Journal articles on the topic 'General Ecological Behaviour'
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Mohd Suki, Norazah. "Young consumer ecological behaviour." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 24, no. 6 (September 20, 2013): 726–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-02-2013-0010.
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Abraham, Juneman, and Any Rufaedah. "Pro-Environment Being Ecological Attachments." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 3, no. 10 (March 13, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i10.86.
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This research related five attachment objects altogether, i.e. home attachment, neighborhood cohesion, workplace/campus attachment, city attachment, and national identity, with general pro-environmental behavior. Additional analysis included prejudice toward pro-environmental activists and psycho-socio-demographic profiles as explanatory variables. The participants were 262 urban young adults (121 males, 141 females; Mage = 30.09 years, SDage = 9.82 years) who are citizens of Jakarta and its surrounding areas. The result showed that the higher the attachment to, consecutively, workplace/campus, city, and neighborhood, the higher the general pro-environmental behavior. Home attachment, national identity, and prejudice toward pro-environmental activists could not predict pro-environmental behavior.Keywords: pro-environment; community; attachment; urban psychologyeISSN 2398-4295 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Melash, V., А. Varenychenko, and О. Voznyuk. "METHODICAL ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL AND VALEOLOGICAL EDUCATION OF JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS." Zhytomyr Ivan Franko state university journal. Рedagogical sciences, no. 2(109) (October 19, 2022): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/pedagogy.2(109).2022.78-94.
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The article is devoted to the methodical aspects of ecological and valeological education of junior schoolchildren with special educational needs. The methods of ecological and valeological education as well as the means of pedagogical interaction with the schoolchildren are determined, which contribute to the formation of their ecological consciousness, competence, and culture, considering individual features (age, psycho-physiological ones). The methods of development of ecological consciousness in the children with special educational needs aimed at mastering ecological ideas and ecological-ethical concepts and norms, the methods of formation of ecologically balanced behaviour, as well as the methods of stimulating moral feelings and motives of behaviour are specified. The means of ecological and valeological education of the schoolchildren with the peculiarities in mental development are specified: direct communication with nature (admiring nature, excursions, some natural therapeutic methods, etc.); inclusion in various subject-practical activities (ecological and valeological games, collective creative work, ecological projects, environmental actions, practical works); activation of cognitive interest by artistic means (folklore and oral folk art, musical works, presentations and educational films, feature films, fiction, fine arts, fairy tales, etc.). It is proved that for the education of ecological and valeological culture in the schoolchildren with special educational needs, it is advisable to primarily develop emotional, value and sensory spheres with the help of outlined methods of ecological consciousness development, the methods of forming ecologically balanced behaviour, and the methods of stimulating moral feelings and motives. The defined methodical aspects of ecological and valeological education in junior schoolchildren with special educational needs enable to effectively implement the ecological education in an inclusive environment and fulfil their purpose – to help the schoolchildren with special educational needs to develop personality potential, social rehabilitation and self-realization, to act ecologically competently and safely for promoting the sustainable development of their homeland and their own well-being.
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Oerke, Britta, and Franz X. Bogner. "Social Desirability, Environmental Attitudes, and General Ecological Behaviour in Children." International Journal of Science Education 35, no. 5 (March 2013): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2011.566897.
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Kumawat, Pinky, and Cristina Pronello. "Validating Italian General Ecological Behaviour Questionnaire of Travellers Using Dichotomous Rasch Model." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111976.
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Ecological behaviour and its impact on the environment are subjects of public concern and understanding individual behavioural measures to induce sustainable lifestyles is of extreme importance for policy makers to assess and promote sustainable mobility. To this end, a questionnaire with highly reliable items, evaluations of determinants and accurate measurements of ecological behaviour is a precondition for understanding the levers of behavioural change. This paper aims at an understanding of whether the dichotomous Rasch model provides a legitimate measurement of General Ecological Behaviour (GEB) using a 26-item questionnaire as a valid tool to assess the pro-environment behaviour of a large sample of users. A web questionnaire was administered using the snowball sampling plan in the Piedmont region (Italy), with a sample of 4473 respondents. The results suggest that using the dichotomous Rasch model, the proposed questionnaire is able to effectively measure the pro-environment behaviour of travellers. Unidimensionality, the perfect level of item reliability of 1, the very high item separation of 34.22, the absence of larger differential item functions, and the local independence are all good indicators of a valid model. This research shows how a good, validated, and reliable measurement of ecological behaviour would support public bodies in planning environment-focused transport policies thanks to the knowledge of which variables determine pro-environment behaviour. In addition, the proposed approach also allows us to measure the efficacy of the adopted policies.
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Grundey, Dainora. "CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGICAL AGRI-BUSINESS: SOME EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE." Economics & Sociology 2, no. 1a (July 20, 2009): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2009/2-1a/19.
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FAEZAH, Juhari Noor, Mohd Yusoff YUSLIZA, Yusoff Noor AZLINA, Jumadil SAPUTRA, and Wan Kassim WAN ZULKIFLI. "Developing a Conceptual Model to Implement the Employee Ecological Behavior in Organisations." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 3 (June 3, 2022): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.3(59).14.
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Sustainability is a concern that has been discussed in many global conferences, mainly in the educational domain. Recently, the world has witnessed a growing interest among education organisations in adopting green practices and environmental management. In general, environmental sustainability at the organisation level is greatly dependent on individual‐level ecological behaviour. Based on the social identity theory where the corporate strategy has a psychological influence on the behaviour of employees in an ecological context, the current study aims to analyse the effects of green human resource management (HRM) on the employee ecological behaviours (EEB), coupled with the mediating roles of psychological green climate and organisational identification, via the moderation effect of green consciousness. It is expected that the finding of this research will shed new insights into developing a comprehensive model for the assessment of EEB that can influence the environmental management (EM) initiatives being implemented in the organisations. The research output contributes to the enhancement of knowledge on employee behaviour from an ecological perspective in a workplace.
