Journal articles: 'Gene banking'

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Xu, Xun. "Gene Banking and Precision Medicine." Cryobiology 80 (February 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.10.019.

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Raghuvanshi, SK, and S. Kumar. "Gene Banking for Fish Germplasm Conservation." Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 3, no. 10 (September 20, 2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asvs.2021.03.0222.

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Blackburn, Harvey D., Hymerson Costa Azevedo, and Phillip H. Purdy. "Incorporation of Biotechnologies into Gene Banking Strategies to Facilitate Rapid Reconstitution of Populations." Animals 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2023): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13203169.

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National animal gene banks that are responsible for conserving livestock, poultry, and aquatic genetic resources need to be capable of utilizing a broad array of cryotechnologies coupled with assisted reproductive technologies to reconstitute either specific animals or populations/breeds as needed. This capability is predicated upon having sufficient genetic diversity (usually encapsulated by number of animals in the collection), units of germplasm or tissues, and the ability to reconstitute animals. While the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2012, 2023) developed a set of guidelines for gene banks on these matters, those guidelines do not consider applications and utilization of newer technologies (e.g., primordial germ cells, cloning from somatic cells, embryo transfer, IVF, sex-sorted semen), which can radically change how gene banks collect, store, and utilize genetic resources. This paper reviews the current status of using newer technologies, explores how gene banks might make such technologies part of their routine operations, and illustrates how combining newer assisted reproductive technologies with older approaches enables populations to be reconstituted more efficiently.

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Vašíček, Jaromír, Andrej Baláži, Miroslav Bauer, Andrea Svoradová, Mária Tirpáková, Marián Tomka, and Peter Chrenek. "Molecular Profiling and Gene Banking of Rabbit EPCs Derived from Two Biological Sources." Genes 12, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030366.

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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been broadly studied for several years due to their outstanding regenerative potential. Moreover, these cells might be a valuable source of genetic information for the preservation of endangered animal species. However, a controversy regarding their characterization still exists. The aim of this study was to isolate and compare the rabbit peripheral blood- and bone marrow-derived EPCs with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in terms of their phenotype and morphology that could be affected by the passage number or cryopreservation as well as to assess their possible neuro-differentiation potential. Briefly, cells were isolated and cultured under standard endothelial conditions until passage 3. The morphological changes during the culture were monitored and each passage was analyzed for the typical phenotype using flow cytometry, quantitative real–time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and novel digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), and compared to HUVECs. The neurogenic differentiation was induced using a commercial kit. Rabbit cells were also cryopreserved for at least 3 months and then analyzed after thawing. According to the obtained results, both rabbit EPCs exhibit a spindle-shaped morphology and high proliferation rate. The both cell lines possess same stable phenotype: CD14−CD29+CD31−CD34−CD44+CD45−CD49f+CD73+CD90+CD105+CD133−CD146−CD166+VE-cadherin+VEGFR-2+SSEA-4+MSCA-1−vWF+eNOS+AcLDL+ALDH+vimentin+desmin+α-SMA+, slightly different from HUVECs. Moreover, both induced rabbit EPCs exhibit neuron-like morphological changes and expression of neuronal markers ENO2 and MAP2. In addition, cryopreserved rabbit cells maintained high viability (>85%) and endothelial phenotype after thawing. In conclusion, our findings suggest that cells expanded from the rabbit peripheral blood and bone marrow are of the endothelial origin with a stable marker expression and interesting proliferation and differentiation capacity.

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Zeng, Ting. "Research on the J.P. Morgan in Digital Ecosystem." Business Prospects 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/bp.27089851.2022.12.02.

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J.P. Morgan is a global leader in financial services, offering solutions to the world’s most important corporations, governments and institutions in more than 100 countries. The paper mainly analyzes the leader of digital transformation in the banking industry by Grey Relation Analysis. J.P. Morgan is actively deploying advanced technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence to enhance its digital capabilities and promote the implementation of digital scenarios. We believe that the research into J.P. Morgan’s digital transformation has important reference significance for China’s banking institutions to accelerate digital transformation and build the core competitiveness of digital banks with technological innovation as the key gene.

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Puchalski, Jerzy, Maciej Niemczyk, Piotr Walerowski, Wiesław Podyma, and Adam Kapler. "Seed banking of Polish endangered plants – the FlorNatur Project." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 34, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2014-0005.

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Abstract Among the 2750 species of the Polish vascular flora, about 500 species are threatened with extinction and 430 of them are strictly protected by national law. The FlorNatur project for the ex situ conservation of the most endangered species was started in 2009. The aim of the project is to collect seeds of 61 species from 161 sites in eastern Poland and store them in the Seed Bank of the Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Warsaw- Powsin. A complementary program is being carried out by the Forestry Gene Bank at Kostrzyca in western Poland. Their task is to collect 58 species from 129 natural sites in the western part of Poland. To date, seeds of 31 species from 56 populations have been collected, tested and stored in liquid nitrogen.

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Montenegro, Maywa. "Banking on Wild Relatives to Feed the World." Gastronomica 16, no. 1 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2016.16.1.1.

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Crop wild relatives, the progenitors and kin of domesticated crop species, promise breeders a potent weapon against climate change. Having evolved outside the pampered environs of farms, wild relatives tend to be more rugged to survive temperature, salt, floods, and drought—all the extremes characteristic of a warming planet. But who will benefit from re-wilded crops? What kinds of agricultural systems will they tend to support? And can wild relatives be protected before they are lost under pavement, desertification, and expanding industrial farms? In this essay, I explore different visions of conservation and use for crop wild relatives. With CWR valued at an estimated $115–120 billion to the global economy annually, many researchers suggest ancient germplasm can be harnessed to feed billions in a warming world. Others look more closely at ancient customs and farmer knowledge that have long promoted conservation of wild species within and around cultivated landscapes. By intentionally planting crops at field borders, farmers also perform “in vivo” breeding. I conclude that wild relatives hold much potential to reinfuse diversity into eroded crop gene pools, providing greater systemic resilience. But unless we consider who controls seeds, intellectual property, and wild and agricultural lands, CWR innovations will only prop up an agriculture that ultimately undercuts crop and wild relative renewal.

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Swanson, Kara W. "Body Banks: A History of Milk Banks, Blood Banks, and Sperm Banks in the United States." Enterprise & Society 12, no. 4 (December 2011): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700010661.

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My dissertation traces the invention and development of a new form of banking, body banking. Today, the body bank as an institution that collects, stores, processes, and distributes a human body product is a taken-for-granted aspect of medicine in the United States. We donate to blood banks, we cherish sperm bank babies, and we contemplate many sorts of banks, including cord blood banks, gene banks, and egg banks. Such institutions have existed for the past century in the metaphorical shadow of financial banks, and like those better-studied banks have stirred considerable controversy. The driving question behind my dissertation is simply, why banks? How did we come to use “bank” to apply to bodies as well as to dollars? More intriguingly, what does this analogy show us and what is it hiding?

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Inoue, D., T. Fujimoto, Y. Kawakami, G. S. Yasui, E. Yamaha, and K. Arai. "Vitrification of primordial germ cells using whole embryos for gene-banking in loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 28, no. 6 (November 12, 2012): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12058.

