Books on the topic 'Gender similarity'
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1
ill, Gulliver Amanda, ed. No difference between us: Teaching children about gender equality, respectful relationships, feelings, choice, self-esteem, empathy, tolerance, and acceptance. Macclesfield, Victoria: UpLoad Publishing Pty Limited, 2017.
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Jakobsh, Doris R. Race and gender in a frontier society: The Sikhs and the politics of similarity under the Raj. London: School of Oriental Studies, 1998.
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Roßteutscher, Sigrid, Ina Bieber, Lars-Christopher Stövsand, and Manuela Blumenberg. Candidate Perception and Individual Vote Choice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the relevance of social cues for voting behavior in Germany. It explores effects of social cues that build on role-based and social-similarity-based stereotyping. Using data from voter surveys that are merged with information about candidate characteristics, the analysis demonstrates that role-based cues played no part in affecting voter decisions on the first vote in the 2009 and 2013 German federal elections. By contrast, cues that build on social similarity (e.g. gender, age, education, social class, religion, or migrant background) appear to have made a difference, at least in certain subsections of the electorate, such as partisan independents.
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Weiss, Sarah. Ritual Soundings. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042294.001.0001.
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This book documents ways in which women’s performance practices engage with and localize world religions while creating opportunities for women’s agency. This study draws on the rich resources of three disciplines: ethnomusicology, gendered studies of religion, and religious music studies. It is a meta-ethnography formed by comparisons among different ethnographic case studies. The book analyses women’s performances at religious events in cultural settings spread across the world to demonstrate the pivotal roles women can play in localizing the practice of world religions, exploring moments in which performance allows women the agency to move, however momentarily, beyond culturally determined boundaries while revealing patterns that suggest unsuspected similarities in widely divergent religious contexts. With the rise of religious fundamentalism and with world politics embroiled in debate about women’s bodies and their comportment in public, ethnomusicologists and other scholars must address questions of religion, gender, and their intersection. By reading deeply into, but also across, the ethnographic detail of multiple studies, this book reveals patterns of similarity between unrelated cultures. It invites ethnomusicologists back into comparative work, offering them encouragement to think across disciplinary boundaries and suggesting that they can actively work to counter the divisive rhetoric of religious exceptionalism by revealing the many ways in which religions and cultures are similar to one another.
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McLaren, Margaret A. Women's Activism, Feminism, and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947705.001.0001.
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Informed by practices of women’s activism in India, this book proposes a feminist social justice framework to address the wide range of issues women face globally, including economic exploitation; sexist oppression; racial, ethnic, and caste oppression; and cultural imperialism. The feminist social justice framework provides an alternative to mainstream philosophical frameworks that analyze and promote gender justice globally: universal human rights, economic projects such as microfinance, and cosmopolitanism. These frameworks share a commitment to individualism and abstract universalism that underlie certain liberal and neoliberal approaches to justice. Arguing that these frameworks emphasize individualism over interdependence, similarity over diversity, and individual success over collective capacity, McLaren draws on the work of Rabindranath Tagore to develop the concept of relational cosmopolitanism. Relational cosmopolitanism prioritizes our connections, while acknowledging power differences. Extending Iris Young’s theory of political responsibility, McLaren shows how Fair Trade connects to the economic solidarity movement. The Self-Employed Women’s Association and MarketPlace India empower women through access to livelihoods as well as fostering leadership capabilities that allow them to challenge structural injustice through political and social activism. Their struggles to resist economic exploitation and gender oppression through collective action show the importance of challenging individualist approaches to achieving gender justice. The book concludes with a call for a shift in our thinking and practice toward reimagining the possibilities for justice from a relational framework, from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from interest to sociopolitical imagination.
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Coffé, Hilde. Gender and the Radical Right. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.10.
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This chapter discusses the claim that radical right parties are typically led and supported by men, and explores various aspects of gender bias as they relate to radical right parties and support for these parties. The first section considers the so-called gender gap in radical right voting, with women being significantly underrepresented among the radical right electorate compared with men. The second section examines how explanations for radical right voting behavior may differ between women and men. Whereas the majority of the research on radical right voting has taken for granted that women and men behave similarly, it shows that the limited available research does indicate some gender differences in the explanations for supporting a radical right party. The final section outlines some ideas for further research and the challenges that lie ahead for scholarship on gender and the radical right.
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Risman, Barbara J. The True Believers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.003.0005.
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This is the first data chapter. In this chapter, respondents who are described as true believers in the gender structure, and essentialist gender differences are introduced and their interviews analyzed. They are true believers because, at the macro level, they believe in a gender ideology where women and men should be different and accept rules and requirements that enforce gender differentiation and even sex segregation in social life. In addition, at the interactional level, these Millennials report having been shaped by their parent’s traditional expectations and they similarly feel justified to impose gendered expectations on those in their own social networks. At the individual level, they have internalized masculinity or femininity, and embody it in how they present themselves to the world. They try hard to “do gender” traditionally.
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Bjarnegård, Elin. Men’s Political Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.214.
