characteristics were consistent with the previously reported data in other hypersaline ecosystems (DasSarma and Arora, 2001; Oren, 2002; Hacěne et al., 2004). Among 52 strains isolated from this Chott, seven distinct bacteria (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B4 and B5) were chosen for phenotypique, genotypique and phylogenetique characterization.The 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the isolated strains belong to the genera Halomonas, Staphylococcus, Salinivibrio, Planococcus and Halobacillus. Genera obtained in the present study are commonly occurring in various saline habitats across the globe. Staphylococci have the ability to grow in a wide range of salt concentrations (Graham and Wilkinson, 1992; Morikawa et al., 2009; Roohi et al., 2014). For example, in Pakistan, Staphylococcus strains were isolated from various salt samples during the study conducted by Roohi et al. (2014) and these results agreed with previous reports. Halomonas, halophilic and/or halotolerant Gram-negative bacteria are typically found in saline environments (Kim et al., 2013). The presence of Planococcus and Halobacillus has been reported in studies about hypersaline lakes; like La Sal del Rey (USA) (Phillips et al., 2012) and Great Salt Lake (Spring et al., 1996), respectively. The Salinivibrio costicola was a representative model for studies on osmoregulatory and other physiological mechanisms of moderately halophilic bacteria (Oren, 2006).However, it is interesting to note that all strains shared less than 98.7% identity (the usual species cut-off proposed by Yarza et al. (2014) with their closest phylogenetic relative, suggesting that they could be considered as new species. Phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic analyses have been suggested for the complete identification of these strains. Theses bacterial strains were tested for the production of industrially important enzymes (Amylase, protease, lipase, DNAse and coagulase). These isolates are good candidates as sources of novel enzymes with biotechnological potential as they can be used in different industrial processes at high salt concentration (up to 25% NaCl for B4). Prominent amylase, lipase, protease and DNAase activities have been reported from different hypersaline environments across the globe; e.g., Spain (Sánchez‐Porro et al., 2003), Iran (Rohban et al., 2009), Tunisia (Baati et al., 2010) and India (Gupta et al., 2016). However, to the best of our knowledge, the coagulase activity has never been detected in extreme halophilic bacteria. Isolation and characterization of crude enzymes (especially coagulase) to investigate their properties and stability are in progress.The finding of novel enzymes with optimal activities at various ranges of salt concentrations is of great importance. Besides being intrinsically stable and active at high salt concentrations, halophilic and halotolerant enzymes offer great opportunities in biotechnological applications, such as environmental bioremediation (marine, oilfiel) and food processing. The bacterial isolates were also characterized for production of biosurfactants by oil-spread assay, measurement of surface tension and emulsification index (E24). There are few reports on biosurfactant producers in hypersaline environments and in recent years, there has been a greater increase in interest and importance in halophilic bacteria for biomolecules (Donio et al., 2013; Sarafin et al., 2014). Halophiles, which have a unique lipid composition, may have an important role to play as surface-active agents. The archae bacterial ether-linked phytanyl membrane lipid of the extremely halophilic bacteria has been shown to have surfactant properties (Post and Collins, 1982). Yakimov et al. (1995) reported the production of biosurfactant by a halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis strain BAS 50 which was able to produce a lipopeptide surfactant when cultured at salinities up to 13% NaCl. From solar salt, Halomonas sp. BS4 and Kocuria marina BS-15 were found to be able to produce biosurfactant when cultured at salinities of 8% and 10% NaCl respectively (Donio et al., 2013; Sarafin et al., 2014). In the present work, strains B4 and A4 produce biosurfactant in medium containing respectively 25% and 20% NaCl. To our knowledge, this is the first report on biosurfactant production by bacteria under such salt concentration. Biosurfactants have a wide variety of industrial and environmental applications (Akbari et al., 2018) but their applicability depends on their stability at different environmental conditions. The strain B4 which can produce biosurfactant at 25% NaCl showed good stability in alkaline pH and at a temperature range of 30°C-100°C. Due to the enormous utilization of biosurfactant in detergent manufacture the choice of alkaline biosurfactant is researched (Elazzazy et al., 2015). On the other hand, the interesting finding was the thermostability of the produced biosurfactant even after heat treatment (100°C for 30 min) which suggests the use of this biosurfactant in industries where heating is of a paramount importance (Khopade et al., 2012). To date, more attention has been focused on biosurfactant producing bacteria under extreme conditions for industrial and commercial usefulness. In fact, the biosurfactant produce by strain B4 have promising usefulness in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries and for bioremediation in marine environment and Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) where