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Chan, Sai-Keong, Farzana Quoquab, and Rohaida Basiruddin. "Personal and Environmental Factors that Influence the Ecological Behaviour of Energy-Efficient Appliance Purchases." Jurnal Institutions and Economies 13, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 59–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijie.vol13no2.3.
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This study investigates the effects of personal and environmental factors on ecological beliefs and ecological behaviour and assesses the mediating and moderating influences in this model. This study utilises 592 questionnaire surveys among Malaysian consumers. A partial least squares technique (PLS) was utilised to analyse the data and to test the study hypotheses. The findings show that personal and environmental factors have a positive influence on ecological beliefs and ecological behaviour; ecological beliefs are positively related to ecological behaviour. Additionally, ecological beliefs mediate the relationship between personal factors and ecological behaviour, and the relationship between environmental factors and ecological behaviour. The present study is among the pioneers in including environmental factors and ecological beliefs in pro-environmental studies. In the context of energy-efficient appliance purchases, the findings elaborate on the existing knowledge of personal and environmental factors, and individual’s beliefs.
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Golden, Michael. "Musicking as ecological behaviour: an integrated ‘4E’ view." idea journal 17, no. 02 (December 1, 2020): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37113/ij.v17i02.349.
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In this article, I bring together research from ethnomusicology, ecology, neuroscience, ‘4E’ cognition theory and evolutionary musicology in support of the idea that musicking, human musicking in particular, can best be understood as an emergent ecological behaviour. ‘Ecological’ here is used to mean an active process of engaging with and connecting ourselves to our various environmental domains – social, physical and metaphysical – and although I will focus on musicking, these concepts may apply to other artistic behaviours as well. The essential ideas from the Santiago theory of cognition, the work of Maturana and Varela and one of the foundations of contemporary 4E cognition theory, are that we as living beings ‘bring forth’ both the inner and outer worlds we experience, and this process (cognition) is common to all life. Music is also a process (not an object), one that emerges from properties of life itself and serves to link body/mind and environment. Understood this way, ‘co-constructing body-environments’ applies to the arts in general.
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Torkar, Gregor, Tina Fabijan, and Franz X. Bogner. "Students’ Care for Dogs, Environmental Attitudes, and Behaviour." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041317.
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Does the act of caring for a dog have a substantial connection to the environmental values and behaviours of children? The scientific current literature contains little empirical research regarding the effect of pet ownership on environmental attitudes and behaviours in children. The Two Factor Model of Environmental Values (2-MEV) scale and the General Ecological Behaviour (GEB) scale were applied to measure environmental attitudes/values and ecological behaviours aligned with the Children’s Care for Dogs Questionnaire (CTDQ) to measure individual care for dogs. The subjects were Slovenian adolescents in primary education and lower secondary education. A clear relationship emerged: students that reported a better level of care for their pet dogs tended to engage in more environmentally responsible behaviours. Preservation and utilization attitudes had no significant influence on caring for a dog. Female students tended to report better care for dogs and practiced environmental behaviour more often. Younger students scored higher on the preservation values and practiced environmental behaviour more often. Overall, this study provides an evidence-based framework for educational initiatives that aim to include long-term care for animals. This study proposes a method with which educational programs could achieve the goal of fostering environmental behaviours.
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Milner-Gulland, E. J. "Interactions between human behaviour and ecological systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1586 (January 19, 2012): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0175.
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Research on the interactions between human behaviour and ecological systems tends to focus on the direct effects of human activities on ecosystems, such as biodiversity loss. There is also increasing research effort directed towards ecosystem services. However, interventions to control people's use of the environment alter the incentives that natural resource users face, and therefore their decisions about resource use. The indirect effects of conservation interventions on biodiversity, modulated through human decision-making, are poorly studied but are likely to be significant and potentially counterintuitive. This is particularly so where people are dependent on multiple natural resources for their livelihoods, when both poverty and biodiversity loss are acute. An inter-disciplinary approach is required to quantify these interactions, with an understanding of human decision-making at its core; otherwise, predictions about the impacts of conservation policies may be highly misleading.
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Lorenzo-Romero, Carlota, María-del-Carmen Alarcón-del-Amo, and José Alberto Crespo-Jareño. "AN EXPLANATORY MODEL OF THE ECOTOURISTS BEHAVIOUR: MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TOURISM SECTOR." E+M Ekonomie a Management 24, no. 3 (September 2021): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-3-013.
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Concern for the environment, which is of interest to academia, the business world and society in general, has meant the development of green marketing in the last half century. Environment can influence consumer behaviour and specifically the way tourists consume. The promotion of ecotourism, through information and communication, must be based on the identification of the different behaviour models to which marketing strategies are directed, according to needs, motivations, interests, expectations, behaviours and attitudes. The main research goal of this study is to determine the internal and external factors that influence the consumer behaviours identified as ecotourists, as well as the factors that shape their purchasing intentions. The theory of planned behaviour has shown its usefulness because its object (i.e., intention to perform a behaviour, taking into account that in the intentions are the factors that motivate the behaviour), through attitudes and beliefs, is the prediction and understanding of the way individuals behave. A model that facilitates the understanding of the ecological behaviour of ecotourists has been developed, starting from the value-belief-norm model towards the environment, to which a construct related to the theory of planned behaviour has been incorporated, in order to better understand the behaviour of ecotourists. The method used to analyse the causal model has been the structural equation modelling, and the sample used amounts to 403 ecotourists within a country characterized by the importance of tourism sector in its economic growing: Spain. The main result obtained indicates that the proposed model is useful to know the ecological behaviour of ecotourists. Specifically, it has been facilitated the knowledge of the factors that affect the intention to do ecotourism and to pay more to consume this type of activities. It could be useful for professionals of tourism sector to analyse and improve their ecological marketing strategies.