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In much research on gender and representation, the constraining factors for women’s political representation have served as a backdrop against which women’s activities are contextualized, rather than as a primary focus of research. Research explicitly focusing on men’s overrepresentation in politics does the opposite: it puts the reproduction of male dominance at the center of the analysis. Such a focus on men and masculinities and their relation to political power requires a set of analytical tools that are partly distinctly different from the tools used to analyze women’s underrepresentation. A feminist institutionalist framework is used to identify the logic of recruitment underpinning the reproduction of male dominance. It proposes and elaborates on two main types of political capital that under certain circumstances may reinforce male dominance and resist challenges to it: homosocial capital, consisting of instrumental and expressive rules favoring different types of similarity; and male capital, consisting of sexist and patriarchal resources that always favor men. Although the different types of political capital may be empirically related, they should be analytically separated because they require different methodological approaches and call for different strategies for change.
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Gurung, Shobha Hamal, and Bandana Purkayastha. Gendered Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037573.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how contemporary globalization has created gendered labor by drawing on the experiences of Nepali immigrant women within pan-ethnic informal labor markets in Boston and New York City. After a brief overview of the existing theoretical framework, the chapter presents data on Nepali women's experiences in the informal economy. It shows how the economic opportunities available to these women are shaped by within-ethnic-group social location—Nepali Americans' social location in relation to wealthier Indian Americans (and their religious and linguistic similarity to this group). It also considers how some Nepali women, especially those who worked in the formal sector in Nepal, have begun to “bank” their social capital in their home countries. The Nepali women's experiences highlight the segmentation of the informal labor market for care work and suggest that, while they send remittances back to their home countries, some of this money is sent to nonfamily members.
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Reyes-Housholder, Catherine, and Gwynn Thoma. Latin America’s Presidentas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851224.003.0002.
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Catherine Reyes-Housholder and Gwynn Thomas highlight the unexpected emergence of female presidents and presidential candidates in Latin American politics. They point out that theories explaining the election of female executives globally fail to account for the rise of female presidents in Latin America and argue that the transition to democracy, women’s increasing political experience, the rise of the left, and recent political party crises have provided new opportunities for women in the presidency. However, female presidents must continually manage gendered expectations created from men’s past dominance of presidential power. While they appear similarly as successful governing as male presidents, only Michelle Bachelet has made gender equality a central component of her agenda. Female presidents have not used their constitutional powers to enact many gender equality policies, but in certain circumstances, they have been more likely than men to appoint women to their cabinets. Female presidents also have had some positive consequences for women’s participation in politics.
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Ramalho, Felipe de Castro. A representação do diverso no cinema de animação. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-217-9.
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This book is the result of a doctoral research that sought to analyze the characters of the industrial animation cinema that present characterizations, mannerism, behavior and sexual stereotypes, which create an unknown idea about their sexualities. Animated films, often considered an exclusive product for children, do not directly address sexualities that differ from heteronormativity. For this reason, we call “diverse” those possible characters that are different from the norms of standard heterosexuality, in order to map, analyze, quantify and qualify the purpose of these representations. In the first moment, the concepts of the theoretical Stuart Hall on representational practices capable of producing ideologies, discourses and signs are applied in animation cinema and associated with anthropomorphism, which we believe to be a camouflaged way of representing such characters. Then, we characterize the “diverse” and the reasons for choosing the term, so that we can propose a debate about cinema as an instance capable of inscribing gender norms and how animation cinema acts as a media capable of proposing a cultural specific pedagogy. Then, based on the principle of similarity and difference, we mapped the “diverse” characters present in the history of animation cinema at the main North American studios: Disney, Pixar and DreamWorks. After this process, we analyze and qualify the intention of the representations of the “diverse” in the characters of animated films. Therefore, do not be alarmed when faced with classic characters such as Ursula, Genius, Scar, Timon, Pumbaa, Edna Mode, King Julien and many others who present different facets of sexuality.
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Ortbals, Candice, and Lori Poloni-Staudinger. How Gender Intersects With Political Violence and Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.308.
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Gender influences political violence, which includes, for example, terrorism, genocide, and war. Gender uncovers how women, men, and nonbinary persons act according to feminine, masculine, or fluid expectations of men and women. A gendered interpretation of political violence recognizes that politics and states project masculine power and privilege, with the result that men occupy the dominant social position in politics and women and marginalized men are subordinate. As such, men (associated with masculinity) are typically understood as perpetrators of political violence with power and agency and women (associated with femininity) are seen as passive and as victims of violence. For example, women killed by drone attacks in the U.S. War on Terrorism are seen as the innocent, who, along with children, are collateral damage. Many historical and current examples, however, demonstrate that women have agency, namely that they are active in social groups and state institutions responding to and initiating political violence. Women are victims of political violence in many instances, yet some are also political and social actors who fight for change.Gendercide, which can occur alongside genocide, targets a specific gender, with the result that men, women, or those who identify with a non-heteronormative sexuality are subject to discriminatory killing. Rape in wartime situations is also gendered; often it is an expression of men’s power over women and over men who are feminized and marginalized. Because war is typically seen as a masculine domain, wartime violence is not associated with women, who are viewed as life givers and not life takers. Similarly, few expect women to be terrorists, and when they are, women’s motivations often are assumed to be different from those of men. Whereas some scholars argue that women pursue terrorism for personal (and feminine) reasons, for example to redeem themselves from the reputation of rape or for the loss of a male loved one, other scholars maintain that women act on account of political or religious motivations. Although many cases of women’s involvement in war and terrorism can be documented throughout history, wartime leadership and prominent social positions following political violence have been reserved for men. Leaders with feminine traits seem undesirable during and after political violence, because military leadership and negotiations to end military conflict are associated with men and masculinity. Nevertheless, women’s groups and individual women respond to situations of violence by protesting against violence, testifying at tribunals and truth commissions, and constructing the political memory of violence.
