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Journal articles on the topic 'General History of China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Efimenko, Maria V. "A General Survey of Ancient Chinese History." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 10 (December 21, 2021): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-10-145-147.

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The author reviews the first six chapters of the monograph by John S. Major and Constance Cook “Ancient China: A History” (New York, London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2017. 300 p.). The authors of the book made an attempt to briefly review the history of ancient China on the basis of a compilation of factual data from the works of the most prominent researchers of these periods in Europe and the United States. It is shown that the authors of the compilation mainly follow the Chinese historical tradition, repeating the basic information from the classical Confucian treatises of the early Imperial time. It is particularly significant that the authors make mistakes that indicate the formation of their own tradition of writing the history of China in the United States.

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2

Chen, Yi. "Making History Possible: Logograph in China and Hieroglyph in Central America." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (June 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2021.7.2.290.

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In the following paper, I will compare and contrast the development of script in two different writing systems: the Mayan and the Chinese. This paper will demonstrate how each system employed writing to map language into a durable technology for communication. By doing so, I will provide the general information that introduces readers to the origin, purpose, and function of the two writing systems. Through analysis of the development of Mayan and Chinese writing systems, the paper also shows that significant aspects of culture were preserved and transmitted by written materials as they contribute to the continuation of the two civilizations. This approach also has the benefit of emphasizing the strong relationship between culture and writing. Studying the origins, development, and use of writing in these two cultures mitigates against the tendency to devalue certain cultures. A study of both Chinese and Mayan writing is especially important since both cultures developed scripts that did not borrow from the writing systems of other civilizations.

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3

Reinhold, Christiane. "China: A Macro History." China Information 12, no. 3 (December 1997): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x9701200326.

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4

Schirokauer, Conrad, and S. A. M. Adshead. "China in World History." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 1 (January 1991): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603757.

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5

Trambaiolo, Daniel. "Leprosy in China: A History." Asian Medicine 5, no. 1 (2009): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342109x569017.

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6

HONGYING, LYU. "The history of accounting in China." International Accounting 22, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ia.24.8.951.

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Subject. This paper examines the history of accounting in China, describes the main characteristics of its development in different periods of time and the prospects for its further development. Objectives. The paper aims to consider the history of the development of accounting in China. Methods. For the study, I used analysis, synthesis, and other general scientific methods. Conclusions. Accounting in China has undergone an evolutionary path of development from simple to complex, from ancient to modern, from single-entry bookkeeping to double-entry bookkeeping under the influence of various factors: economic, political, legal, social, cultural, and technological. According to the characteristics of development, the history of accounting can be divided into three main stages: accounting in Ancient China, accounting in the new period, and accounting in modern times. In different eras, accounting had different time characteristics. Accounting must get adapted to the needs of modern society and get improved along with its socioeconomic development.

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7

Freund, Alexander. "Neuanfang unter Maos langem Schatten? Oral History im heutigen China." BIOS – Zeitschrift für Biographieforschung, Oral History und Lebensverlaufsanalysen 33, no. 1-2020 (March 10, 2022): 114–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/bios.v33i1.07.

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Die Geschichte der Oral History in China ist lang, vielschichtig und zuweilen turbulent. Dieser Überblicksartikel – eher eine journalistische Reportage als ein wissenschaftlicher Artikel – berichtet über einige Aspekte der Geschichte und Gegenwart der Oral History in China im zwanzigsten und frühen einundzwanzigsten Jahrhundert. Eine Grundannahme ist, dass ein historiographischer Zugang auch für Oral Historians in anderen Ländern von Interesse sein kann. Es wäre wünschenswert, wenn mit diesem Artikel eine Debatte unter Oral Historians über die nationale und internationale Bedeutung von Chinas langer Geschichte der Oral History angeregt werden kann, um so auch die aktuelle globale Praxis zu bereichern.

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8

Rao, Zihe. "History of protein crystallography in China." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1482 (February 27, 2007): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2032.

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China has a strong background in X-ray crystallography dating back to the 1920s. Protein crystallography research in China was first developed following the successful synthesis of insulin in China in 1966. The subsequent determination of the three-dimensional structure of porcine insulin made China one of the few countries which could determine macromolecular structures by X-ray diffraction methods in the late 1960s and early 1970s. After a slow period during the 1970s and 1980s, protein crystallography in China has reached a new climax with a number of outstanding accomplishments. Here, I review the history and progress of protein crystallography in China and detail some of the recent research highlights, including the crystal structures of two membrane proteins as well as the structural genomics initiative in China.

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9

Jianzhong, Xu. "Brief History of Science Translation in China." Meta 50, no. 3 (November 2, 2005): 1010–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011611ar.