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Yayla, Özgür, Emrah Keskin, and Hüseyin Keles. "The Relationship Between Environmental Sensitivity, Ecological Attitude, and the Ecological Product purchasing Behaviour of Tourists." European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2022-0002.
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Abstract This research was conducted to determine the relationship between environmental sensitivity, ecological attitude, and ecological product purchasing behaviour of tourists. Within the scope of the research, a survey was conducted on foreign tourists who visited Manavgat, Turkey. The Smart PLS program was used to determine the relationships among the variables. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that tourists’ environmental sensitivity has a strong effect on their ecological attitude and their behaviour in purchasing ecological products. Moreover, ecological attitude plays a mediating role in the relationship between environmental sensitivity and ecological product purchasing behaviour. Many suggestions are offered to the academicians, business managers in the sector, and destination management organisations at the end of the study.
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Schulenburg, Hinrich, Joachim Kurtz, Yannick Moret, and Michael T. Siva-Jothy. "Introduction. Ecological immunology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1513 (October 16, 2008): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0249.
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An organism's fitness is critically reliant on its immune system to provide protection against parasites and pathogens. The structure of even simple immune systems is surprisingly complex and clearly will have been moulded by the organism's ecology. The aim of this review and the theme issue is to examine the role of different ecological factors on the evolution of immunity. Here, we will provide a general framework of the field by contextualizing the main ecological factors, including interactions with parasites, other types of biotic as well as abiotic interactions, intraspecific selective constraints (life-history trade-offs, sexual selection) and population genetic processes. We then elaborate the resulting immunological consequences such as the diversity of defence mechanisms (e.g. avoidance behaviour, resistance, tolerance), redundancy and protection against immunopathology, life-history integration of the immune response and shared immunity within a community (e.g. social immunity and microbiota-mediated protection). Our review summarizes the concepts of current importance and directs the reader to promising future research avenues that will deepen our understanding of the defence against parasites and pathogens.
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Sinha, Somdatta, and S. Parthasarathy. "Behaviour of simple population models under ecological processes." Journal of Biosciences 19, no. 2 (June 1994): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02703058.
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Johnson, Lionel. "Pattern and Process in Ecological Systems: A Step in the Development of a General Ecological Theory." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 226–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-024.
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The dominant fish populations in undisturbed arctic lakes are characterized as being in a state of "least specific dissipation": the greatest biomass attainable for a given energy input. A survey of autonomous ecosystems in various parts of the world indicated that this pattern is widespread. It is concluded that ecosystems are formed at the point of intersection of two established physical principles: the "principle of most action" (≈least dissipation or conservation of free energy) and the "principle of least action". "Action" is defined as the product of energy times time (joule-seconds). The trend to "most action" necessitates deceleration of energy flow: "least action" accelerates energy flow. For an ecosystem to survive over ecological time, the principle of most action must override the principle of least action. In that different species of organism have different capacities to conserve free energy (increase action), a hierarchy is formed locally in which action increases at each hierarchical level. Over the long term, as a result of genetic instability, both principles induce change, but the principle of least action dominates system behaviour causing increasingly rapid energy dissipation. Evolution is the resultant of these two countervailing forces.
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Singh, Narendra, and Karnika Gupta. "Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour of Indian consumers." Social Responsibility Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2013): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471111311307787.
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Hastings, Alan, Karen C. Abbott, Kim Cuddington, Tessa B. Francis, Ying-Cheng Lai, Andrew Morozov, Sergei Petrovskii, and Mary Lou Zeeman. "Effects of stochasticity on the length and behaviour of ecological transients." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 180 (July 2021): 20210257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0257.
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There is a growing recognition that ecological systems can spend extended periods of time far away from an asymptotic state, and that ecological understanding will therefore require a deeper appreciation for how long ecological transients arise. Recent work has defined classes of deterministic mechanisms that can lead to long transients. Given the ubiquity of stochasticity in ecological systems, a similar systematic treatment of transients that includes the influence of stochasticity is important. Stochasticity can of course promote the appearance of transient dynamics by preventing systems from settling permanently near their asymptotic state, but stochasticity also interacts with deterministic features to create qualitatively new dynamics. As such, stochasticity may shorten, extend or fundamentally change a system’s transient dynamics. Here, we describe a general framework that is developing for understanding the range of possible outcomes when random processes impact the dynamics of ecological systems over realistic time scales. We emphasize that we can understand the ways in which stochasticity can either extend or reduce the lifetime of transients by studying the interactions between the stochastic and deterministic processes present, and we summarize both the current state of knowledge and avenues for future advances.
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Kwasnicka, Dominika, Dimitra Kale, Verena Schneider, Jan Keller, Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah Asare, Daniel Powell, Felix Naughton, Gill A. ten Hoor, Peter Verboon, and Olga Perski. "Systematic review of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies of five public health-related behaviours: review protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e046435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046435.
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IntroductionEcological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated, real-time assessments of phenomena (eg, cognitions, emotions, behaviours) over a period of time in naturalistic settings. EMA is increasingly used to study both within-person and between-person processes. We will review EMA studies investigating key health behaviours and synthesise: (1) study characteristics (eg, frequency of assessments, adherence, incentives), (2) associations between psychological predictors and behaviours and (3) moderators of adherence to EMA protocols.Methods and analysisThis review will focus on EMA studies conducted across five public health behaviours in adult, non-clinical populations: movement behaviour (including physical activity and sedentary behaviour), dietary behaviour, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and preventive sexual health behaviours. Studies need to have assessed at least one psychological or contextual predictor of these behaviours. Studies reporting exclusively on physiological outcomes (eg, cortisol) or those not conducted under free-living conditions will be excluded. We will search OVID MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science using terms relevant to EMA and the selected health behaviours. Reference lists of existing systematic reviews of EMA studies will be hand searched. Identified articles will be screened by two reviewers. This review is expected to provide a comprehensive summary of EMA studies assessing psychological or contextual predictors of five public health behaviours.Ethics and disseminationThe results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations. Data from included studies will be made available to other researchers. No ethics are required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020168314.
