Journal articles: 'Gender Role Schema'

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Levy, Gary D., and D. Bruce Carter. "Gender schema, gender constancy, and gender-role knowledge: The roles of cognitive factors in preschoolers' gender-role stereotype attributions." Developmental Psychology 25, no. 3 (1989): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.444.

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Borchert, Jill, and Leslie Heinberg. "Gender Schema and Gender Role Discrepancy as Correlates of Body Image." Journal of Psychology 130, no. 5 (September 1996): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1996.9915021.

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Skitka, Linda J., and Christina Maslach. "GENDER AS SCHEMATIC CATEGORY: A ROLE CONSTRUCT APPROACH." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.1.53.

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This study was designed to examine the hands of unprimed constructs people use in an openended social perception task (Kelly Rep Test, Kelly, 1955). Three samples of subjects used their own natural categories or person schemes in judgments of familiar others. Results indicated that whereas the most prevalently used constructs with familiar others are best described as idiosyncratic, gender related trait sets of Agency and Communion were used widely by most subjects, with some individual differences associated with gender role. Masculine and Feminine subjects used constructs consistent with their own gender role (Agency and Communion, respectively) more than gender role inconsistent constructs (Communion and Agency, respectively), or constructs unrelated to gender Androgynous subjects were equally likely to use Agentic and Communal categories when describing others, and used gender-related categories overall more than Undifferential subjects. Results are discussed in relationship to gender schema and self-schema theory predictions.

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West, Alyssa. "A Brief Review of Cognitive Theories in Gender Development." Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal 2, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/bsuj288.

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In this paper I review three cognitive theories that attempt to explain the mechanisms and processes through which we develop an understanding of gender. Cognitive-developmental theory, gender schema theory, and social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation are compared in this article through the exploration of empirical evidence. Cognitive-developmental theory emphasizes the development of cognitive processes which allow for the understanding of gender. Gender schema theory highlights the active role schemas play in acquiring and interpreting gender relevant information, and social-cognitive theory stresses the role of the environment. I found that there is a considerable amount of overlap with the evidence between each theory. Therefore, rather than each theory existing in opposition to one another, there are multiple relevant factors at play concerning both cognition and the social environment in the development of gender. Thus, the main conclusion is that there is a need for greater theoretical integration with regard to understanding gendered development.

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Anyiwo, Nkemka, L. Monique Ward, Kyla Day Fletcher, and Stephanie Rowley. "Black Adolescents’ Television Usage and Endorsement of Mainstream Gender Roles and the Strong Black Woman Schema." Journal of Black Psychology 44, no. 4 (May 2018): 371–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771818.

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This study investigated the associations between Black adolescents’ television usage and their endorsement of mainstream gender roles (MGR) and the strong Black woman (SBW) schema, which characterizes Black woman as emotionally strong, independent, and self-sacrificing. A total of 121 self-identified Black adolescents completed survey measures assessing their endorsement of the SBW and MGR, their viewership of 29 popular television programs (17 targeted to mainstream audiences and 12 targeted to a Black audience), and their total hours of weekly television viewing. Viewing Black-oriented programs was associated with stronger endorsement of SBW. However, viewing mainstream programs was associated with lower endorsement of MGR, specifically for boys. These findings offer some of the first indications of potential relations between Black adolescents’ gender role schemas and the racial makeup of the television programs that they view. We discuss possibilities that youth’s selection of television programs may strengthen the development of the SBW or that youth who embrace the SBW schema may select programs that fit the schema.

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Faulkender, Patricia J. "Does Gender Schema Mediate between Sex-Role Identity and Self-Actualization?" Psychological Reports 68, no. 3 (June 1991): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3.1019.

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Campbell, Carol Sue, James William Robinson, Doris Layton Mac Kenzie, and Thomas L. Winfree. "The Female Inmate: Gender Schema and Institutional Career Phase." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.177.

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In a sample of 141 incarcerated female offenders evidence for a relationship between gender-schema and institutional career phase was found. Inmates became more masculine and less feminine in gender-role identity as they moved from an early to a late phase in their incarceration.

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Signorella, Margaret L., and Irene Hanson Frieze. "INTERRELATIONS OF GENDER SCHEMAS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: ATTITUDES, PREFERENCES, AND SELF-PERCEPTIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 7 (January 1, 2008): 941–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.7.941.

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To test developmental aspects of gender schema theories, girls in grades 2 to 12 were given measures of gender role attitudes, self-perceptions on gender related traits, reported participation in gender related activities, preferred occupation, and adult family preferences. Both children's and adolescents' results showed a multifactor structure. Children's results differed from adolescents' in that children had more measures showing significant age trends, with a general pattern of decreasing stereotyping with age. Children also had stronger associations among diverse measures than did adolescents. Results were consistent with both multifactorial and cognitive-developmental approaches to the development of gender schemas, and provided limited support for adolescent gender intensification hypotheses.

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Larsen, Randy J., and Edward Seidman. "Gender schema theory and sex role inventories: Some conceptual and psychometric considerations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 1 (January 1986): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.205.

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Lavallée, Marguerite, and René Pelletier. "Ecological Value of Bem's Gender Schema Theory Explored through Females' Traditional and Nontraditional Occupational Contexts." Psychological Reports 70, no. 1 (February 1992): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.79.