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Abstract Science translation is a new branch of learning in China, but its practice can be traced back to about 200 BC. It includes all the practical fields but literary translation. It is the translation activity that mainly conveys science information, especially a thought activity and extra-language activity of the translator’s using target language to express the science information of source language so as to pursue the similar information. This paper briefly examines its history chronologically, and explores its gradual movement from practice to theory, from written translation to oral interpretation, from general theory to discipline studies. The history of science translation is composed of human translation and machine translation, but this paper only deals with the former.

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10

Bozhong, Li. "Water and the History of China." Social Sciences in China 39, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2018.1414413.

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11

Cheng, Q., X.-J. Cheng, and G.-X. Jiang. "Multiple sclerosis in China—history and future." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15, no. 6 (May 12, 2009): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509102921.

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Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered rare in China and reports on MS in the English literature are few. Methods A systematic literature search for articles with MS was made, particularly for papers published in the Chinese medical journals from mainland China. Results In China, the first case of MS was described in the medical records from Xiehe hospital in 1926, and the first autopsy case of MS was reported from Huashan hospital in 1957. Although reports on MS based on the information from hospital case-series have been increased gradually in the recent decades, there is no national surveillance on MS frequency in the population and population-based surveys on MS were few in China. Generally for Chinese patients with MS the mean age at onset of MS is around 30 years, with a few cases younger than 20 years; the most frequent site of the lesions in the central nervous system, based on the clinical symptoms or signs, is the spinal cord (usually more than 60%); there are few patients with a family history of MS; almost all patients are treated with corticosteroids. Reported prevalence rates of MS from population surveys in China are rather low (1–2 per 100,000) and higher in females than in males, which are comparable with the results from other populations in Asia. Conclusion The clinical and epidemiological aspects of MS in China are, in general, similar to that from other populations in Asia. Epidemiological studies and national surveillance on MS are required in China.

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12

Dunrong, Bie. "The Slow Path to General Education in Chinese Universities." International Higher Education, no. 91 (September 2, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2017.91.10102.

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In recent years, many Chineseuniversities have launched general educationprograms. This piece explores the history of general education in China and outlines innovative gen ed programs in development.

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Dunrong, Bie. "The Slow Path to General Education in Chinese Universities." International Higher Education, no. 91 (September 2, 2017): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2017.91.10139.

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In recent years, many Chineseuniversities have launched general educationprograms. This piece explores the history of general education in China and outlines innovative gen ed programs in development.

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14

Chang, Chihyun. "Sir Robert Hart and the Writing of Modern Chinese History." International Journal of Asian Studies 17, no. 2 (July 2020): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591420000200.

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AbstractThis article examines the conflicts in writing the imperial modern history of China among various stakeholders, particularly Chinese and American historians, and their dealing with a set of personal documents of Sir Robert Hart, Inspector-General of the Chinese Maritime Customs Services (CMCS) during the Qing period. This set of documents is called “Hart Industry” and contains Hart's personal papers and seventy-seven volumes of diaries, among others. Revealing the imperial Inspector-General's view on “westernization” in modern China, the Hart Industry played a key role in the development of the history of modern China throughout the twentieth century. From around 1957 until 1995, the diaries became a source of a highly politicized academic debate between Chinese Communist historians of the People's Republic of China and western historians of the Hart Industry. By providing a “study of studies” on the historiography of the colonial modern history of China, this article argues that the Hart diaries were critical to historians’ understanding of their own academic discourse.

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15

Zhao, Yixuan. "A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Perspectives on Tang Dynasty Narratives: Examining History of Imperial China and A History of China." Communications in Humanities Research 35, no. 1 (May 31, 2024): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/35/20240008.

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History of Imperial China, published by Harvard University Press in the United States, and A History of China, published by Kodansha in Japan, are significant works on Chinese general history abroad. Due to differing perspectives and temporal and spatial contexts, these works exhibit distinct narrative styles and characteristics for the same historical period. This article compares the narrative variances between the Tang History Volume of History of Imperial China and A History of China, aiming to elucidate the underlying reasons for such disparities. Analysis reveals that the primary distinction between these two historical works lies in their overarching focus: while History of Imperial China adopts a global perspective, examining the evolution of China's imperial system, the volume China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty (History of Imperial China, Vol. III) delves into the shifts and adaptations of the Chinese imperial system during the Tang Dynasty. Conversely, each volume of A History of China boasts unique attributes, with Brilliant World Empires: The Sui and Tang Dynasties (A History of China, Vol. VI) adopting an East Asian perspective to scrutinize the Tang Dynasty's impact as a global empire. This article posits that the disparities in overall structure and specific content between the two works stem from several factors, including publishing objectives and target audiences, the scholarly traditions of Chinese history research in the United States and Japan, the historical relationship between respective countries and China during the Tang Dynasty, as well as the research fields and propositions of the authors.