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Buck, Julia C., and Sara B. Weinstein. "The ecological consequences of a pandemic." Biology Letters 16, no. 11 (November 2020): 20200641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0641.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has altered human behaviour in profound ways, prompting some to question whether the associated economic and social impacts might outweigh disease impacts. This fits into a burgeoning ecological paradigm suggesting that for both predator–prey and parasite–host interactions, non-consumptive effects (avoidance) can be orders of magnitude stronger than consumptive effects (sickness and death). Just as avoidance of predators and parasites imposes substantial costs on prey and hosts, altered behaviour to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 has impacted human fitness and wellbeing. But the effects of infectious disease avoidance do not stop there; non-consumptive effects of predators and parasites often trigger cascading indirect effects in natural systems. Similarly, shifts in human behaviour due to COVID-19 have triggered myriad indirect effects on species and the environment, which can be positive, negative or neutral. We urge researchers to recognize that the environmental impacts associated with lockdowns are indirect effects of the virus. In short, the global response to COVID-19 suggests that the non-consumptive effects of a pathogen, and resulting indirect effects, can be profound.
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Dukas, Reuven. "Behavioural and ecological consequences of limited attention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1427 (November 29, 2002): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1063.
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Ecological research in the past few decades has shown that most animals acquire and respond adaptively to information that affects survival and reproduction. At the same time, neurobiological studies have established that the rate of information processing by the brain is much lower than the rate at which information is encountered in the environment, and that attentional mechanisms enable the brain to focus only on the most essential information at any given time. Recent integration of the ecological and neurobiological approaches helps us to understand key behaviours with broad ecological and evolutionary implications. Specifically, current data indicate that limited attention affects diet choice and constrains animals‘ ability simultaneously to feed and attend to predators. Recent experiments also suggest that limited attention influences social interactions, courtship and mating behaviour.
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Pollett, Philip K. "Ensemble Behaviour in Population Processes with Applications to Ecological Systems." Environmental Modeling & Assessment 14, no. 5 (July 29, 2008): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10666-008-9165-3.
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Slagsvold, Tore, and Karen L. Wiebe. "Learning the ecological niche." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1606 (September 29, 2006): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3663.
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A cornerstone of ecological theory is the ecological niche. Yet little is known about how individuals come to adopt it: whether it is innate or learned. Here, we report a cross-fostering experiment in the wild where we transferred eggs of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus , to nests of great tits, Parus major , and vice versa, to quantify the consequences of being reared in a different social context, but in an environment otherwise natural to the birds. We show that early learning causes a shift in the feeding niche in the direction of the foster species and that this shift lasts for life (foraging conservatism). Both species changed their feeding niches, but the change was greater in the great tit with its less specialized feeding behaviour. The study shows that cultural transmission through early learning is fundamental to the realization of ecological niches, and suggests a mechanism to explain learned habitat preference and sympatric speciation in animals.
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Végvári, Zsolt, Zoltán Barta, Pekka Mustakallio, and Tamás Székely. "Consistent avoidance of human disturbance over large geographical distances by a migratory bird." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (May 6, 2011): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0295.
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Recent work on animal personalities has demonstrated that individuals may show consistent behaviour across situations and contexts. These studies were often carried out in one location and/or during short time intervals. Many animals, however, migrate and spend their life in several geographically distinct locations, and they may either adopt behaviours specific to the local environment or keep consistent behaviours over ecologically distinct locations. Long-distance migratory species offer excellent opportunities to test whether the animals maintain their personalities over large geographical scale, although the practical difficulties associated with these studies have hampered such tests. Here, we demonstrate for the first time consistency in disturbance tolerance behaviour in a long-distance migratory bird, using the common crane Grus grus as an ecological model species. Cranes that hatched in undisturbed habitats in Finland choose undisturbed migratory stop-over sites in Hungary, 1300–2000 km away from their breeding ground. This is remarkable, because these sites are not only separated by large distances, they also differ ecologically: the breeding sites are wooded bogs and subarctic tundra, whereas the migratory stop-over sites are temperate zone alkaline grasslands. The significance of our study goes beyond evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology: local effects on behaviour may carry over large distances, and this hitherto hidden implication of habitat selection needs to be incorporated into conservation planning.
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Belgrad, Benjamin A., and Blaine D. Griffen. "Predator–prey interactions mediated by prey personality and predator hunting mode." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1828 (April 13, 2016): 20160408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0408.
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Predator–prey interactions are important drivers in structuring ecological communities. However, despite widespread acknowledgement that individual behaviours and predator species regulate ecological processes, studies have yet to incorporate individual behavioural variations in a multipredator system. We quantified a prevalent predator avoidance behaviour to examine the simultaneous roles of prey personality and predator hunting mode in governing predator–prey interactions. Mud crabs, Panopeus herbstii , reduce their activity levels and increase their refuge use in the presence of predator cues. We measured mud crab mortality and consistent individual variations in the strength of this predator avoidance behaviour in the presence of predatory blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus , and toadfish, Opsanus tau . We found that prey personality and predator species significantly interacted to affect mortality with blue crabs primarily consuming bold mud crabs and toadfish preferentially selecting shy crabs. Additionally, the strength of the predator avoidance behaviour depended upon the predation risk from the predator species. Consequently, the personality composition of populations and predator hunting mode may be valuable predictors of both direct and indirect predator–prey interaction strength. These findings support theories postulating mechanisms for maintaining intraspecies diversity and have broad implications for community dynamics.
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Kaiser, Florian G., and Anders Biel. "Assessing General Ecological Behavior." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.16.1.44.