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This study aimed to verify the ecological adequateness of Bern's gender schema theory. Four female samples were selected on the basis of occupation (workers and students) and nature of occupational settings (traditional vs nontraditional). The hypothesis was that women engaged in traditionally feminine or in male-dominated environments exhibit corresponding gender schema. Using the French adaptation of the Bern Sex-Role Inventory to identify gender-schematic categories, the women engaged in male-oriented activities had a significantly distinct gender-schematic profile relative to that for women functioning in traditional settings. The implications of being involved in nontraditional environments are discussed.

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Chen, Yen-Cheng, Ching-Sung Lee, Tung-Han Yu, and Jia-Yuan Shen. "Effects of Gender Role and Family Support on Work Adjustment Among Male Flight Attendants in Taiwan." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 42, no. 3 (April 15, 2014): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.3.453.

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The occupation of flight attendant traditionally carries strong gender connotations and expectations. Based on the gender schema theory, in this study we investigated the relationships among work adjustment, family support, and gender role of male flight attendants, and how to improve the work adjustment of the men working in these circumstances. We conducted a survey with 221 male flight attendants employed by the leading airline in Taiwan and found that both gender role and family support had a significant effect on work adjustment. In particular, male flight attendants who had feminine or androgynous gender roles had lower levels of work adjustment and required more family support, whereas flight attendants who had masculine gender roles had higher levels of work adjustment and tended to seek less support from their family. Our findings suggest that both type of gender role and family background influence men's adjustment to working in a female-dominated work environment.

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Haaga, David A. F. "GENDER SCHEMATIC PARAPRAXES IN THE ARTICULATED THOUGHTS OF EX-SMOKERS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 18, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1990.18.2.261.

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The Articulated Thoughts during Simulated Situations (ATSS) para digm for cognitive assessment may be useful for identifying gender schematic information processing. In a study of smoking relapse, several ex-smokers articulated thoughts indicating that they mistook the gender of audiotaped actors whose roles violated sex role stereotypes. The same speakers were never misidentified when portraying more traditional roles. Discussion focused on (a) the possible utility of this finding for research on Gender Schema Theory, and (b) the value of open-ended cognitive assessment methods such as ATSS for enhancing the likelihood of serendipitous findings.

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Eddleston, Kimberly A., John F. Veiga, and Gary N. Powell. "Explaining sex differences in managerial career satisfier preferences: The role of gender self-schema." Journal of Applied Psychology 91, no. 2 (2006): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.437.

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van Strien, Tatjana. "Gender‐schematic processing: An extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080106.

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This study is an extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study (1986) on the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI) as a measurement instrument for gender‐schematic processing. Using a Dutch sample and the GRAS (Groninger Androgyny Scale)—a Dutch sex‐role inventory—responses to this inventory were factor‐analysed separately for sex‐typed and non‐sex‐typed groups. The extremity of response style on GRAS items and the degree of self‐indicated cross‐situational variability on GRAS items were used as additional indices for gender‐schematic processing. Similar to Larsen and Seidman's (1986) study, bipolar factors were found for the sex‐typed groups and unipolar factors for the non‐sex‐typed groups. Similar to a study conducted by Bem (1981) into differences among the sex‐types in their response latencies to the attributes of the BSRI, sex‐typed subjects showed more extremity of response style on attributes of the GRAS when making schema‐consistent judgements about themselves, and showed less extremity of response style when making schema‐inconsistent judgements about themselves. The data on cross‐situational variability were less equivocal. It is concluded that the degree of gender‐schematic processing in individuals can be well measured by means of a sex‐role inventory.

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Lee, Eun-Ji, Hyoun-Gu Kang, and Yun-Hyun Pack. "A Qualitative Case Study on the Discrepancy between Children’s Gender Schema and Gender Role Acceptability：With a Focus on the Intersexual Role Playing of Two Brothers’." Korean Journal of Child Studies 36, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2015.36.4.33.

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Steinke, Jocelyn. "A portrait of a woman as a scientist: breaking down barriers created by gender-role stereotypes." Public Understanding of Science 6, no. 4 (October 1997): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/6/4/006.

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Educational, attitudinal, and sociocultural factors create barriers that prevent girls and young women from pursuing opportunities in science. Of these barriers, gender-role stereotypes of science have been cited as a significant obstacle. This research analyses a US television series that counters gender-role stereotypes of science. The analysis found the images presented on this series challenge previously reported stereotypes of women scientists shown in the US media by emphasizing the expertise of women scientists, showing alternatives for balancing the demands of their professional and personal lives, and providing examples of role models who have succeeded in male-dominated fields. The significance of these results are discussed in light of gender schema theory and the need for future research on the effects of women scientist role models on girls' and young women's interest in science.

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Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, and Gregory J. Hoplamazian. "Gendering the Self." Communication Research 39, no. 3 (November 14, 2011): 358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650211425040.

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Based on gender schema theory, social role theory, and social-cognitive theory, this study investigated whether biological sex and gender conformity (femininity and masculinity) predict selective exposure to gender-typed magazines and whether this exposure, in turn, reinforces gender conformity. Participants browsed full issues—three women’s magazines, three associated with male readers, and three news magazines—while being taped. Before and after browsing, participants indicated their femininity and masculinity. Results show a strong impact of biological sex on selective magazine reading, resulting in gender-typed media use. However, gender conformity also influenced exposure. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that selective exposure to gender-typed magazines had a reinforcing effect on the gendered self-concept.