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16

Yunsheng, Ju, and Mikhail O. Matveev. "HISTORY ОF CHINESE PSYCHOLOGY: OVERVIEW." Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, no. 2 (2022): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2022.02.01.

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Background. Th is material will be very useful for Russian scientists, as it will allow them to evaluate the achievements of Chinese psychology. Th e authors of the article believe that Russian psychologists will be interested in the history, state of development and achievements of Chinese psychological science. Objective. Th is article presents the history of the development of Chinese psychology in various historical periods, and also presents the results of psychology research in various periods in China. Th e authors try to separate the basic terms “Chinese psychology” and “psychology in China”.Materials. In ancient times, there were quite a lot of scientifi c research, theories and ideas in China, but psychology (Xinlisue) as a scientifi c discipline was not. Th is term was borrowed from the Japanese language. Chinese psychology is divided into two parts: one is the Western theory of psychology, and the other is the theory of psychology of the indigenous peoples of China. Th is article clarifi es the content of only the second part. In modern China, psychology is a discipline that studies the objective laws of psychological phenomena. Modern Chinese psychology is gradually being formed and developed on the basis of ancient Chinese psychological ideas adapted to the needs of Chinese social development and incorporating the positive results of foreign modern psychological sciences, especially aft er the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Th e philosophical basis of Chinese psychology is Marxism, as well as the ideas of Mao Zedong, it is developing rapidly. Chinese psychologists note that China has its own cultural traditions that defi ne the identity of the Chinese psychological school. Methods. Making the goal achievemental, we will use such general scientifi c methods as the analysis of scientifi c literature, the comparative method, the method of generalization. Results. With the development of psychology, the importance of applied psychology has increased. Th e achievements of psychology are extremely important for such fi elds as education, medicine, and political science. In recent years, technological changes have aff ected all spheres of life, and the advent of the Internet has also given scope for new approaches and methods of theoretical and applied psychology research. Th anks to Internet technologies, Chinese psychology began to develop actively. Conclusion. Today, when psychology has become an independent science for more than 100 years of development, it is necessary to study the achievements of ancient Chinese psychological thought for four reasons: fi rstly, China is one of the birthplaces of psychology; secondly, Chinese psychology has enriched other psychological schools; thirdly, work is needed to create a psychological system with Chinese specifi cs Fourth, the study of Chinese psychology will allow you to study culture and join the knowledge of ancient Chinese thinkers

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17

He, Han, Huaning Wang, Zhanle Du, Xin Huang, Yan Yan, Xinghua Dai, Juan Guo, and Jialong Wang. "A brief history of Regional Warning Center China (RWC-China)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-41-2018.

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Abstract. Solar-terrestrial prediction services in China began in 1969 at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In 1990, BAO joined the International URSIgram and World Days Service (IUWDS) and started solar-terrestrial data and prediction interchanges with other members of IUWDS. The short-term solar activity prediction service with standard URSIgram codes began in January 1991 at BAO, and forecasts have been issued routinely every weekday from then on. The Regional Warning Center Beijing (RWC-Beijing) of IUWDS was officially approved in China in 1991 and was formally established in February 1992. In 1996, the IUWDS was changed to the current name, the International Space Environment Service (ISES). In 2000, the RWC-Beijing was renamed RWC-China according to ISES requirements. In 2001, the National Astronomical Observatories, CAS (NAOC) was established. All the solar-terrestrial data and prediction services of BAO were taken up by NAOC. The headquarters of RWC-China is located on the campus of NAOC.

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18

Li, Na. "The Origin of Modern Public History in China." History Workshop Journal 88 (2019): 252–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbz033.

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Abstract This article tracks the origin of modern public history in China. Through a critical survey of the landscape, the article focuses on why public history has such a widespread appeal among ordinary Chinese, and how it is used for social cohesion and identity building to mobilize a general population. The author argues that public history has flourished in the last two decades alongside a deteriorating notion of national identity unified by the state; the genesis of this can be traced back to the turn of the twentieth century. Three propositions are suggested for further developing public history in China, namely writing differently, a broader and more liberal understanding of history, and an emphasis on rigour.

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Li, Na. "When Environmental History Goes Public in China." Nature and Culture 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2021.160301.

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This article starts out from looking at what is missing from environmental history in China today, and then goes on to ask a particular set of questions: How does one interpret environmental history with the public? How does one present environmental history in public space? How does one engage with an environmentally conscious public? And ultimately, is it possible to establish public environmental history as a new mode of knowledge? In answer to these questions, it focuses on relationships, including the relationships between nature and culture, the environment and people, and history and memory. Using the dredging history of West Lake in Hangzhou as an illustrative case, it explores nature as material culture, calls attention to the rhetorical power of nature, and argues that environmental history should be interpreted and presented as public memory.