the salinity, temperature and pH are high.CONCLUSIONThis is the first study on the culturable halophilic bacteria community inhabiting Chott Tinsilt in Eastern Algeria. Different genera of halotolerant bacteria with different phylogeneticaly characteristics have been isolated from this Chott. Culturing of bacteria and their molecular analysis provides an opportunity to have a wide range of cultured microorganisms from extreme habitats like hypersaline environments. Enzymes produced by halophilic bacteria show interesting properties like their ability to remain functional in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, wide range of pH, and high salt concentrations. These enzymes have great economical potential in industrial, agricultural, chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. Thus, the halophiles isolated from Chott Tinsilt offer an important potential for application in microbial and enzyme biotechnology. In addition, these halo bacterial biosurfactants producers isolated from this Chott will help to develop more valuable eco-friendly products to the pharmacological and food industries and will be usefulness for bioremediation in marine environment and petroleum industry.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSOur thanks to Professor Abdelhamid Zoubir for proofreading the English composition of the present paper.CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.Akbari, S., N. H. Abdurahman, R. M. Yunus, F. Fayaz and O. R. Alara, 2018. Biosurfactants—a new frontier for social and environmental safety: A mini review. Biotechnology research innovation, 2(1): 81-90.Association, A. P. H., A. W. W. Association, W. P. C. 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e4912046This scoping exploratory review was aimed at analyzing the challenges that the so-called post-truth world represents for teaching in Ibero-Latin American higher education. With the increased access to online information media and social networks, netizens are increasingly exposed and may be more vulnerable to false or misleading information that seeks to generate action from emotions rather than reason (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). The reference search was carried out in the databases of SciELO and La Referencia, from which 26 titles out of 196 were selected. Combinations of terms such as social media, post-truth, fake news, fact-checking, education, higher education, university, teaching, critical thinking, and freedom of expression were used, with the Boolean “Y” connector. The analysis of the references resulted in six thematic categories: main concepts; realms of fake news; news verification initiatives and methods; theoretical analysis and its relationship with education; studies on the factors, perception and credibility of fake news; and addressing misinformation in higher education. The discussion presents the draft of a proposed pedagogical model to be used in higher education and to address misinformation. Includes: critical thinking habits, democratic dialogue, intellectual skepticism, research skills, use of reliable sources of information, and analysis from multiple perspectives.ResumoEsta revisão exploratória de escopo teve como objetivo analisar os desafios que o chamado mundo pós-verdade representa para o ensino na educação superior ibero-americana. Com o aumento do acesso às mídias de informação online e redes sociais, os internautas estão cada vez mais expostos e podem ficar mais vulneráveis a informações falsas ou enganosas que buscam gerar ações a partir de emoções ao invés da razão (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). A busca das referências foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO e La Referencia, das quais foram selecionados 26 títulos em 196. Combinações de termos como mídia social, pós-verdade, notícias falsas, checagem de fatos, educação, ensino superior, universidade, ensino, pensamento crítico e liberdade de expressão foram usadas, com o conector booleano “Y”. A análise das referências resultou em seis categorias temáticas: conceitos principais; escopos de notícias falsas; iniciativas e métodos de verificação de notícias; análise teórica e sua relação com a educação; estudos sobre os fatores, percepção e credibilidade das notícias falsas; e aproximação a desinformação no ensino superior. A discussão apresenta o esboço de uma proposta de modelo pedagógico para ser usado no ensino superior e para lidar com a desinformação. Inclui: hábitos de pensamento crítico, diálogo democrático, ceticismo intelectual, habilidades de pesquisa, uso de fontes confiáveis de informação e análise de múltiplas perspectivas.ResumenEsta revisión exploratoria de alcance tuvo como fin analizar los desafíos que para la enseñanza en la educación superior iberoamericana representa lo que se denomina el mundo posfactual (post-truth). Con el incrementado acceso a medios de información en línea y las redes sociales, los cibernautas están cada vez más expuestos y pueden ser más vulnerables a información falsa o engañosa que busca generar acción a partir de las emociones antes que la razón (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). La búsqueda de referencias se efectuó en las bases de datos de SciELO y La Referencia, de la cual se seleccionaron 26 títulos de 196. Se usaron combinaciones de términos como redes sociales, posverdad, noticias falsas, verificación de hechos, educación, educación superior, universidad, enseñanza, pensamiento crítico y libertad de expresión, con el conector booleano “Y”. El análisis de las referencias dio como resultado seis categorías temáticas: conceptos principales; ámbitos de las noticias falsas; iniciativas y métodos de verificación de noticias; análisis teóricos y su relación con la educación; estudios sobre factores, percepción y credibilidad de las noticias falsas; y abordaje de la desinformación en la educación superior. En la discusión se presenta el borrador de un modelo pedagógico propuesto para ser utilizado en la educación superior y abordar la desinformación. 