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Kurdek, Lawrence A. "Sex role self schema and psychological adjustment in coupled homosexual and heterosexual men and women." Sex Roles 17, no. 9-10 (November 1987): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287735.

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O'Neil, James M. "Gender Role Conflict Research 30 Years Later: An Evidence-Based Diagnostic Schema to Assess Boys and Men in Counseling." Journal of Counseling & Development 91, no. 4 (September 17, 2013): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00122.x.

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Mirbagheri, Leila, Ali Khatibi, and Parisa Seyed Mousavi. "Situational Modulation of Emotion Recognition Abilities in Children With Secure and Insecure Attachment: The Role of Gender." Practice in Clinical Psychology 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.8.3.10.606.1.

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Objective: Considering the role of attachment in the emotional development of children, the purpose of this study was to test the situational modulation of emotion recognition in children with secure/insecure attachment with regard to gender in Iranian students. Methods: this casual comparative study was done on a pool of 200 students aged 7-9 years from elementary schools of Tehran, Iran. The participants completed the Middle Childhood Attachment Scale (MCSA), of whom 60 children were assigned to two groups based on their scores on MCAS (secure vs. insecure). They read stories developed to manipulate the attachment schema, and after each story, they were tested for emotion recognition abilities (classification and intensity rating). Happy, sad, angry, and fearful faces were presented and reaction time was recorded using the AFFECT4.0 software. Results: All children irrespective of attachment style, were faster in the identification of others’ emotional expressions in attachment situations than in a neutral situation. Boys made more errors in attachment situations than in the neutral situation, while for girls it did not differ. Among children with secure attachment, boys were faster than girls in recognition of emotion. Conclusion: In terms of attachment theory, attachment styles could have an important impact on the development process of the child’s emotional skills.

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Scherer, Robert F., and Joseph A. Petrick. "The Effects of Gender Role Orientation on Team Schema: A Multivariate Analysis of Indicators in a U.S. Federal Health Care Organization." Journal of Social Psychology 141, no. 1 (February 2001): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600519.

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Arshad, Muhammad, Omer Farooq, Naheed Sultana, and Mariam Farooq. "Determinants of individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions: a gender-comparative study." Career Development International 21, no. 4 (August 8, 2016): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-10-2015-0135.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the differentiated effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social norms on individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions (EIs), through the mediation of attitude toward entrepreneurship, by integrating the framework of gender schema theory with the theory of planned behavior. The authors posit that different factors stimulate the EIs of males and females, through attitude toward entrepreneurship, in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected from graduating students of South Asia’s largest university. Structural equation modeling is used for model testing. Findings The results show that perceived entrepreneurial self-efficacy has a greater effect on the attitude of males toward entrepreneurship than on the attitude of females, but perceived social norms have a greater effect on female attitude toward entrepreneurship. Attitude toward entrepreneurship has a positive impact on EIs. Originality/value This is the first study of its nature which demonstrates that the EIs of males and females are induced by different factors. Where the social norms are the major factors in determining the EIs of the females, self-efficacy plays a vital role in predicting the EIs of their male counterparts. This study also attempts to clarify the relationship between self-efficacy, social norms, and EIs by positing entrepreneurial attitude as mediator. Moreover, it brings a fresh perspective through its setting in South Asia. By testing a model in the cultural setting of a developing country, this study differentiates the research from that conducted in the developed world.

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Et.al, Fara Dayana Mohd Jufry. "Feminine Identity in Refined Male and Female Characters of Wayang Kulit Kelantan." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.661.

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Wayang Kulit Kelantan is one of the traditional theatre performance that holds unique identity. This shadow play performance uses gambalan (shadow puppet) to depict the characters from the Hikayat Seri Rama (a repertoire of Wayang Kulit Kelantan). There are two main characters in Wayang Kulit Kelantan, which are refined characters and rough characters. This research focuses only on the similarity in identity of the refined characters which encompass high percentage of feminine traits. The discussion in this paperwork only focuses on two refined characters which are Seri Rama and Siti Dewi. This discussion is structured based on Gender Schema Theory by Bem, through the application of Bem Sex-Role Inventory as the tool to determine the feminine traits that exist in these refined characters. With the use of this inventory, it is discovered that all three of these characters have high percentage of feminine traits even though from different gender. Therefore this research has made a new discovery through primarily applying western theory in the identification process of refined characters of Wayang Kulit Kelantan.

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Doçi, Fatbardha. "The Role of Measurement in the Public Polls (Albanian Case)." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p357-360.

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In Albania reality are made a lot of surveys to predict the result of elections. It is so important to have the exactly result of the election of another items to predict. A prestigious company has done the survey in Albania reality, but they have “Forgotten“ that the Albania reality is different from the reality, because they have used the same questionnaires in Albania reality.It is so important to have the right measurement and to have the reliability and the validity of the survey. So we have types of measurement and in my research I have used one of them. If we used the right measurement, we can have a small margin of error and the result of the surveys should be the reliability than the other cases. I have decided to make the survey in Albanian reality lot of survey in two different realities. One of them I have used two kinds of sample, when one of them is systematic sample and another is quota sample. A comparison between two surveys is made providing the same questionnaire (with delicate questions) in the same place and time. The only difference was in the last step of the sample: one of the surveys has made the interviews based on the quota (gender, group age), whereas the other has used the systematic schema (with step – door by door). The margin decided by this way included also the one produced by the used of the quota. The expectation was a determination of differences between answers by this distinction.