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20

Fu, Louis. "Surgical history of ancient China: part 1." ANZ Journal of Surgery 79, no. 12 (December 2009): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2009.05138.x.

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21

Fu, Louis. "Surgical history of ancient China: part 2." ANZ Journal of Surgery 80, no. 3 (March 2010): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05212.x.

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22

Shuxian, Meng. "GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE OROCHON LANGUAGE IN CHINA." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 1 (2017): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_1_67_86.

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The current article brings forward the issues of the endangered Orochon language in China. It addresses the problem of critical degradation of the Orochon population due to assimilation with other peoples that results in the Orochon language and culture degradation. The paper gives a concise outline of the history of the Orochon people, their lifestyle and migrations and touches upon the etymology of the word «orochon». It presents findings concerning general features of Orochon and its vowel and consonant systems, describes the vowel and consonant articulatory features and compares them to the ones of the dominating Chinese language. The paper also addresses problem of documentation of Orochon emerging from the absence of its written form and offers a set of 29 transcription symbols based on IPA. The article reports on the measures undertaken by the Chinese Government to save the Orochon language and culture. Those include the ones in the spheres of economy, language policy, education, traditional lifestyle preservation, and family traditions that would encourage the use of Orochon for active communication.

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23

Kaiyrken, Tursynkhan Zakonuly, and Danagul Akhmetkarimkyzy Makhat. "HISTORICAL REASONS OF THE CHINESE KAZAKHS' MIGRATION TO TURKEY AND EUROPE (BASED ON THE SU BEIHAI'S MANUSCRIPT GENERAL HISTORY OF THE KAZAKHS)." EurasianUnionScientists 6, no. 7(76) (August 20, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.6.76.941.

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The article presents the reasons for the mass migration of the Kazakhs living in the People's Republic of China to foreign countries in 30`s of twentieth century, including India, Pakistan, Turkey and Europe. The study compares, examines, and correlates different data and the facts in Part IV of the comprehensive study by Chinese scholar Su Beihai General History of the Kazakhs, and the reasons, motivation, circumstances, and fate of the relocation were systematically recorded. Su Beihai saw the nomadic Kazakhs passing through Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China and collected a lot of material about them. Previously, due to strict censorship of the history of minorities in the People's Republic of China, the aforementioned four-volume book by Su Beihai, General History of Kazakhs, was banned for publication in China. In this work, the author, as a historian and representative of the ruling nation in the country, gives an objective assessment of the history of Kazakhs who moved from Kumil (Hami) and Barkol regions of Eastern Xinjiang. Unable to bear the national oppression of local Chinese rulers and the violence of communist authorities, people migrated to Eastern Anatolia in search of freedom. This is one of the greatest tragedies in human history, of which little is known until now. Therefore, the data of this period and the role of research on them in revealing historical truth are special. Much of the information we use in this article to uncover the facts of this history is taken from previously unpublished original data from Su Beihai's manuscript. Even today, the problem of minorities in China is not completely solved. Thousands of indigenous people born and raised in Xinjiang still live abroad.

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GÖKENÇ GÜLEZ, Sema. "The Image of China in Turkish Secondary Education History Textbooks." Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 22, no. 4 (October 20, 2023): 1538–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21547/jss.1339706.

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In this study, the image of China and how China has been approached in the 9th, 10th and 11th grade Turkish history textbooks of secondary school was evaluated. Within the scope of the study, compulsory history textbooks, Turkish Culture and Civilization History textbook, Contemporary Turkish and World History textbook published by the Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Türkiye were examined. By considering the basic factors that create the image of China in Turkish history textbooks, how China has been represented in the textbooks and positive, negative statements were analyzed. In the study, which was designed as a qualitative research, document analysis was used as data collection technique and descriptive research model was used as a research model. As a result of the research, the name of China is mostly mentioned in the section of China’s relations with pre-Islamic Turkish states. However, the interaction of the Chinese with the Huns and Göktürks and the construction of the Great Wall of China were frequently included in the history textbooks of secondy education. While the image of China stands out in Turkish history textbooks through historical events, no direct negative images of China have been identified. The mention of One Road One Belt Project in the 9th grade textbook is an indication of a positive image of China. The history textbooks are affected by the relations between the two countries periodically in history, and as a result the image of China changes in line with periods and historical events.

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Avazovna, Vaisova Nodirabegim. "“SOGDIANS IN CHINA: A PHENOMENON IN HISTORY AND CULTURE IN MEDIEVAL CHINA”." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 4956–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1716.