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Kornfield, Sara L., and C. Neill Epperson. PTSD and Women. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0013.
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It is generally accepted that women are at greater risk of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than men. Both gender differences in trauma exposures and cognitive response to trauma as well as sex differences in neuroendocrine function are thought to contribute to the differences in prevalence of PTSD across the lifespan. For women, reproductive transitions such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are particularly relevant, as ovarian and stress hormones as well as neurosteroids exert profound effects on the central nervous system. Similarly, pregnancy and childbirth can be experienced as traumatic events leading to exacerbation or new-onset PTSD. This chapter reviews the relevant literature regarding PTSD in women to highlight the importance of considering gender and sex as risk and resilience factors. The chapter is organized according to reproductive stage, as PTSD symptoms and treatment implications vary across the female lifespan.
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Piekut, Benjamin, and George E. Lewis, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Critical Improvisation Studies, Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199892921.001.0001.
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Improvisation informs a vast array of human activities, from creative practices in art, dance, music, and literature to everyday conversation and the relationships to natural and built environments that surround and sustain us. These volumes gather scholarship on improvisation from a similarly wide range of perspectives, with contributions from more than 60 scholars working in architecture, anthropology, art history, computer science, cognitive science, cultural studies, dance, economics, education, ethnomusicology, film, gender studies, history, linguistics, literary theory, musicology, neuroscience, new media, organizational science, performance studies, philosophy, popular music studies, psychology, science and technology studies, sociology, and sound art, among others.
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Lewis, George E., and Benjamin Piekut, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Critical Improvisation Studies, Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.001.0001.
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Improvisation informs a vast array of human activities, from creative practices in art, dance, music, and literature to everyday conversation and the relationships to natural and built environments that surround and sustain us. These volumes gather scholarship on improvisation from a similarly wide range of perspectives, with contributions from more than 60 scholars working in architecture, anthropology, art history, computer science, cognitive science, cultural studies, dance, economics, education, ethnomusicology, film, gender studies, history, linguistics, literary theory, musicology, neuroscience, new media, organizational science, performance studies, philosophy, popular music studies, psychology, science and technology studies, sociology, and sound art, among others.
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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson, Göran Djurfeldt, Ola Hall, and Maria Archila Bustos. Agrarian Change and Structural Transformation: Drivers and Distributional Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0005.
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This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of three processes—intensification of grain yields, diversification of cropping, and non-farm diversification (pluriactivity)—it concludes that intensification has moderately accelerated and is getting more important than its twin process. Similarly, crop diversification has accelerated, while non-farm diversification seems to be more pull- than push-driven. The most important drivers of the two first-mentioned processes are commercial ones: increasing local and domestic demand for grains and for other crops and institutional changes promoting market participation of smallholders. The chapter concludes that these processes are not pro-poor, but neither are they pro-rich; middling smallholder households tend to be more involved. The gender profile of agricultural diversification seems to involve and benefit male-managed farms, whereas non-farm diversification is gender neutral.
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Gray White, Deborah. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040900.003.0001.
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This chapter explains that the book looks at masculinity by examining, in both contemporary and historical perspective, the different ways that the Promise Keepers, the Million Man marchers and gay men approached masculinity, fatherhood, marriage, and issues of race, faith, and sexuality. Similarly, it explores how different groups of women approached femininity, feminism, motherhood, marriage, and sexuality, and examines their historical and contemporary ability to work across race, class, gender, and sexuality. It explores how African Americans navigated post-blackness, and how lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgenders negotiated their struggles with inclusion. As such, Lost in the USA reveals how intersectionality functions in the lives of local people and how it works and affects relationships and coalitions.
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Milward, John. Americanaland. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043918.001.0001.
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With a claim on artists from Jimmie Rodgers to Jason Isbell, Americana can be hard to define, but you know it when you hear it. This book is filled with the enduring performers and vivid stories that are at the heart of Americana. At base a hybrid of rock and country, Americana is also infused with folk, blues, rhythm and blues, bluegrass, and other types of roots music. Performers like Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, Ray Charles, Joni Mitchell, and Gram Parsons used these ingredients to create influential music that took well-established genres down exciting new roads. The name Americana was coined in the 1990s to describe similarly inclined artists like Emmylou Harris, Steve Earle, and Wilco. Today, Brandi Carlile and I'm With Her are among the musicians carrying the genre into the twenty-first century. Essential and engaging, the book chronicles the evolution and resonance of this ever-changing amalgam of American music.
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Chung, Heejung. The Flexibility Paradox. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354772.001.0001.