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VanDemark, Christopher M. "Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism." Hungarian Cultural Studies 9 (October 11, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2016.254.

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In this article, Christopher VanDemark explores the intersections between nationalism, fashion, and the royal figure in Hungary between 1857 and the Compromise of 1867. Focusing on aesthetics as a vehicle for feminine power at a critical junction in Hungarian history, VanDemark contextualizes Empress Elisabeth’s role in engendering a revised political schema in the Habsburg sphere. Foreseeing the power of emblematic politics, the young Empress adeptly situated herself between the Hungarians and the Austrians to recast the Hungarian martyrology narrative promulgated after the failed revolution of 1848. Eminent Hungarian newspapers such as the Pesti Napló, Pester Lloyd, and the Vasárnapi Újság form the backbone of this article, as publications such as these facilitated the dissemination of patriotic sentiment while simultaneously exulting the efficacy of symbolic fashions. The topic of study engages with contemporary works on nationalism, which emphasize gender and aesthetics, and contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on important women in Hungarian history. Seminal texts by Catherine Brice, Sara Maza, Abby Zanger, and Lynn Hunt compliment the wider objective of this brief analysis, namely, the notion that the Queen’s body can both enhance and reform monarchical power within a nineteenth-century milieu.

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Kuzmičová, Anežka, and Katalin Bálint. "Personal Relevance in Story Reading." Poetics Today 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-7558066.

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Although personal relevance is key to sustaining an audience’s interest in any given narrative, it has received little systematic attention in scholarship to date. Across centuries and media, adaptations have been used extensively to bring temporally or geographically distant narratives “closer” to the recipient under the assumption that their impact will increase. In this article, we review experimental and other empirical evidence on narrative processing in order to unravel which types of personal relevance are more likely to be impactful than others, which types of impact (e.g., aesthetic, therapeutic, persuasive) they have been found to generate, and where their power becomes excessive or outright detrimental to reader experience. Together, the evidence suggests that narratives are read through the lens of the reader’s self-schema independently of genre, although certain groups of readers, especially in certain situations, may experience personal relevance and related effects more strongly than others. The literature further suggests that large-scale similarities between reader and character (e.g., gender) may not per se be enough for relevance effects to arise and that emotional valence has a role to play in the process alongside thematic saliency.

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Woods-Giscombé, Cheryl L., and Angela R. Black. "Mind-Body Interventions to Reduce Risk for Health Disparities Related to Stress and Strength Among African American Women: The Potential of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Loving-Kindness, and the NTU Therapeutic Framework." Complementary health practice review 15, no. 3 (October 2010): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533210110386776.

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In the current article, the authors examine the potential role of mind-body interventions for preventing or reducing health disparities in a specific group—African American women. The authors first discuss how health disparities affect this group, including empirical evidence regarding the influence of biopsychosocial processes (e.g., psychological stress and social context) on disparate health outcomes. They also detail how African American women’s unique stress experiences as a result of distinct sociohistorical and cultural experiences related to race and gender potentially widen exposure to stressors and influence stress responses and coping behaviors. Using two independent, but related, frameworks (Superwoman Schema [SWS] and the Strong Black Woman Script [SBW-S]), they discuss how, for African American women, stress is affected by ‘‘strength’’ (vis-à-vis resilience, fortitude, and self-sufficiency) and the emergent health-compromising behaviors related to strength (e.g., emotional suppression, extraordinary caregiving, and self-care postponement). The authors then describe the potential utility of three mind-body interventions—mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), loving-kindness meditation (LKM), and NTU psychotherapy—for specifically targeting the stress-, strength-, and contextually related factors that are thought to influence disparate outcomes for African American women. Self-awareness, self-care, inter- and intrapersonal restorative healing and a redefinition of inner strength may manifest through developing a mindfulness practice to decrease stress-related responses; using LKM to cultivate compassion and forgiveness for self and others; and the balance of independence and interdependence as a grounding NTU principle for redefining strength. The authors conclude with a discussion of potential benefits for integrating key aspects of the interventions with recommendations for future research.

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Bornstein, Robert F. "Gender Schemas, Gender Roles, and Expressive Writing: Toward a Process-focused Model." Sex Roles 63, no. 3-4 (April 9, 2010): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9752-z.

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Batool, Sumera, Maria Naeem, and Feroza Batool. "Gender Construction And Media Narratives: Representations Of Gender In Animated Movies." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.135.

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Media, as an important and powerful social institution, contributes in the construction and reinforcement of perceptions and beliefs about gender. The media images of gender have been found stereotypical and discriminated while there have been many debates on the under representation and biased treatment of gender related issues. This research study particularly analyzed how media narratives play a part in the construction of gender identities in animated movies. The study focused to investigate how femininity and masculinity have been build up in movies, which sort of roles have been assigned to both genders and which identities have been emphasized in the animated movies of Time Warner and Walt Disney during the time period of 2008 to 2013. Gender schema and social learning theories gave implications to the research findings. Both quantitative and qualitative content analysis of fourteen animated movies was conducted. The study concluded that there is stereotypical representations of gender in movies. The women are under-represented and usually negatively portrayed while the men have shown with more societal powers.

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Zahrai, Larysa. "An Individual’s Gender Experience: Socio-Cultural Context." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, no. 4 (December 22, 2014): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.4.115-122.