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Summary: The General Ecological Behavior (GEB) scale was developed for cross-cultural applications ( Kaiser & Wilson, in press ). The present study compares ecological behavior in Sweden and Switzerland. Questionnaire data from 247 Swedish and 445 Swiss participants are presented. Reliability and internal consistency analyses revealed that the GEB scale was applicable to both the Swedish and Swiss samples. In general, Swiss behave more ecologically than Swedes. Nevertheless, several ecological behaviors turned out to be easier to conduct in Sweden than in Switzerland and vice versa. The GEB scale takes differential behavior difficulties into account that are most likely caused by situational influences. At the same time, the proposed behavior measurement approach guides the search for potentially useful political actions that make it easier for people to behave ecologically in some societies and, thus, can be adopted by others.
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Yarema, Mariya. "Denial of Human Superiority Over Nature as the Denial of the Value of Nature." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 19, no. 4 (January 5, 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2021.19.4.01.
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Ecology as a science today, mainly rejects anthropocentrism in favour of nonhuman-centred ethics. Such rejection is propagated as a proper valuing of nature, while the human-centred eco-theories are considered to be the theoretic basis for the exploitation and destruction of nature by humans. The main purpose of some nonhuman-centred ecologic theories is to reduce the growth of the human’s population because the people’s existence, totally, is seen as a cause of ecological disasters, and even social problems. The aim of the article is to show that human beings are, in reality, the only living organisms on Earth, able to take care about nature as it deserves. The main problem is incorrect behaviour with nature, not a big amount of people living on the Earth. The ecological disasters, at the same time, are connected not only with humans’ irresponsible conduct, but with the natural forces that are independent from human activity, but that does not deprive people from the task to take responsibility for their environmental behaviour.
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Greenfield, Michael D., and Todd E. Shelly. "Satellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers." Behaviour 109, no. 3-4 (1989): 200–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853989x00231.
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AbstractAlternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as "dominant/ territorial" versus "subordinate/non-territorial", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.
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Garner, Mark. "LANGUAGE ECOLOGY AS LINGUISTIC THEORY." Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (July 19, 2017): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v17i2.4485.
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language ecology was proposed by Einar Haugen in 1972 as the study of the interaction of any given language and its environment. Despite some use of the term in the literature, sociolinguistics have failed to develop the potenstial that Haugen saw in an ecological approach. Recent developments in ecological thought, however; when applied to language, raise questions about many basic assumptions of conventional linguistics. For example, from an ecological perspective, language is not a rule-governed system, but a form of patterned behaviour arising from the needs of human socialtity: communication, culture, and community. As Haugen foresaw, language ecology offers an exciting alternative approach to linguistic theory.Key words: language ecology, patterned behaviour, holistic, dynamic, and interactive
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Kuijper, D. P. J., E. Sahlén, B. Elmhagen, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, H. Sand, K. Lone, and J. P. G. M. Cromsigt. "Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1841 (October 26, 2016): 20161625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1625.
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Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator–prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes.
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Requena, Guillermo. "Special Issue: Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Structural Lightweight Alloys." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152364.
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Dhanda, Bimla, and Sudha Chhikara. "Behaviour Development in Babies: Its Improvement in Relation with Ecological Factors." Journal of Human Ecology 19, no. 3 (March 2006): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2006.11905881.
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Ratnaningtyas, Laras Agitya, Intan Wahyuni Tukiyo, and Helfi Agustin. "Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang gizi, peer group dan uang saku dengan pemilihan jajanan pada siswa SLTP." Jurnal Cakrawala Promkes 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/promkes.v3i2.4857.
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Poor nutritional behaviour among students is the increasing of snacking proportion and the consumption unnutritious and unsafe food. The aims of the study was to know the determinants of school children's snack behavior using behavioural ecological model. This was a cross-sectional study design based on ecological models behaviour. The study was conducted at a state junior high school in Sleman Regency, D.I Yogyakarta. The sample was 80 students of 381 students. The data were analyzed by the chi-square test. The result showed that only 52.5% students had selected behaviour in snacking, 50% students had a good level of knowledge about nutrition and food security, 68.8% had a large amount of pocket money, 83.8% had breakfast habit, 70% were highly influenced by peers. There were significant relations between knowledge about nutrition and food security and breakfast habits. There were no significant relations between the amount of pocket money, peers with students' behaviour to the selection of snacks in the State Junior High School in Sleman, Special Region Yogyakarta. It is recommended for schools to strengthen their school health institutions through increasing the role of student cadres and counseling about nutrition and food safety in the provision of healthy canteens. Include content about nutrition and the consequences of consuming unsafe food, placing posters on healthy and unhealthy food in the school canteen. Schools are also advised to provide socialization to parents and students about the importance of having breakfast and bringing lunch from home.
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Jolles, Jolle W., Kate L. Laskowski, Neeltje J. Boogert, and Andrea Manica. "Repeatable group differences in the collective behaviour of stickleback shoals across ecological contexts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1872 (February 7, 2018): 20172629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2629.
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Establishing how collective behaviour emerges is central to our understanding of animal societies. Previous research has highlighted how universal interaction rules shape collective behaviour, and that individual differences can drive group functioning. Groups themselves may also differ considerably in their collective behaviour, but little is known about the consistency of such group variation, especially across different ecological contexts that may alter individuals' behavioural responses. Here, we test if randomly composed groups of sticklebacks differ consistently from one another in both their structure and movement dynamics across an open environment, an environment with food, and an environment with food and shelter. Based on high-resolution tracking data of the free-swimming shoals, we found large context-associated changes in the average behaviour of the groups. But despite these changes and limited social familiarity among group members, substantial and predictable behavioural differences between the groups persisted both within and across the different contexts (group-level repeatability): some groups moved consistently faster, more cohesively, showed stronger alignment and/or clearer leadership than other groups. These results suggest that among-group heterogeneity could be a widespread feature in animal societies. Future work that considers group-level variation in collective behaviour may help understand the selective pressures that shape how animal collectives form and function.