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Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, flexible working has become the norm for many workers. However, does flexible working really provide a better work-life balance, enhance worker’s well-being and gender equality? This volume offers an original examination of flexible working using data from 30 European countries and drawing on studies conducted across the world including China, the US and India. The book reveals how flexible working can lead to workers working longer and harder, with work encroaching on family life. This is largely due to our current work and work-life balance culture, where long hours work in the office is hailed as the ideal productive worker, compounded by the decline in workers’ bargaining power and increased levels of insecurities. Similarly, norms around gender roles and intensive parenting cultures shape how the patterns of exploitation manifests differently for women and men. Women end up exploiting themselves at home by increasing time spent on childcare and housework, reenforcing traditional gender roles. This, and assumptions around women’s flexible working can explain why women and mothers may especially be party to negative career consequences when working flexibly. However, all is not lost. The book shows changes in cultural and institutional contexts, and the wide-spread of flexible working can help change the patterns of flexibility paradox. Taking a critical stance, this book investigates the potential risks and benefits of flexible working and provides crucial policy recommendations for policy makers, managers, and workers alike in overcoming the negative consequences.
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Kristiansen, Maria, and Aziz Sheikh. Health. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427234.003.0002.
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Human happiness and well-being are, to a large extent, dependent upon the health of the individual. Similarly, healthy populations are an important prerequisite for societal progress and prosperity (Marmot et al., 2010; World Health Organization, 2015). In order to maximise individual and societal well-being, it is important that the health of all members and sections – that is, irrespective of age, sex/gender, disability, ethnicity, faith or any other protected characteristic – is maximised. A growing body of evidence, however, points to substantial, persistent differences in health outcomes between different ethnic and religious groups. In this chapter, we discuss the health profile of Muslims living in Scotland, outline some of the factors shaping health among this diverse group and consider ways of addressing the healthcare needs of Muslims within the context of Scottish healthcare services.
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Sanchez, Melissa E. The Poetics of Feminine Subjectivity in Shakespeare’s Sonnets and ‘a Lover’s Complaint’. Edited by Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0034.
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This chapter explores how we might be compelled to alter our understanding of the emergence of gendered identifications and hierarchies if we were to borrow some of the rethinking of sexuality that queer theory has done with regards to same-sex desire and apply it to other non-normative sexualities—in this case, female promiscuity. Modern scholars have largely rejected the stigma attached to homoerotic desire and practice, and they have thereby been able better to understand and contest the cultural privileges accorded to heterosexual relationships. Similarly, by rejecting the stigma attached to female promiscuity, we as critics can examine how this stigma works to sustain gendered hierarchies. Shakespeare’s Sonnets and A Lover’s Complaint dramatize the power of the discourse of promiscuity to shape the horizons of female identity and male prerogative.
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Belser, Julia Watts. Disability Studies and the Destruction of Jerusalem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190600471.003.0004.
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This chapter uses disability studies theory to analyze the political and cultural significations of the body amidst Roman conquest. Extending the insights of scholars who have examined way Roman colonial dominance reshapes Jewish gender discourse, it argues that imperial violence similarly restructures the way rabbinic narrative portrays the body. Bavli Gittin and Lamentations Rabbah both recount stories of Rabbi Tsadok, a celebrated priest who fasted for forty years in an attempt to avert the destruction of Jerusalem. In contrast to the beauty tales examined in the previous chapter, Rabbi Tsadok’s body is used to mark the visceral impact of Roman conquest—and to chronicle the enduring scar that catastrophe leaves upon the flesh. Yet even as these stories use disability to make visible the tremendous loss that destruction brings, they also resignify the cultural logic of imperial victory, emphasizing the subversive power of disabled Jewish flesh.
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Scanlon, T. M. Status Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0003.
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In societies with caste and class distinctions, and in societies marked by racial discrimination, some people are denied access to forms of employment and other valuable opportunities on the grounds that their race, gender, religion, or some other feature marks them as inferior, and hence unsuitable as candidates for these goods. Economic inequality can also involve inequality of status if being poor means being unable to afford goods that are regarded as essential to being a respectable person. These forms of objectionable inequality depend on mistaken evaluative attitudes about the significance of certain facts about a person. In a thoroughly meritocratic society, in which people are selected for positions of advantage on the basis of relevant forms of ability, the inferior status of those who fail to succeed might seem even more difficult for them to bear insofar as it is seen, even correctly, as justified. This will be so, however, only if these forms of success are valued in mistaken ways. Rawls put forward the idea of non-comparing groups as a way of minimizing this problem in an otherwise just society. But in an unjust society the tendency of people to associate mainly with others who are similarly successful can foster unjustified feelings of entitlement, and have other objectionable effects.
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González, Gabriela. Struggling against Jaime Crow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914142.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at how the Americanization agenda of LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens) worked in tandem with a long-standing tradition of transborder gente decente politics to shape the organization’s civil rights project. Like the Idars and Munguias, LULACkers sought to eradicate racist practices to allow economic and political empowerment. Similarly, they followed the model of respectability by striving to socially and culturally uplift la raza. For LULAC, redeeming la raza initially meant focusing on the plight of US-born Mexicans whose claims to citizenship facilitated struggles for rights within the American political and judicial systems. But even as they worked within the nation’s institutions, these ethnic American leaders continued to strategically employ transnational approaches that dovetailed with the hemispheric geopolitics of the 1930s and 1940s.