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The article highlights gender experience development in an individual. The sociocultural context of gender identity development is addressed from the perspective of socialconstructivism. The author describes the mechanism of constructing gender schemas and normswhich reflect socio-cultural experience. Drawing on poststructuralist ideas, the author explorescultural texts which encode assumptions and concepts that serve as schemas for perceiving andunderstanding reality, for reflecting the processes of an individual’s development as a discursivebeing in his or her interpretation of socio-cultural experience. The article also analyzes masculinityand femininity models shaped by socio-cultural schemas and explores gender role expectationsamong the young people in Ukraine

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Lemons, Mary A., and V. Carol Danehower. "ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND THE GLASS CEILING: THE MODERATING ROLE OF GENDER SCHEMAS." Academy of Management Proceedings 1996, no. 1 (August 1996): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1996.4981007.

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Ryong, Joung-Soon, and Hoon-Seok Choi. "Changes in Leader Role Schemas Over The Past 10 Years: Comparisons by Gender." KOREAN JOURNAL OF CULTURE AND SOCIAL ISSUES 26, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20406/kjcs.2020.8.26.3.121.

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Haarmans, Maria, Kwame McKenzie, Sean A. Kidd, and Richard P. Bentall. "Gender role strain, core schemas, and psychotic experiences in ethnically diverse women: A role for sex‐ and gender‐based analysis in psychosis research?" Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 25, no. 6 (July 5, 2018): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2307.

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Utami, Whidya. "TINJAUAN GENDER IDENTITY - RESPON DAN PERSEPSI TERHADAP IKLAN TELEVISI." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 8, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2004.v8.i4.2342.

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This paper seeks lo challenge the tendency lo represent gender as a unitary theoretical construct, and would argue for a more di.fjerentiated view of how the psychological aspect of gender influence the perception of advertising This paper use a small-scale exploratory study to examine the potential impact o,f'gender identity within consumer' self - schemas on their perception of advertising. Bern's ,)'ex Role Inventory (SRI) was administered to 20 young adults who then watched video clips of television advertisements. The focus group discussions about the advertisements were analyzed within the context of the respondents ' gender schemas identified via the Bern SRI score: masculine. feminine, androgynous or und(tferentiated. The centrality of gender identity to self-schemas affected how consumers processed and interpreted the advertising. This provides support for a more differentiated approach to representing men and women within gender research and advertising.

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Utami, Whidya. "TINJAUAN GENDER IDENTITY - RESPON DAN PERSEPSI TERHADAP IKLAN TELEVISI." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 8, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 552–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2004.v8.i4.359.

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This paper seeks lo challenge the tendency lo represent gender as a unitary theoretical construct, and would argue for a more di.fjerentiated view of how the psychological aspect of gender influence the perception of advertising This paper use a small-scale exploratory study to examine the potential impact o,f'gender identity within consumer' self - schemas on their perception of advertising. Bern's ,)'ex Role Inventory (SRI) was administered to 20 young adults who then watched video clips of television advertisements. The focus group discussions about the advertisements were analyzed within the context of the respondents ' gender schemas identified via the Bern SRI score: masculine. feminine, androgynous or und(tferentiated. The centrality of gender identity to self-schemas affected how consumers processed and interpreted the advertising. This provides support for a more differentiated approach to representing men and women within gender research and advertising.

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Eccles, Jacquelynne S. "Gender Roles and Women's Achievement-Related Decisions." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 2 (June 1987): 135–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00781.x.

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Occupational sex segregation continues to exist and the occupational career paths of women and men continue to differ. This article proposes a model to explain these persistent, gender-role linked trends, summarizes evidence to support the proposed mediating psychological mechanisms, and discusses the social experiences that shape gender differences on these mediators. In addition, the article reviews the economic and psychological costs often associated with the traditional female choices and proposes interventions aimed at achieving a more gender—fair social system that does not devalue traditionally female domains. The proposed model links occupational choices to expectations for success and subjective task value, which, in turn, are linked to gender-role socialization, self schemas, and anticipated role and task demands. The importance of subjective task value is stressed, as is the need to study women's achievement-related choices from the women's perspective.

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Balaban, Gülşah, and Yıldız Bilge. "The psychological disorders and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: the moderating role of gender." Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 21 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.94650.

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Johansen, Vegard. "Gender and self-employment: the role of mini-companies." Education + Training 58, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-06-2015-0051.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate to what degree participation in mini-companies impact young women and men with regard to the perceived desirability and perceived feasibility of self-employment. The Company Programme (CP) is the largest mini-company scheme in European secondary school. Design/methodology/approach – The data derived from a survey conducted in Norway with 1,160 students in upper secondary school (17-18 years of age). The quasi-experimental research design enabled a comparison of compulsory CP-participants with non-participation and control for several competing factors. Findings – The investigation demonstrated that CP positively influenced the perceived feasibility of self-employment for both young men and young women, and CP also increased the perceived desirability of self-employment among young women. Research limitations/implications – It could be that the impact of CP varies according to time spent on the CP or position in the mini-company. The study does not measure whether CP-participants actually create a business. Practical implications – Central to explaining the stronger impact on young women is a particular concern with female entrepreneurship in CP. The majority of CEOs in mini-companies are young women, and all women that manage mini-companies can participate in the coaching programme “Girls and Leadership”. Social implications – CP-participation could boost the chance of individuals attempting to start a business at a later point in their lives. In the longer run, CP could contribute to reducing the gender gap in self-employment. Originality/value – Investigating some of the impacts of CP in a gender perspective, this paper adds a fresh viewpoint to the state of knowledge about entrepreneurship education in secondary schools.