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Tobias, Joseph A., and Alex L. Pigot. "Integrating behaviour and ecology into global biodiversity conservation strategies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0012.
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Insights into animal behaviour play an increasingly central role in species-focused conservation practice. However, progress towards incorporating behaviour into regional or global conservation strategies has been more limited, not least because standardized datasets of behavioural traits are generally lacking at wider taxonomic or spatial scales. Here we make use of the recent expansion of global datasets for birds to assess the prospects for including behavioural traits in systematic conservation priority-setting and monitoring programmes. Using International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List classifications for more than 9500 bird species, we show that the incidence of threat can vary substantially across different behavioural categories, and that some types of behaviour—including particular foraging, mating and migration strategies—are significantly more threatened than others. The link between behavioural traits and extinction risk is partly driven by correlations with well-established geographical and ecological factors (e.g. range size, body mass, human population pressure), but our models also reveal that behaviour modifies the effect of these factors, helping to explain broad-scale patterns of extinction risk. Overall, these results suggest that a multi-species approach at the scale of communities, continents and ecosystems can be used to identify and monitor threatened behaviours, and to flag up cases of latent extinction risk, where threatened status may currently be underestimated. Our findings also highlight the importance of comprehensive standardized descriptive data for ecological and behavioural traits, and point the way towards deeper integration of behaviour into quantitative conservation assessments. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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Ma, Yi-An, and Hong Qian. "A thermodynamic theory of ecology: Helmholtz theorem for Lotka–Volterra equation, extended conservation law, and stochastic predator–prey dynamics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2183 (November 2015): 20150456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0456.
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We carry out mathematical analyses, à la Helmholtz’s and Boltzmann’s 1884 studies of monocyclic Newtonian dynamics, for the Lotka–Volterra (LV) equation exhibiting predator–prey oscillations. In doing so, a novel ‘thermodynamic theory’ of ecology is introduced. An important feature, absent in the classical mechanics, of ecological systems is a natural stochastic population dynamic formulation of which the deterministic equation (e.g. the LV equation studied) is the infinite population limit. Invariant density for the stochastic dynamics plays a central role in the deterministic LV dynamics. We show how the conservation law along a single trajectory extends to incorporate both variations in a model parameter α and in initial conditions: Helmholtz’s theorem establishes a broadly valid conservation law in a class of ecological dynamics. We analyse the relationships among mean ecological activeness θ , quantities characterizing dynamic ranges of populations A and α , and the ecological force F α . The analyses identify an entire orbit as a stationary ecology, and establish the notion of an ‘equation of ecological states’. Studies of the stochastic dynamics with finite populations show the LV equation as the robust, fast cyclic underlying behaviour. The mathematical narrative provides a novel way of capturing long-term dynamical behaviours with an emergent conservative ecology .
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Watson, Sue-Ann, Jennifer B. Fields, and Philip L. Munday. "Ocean acidification alters predator behaviour and reduces predation rate." Biology Letters 13, no. 2 (February 2017): 20160797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0797.
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Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates; however, the emerging and likely widespread effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels on marine invertebrate behaviour are still little understood. Here, we show that ocean acidification alters and impairs key ecological behaviours of the predatory cone snail Conus marmoreus . Projected near-future seawater CO 2 levels (975 µatm) increased activity in this coral reef molluscivore more than threefold (from less than 4 to more than 12 mm min −1 ) and decreased the time spent buried to less than one-third when compared with the present-day control conditions (390 µatm). Despite increasing activity, elevated CO 2 reduced predation rate during predator–prey interactions with control-treated humpbacked conch, Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus ; 60% of control predators successfully captured and consumed their prey, compared with only 10% of elevated CO 2 predators. The alteration of key ecological behaviours of predatory invertebrates by near-future ocean acidification could have potentially far-reaching implications for predator–prey interactions and trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems. Combined evidence that the behaviours of both species in this predator–prey relationship are altered by elevated CO 2 suggests food web interactions and ecosystem structure will become increasingly difficult to predict as ocean acidification advances over coming decades.
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Wearmouth, Victoria J., Matthew J. McHugh, Nicolas E. Humphries, Aurore Naegelen, Mohammed Z. Ahmed, Emily J. Southall, Andrew M. Reynolds, and David W. Sims. "Scaling laws of ambush predator ‘waiting’ behaviour are tuned to a common ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20132997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2997.
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The decisions animals make about how long to wait between activities can determine the success of diverse behaviours such as foraging, group formation or risk avoidance. Remarkably, for diverse animal species, including humans, spontaneous patterns of waiting times show random ‘burstiness’ that appears scale-invariant across a broad set of scales. However, a general theory linking this phenomenon across the animal kingdom currently lacks an ecological basis. Here, we demonstrate from tracking the activities of 15 sympatric predator species (cephalopods, sharks, skates and teleosts) under natural and controlled conditions that bursty waiting times are an intrinsic spontaneous behaviour well approximated by heavy-tailed (power-law) models over data ranges up to four orders of magnitude. Scaling exponents quantifying ratios of frequent short to rare very long waits are species-specific, being determined by traits such as foraging mode (active versus ambush predation), body size and prey preference. A stochastic–deterministic decision model reproduced the empirical waiting time scaling and species-specific exponents, indicating that apparently complex scaling can emerge from simple decisions. Results indicate temporal power-law scaling is a behavioural ‘rule of thumb’ that is tuned to species’ ecological traits, implying a common pattern may have naturally evolved that optimizes move–wait decisions in less predictable natural environments.
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Azuma, M. "Ecological release in feeding behaviour: the case of bluegills in Japan." Hydrobiologia 243-244, no. 1 (October 1992): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00007042.
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Garcia, Cécile, Sébastien Bouret, François Druelle, and Sandrine Prat. "Balancing costs and benefits in primates: ecological and palaeoanthropological views." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1819 (January 11, 2021): 20190667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0667.