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The basis of the existence of any state, nation, people is language, culture and customs, the expression of which is their own national history, writing, culture. Despite the complex history of the written culture of Sogdian civilization, it played a huge interconnecting and culturally transforming role in the existing communities and made a real significant contribution to the history of international relations of the Sogdian people, which over its long history created its own distinctive writing and its culture. An analysis of the disclosure of writing shows that in the early nomadic states a new cultural and historical foundation began to be created for subsequent development. The problem of the laws of historical development, taking into account local options, cannot be considered fully resolved until the history of the peoples inhabiting ancient Uzbekistan and Central Asia is consecrated. The role played by these peoples in the history of mankind has been enormously noted, so far only in connection with the history of neighboring countries: China in the east, Iran in the south, Byzantium in the west and Turkic kaganate in the north.In the early Middle Ages, micro-oases existed in Central Asia, the inhabitants of which formed distinctive cultures, maintaining close ties with the population of neighboring regions and surrounding nomadic tribes. During this period of its brilliant development, a culture created by the inhabitants of the Zarafshan valley - Sogdians - reached. An integral component of Sogdian culture was the innovation introduced directly or indirectly by Turkic tribes.

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Fokov, A. P. "THE CODIFICATION OF CIVIL LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (GENERAL PROVISIONS): HISTORY AND MODERNITY." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-128-135.

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In this article, the author highlights the main historical stages of the codification of civil legislation in China, reveals the content of the "General provisions of the civil code of the PRC", which entered into force on October 1, 2017, predicts further prospects for the development of Chinese civil law institutions in modern economic conditions The author analyzes the historical stages of codification of a large array of Chinese civil legislation in the twentieth and early TWENTIETH centuries, shows its focus on borrowing Russia's experience in codification and improvement of civil legislation, and also takes into account international obligations related to the participation of the state in the WTO. The current doctrine that the Civil code is a kind of economic Constitution that is constantly evolving, not only in time but also in space, shows that in China the process of reforming civil legislation is slow and haste. Thus, it is significant that the procedures related to the preparation, discussion and adoption of the civil code of the PRC have historically developed over time: from the past to the present and, of course, to the future with the prospect of solving new social and economic problems on the basis of stable codified laws. Until now, the science of Russian civil law has not received full coverage of the processes of reforming the civil legislation after the formation of the people's Republic of China in 1949, and there is no answer to the legitimate question of, and for what reason have not been adopted by scientists developed the Draft Civil code of China (1954), (1962), (1979), (2002)? The author understands the complexity of the topic, but also draws attention to the fact that in recent years, between civil scientists and practitioners of China and Russia there is a tendency to intensify the development of General provisions and institutions of civil law in the context of international cooperation. But the question of whether it is possible to identify the stages of codification of the civil legislation of Russia and China is still open, because the historical features of China, the mentality of its citizens and traditions do not allow full use of the experience of Russia, which at one time proposed a new unified text of the Civil code in the context of WTO accession. The author focuses not only on the problems of understanding the historical stages of reforming China's civil legislation in time, but also its features in the space, when the codification of the General part and institutions of civil law is under the influence of the formation of a common judicial practice in a market economy. In the course of the research the author used analytical, formal and legal methods, abstraction method, which allowed to formulate conclusions on the conducted research. The author comes to the conclusion that the codification of civil legislation in China has a common historical relationship with Russia, but at the same time, and distinctive features, which are expressed in the content of the "General provisions of the civil code of the PRC" (hereinafter - the civil code of the PRC), which entered into force on October 1, 2017.

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Jingping, Wu. "A general history displays great depth: a review ofA Comprehensive History of Modern China, edited by Zhang Haipeng." Journal of Modern Chinese History 2, no. 1 (June 2008): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535650802048124.

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28

Liu, Yuxin, and Gang Chen. "The power of Chinese aesthetic culture: history versus modernity." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 3-1 (March 1, 2023): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202303statyi33.

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The article analyzes the aesthetic culture of China. The nature of the aesthetic culture of China and its distinctive essence are determined; the nature of the relationship between the aesthetic culture of Western civilization and the aesthetic culture of China is revealed; the prospects for the development of aesthetic culture of China in the 21st century are outlined.

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Peng, Haitao. "El conflicto en tiempos de cambio: la obra de Pantoja y el debate moral en la sociedad de los finales de la dinastía Ming." Hispania 83, no. 274 (December 22, 2023): e031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/hispania.2023.031.

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Este artículo ofrece una perspectiva diferente sobre el diálogo cultural entre China y Europa. El autor sitúa este artículo dentro del contexto de la historia intelectual china y analiza la necesidad urgente de los literatos chinos de las postrimerías del periodo Ming, que consistía en la creación de una motivación moral sólida con el fin de mejorar de modo efectivo la moral de la sociedad en general. Precisamente por esta necesidad, el libro Septem Victoriis 七克 (Qike) del jesuita español Diego de Pantoja llamó mucho su atención. Algunas personas aceptaron que la idea de «obtener recompensas por hacer el bien» podía ser atractiva a los plebeyos por su fondo utilitarista. Sin embargo, todavía existían muchas élites chinas que creían que la idea de obtener recompensas celestiales violaba los principios básicos de la ética confuciana.