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Ohiengbomwan, Onaiwu T., Nosakhare L. Idemudia, Oloche Owoicho, and Aderonke A. Adeyanju. "Gene Frequencies of Haemoglobin Genotype, ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups among Students Population of a Private University in Nigeria-Implications for Blood Banking." International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research 4, no. 4 (July 2018): 1851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.4.1.

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Nichols, S. M., and B. D. Bavister. "Comparison of protocols for cryopreservation of rhesus monkey spermatozoa by post-thaw motility recovery and hyperactivation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 7 (2006): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06019.

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Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is useful for gene banking and for in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This study compared several published cryopreservation techniques to find the most efficient for rhesus macaques. Effectiveness was assessed by sperm longevity (post-thaw motility % and duration) and ability to hyperactivate in response to chemical activators (caffeine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP). Each ejaculate from three males was treated with four published cryopreservation protocols (Seier et al. 1993; Sanchez-Partida et al. 2000; Si et al. 2000; Isachenko et al. 2005). Upon thawing, each sub-sample was incubated either at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air with or without activators or at ~22°C in atmospheric air without activators for 0–24 h. Samples cryopreserved using one method showed zero motility and were not included in the 2 × 2 G-test statistical analysis. The other methods all demonstrated good immediate post-thaw motility rates (68%, 73% and 62% respectively) and underwent capacitation after exposure to activators. Sperm motility in each treatment decreased over time at both temperatures but overall, incubation at 22°C preserved motility better in all three methods. In summary, cryopreservation of rhesus spermatozoa using the method published by Sanchez-Partida et al. or Seier et al. appeared best, potentially supporting gene banking as well as allowing for multiple IVF uses from the same sample.

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Blackburn, Harvey D., Carrie S. Wilson, and Bethany Krehbiel. "Conservation and Utilization of Livestock Genetic Diversity in the United States of America through Gene Banking." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120244.

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A germplasm collection curated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Germplasm Program contains of over one million samples from over 55,000 animals, representing 165 livestock and poultry breeds. The collection was developed to provide genetic conservation and security for the U.S. livestock sector. Samples in the collection span 60 years, suggesting a wide range of genetic diversity and genetic change is represented for rare and major breeds. Classifying breeds into four groups based upon registration or census estimates of population size of < 1000, < 5000, < 20,000, and > 20,000 indicated that 50% of the collection is comprised of rare breeds in the < 1000 category. As anticipated, collections for breeds in the < 20,000 and > 20,000 are more complete (86% and 98%, respectively) based upon an index combining the number of germplasm samples and the number of animals. For the rarest breeds (< 1000), collection completeness was 45%. Samples from over 6000 animals in the collection have been used for adding diversity to breeds, genomic evaluation, reconstituting populations, or various research projects. Several aspects of collecting germplasm samples from rare breeds are discussed. In addition, approaches that could be used to enhance the status of rare breeds via the repository use are presented. However, given the array of obstacles confronting rare breeds, the gene bank may be the most secure prospect for the long-term conservation of rare breed genetics.

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Thornhill, Alan, and Harold Koopowitz. "Viability of Disa uniflora Berg (Orchidaceae) seeds under variable storage conditions: Is orchid gene-banking possible?" Biological Conservation 62, no. 1 (1992): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91148-l.

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Kouba, Andrew J., and Carrie K. Vance. "Applied reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking for amphibian conservation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 6 (2009): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09038.

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As amphibian populations continue to decline, both government and non-government organisations are establishing captive assurance colonies to secure populations deemed at risk of extinction if left in the wild. For the most part, little is known about the nutritional ecology, reproductive biology or husbandry needs of the animals placed into captive breeding programs. Because of this lack of knowledge, conservation biologists are currently facing the difficult task of maintaining and reproducing these species. Academic and zoo scientists are beginning to examine different technologies for maintaining the genetic diversity of founder populations brought out of the wild before the animals become extinct from rapidly spreading epizootic diseases. One such technology is genetic resource banking and applied reproductive technologies for species that are difficult to reproduce reliably in captivity. Significant advances have been made in the last decade for amphibian assisted reproduction including the use of exogenous hormones for induction of spermiation and ovulation, in vitro fertilisation, short-term cold storage of gametes and long-term cryopreservation of spermatozoa. These scientific breakthroughs for a select few species will no doubt serve as models for future assisted breeding protocols and the increasing number of amphibians requiring conservation intervention. However, the development of specialised assisted breeding protocols that can be applied to many different families of amphibians will likely require species-specific modifications considering their wide range of reproductive modes. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge in the area of assisted reproduction technologies and gene banking for the conservation of amphibians.

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Fraser, Justin F., Lisa A. Collier, Amy A. Gorman, Sarah R. Martha, Kathleen E. Salmeron, Amanda L. Trout, Danielle N. Edwards, et al. "The Blood And Clot Thrombectomy Registry And Collaboration (BACTRAC) protocol: novel method for evaluating human stroke." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014118.

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BackgroundIschemic stroke research faces difficulties in translating pathology between animal models and human patients to develop treatments. Mechanical thrombectomy, for the first time, offers a momentary window into the changes occurring in ischemia. We developed a tissue banking protocol to capture intracranial thrombi and the blood immediately proximal and distal to it.ObjectiveTo develop and share a reproducible protocol to bank these specimens for future analysis.MethodsWe established a protocol approved by the institutional review board for tissue processing during thrombectomy (www.clinicaltrials.govNCT03153683). The protocol was a joint clinical/basic science effort among multiple laboratories and the NeuroInterventional Radiology service line. We constructed a workspace in the angiography suite, and developed a step-by-step process for specimen retrieval and processing.ResultsOur protocol successfully yielded samples for analysis in all but one case. In our preliminary dataset, the process produced adequate amounts of tissue from distal blood, proximal blood, and thrombi for gene expression and proteomics analyses. We describe the tissue banking protocol, and highlight training protocols and mechanics of on-call research staffing. In addition, preliminary integrity analyses demonstrated high-quality yields for RNA and protein.ConclusionsWe have developed a novel tissue banking protocol using mechanical thrombectomy to capture thrombus along with arterial blood proximal and distal to it. The protocol provides high-quality specimens, facilitating analysis of the initial molecular response to ischemic stroke in the human condition for the first time. This approach will permit reverse translation to animal models for treatment development.

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Woelders, H., J. Windig, and SJ Hiemstra. "How Developments in Cryobiology, Reproductive Technologies and Conservation Genomics Could Shape Gene Banking Strategies for (Farm) Animals." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 47 (July 25, 2012): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02085.x.

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Purdy, Phillip H. "Swine gene banking: A quality control perspective on collection, and analysis of samples for a national repository." Theriogenology 70, no. 8 (November 2008): 1304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.012.

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Selvakumar, M. "A Study of E-CRM Services of Commercial Banks in Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu." Asian Review of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2015.4.1.1305.