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Pertiwi, Rizki Amalia. "Resistensi Perempuan terhadap Konstruksi Gender dalam Film La Source des Femmes karya Radu Mihăileanu." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 9, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v9i2.111999.

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Issues regarding gender issues are closely related to women and how their roles are constructed in social life, which creates various stereotypes that lead to gender inequality problems. In the film La Source des Femmes, gender construction is shown through narrative and cinematographic aspects. This article focuses on women's resistance to gender construction that have taken shape in the lives of remote rural women in Morocco. The analysis in this article uses a film study by Boggs and Petrie (2012) and Actor Scheme by Greimas (1967). James C. Scott's concept of resistance and Mansour Fakih's gender inequality were also used to deepen the analysis. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The data in the study are in the form of words, clauses, phrases, or sentences that indicate the form of women's resistance. The findings of the analysis show that the resistance shown by rural Moroccan women aims to fight the injustice of their roles and obligations as women and housewives who have been oppressed and have directly harmed them. Through this research, it is also seen that the resistance carried out by village women has an impact on their growing awareness of self-subjectivity and redefining their role as a woman.

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Kelley, Margaret S. "Using Prosocial Schema and Beliefs about Gender Roles to Predict Alcohol Use for Engineering Majors." Sociological Quarterly 60, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2018.1547172.

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Refki, Dina, Diana Abbas, Bilge Avci, Eunhyoung Kim, Iris Berger, and Sue Faerman. "Erosion and transformation in the ecology of gender: women's political representation and gender relations in the Ugandan parliament." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1600080x.

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ABSTRACTPrevious literature on women's representation in the Ugandan Parliament painted a grim picture of women exploited by political leaders, and brought into Parliament and other political spaces by a benevolent dictator who allowed their entry to extend and deepen his political networks. These women were expected to accept a subordinate and inferior place, and to defer to male authority. Female members cooperated dutifully by ‘knowing their place’ and by actively supporting the ‘hand that fed them’. Studies noted that women lacked gender consciousness and even the analytical power to understand the implications of the policies they helped pass. There was a general consensus that patriarchal attitudes in Parliament diminished women's influence and undermined their political efficacy. This paper analyses gender relations, and examines the status of female members through their words, actions and behaviours in the Ugandan Parliament. The three primary sources of data for this study were surveys, semi-structured interviews of male and female members of Parliament, and the proceedings of parliamentary debates in 2014. Analysis of parliamentary debates and personal accounts of gender relations in the 9th Parliament reveal a changing landscape. Women are moving from marginal roles to more central roles in Parliament, and are becoming active participants in shaping parliamentary discourse and policy outcomes. There is a newfound sense of empowerment among respondents. Women articulated a new sense of being respected in Parliament, a sense of self- and collective efficacy that they can advance policy priorities. There is a change in women's performance on the Chamber's floor. Parliamentary proceedings offer evidence of an ability to successfully engage in vigorous debates, effectively advance their policy agendas, and utilise sophisticated political strategising and manoeuvring. While there are still elements of continuity, a new gender schema is emerging – a schema that challenges traditional values and attempts to reconcile these values with requirements for running a modern government.

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Şahin, Faruk, Sait Gürbüz, and Harun Şeşen. "Leaders’ managerial assumptions and transformational leadership: the moderating role of gender." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 38, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-11-2015-0239.

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Purpose Although McGregor’s Theory X and Y holds significant attention in literature, research on the managerial assumptions and leadership is very scarce. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of a leader’s Theory X and Y managerial assumptions on follower perceptions of transformational leadership behaviors and the moderating role of the leader’s gender in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A total of 108 leaders provided ratings of their Theory X and Y managerial assumptions; 398 followers then rated their leaders’ transformational leadership behavior. To test the hypotheses, moderated hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Findings The results indicated that a leader’s Theory Y managerial assumptions are positively related to the followers’ ratings of transformational leadership behavior while a leader’s Theory X managerial assumptions are negatively related to the ratings of transformational leadership behavior. Furthermore, the relationship between Theory Y managerial assumptions and ratings of transformational leadership behavior are stronger for female leaders than male leaders. Originality/value This study provides important insights for leadership literature by depicting how cognitive mental schemas (i.e. Theory X and Y assumptions) and gender influence their transformational leadership behaviors.

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Arnaboldi, Francesca, and Vincenzo Capizzi. "European deposit insurance scheme and bank board composition." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 4, Special Issue (2020): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i4siart3.

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This paper investigates whether bank corporate governance can play a role in the aggregate risk score assigned to individual banks by regulators. We exploit regulatory changes at the European level and a fixed-effects model to reduce endogeneity issues. We contribute to the existing literature on bank corporate governance by showing that board age significantly increases bank risk. This may indicate that boards formed by older members are more entrenched and can also be less dynamic. Board size and gender composition of the board are risk-neutral.

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Matasar, Matthew J., Weiji Shi, Jonathan Silberstien, Julie T. Feldstein, Daniel Filippa, Andrew D. Zelenetz, and Ariela Noy. "Expert Second Opinion Pathology Review of Lymphoma in the Era of the World Health Organization Classification." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3317.3317.