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Konstan, David. Comedy and the Athenian Ideal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748472.003.0006.
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New Comedy was a Panhellenic phenomenon. It may be that a performance in Athens was still the acme of a comic playwright’s career, but Athens was no longer the exclusive venue of the genre. Yet Athens, or an idealized version of Athens, remained the setting or backdrop for New Comedy, whatever its provenance or intended audience. New Comedy was thus an important vehicle for the dissemination of the Athenian polis model throughout the Hellenistic world, and it was a factor in what has been termed ‘the great convergence’. The role of New Comedy in projecting an idealized image of the city-state may be compared to that of Hollywood movies in conveying a similarly romanticized, but not altogether false, conception of American democracy to populations around the world.
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Boucher, Daniel. Translation. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.32.
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The linguistic encounter between the Chinese and their neighbors begins from our earliest records. The Hua-Xia peoples of the central plain region came into contact with peoples of diverse language families, including Austroasiatic, Paleosiberian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman, necessitating frequent interlinguistic exchange. The coming of Buddhism in the Later Han brought China’s first encounter with a significant literary other. The translation of Buddhist scriptures was carried out oral-aurally and by committee, leaving traces of the vernacular that would have noticeable impact on new genres of literature in the medieval period, even as the encounter with Sanskrit metrics would similarly transform Chinese poetry. Much of this work was carried out under imperial patronage. Finally, not all translation activity involved a one-way transmission from India to China. There is evidence of non-Indian translations carried out in Chinese territories and interest in non-Buddhist traditions as well.
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Colclough, Stephen. Readers and Reading Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0030.
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This chapter explores reading diaries to illustrate the bibliographic world in which individual readers encountered novels. From the recording of a baffled enjoyment of Tristram Shandy, through the conjuring up of the ‘excessive’ teenage delights taken in the illustrated novel, and on to the pleasures of dismissing emergent new genres as ‘too Highlandish’, the evidence presented here suggests just how much pleasure readers gained from novels. Readers engaged with fiction in a number of different forms during this time and textual context subtly altered the kind of reading that it was possible to produce. Similarly, anecdotal accounts of reading aloud recognizes reading as a material act, which brings the body as well as the mind into play. Moreover, it is worth remembering those everyday gestures of reading, such as hurrying to the library for the next volume, that were such an important part of the novel reader's experience during this period.
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Roche, David. Quentin Tarantino. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496819161.001.0001.
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An in-depth study of all Tarantino’s feature films to date (from Reservoir Dogs to The Hateful Eight), Quentin Tarantino: A Poetics and Politics of Cinematic Metafiction argues that, far from wallowing in narcissism and solipsism, a charge directed not only at Tarantino but at metafiction in general, these self-conscious fictions do more than just reflexively foreground their status as artefacts; they offer metacommentaries that engage with the history of cultural representations and exalt the aesthetic, ethical and political potential of creation as re-recreation and resignification. By combining cultural studies and neo-formalist approaches, this book seeks to highlight how intimately the films’ poetics and politics are intertwined. Each chapter explores a specific salient feature, some of which have drawn much academic attention (history, race, gender, violence), others less so (narrative structure, style, music, theatricality). Ultimately, Quentin Tarantino: Poetics and Politics of Cinematic Metafiction places Tarantino’s films firmly in the legacy of Hawks, Godard, Leone and the New Hollywood, and revises the image of cool purveyor of pop culture the American director cultivated at the beginning of his career by foregrounding the breadth and layeredness of the films’ engagement with cultural history, high and low, screen and print, American, East Asian and European. The films produced by the Tarantino team are formal invitations for viewers to similarly engage with, and reflect on, the material, and delight in doing so.
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Asirvatham, Sulo. Historiography. Edited by Daniel S. Richter and William A. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.31.
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The historiographical writings of Arrian, Appian, Herodian, and Cassius Dio pose interesting challenges to how we characterize Second Sophistic literature. With its ostensible goal of telling the truth about the past, imperial Greek historiography seems incompatible with the large bulk of imperial Greek writing that is more obviously inspired by declamation and whose main goal is the virtuosic display of erudition, or paideia. Furthermore, inasmuch as this historiography focuses primarily on Roman history, it hardly fulfills the stereotype of Second Sophistic literature as thematically Hellenocentric, even if it is similarly characterized by linguistic Atticism. This chapter therefore argues for an expanded definition of the Second Sophistic that can meaningfully accommodate the peculiarly hybrid nature of historiography on the levels of both genre and cultural politics—as “earnest” history somewhat dominated by rhetoric, and as work better described as “Greco-Roman” than as essentially “Greek.”
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Yurdakul, Sebahattin, Emire Seyahi, and Hasan Yazici. Behçet’s syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0135.