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Karchava, O. V. "The history of the development of Chinese space technology." Современные достижения научно-технического прогресса 5, no. 5 (2022): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sdntp-11-2022-05.

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Information about the space power China is introduced. Its current development vector. The article presents the events related to the space exploration of the People's Republic of China. A conclusion is formed about the current position of China in the field of space development.

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Ван, Ди. "History of the development of piano teaching in China." Management of Education, no. 10(56) (November 25, 2022): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/v9951-2588-6481-c.

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Китайская фортепианная музыка процветала на протяжении почти столетней истории. Цель статьи – провести анализ литературы и исследовательских материалов по истории китайской фортепианной музыки и искусства, а также предоставить четкий контекст и справочную информацию для коллег, изучающих историю развития китайского фортепианного искусства. В данной статье рассматривается историческое становление фортепианного образования в Китае начиная с конца 19 века. В ранний период обучения игре на фортепиано в стране создание ряда новых школ сыграло важную роль в содействии развитию и популяризации музыкальной культуры. Шэнь Синьгун и Ли Шутонг были выдающимися представителями фортепианного образования того времени. После образования Китайской Республики господин Цай Юаньпэй, занимавший пост главы образования, издал "Указ о временных мерах в области общего образования" и "Временные стандарты учебной программы общего образования" для всей страны. Все эти документы о реформе образования рассматривают обучение игре на фортепиано в качестве стандартного содержания новой учебной программы. В 21 веке обучение игре на фортепиано возможно для многих обычных семей. Возросший интерес к изучению игры на фортепиано отражает в целом стремление населения к высокому искусству. Chinese piano music has flourished for almost a century of history. The purpose of the article is to analyze literature and research materials on the history of Chinese piano music and art, as well as to provide a clear context and background information for colleagues studying the history of the development of Chinese piano art. This article examines the historical formation of piano education in China since the end of the 19th century. In the early period of learning to play the piano in the country, the creation of a number of new schools played an important role in promoting the development and popularization of musical culture. Shen Xingong and Li Shutong were outstanding representatives of piano education at that time. After the establishment of the Republic of China, Mr. Cai Yuanpei, who served as the head of education, issued a "Decree on temporary measures in the field of general education" and "Temporary standards of the curriculum of general education" for the whole country. All these educational reform documents consider piano teaching as the standard content of the new curriculum. In the 21st century, learning to play the piano is possible for many ordinary families. The increased interest in learning to play the piano reflects the general desire of the population for high art.

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Di Feng and Shao Dongfang. "Life Writing in Mainland China (1949-1993): A General Survey and Bibliographical Essay." Biography 17, no. 1 (1994): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2010.0253.

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LIM, Sang Hun. "Introduction and Personality of Chinese Nationalized History Textbook Zhong Wai Li Shi Gang Yao." Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 82 (May 31, 2022): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2022.82.223.

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In 2017, China confirmed the nationalized history textbooks, and the history curriculum was divided into three stages: mandatory, selective, and optional subjects. The nationalized history textbook Zhong wai Li Shi Gang Yao(『中外歷史綱要』, The Outline of Chinese and Foreign History) is planned to be used as the only history textbook in general high schools across China from 2022. This study paid attention to history education among the causes of the historical conflict between Korea and China, and considered the background, influence, and problems of the appearance of Gang Yao. The fact that Gang Yao appeared in a situation where the U.S.-China hegemony competition accelerated and became more isolated internationally suggests many points. In order to overcome this situation, China has put a lot of effort into strengthening patriotism education, and through this, it is promoting internal unity. In this situation, the Gang Yao that appeared includes such political intentions in China. China's political intentions are strongly projected, and Gang Yao has several problems such as a narrative method based on materialistic views, a lecture on the theory of a unified multi-ethnic state, and a historical narrative centered on the country. Considering that all general high school students across the country will be educated through this in the future, our position should be actively expressed. It is necessary to observe and analyze the contents related to us in more detail in China's history textbooks, and to continuously present opinions and coordinate the contents through active exchange and communication between Korea and China.

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WANG, Mi, and Zhenhuan ZHANG. "Rule of Law History and Development in China: in Comparison of Australia." Journal of Social Science Studies 10, no. 2 (September 11, 2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v10i2.21196.