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Maintaining the balance between costs and benefits is challenging for species living in complex and dynamic socio-ecological environments, such as primates, but also crucial for shaping life history, reproductive and feeding strategies. Indeed, individuals must decide to invest time and energy to obtain food, services and partners, with little direct feedback on the success of their investments. Whereas decision-making relies heavily upon cognition in humans, the extent to which it also involves cognition in other species, based on their environmental constraints, has remained a challenging question. Building mental representations relating behaviours and their long-term outcome could be critical for other primates, but there are actually very little data relating cognition to real socio-ecological challenges in extant and extinct primates. Here, we review available data illustrating how specific cognitive processes enable(d) modern primates and extinct hominins to manage multiple resources (e.g. food, partners) and to organize their behaviour in space and time, both at the individual and at the group level. We particularly focus on how they overcome fluctuating and competing demands, and select courses of action corresponding to the best possible packages of potential costs and benefits in reproductive and foraging contexts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
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Dowling, Nicki A., Stephanie S. Merkouris, and Kimberley Spence. "Ecological Momentary Assessment of the Relationship between Positive Outcome Expectancies and Gambling Behaviour." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081709.
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Relapse prevention models suggest that positive outcome expectancies can constitute situational determinants of relapse episodes that interact with other factors to determine the likelihood of relapse. The primary aims were to examine reciprocal relationships between situational positive gambling outcome expectancies and gambling behaviour and moderators of these relationships. An online survey and a 28 day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) were administered to 109 past-month gamblers (84% with gambling problems). EMA measures included outcome expectancies (enjoyment/arousal, self-enhancement, money), self-efficacy, craving, negative emotional state, interpersonal conflict, social pressure, positive emotional state, financial pressures, and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure). Pre-EMA measures included problem gambling severity, motives, psychological distress, coping strategies, and outcome expectancies. No reciprocal relationships between EMA outcome expectancies and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure) were identified. Moderations predicting gambling episodes revealed: (1) cravings and problem gambling exacerbated effects of enjoyment/arousal expectancies; (2) positive emotional state and positive reframing coping exacerbated effects of self-enhancement expectancies; and (3) instrumental social support buffered effects of money expectancies. Positive outcome expectancies therefore constitute situational determinants of gambling behaviour, but only when they interact with other factors. All pre-EMA expectancies predicted problem gambling severity (OR = 1.61–3.25). Real-time interventions addressing gambling outcome expectancies tailored to vulnerable gamblers are required.
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Golonka, Sabrina, and Andrew D. Wilson. "Ecological mechanisms in cognitive science." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 5 (October 2019): 676–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319877686.
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In 2010, Bechtel and Abrahamsen defined and described what it means to be a dynamic causal mechanistic explanatory model. They discussed the development of a mechanistic explanation of circadian rhythms as an exemplar of the process and challenged cognitive science to follow this example. This article takes on that challenge. A mechanistic model is one that accurately represents the real parts and operations of the mechanism being studied. These real components must be identified by an empirical programme that decomposes the system at the correct scale and localises the components in space and time. Psychological behaviour emerges from the nature of our real-time interaction with our environments—here we show that the correct scale to guide decomposition is picked out by the ecological perceptual information that enables that interaction. As proof of concept, we show that a simple model of coordinated rhythmic movement, grounded in information, is a genuine dynamical mechanistic explanation of many key coordination phenomena.
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Arya, Bhavana, and Shiromi Chaturvedi. "Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Explain Energy Saving Behaviour." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0032.
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Abstract Existing research in environmental psychology suggests that humans are conscious of the impact that their actions have on the environment. However, a corresponding change is yet to be seen in the voluntary adoption of pro-environmental behaviour by the Indian population. While there is an overall improvement in the ecological consciousness, we need to find out the psychological factors that promote adoption and maintenance of environmentally responsible behaviour. The current study incorporated the construct of consideration of future consequences (CFC) into the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to investigate energy-conservation behaviour in 232 college students. Results confirmed that TPB constructs predict pro-environmental behaviour. Results also confirmed that consideration of future consequences is positively related to efficiency enhancing pro-environment behaviour. The research has implications for planning interventions that address both adoption and maintenance of pro-environment behaviour.
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Arthur, Ronan F., Emily S. Gurley, Henrik Salje, Laura S. P. Bloomfield, and James H. Jones. "Contact structure, mobility, environmental impact and behaviour: the importance of social forces to infectious disease dynamics and disease ecology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1719 (March 13, 2017): 20160454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0454.
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Human factors, including contact structure, movement, impact on the environment and patterns of behaviour, can have significant influence on the emergence of novel infectious diseases and the transmission and amplification of established ones. As anthropogenic climate change alters natural systems and global economic forces drive land-use and land-cover change, it becomes increasingly important to understand both the ecological and social factors that impact infectious disease outcomes for human populations. While the field of disease ecology explicitly studies the ecological aspects of infectious disease transmission, the effects of the social context on zoonotic pathogen spillover and subsequent human-to-human transmission are comparatively neglected in the literature. The social sciences encompass a variety of disciplines and frameworks for understanding infectious diseases; however, here we focus on four primary areas of social systems that quantitatively and qualitatively contribute to infectious diseases as social–ecological systems. These areas are social mixing and structure, space and mobility, geography and environmental impact, and behaviour and behaviour change. Incorporation of these social factors requires empirical studies for parametrization, phenomena characterization and integrated theoretical modelling of social–ecological interactions. The social–ecological system that dictates infectious disease dynamics is a complex system rich in interacting variables with dynamically significant heterogeneous properties. Future discussions about infectious disease spillover and transmission in human populations need to address the social context that affects particular disease systems by identifying and measuring qualitatively important drivers. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission’.
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Hughes, A. Randall, David A. Mann, and David L. Kimbro. "Predatory fish sounds can alter crab foraging behaviour and influence bivalve abundance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20140715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0715.