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Behçet's syndrome is a systemic inflammatory panvasculitis (affecting all sizes of vessels) of unknown aetiology. It is in vogue to include it among the systemic autoinflammatory conditions. Behçet's syndrome is more frequent along the ancient 'Silk Route' across Asia than it is in Western countries. The usual onset is the second or third decade, equally affecting either gender. However, young patients and male patients have more severe disease. Almost all patients have recurrent oral ulceration. Scar-forming genital ulcers, a variety of skin lesions including acneiform, erythema nodosum-like lesions, arthritis, potentially blinding panuveitis, thrombophlebitis, gastrointestinal disease, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, and life-threatening bleeding pulmonary artery aneurysms are seen. The pathergy phenomenon is a heightened tissue inflammatory response. The strongest genetic association is with HLA B51. There are immunological aberrations but not prominent enough to call it an autoimmune disease. Similarly, Behçet's syndrome does not fit easily into the broad concept of autoinflammatory diseases. The histopathology is also non-specific and the diagnosis is mainly clinical. Differentiation from Crohn's disease is very difficult. In more than one-half of the patients the disease burns out in time, thus only symptomatic therapy is indicated in some patients. However, eye involvement, pulmonary vascular disease, thrombophilic complications, CNS involvement, and gastrointestinal disease need prompt recognition and treatment. Brief courses of glucocorticosteroids along with immunosuppressives including the newer biologicals, interferon, and colchicine are commonly used. However, controlled clinical trials are not available for some of these medications especially when thrombophilia, CNS, and gastrointestinal disease are present.
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Hayton, Jeff. Culture from the Slums. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866183.001.0001.
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Culture from the Slums explores the history of punk rock in East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. These decades witnessed an explosion of alternative culture across divided Germany, and punk was a critical constituent of this movement. For young Germans at the time, punk appealed to those gravitating toward individual and cultural experimentation rooted in notions of authenticity—endeavors considered to be more “real” and “genuine.” Adopting musical subculture from abroad and rearticulating the genre locally, punk gave individuals uncomfortable with their societies the opportunity to create alternative worlds. Examining how youths mobilized music to build alternative communities and identities during the Cold War, Culture from the Slums details how punk became the site of historical change during this era: in the West, concerning national identity, commercialism, and politicization; while in the East, over repression, resistance, and collaboration. But on either side of the Iron Curtain, punks’ struggles for individuality and independence forced their societies to come to terms with their political, social, and aesthetic challenges, confrontations which pluralized both states, a surprising similarity connecting democratic, capitalist West Germany with socialist, authoritarian East Germany. In this manner, Culture from the Slums suggests that the ideas, practices, and communities which youths called into being transformed both German societies along more diverse and ultimately democratic lines. Using a wealth of previously untapped archival documentation, Culture from the Slums reorients German and European history during this period by integrating alternative culture and music subculture into broader narratives of postwar inquiry and explains how punk rock shaped divided Germany in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Majid Cooke, Fadzilah, Ejria Saleh, and Lee Hock Ann, eds. Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah. UMS Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/fisheriesandaquacultureumspress2017-978-967-0521-85-5.
Full textAbstract:
Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah: implications for Society, Culture and Ecology builds on a trend in studies of social change of taking the environment seriously. Coming from the disciplines of sociology, economics and marine science the authors deal with issues of sustainability in economic, social and ecological terms. The overall political ecology approach of the book diversifies into sub themes as the chapters engage with frameworks on the ecological limits of economic development, entitlements and well-being, participatory development, gender and knowledge production, science and citizenship as well as the symbolic and material value of national and international borders. Ecological aquaculture introduces new livelihood opportunities as well as losses. And it has a degree of ecological costs depending on environmental conditions and power relations that affect local production. We argue in this book that social and environmental justice issues are connected so that effective solutions to environmental problems can only be devised if the social justice issues are paid attention to. This general thrust in placing centre stage social and environmental justice issues is not unique to Sabah since these are issues experienced by developing countries similarly positioned in their dependence on natural resources for economic development. Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah: implications for Society, Culture and Ecology should, therefore, be of interest to development practitioners (those involved in management and policy implementation) and researchers alike. For managers and policy implementers, the book confirms how, implementation at the local level are not smooth but are in fact, unruly practices. For researchers, the book provides an example of viewing social and environmental justice issues together.
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Hinton, Alexander Laban. Performance (Reach Sambath, Public Affairs, and “Justice Trouble”). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820949.003.0008.
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Chapter 5 shifts from aesthetics to performativity, even as the two are intertwined. Just as the parties came together at Tuol Sleng in a performance of transitional justice and law, one that seemed to realize the transitional justice imaginary’s aspiration for transformation, so too did the civil parties enter into legal proceedings that had clear performative dimensions, including an ethnodramatic structure that led some to refer to it as “the show.” Indeed, justice itself is a momentary enactment of law, structured by power including legal codes and the force of law, which is plagued by the impossibility of realizing the universal in the particular, a dilemma Derrida has discussed in terms of justice always being something that is “to come.” Other scholarship, ranging from Butler’s ideas about the performativity of gender to Lacan’s theorization of the self, similarly discusses how idealizations break down even as they are performatively asserted with the momentary manifestation of the particular never able to fully accord with idealized aspirations—including those of the transitional justice imaginary and its facadist externalizations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the ways in which Vann Nath’s testimony illustrates the ways the court seeks to performatively assert justice through courtroom rituals, roles, and discourses. The chapter then turns to examine the related work of the court’s “public face,” the Public Affairs Section (PAS), which promoted its success in busing in tens of thousands of Cambodians as evidence of public engagement with the court. The chapter discusses some of the ways in which the head of the PAS, Reach Sambath, who was sometimes referred to as “Spokesperson for the Ghosts,” translated justice when interacting with such Cambodians with many of whom he shared a deep Buddhist belief. I then explore the issues of “Justice Trouble,” or some of the ways in which the instability of the juridical performance at the ECCC broke down, including Theary Seng’s later condemnation of the court.