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Internet is an excellent example of a worldwide cooperative movement that is quickly spanning across countries. A few years ago Electronic Customers Relationship Management (E-CRM) was only for establishing relationship between enterprise and its customers. Today it is an integral part of the information technology strategy for banking industry. Most of the E-CRM developments are taking place in the E-Commerce domain whether B2B (Business to Business) or B2C (Business to Commerce). So now banks identify this internet banking as their thrust area. Electronic Customer Relationship Management (E-CRM) enables to store customer information in computers and they can be retrieved at the click of a button. These arrangements are becoming popular among private, public and foreign banks. This is what makes E-CRM in banking a challenging proposition. For example, bankers can make up queries on the fly, searching for the information that lasts them identify which customers to target with a new product or to find out which bank branches have high loan default rates. Users can just as easily save their search queries and use them as templates to gene rate additional query reports from the save data metrics. At the back end, the system provides analysis that can be tied to geographic, product, channel and customer dimensions. Bankers might need to address customers’ queries at a more personal level to convince them of the benefits and enable them to use the services to their fullest extent. This paper deals with customer’s opinion about E-CRM services of commercial banks in virudhunagar district

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Glover, Jason Michael, Richard Greg Gorlick, Chand Khanna, and Donald A. Barkauskas. "The Children’s Oncology Group and QuadW Foundation osteosarcoma banking experience." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 10053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.10053.

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10053 Background: Survival rates of osteosarcoma patients have remained stagnant over the last twenty years. Predictive biomarkers of response to treatment and likelihood of recurrence are yet to be developed. In order to develop new therapeutics and better risk-stratified regimens, a greater understanding of osteosarcoma biology is needed. The Children’s Oncology Group (COG) addressed this need by banking more than 10,000 tumor and tissue samples from over 1500 patients with osteosarcoma, but many samples lacked clinically relevant data. Methods: 1105 eligible patients enrolled on the COG osteosarcoma biology study P9851. Of those, 510 patients were not enrolled on a concurrent therapeutic trial, which limited the clinical annotation of those samples. 589 patients have enrolled on the successor study AOST06B1. The lack of clinical annotation of the P9851 specimens limited their value, and the lack of statistical support slowed the analysis of several biology studies. The QuadW Foundation, CureSearch, and the COG formed the Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office (CSBAO) in 2008 to link clinically annotated patient data to the samples and to provide statistical support. Results: In 2008, only 5.3% of samples from the 510 P9851 patients not enrolled on a therapeutic study had full clinical annotation. The efforts of the CSBAO have linked clinical annotation to 90.8% of those specimens and provided statistical analyses. As a result, 18 biology studies in osteosarcoma are completed, with 11 published in peer-reviewed journals. Samples were provided to the TARGET program (for gene expression arrays, copy number analysis, and sequencing data); the resulting data will be available to the scientific community for in silico studies. Conclusions: The efforts of the CSBAO have led to a substantial increase in the value of a large osteosarcoma biospecimen repository by clinically annotating the specimens and providing statistical resources for analyses of planned and completed studies. These samples with annotated patient information are available by request to the research community for basic and translational science projects to improve the biological understanding of, and the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma. Clinical trial information: NCT00899275.

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Vašíček, Jaromír, Andrej Baláži, Andrea Svoradová, Jakub Vozaf, Linda Dujíčková, Alexander V. Makarevich, Miroslav Bauer, and Peter Chrenek. "Comprehensive Flow-Cytometric Quality Assessment of Ram Sperm Intended for Gene Banking Using Standard and Novel Fertility Biomarkers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 5920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115920.

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Flow cytometry becomes a common method for analysis of spermatozoa quality. Standard sperm characteristics such as viability, acrosome and chromatin integrity, oxidative damage (ROS) etc. can be easily assess in any animal semen samples. Moreover, several fertility-related markers were observed in humans and some other mammals. However, these fertility biomarkers have not been previously studied in ram. The aim of this study was to optimize the flow-cytometric analysis of these standard and novel markers in ram semen. Ram semen samples from Slovak native sheep breeds were analyzed using CASA system for motility and concentration and were subsequently stained with several fluorescent dyes or specific antibodies to evaluate sperm viability (SYBR-14), apoptosis (Annexin V, YO-PRO-1, FLICA, Caspases 3/7), acrosome status (PNA, LCA, GAPDHS), capacitation (merocyanine 540, FLUO-4 AM), mitochondrial activity (MitoTracker Green, rhodamine 123, JC-1), ROS (CM-H2DCFDA, DHE, MitoSOX Red, BODIPY), chromatin (acridine orange), leukocyte content, ubiquitination and aggresome formation, and overexpression of negative biomarkers (MKRN1, SPTRX-3, PAWP, H3K4me2). Analyzed semen samples were divided into two groups according to viability as indicators of semen quality: Group 1 (viability over 60%) and Group 2 (viability under 60%). Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between these groups in sperm motility and concentration, apoptosis, acrosome integrity (only PNA), mitochondrial activity, ROS production (except for DHE), leukocyte and aggresome content, and high PAWP expression. In conclusion, several standard and novel fluorescent probes have been confirmed to be suitable for multiplex ram semen analysis by flow cytometry as well as several antibodies have been validated for the specific detection of ubiquitin, PAWP and H3K4me2 in ram spermatozoa.

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Butts, Ian A. E., Nathaniel Feindel, Steve Neil, Éva Kovács, Béla Urbányi, and Edward A. Trippel. "Cryopreservation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) sperm in large-volume straws: applications for commercial production and gene banking." Aquaculture Research 42, no. 11 (February 11, 2011): 1714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02769.x.

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Quintin, Aurelie, Nathalie Hirt-Burri, Corinne Scaletta, Constantin Schizas, Dominique P. Pioletti, and Lee Ann Applegate. "Consistency and Safety of Cell Banks for Research and Clinical Use: Preliminary Analysis of Fetal Skin Banks." Cell Transplantation 16, no. 7 (August 2007): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000007783465127.

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Current restrictions for human cell-based therapies have been related to technological limitations with regards to cellular proliferation capacity, maintenance of differentiated phenotype for primary human cell culture, and transmission of communicable diseases. We have seen that cultured primary fetal cells from one organ donation could possibly meet the exigent and stringent technical aspects for development of therapeutic products. We could develop a master cell bank (MCB) of 50 homogenous ampoules of 4–5 million cells each from one fetal organ donation (skin) in short periods of time compared to other primary cell types. Safety tests were performed at all stages of the cell banking. MCB ampoules could create a working cell bank to be used for clinical or research use. Monolayer culture of fetal skin cells had a life span of 12–17 passages, and independent cultures obtained from the same organ donation were consistent for protein concentration (with 1.4-fold maximal difference between cultures) as well as gene expression of MMP-14, MMP-3, TIMP-3, and VEGF (1.4-, 1.9-, 2.1-, and 1.4-fold maximal difference between cultures, respectively). Cell cultures derived from four independent fetal skin donations were consistent for cell growth, protein concentration, and gene expression of MDK, PTN, TGF-β1, and OPG. As it is the intention that banked primary fetal cells can profit from the potential treatment of hundreds of thousands of patients with only one organ donation, it is imperative to show consistency, tracability, and safety of the process, including donor tissue selection, cell banking, cell testing, and growth of cells in upscaling for the preparation of cell transplantation.