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The article discusses the rule of law development and application in China compared with Australia. In August 2021, the Chinese Central Government issued the Implementation Outline for the Construction of a Government Under the Rule of Law (2021-2025), which indicated the general plan to improve rule of law for the next five years. In the past few years, the Chinese government has made great efforts to promote the rule of law theory. China enforced judicial reform, which improves the judicial independence and professional ability of legal practitioners. Chinese rule of law formation has been influenced by western countries due to previous foreign legal aid and Australian judicial practice has also been influenced by Chinese theory. In Australia, people are encouraged to solve civil disputes via mediation and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, which may be influenced by Chinese theory of “Fengqiao Experience”. It is important to continue increasing rule of law in China, but it is improper to transplant the Australian theory to China directly due to the different legal culture and history between two countries. Generally, more efforts need to be made for strengthening rule of law in China.

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Jing, Tian, Ellen Chung, and Margaret Lucy Gregory. "Vocational Education in China: Its History, Roles, Challenges and the Way Forward." Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.4497.2022.

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Vocational education plays an essential role in developing diverse human talents, passing on technical skills, and promoting employment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. As a critical part of the national education system and the development of human resources, vocational education in China plays a crucial role in the development of diverse talents, the transfer of technical skills, and the promotion of employment and entrepreneurship. This paper aims to explore the history, roles, challenges, and the way forward for vocational education in China. It is found that vocational education in China has gone through a series of name changes before settling on its current nomenclature. Although vocational education is essential to complement general academic education to build a nation, it faces an uphill battle to gain the same status and recognition bestowed on general education. These challenges include curriculum design, poor linkages with industries, public perception, and other structural issues. This paper also discusses how to overcome these challenges to improve vocational education in China.

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Fahr, Paul. "On General Terms for Texts in Early China." T’oung Pao 108, no. 5-6 (November 10, 2022): 559–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10805001.

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Abstract This article explores the lexical field of “text” in early China. It argues that words pertaining to it should not be understood as referring to textual genres, but as conveying an abstract notion of “(written) text.” In particular, it treats the word shi 事 in Liu Xiang’s 劉向 (79–8 BCE) editorial reports as well as yu 語 in many different early sources. Especially the second term has been understood as denoting a certain textual genre. This is incorrect as can be shown by analyzing occurrences of this word in relevant contexts. Rather, yu first referred to short proverbs and later, by way of semantic derivation, came to acquire the meaning “text” in general. This meaning also applies to the word’s usage in designations of early compilations such as Lunyu. Accordingly, the latter title should simply be understood as “compiled texts.”

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Zhong, Chenwen, Zhuojun Luo, Cuiying Liang, Mengping Zhou, and Li Kuang. "An overview of general practitioner consultations in China: a direct observational study." Family Practice 37, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmaa039.

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Abstract Background General practitioner (GP) consultation has long been considered an important component of general practice, but few studies have focused on its characteristics in China. Objective This study aimed to explore the content and elucidate the characteristics of GP consultations in general practice in China. Methods A multimethod investigation of GP consultations in eight community health centres in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, China was conducted between July 2018 and January 2019. Data from 445 GP consultations were collected by direct observation and audio tape and analysed by a modified Davis Observation Code with indicators for frequencies and detailed time durations. GP and patient characteristics were collected by post-visit surveys. Results The mean visit duration was approximately 5.4 minutes. GPs spent the most time on treatment planning, history taking, negotiating, notetaking and physical examination and less time on health promotion, family information collecting, discussing substance use, procedures and counselling. The time spent on procedures ranked first (66 seconds), followed by history taking (65 seconds) and treatment planning (63 seconds). Besides, patients were very active in the consultation, specifically for topics related to medicine ordering and drug costs. Conclusions This study described the profile of GP consultations and illustrated the complexity of care provided by GPs in China. As patient activation in GP consultations becomes increasingly important, future studies need to explore how to promote the engagement of patients in the whole consultation process other than just requesting for medicine.

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Shao, Sijia. "The works of V.M. Shukshin in China: history of translations and creativity reception." Neophilology, no. 3 (2023): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2023-9-3-583-595.

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We consider the history of translations and publications of V.M. Shukshin in China on the data first systematization basis on the publication of translations of the writer’s works into Chinese. The periodization of the reception of his work in the PRC is proposed, the reasons for the translations of V.M. Shukshin in China. The purpose of the study is a translations history systematic analysis of works by V.M. Shukshin in China, as well as determining the status and writer’s works role translated into Chinese in modern Chinese literature. For this purpose, we collect translations of the works of V.M. Shukshin into Chinese and the translator’s assessment of V.M. Shukshin. The sociological, cultural-historical method and statistical data are used, diagrams and tables are given to clearly and in detail show the translation of the works of V.M. Shukshin into Chinese. From these diagrams and tables one can see the translation of V.M. Shukshin in China and the perception specific process. The analysis results the show that the works of V.M. Shukshin were widely translated in China, and not only stories, but also screenplays and some of his journalistic articles were published in Chinese, works that are popular with Chinese readers and scholars. V.M. Shukshin is known in China as a writer, producer and actor. The results of this study can be practically useful for further research in China on the work of V.M. Shukshin and Russian literature in general.