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Naicker, Saraladevi, and Graham Paget. HIV and renal disease. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0187_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic has particularly affected the poorest regions of the world. HIV can directly or indirectly affect different aspects of renal function, and results in a variable expression of kidney disease.Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst HIV-infected patients is reported at 3.5–38% in different regions of the world. The complex interplay between the pheno- and/or genotypic variants of the virus, the genetic make-up of the host, and environmental factors determine the clinical manifestations of renal disease. The association of APOL1 gene variants G1 and G2 with the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis explains the high frequency of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) in populations of black ethnicity.Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is effective in preventing progression of HIVAN. Some of the drugs used in ART regimens are potentially nephrotoxic and require dose adjustment or even avoidance in CKD. Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in HIVAN has been reported to correlate with the extent of chronic damage quantified by renal biopsy.HIV-infected patients requiring dialysis, who are stable on ART, are achieving survival rates comparable to those of non-HIV dialysis populations. Similarly, HIV infection does not seem to adversely affect patient and graft survival rates after kidney transplantation, and there has been no increase in the prevalence of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients on effective ART.
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Reid, Hugh W., and Mark P. Dagleish. Poxviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0040.
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The poxviruses are a large family of complex viruses infecting many species of vertebrates as well as arthropods, and members of the three genera Orthopoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus and Parapoxvirus are the cause of sporadic zoonotic infections originating from both wildlife and domestic livestock. Infections of humans are generally associated with localized lesions, regarded as inconvenient rather than life-threatening, although severe illnesses have occurred, particularly in immunologically compromised individuals.The most celebrated of the orthopoxvirus infections is cowpox — a zoonotic infection which has been exploited to the enormous benefit of mankind as it had a pivotal role in the initiation of vaccination strategies that eventually led to the eradication of smallpox. Cowpox occurs only in Eurasia and in recent years it has become evident that infection of cattle is fortuitous and the reservoir of infection is in wild rodents. Monkeypox is another orthopoxvirus causing zoonotic infections in central and west Africa resembling smallpox and is the most serious disease in this category. While monkeypox does not readily spread between people, the potential of the virus to adapt to man is of concern and necessitates sustained surveillance in enzootic areas.The third orthopoxvirus zoonoses of importance is buffalopox in the Indian subcontinent, which is probably a strain of vaccinia that has been maintained in buffalo for at least 30 years following the cessation of vaccination of the human population. Likewise in Brazil, in recent years widespread outbreaks of vaccinia have occurred in milkers and their cattle.Orf virus, the most common of the parapoxviruses to cause zoonotic infection, is largely restricted to those in direct contact with domestic sheep and goats. Generally, infection is associated with a single localized macule affecting the hand which resolves without complications. Infection would appear to be prevalent in all sheep and goat populations and human orf is a relatively common occupational hazard. Sporadic parapoxvirus infections of man also occur following contact with cattle infected with pseudocowpoxvirus, and wildlife, in particular seals.A final serious consideration with the poxvirus zoonoses is the clinical similarity of such infections with smallpox. In view of the potential for smallpox virus to be employed by bio-terrorists there can be an urgency for laboratory confirmation of unexplained zoonotic poxvirus infections. Thus there is a requirement to maintain the capacity for rapid confirmation of poxvirus infections by molecular technique. As representatives of the known poxviruses have all been sequenced, generic and virus specific Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) can readily be performed to ensure rapid confirmation of any suspect infection.
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Bilański, Piotr. Trypodendron laeve Eggers w Polsce na tle wybranych aspektów morfologicznych i genetycznych drwalników (Trypodendron spp., Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-38-0.