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Coelho, Geovanna C. Z., Isaac S. Yo, Tatiana M. Mira-López, Paulo S. Monzani, Dilberto R. Arashiro, Takafumi Fujimoto, José A. Senhorini, and George S. Yasui. "Preparation of a fish embryo for micromanipulation: staging of development, removal of the chorion and traceability of PGCs in Prochilodus lineatus." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 1-2 (2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.180348gc.

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The transplantation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is a valuable tool for gene-banking and reconstitution by means of a germline chimera. For this technology, studies regarding developmental stages and traceability of PGCs are necessary. The objective of this study was to develop a micromanipulation procedure for the future establishment of cryobanks of PGCs in migratory characins. Incubation temperatures were evaluated at 22 ° C, 26 ° C, and 30 ° C in order to synchronize developmental stages. The highest hatching rates and the lowest abnormality rate arose at 26° C, which was considered to be the best incubation temperature. Enzymatic removal of the chorion was determined to be best using 0.05% pronase, in which the embryos presented better survival rates. In order to visualize PGCs in vivo, artificial GFP-nos1 3’UTR mRNA was injected and the migration route was observed in vivo as PGCs were visualized firstly at the segmentation stage (6 to 13 somites). The number of GFP positive cells ranged from 8 to 20 per embryo (mean of 13.8; n = 5). After hatching, GFP-positive cells increased to 14 to 27 embryos (mean of 19.8; n = 5). Visualization of the GFP-positive cells was possible at 10 days post hatching, and at this stage, the cells were positioned in the yolk extension region. This is the first report on PGC visualization in vivo in Neotropical fish; the obtained data provide information on the identification and migration of PGCs. The information presented in this work brings new insights in gene banking in Neotropical species and subsequent reconstitution through a germinal germline chimera.

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van Breukelen, Anouk E., Harmen P. Doekes, Jack J. Windig, and Kor Oldenbroek. "Characterization of Genetic Diversity Conserved in the Gene Bank for Dutch Cattle Breeds." Diversity 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120229.

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In this study, we characterized genetic diversity in the gene bank for Dutch native cattle breeds. A total of 715 bulls from seven native breeds and a sample of 165 Holstein Friesian bulls were included. Genotype data were used to calculate genetic similarities. Based on these similarities, most breeds were clearly differentiated, except for two breeds (Deep Red and Improved Red and White) that have recently been derived from the MRY breed, and for the Dutch Friesian and Dutch Friesian Red, which have frequently exchanged bulls. Optimal contribution selection (OCS) was used to construct core sets of bulls with a minimized similarity. The composition of the gene bank appeared to be partly optimized in the semen collection process, i.e., the mean similarity within breeds based on the current number of straws per bull was 0.32% to 1.49% lower than when each bull would have contributed equally. Mean similarity could be further reduced within core sets by 0.34% to 2.79% using OCS. Material not needed for the core sets can be made available for supporting in situ populations and for research. Our findings provide insight in genetic diversity in Dutch cattle breeds and help to prioritize material in gene banking.

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Robles, Vanesa, David G. Valcarce, and Marta F. Riesco. "The Use of Antifreeze Proteins in the Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos." Biomolecules 9, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9050181.

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The cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is a technique widely used in reproductive biology. This technology helps in the reproductive management of domesticated animals, and it is an important tool for gene banking and for human-assisted reproductive technologies. Antifreeze proteins are naturally present in several organisms exposed to subzero temperatures. The ability for these proteins to inhibit ice recrystallization together with their ability to interact with biological membranes makes them interesting molecules to be used in cryopreservation protocols. This mini-review provides a general overview about the use of antifreeze proteins to improve the short and long term storage of gametes and embryos.

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Taitson, P. F., E. Chami, and H. P. Godinho. "Gene banking of the neotropical fish Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1836): A protocol to freeze its sperm in the field." Animal Reproduction Science 105, no. 3-4 (May 2008): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.03.009.

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Vašíček, Jaromír, Michal Kováč, Andrej Baláži, Barbora Kulíková, Mária Tomková, Lucia Olexiková, Jozef Čurlej, et al. "Combined approach for characterization and quality assessment of rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells intended for gene banking." New Biotechnology 54 (January 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2019.08.001.

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Yang, Shuai. "The Road of Banking Innovation and Development: Taking Shenzhen Qianhai We Bank as an Example." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (January 22, 2024): 2032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/j0drff94.

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With the continuous evolution and reform of the financial market, private banks, as a new type of financial institution, have increased the diversity of the financial system. To better meet the needs of customers, private banks have expanded innovative business models and technology applications, promoted the competitiveness of the financial market, and improved the efficiency of financial services. This article concentrates on the operation pattern of Shenzhen Qianhai WeBank and uses the SWOT analysis method to analyze the advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and opportunities in its operation process, also finds out the differences between traditional banks and emerging Webanks and puts forward suggestions for bank operation mode. Shenzhen Qianhai WeBank is currently the leader of Internet banks in China, and it also ranks first among private banks in terms of its asset scale and the number of customer groups. The study of Shenzhen Qianhai WeBank bank can shed light on the innovative operating model for banks from its powerful Internet technology gene, excellent financial linkability, and diversified ecological cooperation.

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Davies, Rachael M., Alice R. Hudson, John B. Dickie, Charlotte Cook, Tom O'Hara, and Clare Trivedi. "Exploring seed longevity of UK native trees: implications for ex situ conservation." Seed Science Research 30, no. 2 (June 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258520000215.

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AbstractUK trees require increased conservation efforts due to sparse and fragmented populations. Ex situ conservation, including seed banking, can be used to better manage these issues. We conducted accelerated ageing tests on seeds of 22 UK native woody species, in order to assess their likely longevity and optimize their conservation in a seed bank. Germination at four ageing time points was determined to construct survival curves, and it was concluded that multiple samples within a species showed comparable responses for most species tested, except for Fraxinus excelsior. Of all species studied, one could be classified as very short-lived, four as short-lived and 17 as medium, with none exceeding the medium category. The most important finding of this manuscript is that although some taxonomic trends were observed, the results indicate the need for caution when making broad conclusions on potential seed storage life at a species, genus or family level. Longevity predictions were compared to actual performance of older collections held in long-term storage at the Millennium Seed Bank, Kew. Although most collections remain high in viability in storage after more than 20 years, for short-lived species at least, there is some indication that accelerated ageing predicts longevity in seed bank conditions. For species with reduced potential longevity, such as Fagus sylvatica and Ulmus glabra, additional storage options are recommended for long-term gene banking.

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Zhao, Shiyu, and Gang Zhao. "Cryopreservation of oocytes: history, achievements and future." JUSTC 53, no. 9 (2023): 0902. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2023-0072.

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There have been increasing requirements for women’s fertility preservation due to oncological and nononcological reasons in recent years, and meeting these demands will be a hot topic in the coming years. Oocyte cryopreservation is a workable option for preserving women’s fertility, and great advances have already been made and much progress has been made in mammalian gene banking and human oocyte banks. In this paper, we systematically introduce the history of oocyte cryopreservation and vitrification technology and highlight the vitrification carrier. Furthermore, we summarize the fundamentals of oocyte vitrification and discuss the effects of vitrification on oocyte quality. Strategies to improve the effect of oocyte cryopreservation are also proposed. At the end of this review, we conclude oocyte cryopreservation and outline future perspectives.