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Abstract Background: The effective management of lymphoma depends upon an accurate and precise pathologic diagnosis. However, the classification of lymphoma continues to evolve. Reports addressing the role of second opinion expert pathology review have found varying impact, and little is known regarding the predictors of a change in diagnosis. Furthermore, the impact of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphomas over the 5 years following their formal publication has not been formally assessed. Methods: All outside pathology is reviewed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) before a clinical opinion is finalized. We performed a chart review of all externally referred lymphoma cases from 1/1/01 to 6/30/01 and from 1/1/06 to 6/30/06 with second opinions from MSKCC hematopathology. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for univariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. Results: 719 patients (365 in 2001, 354 in 2006) met inclusion criteria. Diagnostic revisions were classified as major or minor; major changes were those that would lead to management changes as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. 122 patients (18% in 2001, 16% in 2006) had a major diagnostic revision and an additional 22 (4% in 2001, 2% in 2006) had confirmation of major revisions rendered previously at second opinion from another National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC). This did not change significantly by era, with 79 major revisions (22%) in 2001 and 65 (18%) in 2006 (P=NS). An additional 55 patients [24 (7%) in 2001, 31 (9%) in 2006] received minor revisions. Common categories of major revision included changing from nondiagnostic/ambiguous to definitive [6 in 2001, 8 in 2006], definitive to nondiagnostic [9 in 2001, 9 in 2006], malignant to benign [1 in 2001, 6 in 2006], indolent B-cell lymphoma (BCL) to aggressive BCL [15 in 2001, 8 in 2006], and aggressive BCL to indolent BCL [4 in 2001, 1 in 2006]. Major diagnostic revision was significantly associated with additional immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing in 2001 (OR=2.3; 95%CI 1.3, 4). In 2006, additional IHC (OR=1.8; 95%CI 1, 3.4), repeat biopsy (OR=3.1; 95%CI 1.2, 8.0), and skin biopsy (versus lymph node biopsy; OR 3.3; 95%CI 1.6, 7.0) were significantly associated with major revision. Two of the 7 patients reclassified as benign received revisions based on additional IHC, whereas 7 of the 14 patients reclassified as malignant were revised due to either additional IHC (4) or repeat biopsy (3). No effect was seen by biopsy type, nor were patient gender, age, race or ethnicity associated with odds of major revision. Of cases seen first at another CCC, 12% in 2001 and 16% in 2006 received major revisions, compared to 19% (2001) and 16% (2006) of other cases; these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The rate of clinically meaningful diagnostic revisions at second opinion expert pathology review was high for patients seen at MSKCC, and remained so despite five years of increased familiarity with the WHO classification schema. These data confirm the fact that an appropriate evaluation, including detailed IHC and an adequate biopsy specimen, plays a central role in the accurate diagnosis of lymphoma. The high rates of diagnostic revision reported here lend support to the routine application of expert second opinion hematopathology review.

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Peano, Irene. "Gender, Utopias and the Savage Slot: The Role of Anthropology in the (De)Construction of a Concept." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2019.1.9.

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The paper addresses some of the ways in which anthropology, as a discourse and a discipline, has contributed to the forging as much as of the problematisation of the concept of gender, not only within the feminist, queer and LGBTQI camps, but also among Catholic fundamentalists. It argues that, despite some recent genealogical critiques of the concept of gender and its origins in mid-20th century bio-medical governance, insufficient attention has been paid to the role of the so-called ‘savage slot’ - as Rolph Trouillot defined the domain of knowledge carved out for anthropology, in a wider scheme of thought that has its origins at the same time as ‘the West’ became a reality. A more thorough genealogy of the ways in which anthropological thinking and evidence contributed to the construction, and then the deconstruction, of gender, can provide fruitful tools for a deeper challenge of the apparatus of gender itself.

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Ozkok, Zeynep. "Girls’ Education in Turkey: A Provincial Analysis of Private Funding Campaigns." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 139, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 29–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.139.1.29.

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With large disparities in enrollment and completion rates, girls’ education is a topic of concern in Turkey. Private funding campaigns have played an important role in combating gender inequality in education. This paper examines the impact of two major private funding campaigns on girls’ schooling rates using Turkish provincial level data for 2013 and 2014. Controlling for regional and socio-demographic characteristics our findings show that “Dad, Send Me to School” and “Snowdrops” campaigns have positively influenced girls’ schooling rates in primary and lower secondary education across Turkish provinces. The effect is less conclusive for upper secondary education.

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Nasution, Damai, and Karin Jonnergård. "Do auditor and CFO gender matter to earnings quality? Evidence from Sweden." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 5 (July 3, 2017): 330–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-06-2016-0125.

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PurposeThis study aims to examine the association between auditor and chief financial officer (CFO) gender and earnings quality, utilising data from Sweden. This study also aims to examine whether interactions between auditor and CFO, which may affect a firm’s earnings quality, are associated with their gender. These aims are inspired by the notion that gender differences will be overruled by the rewards and socialisation into the occupational roles as suggested by the structural approach to gender. Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a multivariate regression model to test its hypotheses. The sample consists of 976 firm-year observations covering the period 2008 to 2013. FindingsThe results show that gender of the auditor and CFO is not associated with earnings quality, and the interactions between auditors and CFOs, which may affect earnings quality, are not associated with their gender. Consequently, the results give tentative support for the structural approach in gender studies in the accounting and auditing field. Research limitations/implicationsThis study indicates that future research in gender studies should consider the structural approach based on the argument of gender similarities. This approach contends that work-related behaviour of women will more resemble men, and this is caused by the socialisation process into the occupational role and the structure where they work (e.g. organisational and professional culture, work conditions, a compensation scheme, national culture, etc.) instead of gender. Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding whether gender – auditor and CFO gender – is associated with firms’ earnings quality and standing whether the interactions between auditor and CFO are associated with their gender, something that, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, has not been tested previously. It also re-introduces the structural approach within the gender research in the accounting and auditing field.