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The risk of predation can have large effects on ecological communities via changes in prey behaviour, morphology and reproduction. Although prey can use a variety of sensory signals to detect predation risk, relatively little is known regarding the effects of predator acoustic cues on prey foraging behaviour. Here we show that an ecologically important marine crab species can detect sound across a range of frequencies, probably in response to particle acceleration. Further, crabs suppress their resource consumption in the presence of experimental acoustic stimuli from multiple predatory fish species, and the sign and strength of this response is similar to that elicited by water-borne chemical cues. When acoustic and chemical cues were combined, consumption differed from expectations based on independent cue effects, suggesting redundancies among cue types. These results highlight that predator acoustic cues may influence prey behaviour across a range of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, with the potential for cascading effects on resource abundance.
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Mathew, Sarah, and Charles Perreault. "Cultural history, not ecological environment, is the main determinant of human behaviour." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1826 (March 16, 2016): 20160177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0177.
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Porter, Cody K., and Craig W. Benkman. "Character displacement of a learned behaviour and its implications for ecological speciation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1908 (July 31, 2019): 20190761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0761.
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Cultural evolution may accelerate population divergence and speciation, though most support for this hypothesis is restricted to scenarios of allopatric speciation driven by random cultural drift. By contrast, the role of cultural evolution in non-allopatric speciation (i.e. speciation with gene flow) has received much less attention. One clade in which cultural evolution may have figured prominently in speciation with gene flow includes the conifer-seed-eating finches in the red crossbill ( Loxia curvirostra ) complex. Here we focus on Cassia crossbills ( Loxia sinesciuris ; an ecotype recently split taxonomically from red crossbills) that learn social contact calls from their parents. Previous work found that individuals modify their calls throughout life such that they become increasingly divergent from a closely related, sympatric red crossbill ecotype. This open-ended modification of calls could lead to character displacement if it causes population-level divergence in call structure that, in turn, reduces (maladaptive) heterospecific flocking. Heterospecific flocking is maladaptive because crossbills use public information from flockmates to assess resource quality, and feeding rates are depressed when flockmates differ in their ability to exploit a shared resource (i.e. when flockmates are heterospecifics). We confirm the predictions of character displacement by documenting substantial population-level divergence in Cassia crossbill call structure over just two decades and by using field experiments to demonstrate that Cassia and red crossbills differentially respond to these evolved differences in call structure, reducing heterospecific flock formation. Moreover, because crossbills choose mates from within flocks, a reduction in heterospecific flocking should increase assortative mating and may have been critical for speciation of Cassia crossbills in the face of ongoing gene flow in as few as 5000 years. Our results provide evidence for a largely neglected yet potentially widespread mechanism by which reproductive isolation can evolve between sympatric lineages as a byproduct of adaptive cultural evolution.
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Schirmer, Annika, Julia Hoffmann, Jana A. Eccard, and Melanie Dammhahn. "My niche: individual spatial niche specialization affects within- and between-species interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1918 (January 15, 2020): 20192211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2211.
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Intraspecific trait variation is an important determinant of fundamental ecological interactions. Many of these interactions are mediated by behaviour. Therefore, interindividual differences in behaviour should contribute to individual niche specialization. Comparable with variation in morphological traits, behavioural differentiation between individuals should limit similarity among competitors and thus act as a mechanism maintaining within-species variation in ecological niches and facilitating species coexistence. Here, we aimed to test whether interindividual differences in boldness covary with spatial interactions within and between two ecologically similar, co-occurring rodent species ( Myodes glareolus , Apodemus agrarius ). In five subpopulations in northeast Germany, we quantified individual differences in boldness via repeated standardized tests and spatial interaction patterns via capture–mark–recapture ( n = 126) and automated VHF telemetry ( n = 36). We found that boldness varied with space use in both species. Individuals of the same population occupied different spatial niches, which resulted in non-random patterns of within- and between-species spatial interactions. Behavioural types mainly differed in the relative importance of intra- versus interspecific competition. Within-species variation along this competition gradient could contribute to maintaining individual niche specialization. Moreover, behavioural differentiation between individuals limits similarity among competitors, which might facilitate the coexistence of functionally equivalent species and, thus, affect community dynamics and local biodiversity.
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Chai, Lijuan, Liping Guo, Bo Chen, and Cong Ding. "Bond behaviour of bars embedded in ecological high-ductility cementitious composites." Magazine of Concrete Research 72, no. 3 (February 2020): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.18.00160.
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Gersick, Andrew S., and Daniel I. Rubenstein. "Physiology modulates social flexibility and collective behaviour in equids and other large ungulates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0241.
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Though morphologically very similar, equids across the extant species occupy ecological niches that are surprisingly non-overlapping. Occupancy of these distinct niches appears related to subtle physiological and behavioural adaptations which, in turn, correspond to significant differences in the social behaviours and emergent social systems characterizing the different species. Although instances of intraspecific behavioural variation in equids demonstrate that the same body plan can support a range of social structures, each of these morphologically similar species generally shows robust fidelity to its evolved social system. The pattern suggests a subtle relationship between physiological phenotypes and behavioural flexibility. While environmental conditions can vary widely within relatively short temporal or spatial scales, physiological changes and changes to the behaviours that regulate physiological processes, are constrained to longer cycles of adaptation. Physiology is then the limiting variable in the interaction between ecological variation and behavioural and socio-structural flexibility. Behavioural and socio-structural flexibility, in turn, will generate important feedbacks that will govern physiological function, thus creating a coupled web of interactions that can lead to changes in individual and collective behaviour. Longitudinal studies of equid and other large-bodied ungulate populations under environmental stress, such as those discussed here, may offer the best opportunities for researchers to examine, in real time, the interplay between individual behavioural plasticity, socio-structural flexibility, and the physiological and genetic changes that together produce adaptive change. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.