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Social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups, together with public policy and management objectives. The essay indicates and discusses the most important contemporary problems, solving of which requires social innovations. Social innovations precondition the progress of civilisation. The world needs not only new technologies, but also new solutions of social and institutional nature that would be conducive to achieving social goals. Social innovations are experimental social actions of organisational and institutional nature that aim at improving the quality of life of individuals, communities, nations, companies, circles, or social groups. Their experimental nature stems from the fact of introducing unique and one-time solutions on a large scale, the end results of which are often difficult to be fully predicted. For example, it was difficult to believe that opening new labour markets for foreigners in the countries of the European Union, which can be treated as a social innovation aiming at development of the international labour market, will result in the rapid development of the low-cost airlines, the offer of which will be available to a larger group of recipients. In other words, social innovations differ from economic innovations, as they are not about implementation of new types of production or gaining new markets, but about satisfying new needs, which are not provided by the market. Therefore, the most important distinction consists in that social innovations are concerned with improving the well-being of individuals and communities by additional employment, or increased consumption, as well as participation in solving the problems of individuals and social groups [CSTP, 2011]. In general, social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups together with the objectives of public policy and management [Kowalczyk, Sobiecki, 2017]. Their implementation requires global, national, and individual actions. This requires joint operations, both at the scale of the entire globe, as well as in particular interest groups. Why are social innovations a key point for the progress of civilisation? This is the effect of the clear domination of economic aspects and discrimination of social aspects of this progress. Until the 19th century, the economy was a part of a social structure. As described by K. Polanyi, it was submerged in social relations [Polanyi, 2010, p. 56]. In traditional societies, the economic system was in fact derived from the organisation of the society itself. The economy, consisting of small and dispersed craft businesses, was a part of the social, family, and neighbourhood structure. In the 20th century the situation reversed – the economy started to be the force shaping social structures, positions of individual groups, areas of wealth and poverty. The economy and the market mechanism have become independent from the world of politics and society. Today, the corporations control our lives. They decide what we eat, what we watch, what we wear, where we work and what we do [Bakan, 2006, p. 13]. The corporations started this spectacular “march to rule the world” in the late 19th century. After about a hundred years, at the end of the 20th century, the state under the pressure of corporations and globalisation, started a gradual, but systematic withdrawal from the economy, market and many other functions traditionally belonging to it. As a result, at the end of the last century, a corporation has become a dominant institution in the world. A characteristic feature of this condition is that it gives a complete priority to the interests of corporations. They make decisions of often adverse consequences for the entire social groups, regions, or local communities. They lead to social tensions, political breakdowns, and most often to repeated market turbulences. Thus, a substantial minority (corporations) obtain inconceivable benefits at the expense of the vast majority, that is broad professional and social groups. The lack of relative balance between the economy and society is a barrier to the progress of civilisation. A growing global concern is the problem of migration. The present crisis, left unresolved, in the long term will return multiplied. Today, there are about 500 million people living in Europe, 1.5 billion in Africa and the Middle East, but in 2100, the population of Europe will be about 400 million and of the Middle East and Africa approximately 4.5 billion. Solving this problem, mainly through social and political innovations, can take place only by a joint operation of highly developed and developing countries. Is it an easy task? It’s very difficult. Unfortunately, today, the world is going in the opposite direction. Instead of pursuing the community, empathic thinking, it aims towards nationalism and chauvinism. An example might be a part of the inaugural address of President Donald Trump, who said that