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Clark, Caroline, Frank Dikötter, Lars Laamann, and Zhou Xun. "Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China." Health and History 7, no. 1 (2005): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40111521.

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Sun, Guifan, Yuanyuan Xu, Quanmei Zheng, and Shuhua Xi. "Arsenicosis history and research progress in Mainland China." Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 27, no. 9 (September 2011): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2011.05.004.

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Liu, Ling, Da-wei Liu, and Hai-bo Qiu. "Critical care medicine in China: history and perspective." Chinese Medical Journal 126, no. 10 (May 20, 2013): 1806–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130347.

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Susan Burns. "Leprosy in China: A History (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 84, no. 3 (2010): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2010.0021.

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Feng, Huiling. "Study on the Development Status and Prospects of Public History in Contemporary China." Communications in Humanities Research 34, no. 1 (May 21, 2024): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/34/20240134.

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Public history is a combination of traditional historiography popularization, in which many topics related to social practice may arise. Public history is beneficial for improving the knowledge level of the general public. The United States was the first to begin the study of public history, and then public history was introduced to China. The development of Chinese public history is reflected in various film and television historiography, and has been integrated into the daily lives of the general public. The development of contemporary Chinese public history is also reflected in museum historical architecture and folk genealogy. The main reason for the rise of Chinese historiography is that the general public has increasingly high demands for spiritual nourishment, and there are more and more educated people. Public history has gained a lot of attention in this environment. The dissemination of works that combine many historical themes has aroused strong interest among the public. After two launches of public history in China, public history experienced an outbreak in the second round. The government and the public paid more attention to topics related to public history, which made the development of public history more prosperous.

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Derbenev, Andrei. "Saudi Arabia – China: Partnership Strategy." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640017894-1.

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The mood for a strategic partnership between Riyadh and Beijing grows stronger every day. Both countries are well-established on the international stage and have sufficiently mastered the most modern tools of market interaction, paving the way for a continuous improvement of cooperation in all areas. The process of dynamic growth of financial, economic, trade and other indicators has long been accompanied by a mutually beneficial dialogue between the two nations on security in general, and cargo transportation in particular, as well as other pressing issues that the peoples of both countries face today. These problems traditionally occupy the minds of the politicians of China and Saudi Arabia. Riyadh is making great efforts to diversify its economy and is therefore keen to expand its cooperation with the People's Republic of China. Chief among China's interests in the Middle East is continued access to the region's energy resources, on which its economy largely depends, making supplies to China vulnerable to waves of turbulence in the Middle East since the Arab Spring. Energy cooperation and the creation of infrastructure, including the construction of seaports and transport infrastructure, which are critically important for improving the safety of navigation. The article analyses the national project “Vision of Saudi Arabia 2030” and the initiative of the People's Republic of China “One Belt, One Road” (BRI) as one of the main goals of expanding cooperation between Saudi Arabia and China.

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Shuai, Luo, Zhang Jie, and Li Na. "The history of the Russian literature spread in China." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 9-2 (September 1, 2023): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202309statyi29.

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The article deals with the historical process of China's acquaintance with the literature of Russian writers and poets. The chronology of the stages of the spread of Russian literature in China is presented. Current trends in the perception of works of Russian literature by the inhabitants of China are identified.

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Esherick, Joseph W., John K. Fairbank, and Albert Feuerwerker. "The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China, 1912-1949, Part 2." Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, no. 2 (April 1988): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603690.

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Galistcheva, N., and M. Reshchikova. "India-China Trade: History, Present State and Prospects." Higher School of Economics Economic Journal 26, no. 2 (2022): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1813-8691-2022-26-2-307-332.

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Woo, Sung Min. "A Comparison Between the History Textbooks for Secondary Vocational Schools and General High Schools in China: Descriptions of Korean History." CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 134 (October 31, 2021): 357–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.134.357.

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Langlois, John D., and Edward L. Dreyer. "Early Ming China: A Political History, 1355-1435." Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, no. 4 (October 1985): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/602762.

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Van, Hay. "The History of Formation and Modern Development of the Education System in China." Scientific Research and Development. Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 10, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-1731-2021-10-2-80-84.

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The article studies the general principles of the functioning of the education system in China at the present stage, and considers their features. The paper also identifies the main stages of the development of the education system in China, identifies the problems that characterize the current state of education of Chinese children and students, and suggests ways to eliminate the identified problems.

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