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Katdare, MR, RR Bhonde, and PB Parab. "Analysis of morphological and functional maturation of neoislets generated in vitro from pancreatic ductal cells and their suitability for islet banking and transplantation." Journal of Endocrinology 182, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1820105.

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The pancreatic ductal stem cells are known to differentiate into islets of Langerhans; however, their yield is limited and the islet population is not defined. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to improvise a methodology for obtaining large numbers of islets in vitro and to characterize their morphological and functional status for islet cell banking and transplantation. Pancreatic ductal epithelial cell cultures were set in serum-free medium. Monolayers of epithelial cells in culture gave rise to islet-like clusters within 3-4 weeks. The identity of neoislets was confirmed by dithizone staining and analysis of the gene expression for endocrine markers by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The islet population obtained was analysed by image analysis and insulin secretion in response to secretagogues. The cellular extracts from neoislets were immunoreactive to anti-insulin antibody and expressed insulin, glucagon, GLUT-2, PDX-1 and Reg-1 genes. The islets generated within 3-4 weeks exhibited a mixed population of large- and small-sized islets with clear cut dichotomy in the pattern of their insulin secretion in response to L-arginine and glucose. These neoislets maintained their structural and functional integrity on cryopreservation and transplantation indicating their suitability for islet cell banking. Thus, the present study describes an improved method for obtaining a constant supply of large numbers of islets from pancreatic ductal stem cell cultures. The newly generated islets undergo functional maturation indicating their suitability for transplantation.

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Sypecka, Monika, Aleksandra Bzinkowska, Dorota Sulejczak, Filip Dabrowski, and Anna Sarnowska. "Evaluation of the Optimal Manufacturing Protocols and Therapeutic Properties of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Wharton’s Jelly." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010652.

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Wharton’s jelly (WJ) from the umbilical cord (UC) is a good source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), which can be isolated and used in therapy. Current knowledge shows that even small changes in the cell environment may result in obtaining a subpopulation of cells with different therapeutic properties. For this reason, the conditions of UC transportation, cell isolation, and cultivation and the banking of cells destined for clinical use should be unified and optimized. In this project, we tried various protocols for cell vs. bioptat isolation, banking, and transport in order to determine the most optimal. The most efficient isolation method of WJ-MSCs was chopping the whole umbilical matrix with a scalpel after vessel and lining membrane removal. The optimal solution for short term cell transportation was a multi-electrolyte fluid without glucose. Considering the use of WJ-MSCs in cell therapies, it was important to investigate the soluble secretome of both WJ bioptats and WJ-MSCs. WJ-MSCs secreted higher levels of cytokines and chemokines than WJ bioptats. WJ-MSCs secreted HGF, CCL2, ICAM-1, BDNF, and VEGF. Since these cells might be used in treating neurodegenerative disorders, we investigated the impact of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on WJ-MSCs’ features. In the presence of CSF, the cells expressed consecutive neural markers both at the protein and gene level: nestin, β-III-tubulin, S-100-β, GFAP, and doublecortin. Based on the obtained results, a protocol for manufacturing an advanced-therapy medicinal product was composed.

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Kim, Yoo Sung, NaRi Seo, Ji-Hye Kim, Soyeong Kang, Ji Won Park, Ki Dae Park, Hyang-Ae Lee, and Misun Park. "Exploring the Functional Heterogeneity of Directly Reprogrammed Neural Stem Cell-Derived Neurons via Single-Cell RNA Sequencing." Cells 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12242818.

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The therapeutic potential of directly reprogrammed neural stem cells (iNSCs) for neurodegenerative diseases relies on reducing the innate tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells. However, the heterogeneity within iNSCs is a major hurdle in quality control prior to clinical applications. Herein, we generated iNSCs from human fibroblasts, by transfecting transcription factors using Sendai virus particles, and characterized the expression of iNSC markers. Using immunostaining and quantitative real time –polymerase chain reaction (RT –qPCR), no differences were observed between colonies of iNSCs and iNSC-derived neurons. Unexpectedly, patch-clamp analysis of iNSC-derived neurons revealed distinctive action potential firing even within the same batch product. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing in fibroblasts, iNSCs, and iNSC-derived neurons to dissect their functional heterogeneity and identify cell fate regulators during direct reprogramming followed by neuronal differentiation. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed distinct cell types depending on their gene expression profiles. Differential gene expression analysis showed distinct NEUROG1, PEG3, and STMN2 expression patterns in iNSCs and iNSC-derived neurons. Taken together, we recommend performing a predictable functional assessment with appropriate surrogate markers to ensure the quality control of iNSCs and their differentiated neurons, particularly before cell banking for regenerative cell therapy.

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Lawson, Bianca, Simon Clulow, Michael J. Mahony, and John Clulow. "Towards Gene Banking Amphibian Maternal Germ Lines: Short-Term Incubation, Cryoprotectant Tolerance and Cryopreservation of Embryonic Cells of the Frog, Limnodynastes peronii." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (April 5, 2013): e60760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060760.

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Furukawa, Yoshiki, Yasuharu Hamano, Shuichi Shirane, Shintaro Kinoshita, Yoko Azusawa, Jun Ando, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, and Miki Ando. "Advances in Allogeneic Cancer Cell Therapy and Future Perspectives on “Off-the-Shelf” T Cell Therapy Using iPSC Technology and Gene Editing." Cells 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11020269.

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The concept of allogeneic cell therapy was first presented over 60 years ago with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, complications such as graft versus host disease (GVHD) and regimen-related toxicities remained as major obstacles. To maximize the effect of graft versus leukemia, while minimizing the effect of GVHD, donor lymphocyte infusion was utilized. This idea, which was used against viral infections, postulated that adoptive transfer of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes could reconstitute specific immunity and eliminate virus infected cells and led to the idea of banking third party cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). T cell exhaustion sometimes became a problem and difficulty arose in creating robust CTLs. However, the introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lessens such problems, and by using iPSC technology, unlimited numbers of allogeneic rejuvenated CTLs with robust and proliferative cytotoxic activity can be created. Despite this revolutionary concept, several concerns still exist, such as immunorejection by recipient cells and safety issues of gene editing. In this review, we describe approaches to a feasible “off-the-shelf” therapy that can be distributed rapidly worldwide. We also offer perspectives on the future of allogeneic cell cancer immunotherapy.

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Adams, R. Mark, Mary Wang, Ana Maria Crane, Bridgette Brown, Gretchen J. Darlington, and Fred D. Ledley. "Effective Cryopreservation and Long-Term Storage of Primary Human Hepatocytes with Recovery of Viability, Differentiation, and Replicative Potential." Cell Transplantation 4, no. 6 (November 1995): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979500400607.

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Despite reports of successful cryopreservation of primary human hepatocytes, existing methods do not produce sufficient recovery of viable cells to meet the needs of basic research or clinical trials of hepatocellular transplantation. We now describe a protocol for efficient cryopreservation of primary human hepatocytes using University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, fetal bovine serum, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This method provides >90% viability of differentiated, primary human hepatocytes 8 mo after cryopreservation as measured by trypan blue exclusion, preserves hepatocyte morphology, liver-specific gene expression α1 antitrypsin), and replication. The effectiveness of UW solution as a cryopreservative agent suggests that metabolic as well as ultrastructural factors may be important in the effective cryopreservation of primary human hepatocytes. The present method represents an effective protocol for cryopreserving differentiated primary human hepatocytes for research. This method may allow characterization and banking of human hepatocytes for clinical applications, including hepatocellular transplantation and hepatic assist devices.