the right of all nations is to put their own interests first. Of course, the United States of America will think about their own interests. As we go in the opposite direction, those who deal with global issues say – nothing will change, unless there is some great crisis, a major disaster that would cause that the great of this world will come to senses. J.E. Stiglitz [2004], contrary to the current thinking and practice, believes that a different and better world is possible. Globalisation contains the potential of countless benefits from which people both in developing and highly developed countries can benefit. But the practice so far proves that still it is not grown up enough to use its potential in a fair manner. What is needed are new solutions, most of all social and political innovations (political, because they involve a violation of the previous arrangement of interests). Failure to search for breakthrough innovations of social and political nature that would meet the modern challenges, can lead the world to a disaster. Social innovation, and not economic, because the contemporary civilisation problems have their roots in this dimension. A global problem, solution of which requires innovations of social and political nature, is the disruption of the balance between work and capital. In 2010, 400 richest people had assets such as the half of the poorer population of the world. In 2016, such part was in the possession of only 8 people. This shows the dramatic collapse of the balance between work and capital. The world cannot develop creating the technological progress while increasing unjustified inequalities, which inevitably lead to an outbreak of civil disturbances. This outbreak can have various organisation forms. In the days of the Internet and social media, it is easier to communicate with people. Therefore, paradoxically, some modern technologies create the conditions facilitating social protests. There is one more important and dangerous effect of implementing technological innovations without simultaneous creation and implementation of social innovations limiting the sky-rocketing increase of economic (followed by social) diversification. Sooner or later, technological progress will become so widespread that, due to the relatively low prices, it will make it possible for the weapons of mass destruction, especially biological and chemical weapons, to reach small terrorist groups. Then, a total, individualized war of global reach can develop. The individualisation of war will follow, as described by the famous German sociologist Ulrich Beck. To avoid this, it is worth looking at the achievements of the Polish scientist Michał Kalecki, who 75 years ago argued that capitalism alone is not able to develop. It is because it aggressively seeks profit growth, but cannot turn profit into some profitable investments. Therefore, when uncertainty grows, capitalism cannot develop itself, and it must be accompanied by external factors, named by Kalecki – external development factors. These factors include state expenses, finances and, in accordance with the nomenclature of Kalecki – epochal innovations. And what are the current possibilities of activation of the external factors? In short – modest. The countries are indebted, and the basis for the development in the last 20 years were loans, which contributed to the growth of debt of economic entities. What, then, should we do? It is necessary to look for cheaper solutions, but such that are effective, that is breakthrough innovations. These undoubtedly include social and political innovations. Contemporary social innovation is not about investing big money and expensive resources in production, e.g. of a very expensive vaccine, which would be available for a small group of recipients. Today’s social innovation should stimulate the use of lower amounts of resources to produce more products available to larger groups of recipients. The progress of civilisation happens only as a result of a sustainable development in economic, social, and now also ecological terms. Economic (business) innovations, which help accelerate the growth rate of production and services, contribute to economic development. Profits of corporations increase and, at the same time, the economic objectives of the corporations are realised. But are the objectives of the society as a whole and its members individually realised equally, in parallel? In the chain of social reproduction there are four repeated phases: production – distribution – exchange – consumption. The key point from the social point of view is the phase of distribution. But what are the rules of distribution, how much and who gets from this “cake” produced in the social process of production? In the today’s increasingly global economy, the most important mechanism of distribution is the market mechanism. However, in the long run, this mechanism leads to growing income and welfare disparities of various social groups. Although, the income and welfare diversity in itself is nothing wrong, as it is the result of the diversification of effectiveness of factors of production, including work, the growing disparities to a large extent cannot be justified. Economic situation of the society members increasingly depends not on the contribution of work, but on the size of the capital invested, and the market position of the economic entity, and on the “governing power of capital” on the market. It should also be noted that this diversification is also related to speculative