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Bhaduri, Gargi, and Jung Ha-Brookshire. "Gender differences in information processing and transparency: cases of apparel brands’ social responsibility claims." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-08-2014-0683.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to understand how male and female consumers differently evaluate sustainability claims from brands and how brands’ sustainability efforts and the presence/absence of information transparency in the claims affect their brand schemas differently. Design/methodology/approach – Five hundred participants were recruited for an online experiment implementing both treatment and message variance. PROCESS, a recently developed regression-based bootstrapping technique was used to test the hypotheses. Findings – Males were more likely than females to rely on their existing schemas for judgment in case of Made in USA but not Fair Labor claims. The presence of information transparency in claims reduced participants’ reliance on their schemas. Practical implications – The findings might be helpful for brands to design marketing claims with specific customer segments to stand out amidst advertisement clutter. Especially, brands targeting male consumers might try to build strong brand schemas starting the early stages of brand image building as males tend to consistently rely on their schemas for judgment. On the other hand, brands might benefit from providing transparent information about their sustainability efforts in their claims (especially those related to Made in USA) while targeting female consumers. However, irrespective of gender, brands might benefit from making claims with information transparency. Originality/value – This study investigated the influence of gender in evaluation of brands’ sustainability claims and the role of information transparency in the process, thereby filling a gap in literature. It is one of the very few studies to empirically investigate not only whether males and females are different in their information processing styles but also how such differences arise.

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Asplund, Rita, and Reija Lilja. "Wage formation and gender wage gaps: is there a role for job-task evaluation schemes?" International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2014-0091.

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Purpose – Both academia and policymakers express a strong belief in higher average education levels exerting a narrowing impact on wage inequality in general and gender wage gaps in particular. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize whether or not this effect extends to R&D- and export-intensive branches such as the technology industry. Design/methodology/approach – In exploring the impact of individual and job-related background factors and, especially, of job-task evaluation schemes on the size and change in gender wage gaps in the technology industry, the paper applies an elaborated decomposition method based on unconditional quantile regression techniques. Findings – While changes in standard human capital endowments can explain little, if anything, of the growth in real wages or the widening of wage dispersion among the Finnish technology industry's white-collar workers, a new job-task evaluation scheme introduced in 2002 seems to have succeeded, at least in part, to make the wage-setting process more transparent by re-allocating especially the technology industry's female white-collar workers in a way that better reflects their skills, efforts and responsibilities. Practical implications – One crucial implication of this finding is that improving the standard human capital of women closer to that of men will not suffice to narrow the gender wage gap in the advanced parts of the economy and, hence, not also the overall gender wage gap. The reason is obvious: concomitant with rising average education levels, other skill aspects have received increasing attention in working life. Consequently, a conscious combination of formal and informal competencies as laid down in well-designed job-task evaluation schemes may, in many instances, offer a more powerful path for tackling the gender wage gap. Originality/value – While the existing evidence on the impact of performance-related pay on gender wage gaps is still scarce but growing the authors know of no empirical studies analyzing the gender pay-gap effect of job-task evaluation systems.

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Smith, Katherine H., Rachel Justine Hallett, Victoria Wilkinson-Smith, Penny Jane Neild, Alenka J. Brooks, Melanie Jane Lockett, Siwan Thomas-Gibson, Jayne Alison Eaden, and Cathryn Edwards. "Results of the British Society of Gastroenterology supporting women in gastroenterology mentoring scheme pilot." Frontline Gastroenterology 10, no. 1 (August 4, 2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2018-100971.

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IntroductionMentorship has long been recognised as beneficial in the business world and has more recently been endorsed by medical and academic professional bodies. Recruitment of women into gastroenterology and leadership roles has traditionally been difficult. The Supporting Women in Gastroenterology network developed this pilot scheme for female gastroenterologists 5 years either side of the Completion Certificate of Specialist Training (CCST) to examine the role that mentorship could play in improving this discrepancy.MethodFemale gastroenterology trainees and consultant gastroenterologists within 5 years either side of CCST were invited to participate as mentees. Consultant gastroenterologists of both genders were invited to become mentors. 35 pairs of mentor:mentees were matched and completed the scheme over 1 year. Training was provided.ResultsThe majority of the mentees found the sessions useful (82%) and enjoyable (77%), with the benefit of having time and space to discuss professional or personal challenges with a gastroenterologist who is not a colleague. In the longitudinal study of job satisfaction, work engagement, burnout, resilience, self-efficacy, self-compassion and work-life balance, burnout scale showed a small but non significant improvement over the year (probably an effect of small sample size). Personal accomplishment improved significantly. The main challenges were geography, available time to meet and pair matching. The majority of mentors surveyed found the scheme effective, satisfying, mutually beneficial (70%) and enjoyable (78%).ConclusionMentorship is shown to be beneficial despite the challenges and is likely to improve the recruitment and retention of women into gastroenterology and leadership roles, but is likely to benefit gastroenterologists of both genders.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender Role Schema'

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