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Chew, Poh Chiang, Annie Christianus, Jaapar M. Zudaidy, Md Yasin Ina-Salwany, Chou Min Chong, and Soon Guan Tan. "Microsatellite Characterization of Malaysian Mahseer (Tor spp.) for Improvement of Broodstock Management and Utilization." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092633.

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In this study, a mixture of Tor tambra and T. tambroides with unknown genetic background were collected from 11 localities in Malaysia for broodstock development and sperm cryo-banking. This study aims to assess the microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) variation, genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, level of gene flow, population structure, genetic relatedness and their demographic aspects among these Tor populations, in addition to establishing their SSR profile by employing 22 SSR markers via fragment analysis. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 181 samples (91 cryopreserved milt samples and 90 scale samples of live broodfish). Results showed the Tor spp. collection retained their genetic variation but exhibited excessive homozygosity among individuals within population. Moderate genetic differentiation was shown among the populations, with highly significant (p < 0.001) fixation indices (FST, FIS and FIT). A low gene flow over all loci (Nm 1.548) indicates little genetic variation transfer between populations. The genetic structures of all the populations were successfully resolved into four main clusters by an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram generated based on Nei’s genetic distances. The population structures based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and the Bayesian model also suggested four distinct clusters following geographical regions and eight closely related populations. This study provided a useful baseline reference for better genetic management and utilization of the Tor spp. stocks in their breeding and conservation programmes.

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Miah, Md Faruque, Md Shad Ebna Rahaman, Sanjana Fatema Chowdhury, and Mohammad Golam Rob Mahmud. "Study of genetic variability of umbilical cord blood using RAPD assay." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 20, no. 4 (June 18, 2021): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v20i4.54144.

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Background: The genetic variability of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) is most important for newborn screening, therapeutic possibility of haematological disorders as well as for the establishment of cord blood banking and stem cell research. Method: Genetic variability of umbilical cord blood (UCB) of 22 human subjects was evaluated first time by applying Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay using six decamar primers (B-14, OPB-05, OPB-08, OPB-12, OPB-19 and UBC-122). Result: A total number of bands were recorded 312 from 116 polymorphic loci and single monomorphic locus. All the markers showed highest polymorphism (100%) except the primer OPB 08 (92.31%) among tested individuals. The genetic distance was observed with highest 1.0 and lowest 0.72 respectively whereas mean genetic distance was recorded 0.90. Considering Shannon-Wiener index average diversity was recorded 0.139365. The mean Nei genetic similarity was found 0.17 which was found opposition to genetic distances. A phylogenetic relationship among the individual subjects was also observed between the linkage distances of 11 to 27 with 8 clades, 3 subclusters and a cluster. In addition, average allele frequency p and q was observed 0.08156 and 0.948751 respectively whereas highest intra locus gene diversity and average gene diversity were found 3.323817 and 0.144572 respectively. Conclusion: Considering different parameters, higher genetic variability was found among the experimental subjects, probably due to the mixture DNA of parents and newborn. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(4) 2021 p.848-854

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Makuku, Rangarirai, Jean-David Werthel, Leila Oryadi Zanjani, Mohammad Hossein Nabian, and Marcarious M. Tantuoyir. "New frontiers of tendon augmentation technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a concise literature review." Journal of International Medical Research 50, no. 8 (August 2022): 030006052211172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605221117212.

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Tissue banking programs fail to meet the demand for human organs and tissues for transplantation into patients with congenital defects, injuries, chronic diseases, and end-stage organ failure. Tendons and ligaments are among the most frequently ruptured and/or worn-out body tissues owing to their frequent use, especially in athletes and the elderly population. Surgical repair has remained the mainstay management approach, regardless of scarring and adhesion formation during healing, which then compromises the gliding motion of the joint and reduces the quality of life for patients. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches, such as tendon augmentation, are promising as they may provide superior outcomes by inducing host-tissue ingrowth and tendon regeneration during degradation, thereby decreasing failure rates and morbidity. However, to date, tendon tissue engineering and regeneration research has been limited and lacks the much-needed human clinical evidence to translate most laboratory augmentation approaches to therapeutics. This narrative review summarizes the current treatment options for various tendon pathologies, future of tendon augmentation, cell therapy, gene therapy, 3D/4D bioprinting, scaffolding, and cell signals.

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Schuster, Joshua. "The Future of the Extinction Plot." Humanimalia 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2015): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9911.

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Extinction narratives are typically divided into two streams: last human stories that usually depict apocalyptic ends for the planet, and last animal stories that cast a melancholy look at species finitude but view modernity continuing as usual. But as animal extinction rates are rising now across the planet, these narratives can no longer be seen as distinct. This essay discusses the convergence of these extinction plots in Octavia Butler’s Xenogenesis trilogy (also called Lilith’s Brood). Finished in 1989, this trilogy brings contemporary science on genetic modification and gene banking into the purview of a science fiction story about an alien species interested in mating with humans, a nearly extinct species due to nuclear war, in order to absorb their genetic material. Butler’s novel examines issues central to biopolitics and animal studies that appear specifically at the threshold of extinction events. This essay discusses the ways her novel calls upon the reader to think self-reflexively about how extinction and genetic knowledge intertwine in contemporary cultural and scientific debates about the decline of biodiversity.

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Cuena-Lombraña, Alba, Martina Sanna, Marco Porceddu, and Gianluigi Bacchetta. "Does Storage under Gene Bank Conditions Affect Seed Germination and Seedling Growth? The Case of Senecio morisii (Asteraceae), a Vascular Plant Exclusive to Sardinian Water Meadows." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050581.

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Understanding seed viability under long-term storage conditions provides basic and useful information to investigate the effectiveness of seed banking. Besides the germination success, seedling establishment is also an important requirement, and a decisive step to ensure plant propagation. We used comparative data of germination, seedling growth, and survival percentage between fresh and 10-years-stored seeds of Senecio morisii, a narrow endemic and vulnerable species of Sardinia (Italy), in order to evaluate if differences exist in these traits between fresh and 10-years-stored seeds. Stored seeds showed higher germination percentages than fresh ones, whereas seedling growth and survival did not present significant differences between them, except for seedling growth in plants produced from seeds germinated at 25 °C. This study allowed us to assess if seeds of S. morisii were able to germinate under controlled conditions, and if they maintained their viability and germination capacity for at least 10 years of long-term storage in the seed bank. In addition, the high seedling survival detected in both fresh and stored seeds suggests that stored seeds of S. morisii can be used to support reinforcement or reintroduction actions when fresh materials are not available.

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Benesch, Matthew G. K., Stuart R. Bursey, Andrew C. O’Connell, Morag G. Ryan, Carrie L. Howard, Cecily C. Stockley, and Alexander Mathieson. "CDH1 Gene Mutation Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Outcomes: Analysis of a Large Cohort, Systematic Review of Endoscopic Surveillance, and Secondary Cancer Risk Postulation." Cancers 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112622.