activities. Disparities between the implemented economic and social innovations can lead to the collapse of the progress of civilisation. Nowadays, economic crises are often justified by, indeed, social and political considerations, such as marginalisation of nation states, imbalance of power (or imbalance of fear), religious conflicts, nationalism, chauvinism, etc. It is also considered that the first global financial crisis of the 21st century originated from the wrong social policy pursued by the US Government, which led to the creation of a gigantic public debt, which consequently led to an economic breakdown. This resulted in the financial crisis, but also in deepening of the social imbalances and widening of the circles of poverty and social exclusion. It can even be stated that it was a crisis in public confidence. Therefore, the causes of crises are the conflicts between the economic dimension of the development and its social dimension. Contemporary world is filled with various innovations of economic or business nature (including technological, product, marketing, and in part – organisational). The existing solutions can be a source of economic progress, which is a component of the progress of civilisation. However, economic innovations do not complete the entire progress of civilisation moreover, the saturation, and often supersaturation with implementations and economic innovations leads to an excessive use of material factors of production. As a consequence, it results in lowering of the efficiency of their use, unnecessary extra burden to the planet, and passing of the negative effects on the society and future generations (of consumers). On the other hand, it leads to forcing the consumption of durable consumer goods, and gathering them “just in case”, and also to the low degree of their use (e.g. more cars in a household than its members results in the additional load on traffic routes, which results in an increase in the inconvenience of movement of people, thus to the reduction of the quality of life). Introduction of yet another economic innovation will not solve this problem. It can be solved only by social innovations that are in a permanent shortage. A social innovation which fosters solving the issue of excessive accumulation of tangible production goods is a developing phenomenon called sharing economy. It is based on the principle: “the use of a service provided by some welfare does not require being its owner”. This principle allows for an economic use of resources located in households, but which have been “latent” so far. In this way, increasing of the scope of services provided (transport, residential and tourist accommodation) does not require any growth of additional tangible resources of factors of production. So, it contributes to the growth of household incomes, and inhibition of loading the planet with material goods processed by man [see Poniatowska-Jaksch, Sobiecki, 2016]. Another example: we live in times, in which, contrary to the law of T. Malthus, the planet is able to feed all people, that is to guarantee their minimum required nutrients. But still, millions of people die of starvation and malnutrition, but also due to obesity. Can this problem be solved with another economic innovation? Certainly not! Economic innovations will certainly help to partially solve the problem of nutrition, at least by the new methods of storing and preservation of foods, to reduce its waste in the phase of storage and transport. However, a key condition to solve this problem is to create and implement an innovation of a social nature (in many cases also political). We will not be able to speak about the progress of civilisation in a situation, where there are people dying of starvation and malnutrition. A growing global social concern, resulting from implementation of an economic (technological) innovation will be robotisation, and more specifically – the effects arising from its dissemination on a large scale. So far, the issue has been postponed due to globalisation of the labour market, which led to cheapening of the work factor by more than ten times in the countries of Asia or South America. But it ends slowly. Labour becomes more and more expensive, which means that the robots become relatively cheap. The mechanism leading to low prices of the labour factor expires. Wages increase, and this changes the relationship of the prices of capital and labour. Capital becomes relatively cheaper and cheaper, and this leads to reducing of the demand for work, at the same time increasing the demand for capital (in the form of robots). The introduction of robots will be an effect of the phenomenon of substitution of the factors of production. A cheaper factor (in this case capital in the form of robots) will be cheaper than the same activities performed by man. According to W. Szymański [2017], such change is a dysfunction of capitalism. A great challenge, because capitalism is based on the market-driven shaping of income. The market-driven shaping of income means that the income is derived from the sale of the factors of production. Most people have income from employment. Robots change this mechanism. It is estimated that scientific progress allows to create such number of robots that will replace billion people in the world. What will happen to those “superseded”, what will replace the income from human labour? Capitalism will face an institutional challenge, and must replace the market-driven shaping of income with another, new one. The