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In Poland, there are 4 species of the liypodendron genus: T lineaium Oliv., T domestkum L., T signature Fakir. and 7: laeve Egg. Trypodendron laeve is the leastknown of this group. Many factors had influence on the state of research on this species, including taxonomic aspects. Taking into account the unsatisfactory state of knowledge regarding the prevalence of T iaeve in Poland, as well as scarce information on the morphology of this species, research was undertaken to I) document the presence, including new sites, of T laeve in Poland and define, if possible, the habitat and trophic conditions that may affect its occurrence, as well as II) determinate suitability of biometric and genetic methods for correct identification of t laeve against the background of other ambrosia beetle species. Research on the occurrence of T laeve in Poland, was carried out on 143 areas located throughout the country, representing various environmental conditions, primarily such as species composition of tree stands, terrain, altitude (from 16 to 929 meters above sea level) and their location in relation to zoogeographic regions. The research material was obtained mainly using various types of traps for catching ambrosia beetles baited with pheromone. Only in a few cases when attacking the wood of trees, the imagines of ambrosia beetles were obtained without luring agents. The research was conducted in 2007-2016. From the insect individuals identified on the grounds of morphological traits as T lineatum, T laeve, T domesticum and T signatum, originating from selected locations in Poland, 3-11 specimens were collected, for which genetic analyses were performed based on the COI gene fragments obtained by PCR. The research included tests for following paramcter: s sequence similarity, phylogenetic, evolutionary divergence and genetic. structure. As a result of research on the occurrence of ambrosia beetles in Poland, a total of 44207 individuals belonging to four species were collected: T lineatutn, 7: laeve, T domesticum and T signatum, whose share was respectively: 49.2%, 31.4%; 19.1% and 0.3%. In Poland, 1: laeve's imagines were found in 124 out of 143 examined sites. The presence of L reeve has been documented for the first time in 14 zoogeographic regions. This species was commonly found on study areas located from 118 to 929 m above sea level. In Poland the tree species attacked by T Mate include Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L) H. Karst. In Poland, T laeve as a host plant prefers sylvestris and reaches the highest population densities in the stands of this species. The work presents the exact morphological characteristics of T laeve and indicates the most important features that distinguish it from the other Trypodendrun spp. occurring in Poland. It has also been shown that the best results in the determination of species of the liypodendron genus, regardless of their sex, can be obtained using phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the COI gene.
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Lapidge, Michael. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811367.003.0001.
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Introduction: The forty passiones translated in this volume represent a genre of Christian-Latin literature that has seldom attracted attention and is poorly understood; yet in sum they constitute a remarkable body of literature composed during the period between 425 and 675, and provide valuable evidence of the sentiments and beliefs of ordinary Christians of that time — their aversion to pagan practices, their admiration for virginity, their firm commitment to orthodoxy — as well as evidence for the machinery of Roman legal procedure. Since the passiones appear to have been composed by the clerics who were custodians of the martyrial churches and shrines in Rome, in response to the ever-increasing volume of pilgrim traffic to these shrines, and since these clerics appear not to have received the benefit of the highest grade of Roman education, they provide first-hand evidence for the sub-élite Latin of the time. The passiones are works of pure fiction: they abound in absurd errors of chronology, and of the Roman magistrates who figure in them, very few can be identified (this is one of the reasons why the passiones have largely been ignored by historians of late antiquity). Of the forty passiones, some twenty-one treat martyrs who are attested in sources earlier than c. 384, and who may be considered ‘authentic’ martyrs (which is not to say that the descriptions of their arrest, trial, torture and execution — which are often described in ludicrous terms — are similarly ‘authentic’). The remaining passiones treat persons concerning whom there is no reliable evidence that they were martyrs: some are the names of pious persons who donated property to the church; others are the result of pure invention. In any case, there is very little evidence that large numbers of Christians were martyred at Rome in the period before the ‘Peace of the Church’ (c. 312): certainly not the large numbers implied by the fictional passiones. No records of trials of Christians from the period before c. 312, so for their accounts of the trials the authors of the fictitious passiones were obliged to model their accounts on genuine accounts of trial proceedings involving Christians in proconsular Africa (the so-called acta proconsularia); but many features of the trials described in the passiones are imaginary: for example, the lengthy debates between the presiding magistrate or judge and the martyr on questions of Christian belief (the virtues of virginity, the evils of paganism), some of which devolve into lengthy sermons by the martyrs. In any case, the martyrs in the passiones never succeed in converting the judge, and are accordingly sentenced to torture (often described in excruciating, and sometimes absurd, detail) and execution. In most passiones, the bodies of the martyrs are recovered by pious Christians and buried in identifiable shrines (usually in suburban cemeteries).
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Wójcik-Gładysz, Anna. Ghrelin – hormone with many faces. Central regulation and therapy. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_awg_2020.
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Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that ghrelin is one of the crucial hormones deciphering the energy status required for the maintenance of organism homeostasis. Ghrelin acts as a signal of starvation or energy insufficiency and its level in plasma is reduced after the meal. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP; NPY/AgRP) neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) area are the main target of ghrelin in the hypothalamus. This subpopulation of neurons is indispensable for inducing orexigenic action of ghrelin. Moreover ghrelin acting as a neurohormone, mainly in the hypothalamus area, plays an important role in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes. Indeed, ghrelin action on reproductive processes has been observed in the systemic effects exerted at both hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal levels. Similarly the GH-releasing ghrelin action was observed both on the hypothalamus level and directly on the somatotrophic cells in the pituitary and this dose-related GH releasing activity was found in in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments. In recent years, numerous studies revealed that ghrelin potentially takes part in the treatment of diseases associated with serious disturbances in the organism energy balance and/or functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It was underlined that ghrelin may be a hormone with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect on obesity and anorexia nervosa, as well as may also have protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders or functional changes in the body caused by cancers. In overall, ghrelin treatment has been tested in over 100 preclinical studies with healthy volunteers as well as patients with various types of cancer, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It was observed that ghrelin has an excellent clinical safety profile and emerging side effects occurred only in 3–10% of patients and did not constitute a sufficient premise to discontinue the therapy. In general, it can be concluded that ghrelin may be sufficiently used as a prescription drug.