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Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a rare signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma (SRCC) linked to CDH1 (E-cadherin) inactivating germline mutations, and increasingly other gene mutations. Female CDH1 mutation carriers have additional risk of lobular breast cancer. Risk management includes prophylactic total gastrectomy (PTG). The utility of endoscopic surveillance is unclear, as early disease lacks macroscopic lesions. The current systematic biopsy protocols have unknown efficacy, and other secondary cancer risks are postulated. We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive asymptomatic HDGC patients undergoing PTG, detailing endoscopic, pathologic, and outcome results. A systematic review compared endoscopic biopsy foci detection via random sampling versus Cambridge Protocol against PTG findings. A population-level secondary-cancer-risk postulation among sporadic gastric SRCC patients was completed using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Of 97 patients, 67 underwent PTG, with 25% having foci detection on random endoscopic biopsy despite 75% having foci on final pathology. There was no improvement in the endoscopic detection rate by Cambridge Protocol. The postulated hazard ratio among sporadic gastric SRCC patients for a secondary colorectal SRCC was three-fold higher, relative to conventional adenocarcinoma patients. Overall, HDGC patients should not rely on endoscopic surveillance to delay PTG, and may have secondary SRCC risks. A definitive determination of actual risk requires collaborative patient outcome data banking.

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Bosch, Berta, Anna Hartikainen, Aki Ronkainen, Filip Scheperjans, Perttu Arkkila, and Reetta Satokari. "Development of a Protocol for Anaerobic Preparation and Banking of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Material: Evaluation of Bacterial Richness in the Cultivated Fraction." Microorganisms 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122901.

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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown highly variable results in indications beyond recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Microbiota dysbiosis in many diseases is characterized by the depletion of strictly anaerobic bacteria, which may be crucial for FMT efficacy. We developed a protocol to ensure anaerobic conditions during the entire transplant preparation and banking process, from material collection to administration. The protocol necessitates an anaerobic cabinet, i.e., a non-standard laboratory equipment. We analyzed the population of viable anaerobes by combining cultivation and 16S rRNA gene profiling during the transplant preparation, and after 4, 8, and 12 months of anaerobic or aerobic storage at −80 °C, 78% of fecal species were captured via cultivation. Our findings suggest that strictly anaerobic transplant preparation and storage may preserve species richness better than oxic conditions, but the overall difference was not significant. However, specific anaerobes such as Neglecta and Anaerotruncus were affected by the oxygen exposure. A storage time of up to 12 months did not affect the presence of cultivated taxa. Noteworthy, our analysis focused on the richness of cultivated anaerobes rather than their abundance, which may have been affected. The benefits of the developed anaerobic protocol in FMT for specific indications remain to be demonstrated in clinical trials.

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Zhou, Jiaojiao, Kun Zhang, Xuan Zhu, Mei Deng, Meng Luo, Chunjing Xu, Jie-Kai Yu, and Yiding Chen. "Germline mutations of PALB2 gene in a sequential series of Chinese patients with breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.1530.

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1530 Background: PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) is recently recognized as a breast cancer predisposition gene, which plays a critical role in genome maintenance via interacting with BRCA1/2 and RAD51 when DNA break. Germline loss-of-function mutations in PALB2 lead to increased breast cancer risk. Since the germline mutation frequency of PALB2 is much less than BRCA1/2, the distinct mutation spectrum of PALB2 is still obscure. Therefore, we assessed the mutational frequency, spectrum and predictors of the PALB2 gene in a sequential series of Chinese breast cancer patients from our Research DNA Bank, to verify the utility of PALB2 genetic testing in Chinese population. Methods: We examined Chinese breast cancer cases (n = 2279) who agreed to participate in research DNA banking, recruited from 1990 through 2016. To identify the mutations, complete coding sequence and intron–exon boundaries of PALB2 were screened with Next Generation Sequencing. Personal and family histories were synchronously collected for mutation identification. Results: Among the 2279 breast cancer patients, 307 patients were familial breast cancer cases and the rest 1972 patients were sporadic breast cancer cases. PALB2 mutation carriers accounted for 7.8% (n = 24) and 4.8% (n = 95) in familial and sporadic breast cancer cohort separately. In total, 31 missense, 4 nonsense, 3 frameshift, 3 splicing and 1 codon mutations of PALB2 were identified in this study. Among the pathologic variants, PALB2 c.1744C > T, c.2748+1G > A, c.2749-1G > C, c.3114-1G > A were newly identified in sporadic breast cancer, and c.3271delC newly found in familial breast cancer. Based on in silico analysis, a total of 6 potential damaging missense variants were novelly found in this study, among which the PALB2 c.3035C > T was detected in both sporadic and familial breast cancer. Conclusions: Our data presents the germline mutation status of PALB2 in Chinese patients with breast cancer, suggesting that loss-of-function germline mutations of PALB2 are important in both familial and sporadic breast cancer. Clinically, this information may be helpful in genetic counseling of breast cancer patients with PALB2 germline mutation.

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Sanders, Brooke E., Lisa Ku, Paul Walker, and Benjamin G. Bitler. "Assessing Genetic Variants in Matched Biocompartments From Patients With Serous Ovarian Cancer." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 20 (January 1, 2021): 153303382110279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330338211027917.

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The clinical use of molecular tumor profiling (MTP) is expanding and there is an increasing use of MTP data to manage patient care. At the University of Colorado, 18 patients were diagnosed with primary serous ovarian cancer between 9/2015 and 6/2019 and consented for banking and analysis of tumor, ascites and plasma. All 18 patients had tumor and plasma samples that were sent for MTP, and 13 of 18 patients additionally had ascites collected and sent for MTP. 50-gene panel testing and BRCA testing were performed on primary tumor. BRCA genetic variants were more likely to be identified in plasma as compared to ascites or tumor, though not statistically significant ( P = 0.17). Co-occurring genetic variants between plasma and ascites were less common in comparison to co-occurring variants between tumor and plasma or tumor and ascites, though not statistically significant ( P = 0.68). Variants in KDR (VEGFR2) and TP53 were most likely to be conserved across all 3 biocompartments. Mutant allele frequencies (MAF) of individual genetic variants varied across biocompartments, though tended to be highest in the tumor, followed by ascites.

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Cohen, Shayna. "Greece: A Portrait in Seeds." Gastronomica 11, no. 4 (2011): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.11.4.66.

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Scientists and governments worldwide have, for decades, made mammoth efforts to “bank” agricultural biodiversity as an insurance policy against natural and manmade threats to the global food supply. Meanwhile, in recent years a perfect storm has been brewing: small-scale and midscale farmers are hungry for new market opportunities; consumers in more developed countries crave foods that come with a history and from a known place; and the concepts of biodiversity and terroir as applied to food are creeping into mainstream consciousness. Using Greece as a lens for examining these issues and using seeds as a lens for understanding Greece, this article explores the country's myriad food-plant variety preservation initiatives, from community seed saving to government gene banking, and it asks: Could banked seeds be distributed to farmers who could cultivate them, regenerating the seed collections themselves, reintroducing consumers to old varieties and creating new market opportunities for struggling small and midsize farmers? Could seed bankers, plant breeders, consumers, seed-saving farmers, and innovative food businesses collaborate in a mutually beneficial way to preserve and promote heirloom seed varieties? What would it take to bring more heirloom seeds from the freezer to the field?