introduction of robots means microeconomic battle with the barrier of demand. To sell more, one needs to cut costs. The costs are lowered by the introduction of robots, but the use of robots reduces the demand for human labour. Lowering the demand for human labour results in the reduction of employment, and lower wages. Lower wages result in the reduction of the demand for goods and services. To increase the demand for goods and services, the companies must lower their costs, so they increase the involvement of robots, etc. A mechanism of the vicious circle appears If such a mass substitution of the factors of production is unfavourable from the point of view of stimulating the development of the economy, then something must be done to improve the adverse price relations for labour. How can the conditions of competition between a robot and a man be made equal, at least partially? Robots should be taxed. Bill Gates, among others, is a supporter of such a solution. However, this is only one of the tools that can be used. The solution of the problem requires a change in the mechanism, so a breakthrough innovation of a social and political nature. We can say that technological and product innovations force the creation of social and political innovations (maybe institutional changes). Product innovations solve some problems (e.g. they contribute to the reduction of production costs), but at the same time, give rise to others. Progress of civilisation for centuries and even millennia was primarily an intellectual progress. It was difficult to discuss economic progress at that time. Then we had to deal with the imbalance between the economic and the social element. The insufficiency of the economic factor (otherwise than it is today) was the reason for the tensions and crises. Estimates of growth indicate that the increase in industrial production from ancient times to the first industrial revolution, that is until about 1700, was 0.1-0.2 per year on average. Only the next centuries brought about systematically increasing pace of economic growth. During 1700- 1820, it was 0.5% on an annual average, and between 1820-1913 – 1.5%, and between 1913-2012 – 3.0% [Piketty, 2015, p. 97]. So, the significant pace of the economic growth is found only at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Additionally, the growth in this period refers predominantly to Europe and North America. The countries on other continents were either stuck in colonialism, structurally similar to the medieval period, or “lived” on the history of their former glory, as, for example, China and Japan, or to a lesser extent some countries of the Middle East and South America. The growth, having then the signs of the modern growth, that is the growth based on technological progress, was attributed mainly to Europe and the United States. The progress of civilisation requires the creation of new social initiatives. Social innovations are indeed an additional capital to keep the social structure in balance. The social capital is seen as a means and purpose and as a primary source of new values for the members of the society. Social innovations also motivate every citizen to actively participate in this process. It is necessary, because traditional ways of solving social problems, even those known for a long time as unemployment, ageing of the society, or exclusion of considerable social and professional groups from the social and economic development, simply fail. “Old” problems are joined by new ones, such as the increase of social inequalities, climate change, or rapidly growing environmental pollution. New phenomena and problems require new solutions, changes to existing procedures, programmes, and often a completely different approach and instruments [Kowalczyk, Sobiecki, 2017].

We analyze to what extent the random SAT and Max-SAT problems differ in their properties. Our findings suggest that for random k-CNF with ratio in a certain range, Max-SAT can be solved by any SAT algorithm with subexponential slowdown, while for formulae with ratios greater than some constant, algorithms under the random walk framework require substantially different heuristics. In light of these results, we propose a novel probabilistic approach for random Max-SAT called ProMS. Experimental results illustrate that ProMS outperforms many state-of-the-art local search solvers on random Max-SAT benchmarks.

Given a set of linear equations $S$ with positive integral parameters $a_1,\ldots,a_k$, $k \ge 2$, the disjunctive Rado number for the set $S$ is the least positive integer $R=R_d(S)$, if it exists, such that every $2$-coloring $\chi$ of the integers in $[1, R]$ admits a monochromatic solution to at least one equation in $S$. We give conditions for the existence of $R_d(S)$, and also give general upper and lower bounds on $R_d(S)$, when $S$ is a set of additive equations $\{y=x+a_1,\ldots,y=x+a_k\}$. We also determine $R_d(S)$ when $\max a_i$ is large enough, or when $a_1,\ldots,a_k$ form an arithmetic or geometric progression. We also give conditions for the existence of $R_d(S)$ when $S$ is a set of multiplicative equations $\{y=a_1 x,\ldots,y=a_k x\}$. Further, we give a general search-based algorithm to determine $R_d(S)$ when $S$ is a system of equations in two variables, given an upper bound on $R_d(S)$ and an algorithm to determine solutions to $S$. This algorithm runs in time $O(ka_k \log a_k)$ for the case of additive equations, which is exponentially better than the brute-force algorithm for the problem.