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Arat, Sezen, Arzu T. Caputcu, Tolga Akkoc, Serhat Pabuccuoglu, Hakan Sagirkaya, Umut Cirit, Yavuz Nak, et al. "Using cell banks as a tool in conservation programmes of native domestic breeds: the production of the first cloned Anatolian Grey cattle." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 8 (2011): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11026.

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The aim of this study was to clone native Anatolian Grey cattle by using different donor cell types, such as fibroblast, cartilage and granulosa cells cryopreserved in a gene bank and oocytes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows as the recipient cytoplasm source. One male calf from fibroblast, three female calves from granulosa cells and one female calf from cartilage cells were born healthy and at normal birthweights. No calves were lost after birth. The results demonstrated that the cloned calves had the same microsatellite alleles at 11 loci as their nuclear donors. However, the mtDNAs of the five Anatolian Grey cloned calves had different haplotypes from their donor cells and mtDNA heteroplasmy could not be detected in any of the clones. The birth of healthy clones suggests that the haplotype difference between the cell and oocyte donor did not affect the pre- or post-implantation development of the bovine nuclear transfer derived embryos in our study. The results showed that well established nuclear transfer protocols could be useful in conserving endangered species. In conclusion, somatic cell banking can be suggested as a tool in conservation programmes of animal genetic resources.

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Shah Faisal, Owais Khan, Anila, Saliha Khalid, Sania Zehra, Maha Mumtaz, and Munima Haque. "Stem cell therapy: Advances and future directions in regenerative medicine: A review." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 2811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.1.1101.

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Stem cell treatment, an important part of regenerative medicine that may change the way many illnesses and injuries are treated in the future. This review article gives an in-depth analysis of the many kinds of stem cells, including adult, induced pluripotent, and embryonic stem cells, as well as their background, properties, and potential for differentiation. Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, tissue engineering, medications for neurological illnesses, and management of autoimmune diseases are only a few of the current applications of stem cells in therapy that we explore. The report also discusses cutting-edge techniques in stem cell research, such as 3D bioprinting, the game-changing CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing approach, and the manipulation of stem cells using tiny chemicals. However, there are several obstacles on the road to stem cell treatment. We explain how ethical concerns, immunological rejection, and tumorigenicity have influenced public opinion. Future developments in stem cell therapy will be discussed, including the role of stem cell banking, tissue engineering, personalized medicine, and artificial intelligence. In conclusion, despite substantial progress, barriers still need to be eliminated before stem cell treatment can realize its promise to fundamentally alter regenerative medicine.

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Yuen, Carrie H., Helen Andersson, Simon Olivares, Lisa Biswal, Robert Raphael, Tom Killian, Elizabeth J. Shpall, Dean A. Lee, Richard Champlin, and Laurence Cooper. "Non-Integrating Gene Transfer To Redirect Specificity of Lymphocytes towards Pediatric CD19+ Malignancies." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3739.3739.

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Abstract Pediatric B-lineage malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), generally have a poor prognosis upon relapse of tumor cells exhibiting resistance to conventional chemotherapy. In the absence of new commercially-available therapies for refractory pediatric cancers, it is up to pediatric oncologists to develop and apply new therapeutics. One candidate targeted therapy for B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma, is adoptive transfer of autologous T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and rendered specific for CD19. However, the broad adoption of T-cell gene therapy for children is limited by the expense to produce and release expression vectors and cell products and the risk of insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, we are developing an approach to express the CAR without integration of transgene and therefore without causing genotoxicity. Here we demonstrate that non-viral gene transfer of vector-free in vitro-transcribed messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) can efficiently introduce CAR into T cells. We demonstrate, using a commercially available electroporator, that codon-optimized mRNA coding for CD19-specific CAR is expressed on primary human T cells (Figure 1A) that redirects the specificity of CD19+ tumors (Figure 1B). When scaled-up for clinical trials, the electro-transfer of one or more mRNA species into T cells has the advantage of (i) ex vivo manipulation of T cells with preservation of homing receptors for lymph nodes and bone marrow (sites of leukemia/lymphoma), (ii) availability of clinically-meaningful numbers of genetically manipulated T cells within a day of apheresis, (iii) high levels of transgene expression, (iv) reduced cost (preparation of clinical-grade plasmid and mRNA compared with recombinant virus), and (iv) safety (no insertional mutagenesis). The relative ease of gene/mRNA transfer coupled with minimal manipulation of large numbers of T cells allows investigators to give patients multiple doses using existing infrastructure such as already widely exists for processing hematopoietic stem cells and blood banking. We are preparing a multi-institution clinical trial in which pediatric patients with refractory B-ALL receive personalized medication, prepared at each site, in the form of recursive infusions of CAR+ T cells repetitively electroporated with mRNA. This application of transient transfection to adoptive immunotherapy is expected to be of wide appeal for pediatric and adult patients alike with tumors that can be targeted by CAR. Figure: (A) Expression of CAR in primary human T cells. (B) Specific lysis of CD19+ tumor target by genetically manipulated T cells expressing CAR mRNA Figure:. (A) Expression of CAR in primary human T cells. (B) Specific lysis of CD19+ tumor target by genetically manipulated T cells expressing CAR mRNA

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Ahuja, Akshay Kumar, Luca Pontiggia, Ueli Moehrlen, and Thomas Biedermann. "The Dynamic Nature of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Is Defined by Marked Variation in the Gene Expression of Specific Cytoskeletal Markers." Life 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12070935.

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The evidence for fibroblast heterogeneity is continuously increasing, and recent work has shed some light on the existence of different sub-populations of fibroblasts in the human skin. Although we now have a more precise understanding of their distribution in the human body, we do not know whether their properties are predictive of where these cells derive from or whether these sub-types have functional consequences. In this study, we employed single-cell transcriptomics (10X Genomics) to study gene expression and segregate fibroblast sub-populations based on their genetic signature. We report the differential expression of a defined set of genes in fibroblasts from human skin, which may contribute to their dynamicity in vivo and in vitro. We show that the sub-population of fibroblasts expressing cytoskeletal markers, such as ANXA2, VIM, ACTB, are enriched in an adult skin sample. Interestingly, this sub-population of fibroblasts is not enriched in a neonatal skin sample but becomes predominant when neonatal fibroblasts are cultivated. On the other hand, the fibroblast sub-populations expressing COL1A1 and ELN are enriched in neonatal skin but are reduced in the adult skin and in fibroblasts from neonatal skin that are cultured in vitro. Our results indicate that fibroblasts are a dynamic cell type, and while their genetic make-up changes markedly, only a handful of genes belonging to the same functional pathway govern this alteration. The gene expression pattern of cytoskeletal markers may help in identifying whether the fibroblasts were isolated from an adult or an infant or whether they were cultivated, and this information could be useful for quality control in clinics and in cell banking. Furthermore, this study opens additional avenues to investigate the role of these markers in defining the complexity of human dermal fibroblasts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gene banking'

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