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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender reform'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Gender reform.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

JAMES, ESTELLE, ALEJANDRA COX EDWARDS, and REBECA WONG. "The gender impact of pension reform." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 2, no. 2 (July 2003): 181–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747203001215.

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Pension systems may have a different impact on the two genders because women are less likely than men to work in formal labor markets and earn lower wages when they do. Recent multi-pillar pension reforms tighten the link between payroll contributions and benefits, leading critics to argue that they will hurt women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that women will be helped by the removal of distortions pillar and the better targeted redistributions in the new systems. This paper examines the differential impact of the new and old systems in three Latin American countries – Chile, Argentina and Mexico. Based on household survey data, we simulate the wage and employment histories of representative men and women, the pensions that these are likely to generate under the new and old rules, and the relative gains or losses of the two genders due to the reform. We find that women do indeed accumulate private annuities that are only 30–40% those of men in the new systems. However, this effect is mitigated by sharp targeting of the new public pillars toward low earners, many of whom are women, and by restrictions on payouts from the private pillars, particularly joint annuity requirements. As a result, low-earning married women are the biggest gainers from the pension reform.

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2

Kodoth, Praveena. "Gender, Family and Property Rights." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 8, no. 2 (September 2001): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152150100800209.

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The structures and practices of families are crucial in determining gender-differentiated patterns of access to land and other forms of property/productive resources. However, major redistributional or reform programmes such as that of land have failed to take this into account. This paper addresses, conceptually, women's and men's claims to land/property in terms of via more recent land reforms experience to discuss the importance to property reform of a gendered understanding of the family. Besides, it attempts to probe the direction of change in property-related practices, including inheritance, dowry and residence, in contemporary Kerala to understand the implications of the emerging practices for women's property rights.

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3

Heidegger, Simone. "Shin Buddhism and Gender." Journal of Religion in Japan 4, no. 2-3 (2015): 133–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118349-00402004.

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In the two main branches of Jōdo Shinshū (or Shin Buddhism), the Ōtani-ha and the Honganji-ha, a movement toward gender equality emerged in the 1980s. This movement and its development have brought about internal discussions on discrimination against women and an increasing awareness of gender issues, as well as concrete reforms of institutional laws. In the Ōtani-ha, a ruling that explicitly excluded women from becoming temple chief priests (jūshoku) led to protests and petitions by the association of chief priests’ wives and resulted in the establishment of the “Women’s Association to Consider Gender Discrimination in the Ōtani-ha.” Although the Honganji-ha has formally accepted female chief priests since 1946, the definition of the role of the bōmori (lit. temple guardian) as the temple chief priest’s wife suggested hierarchical gender roles, which also stimulated demands for reforms. This article shows the forms of gender discrimination which have been the focus of debates and discussions. Here, I present the reforms and changes that have been achieved over the past few decades and examine the reasons and influences that were instrumental during this process. In this context, I analyze the arguments used by both the reform-oriented and the conservative sides of the issue, and I also explore the relationship of this gender discrimination discourse to earlier Shin Buddhist social developments, such as internal reform movements and efforts to combat discrimination against burakumin.

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4

Huber, Laura, and Sabrina Karim. "The internationalization of security sector gender reforms in post-conflict countries." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894217696228.

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With the passing of several UN Security Council Resolutions related to Women, Peace and Security, gender balancing security sector reforms (SSR)—or policies that ensure the equal participation of women in the security sector—have received increased global attention over the past two decades. However, to date, there is no explanation for variation in their adoption. This paper examines the internationalization of SSR gender reform, arguing that the presence of a peacekeeping mission within a post-conflict country affects the state’s resources and political will to adopt gender balancing reforms. We explore the effect of multidimensional peacekeeping using an original dataset on SSR in post-conflict countries, the Security Sector Reform Dataset, from 1989 to 2012. We find that peacekeeping missions increase the probability that a state will adopt gender balancing reforms in SSR. As the first cross-national quantitative examination of gender balancing reforms, these findings also shed light on the conditions under which states adopt security sector reforms more generally.

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5

Zimman, Lal. "Transgender language reform." Journal of Language and Discrimination 1, no. 1 (September 11, 2017): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jld.33139.

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Transgender people’s recent increase in visibility in the contemporary United States has presented new linguistic challenges. This article investigates those challenges and presents strategies developed by trans speakers and promoted by trans activists concerned with language reform. The first of these is the selection of gendered lexical items, including both gender identity terms (woman, man, etc.) and more implicitly gendered words (e.g. beautiful, handsome). The second is the assignment of third person pronouns like she/her/hers and he/ him/his as well as non-binary pronouns like singular they/them/theirs or ze/ hir/hirs. Both of these challenges tap into the importance trans people place on individual self-identification, and they come with new interactional practices such as asking people directly what pronouns they would like others to use when referring to them. The third challenge addressed here is avoiding gendering people when the referent’s gender isn’t relevant or known, which can be addressed through the selection of gender-neutral or gender-inclusive language. The final challenge is how to discuss gender when it is relevant – e.g. in discussions of gender identity, socialisation or sexual physiology – without delegitimising trans identities. Several strategies are presented to address this issue, such as hedging all generalisations based on gender, even when doing so seems unnecessary in the normative sex/gender framework or using more precise language regarding what aspect(s) of gender are relevant. Taken as a whole, trans language reform reflects the importance of language, not just as an auxiliary to identity, but as the primary grounds on which identity construction takes place.

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6

O'Connor, Sorca, and Miriam E. David. "Parents, Gender and Education Reform." Contemporary Sociology 24, no. 1 (January 1995): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075123.

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7

Wyk, Sharmla Govender-Van. "Gender Policy in Land Reform." Agenda, no. 42 (1999): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4066042.

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8

Galey, Margaret E. "Gender Roles and UN Reform." PS: Political Science and Politics 22, no. 4 (December 1989): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/419472.

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9

Galey, Margaret E. "Gender Roles and UN Reform." PS: Political Science & Politics 22, no. 04 (December 1989): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096500031462.

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10

Bedi, Innocent Kwame, and Hasso Kukemelk. "Influence of Age and School Type on Reform Practices Performed by School Heads." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0046.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the level of implementing reform practices and their resulting stress and to explore the influence of age, gender, school type and tracking type on performing reform practices and the perceived stress in implementing reforms among school leaders. A quantitative research design was used with respondents sampled from among senior high school heads. The data were analysed using multinomial logistic regression to examine the influence of demographic (age and gender) and school variables (school type and tracking type) on implementing reform and its perceived stressfulness. The findings showed that on implementing reforms and its inherent stressfulness, a majority of school heads ‘always’ perform reform duties and a greater proportion reported high-stress levels in implementing reforms from 'somewhat causes’ stress to ‘causes great’ stress. Regarding demographic and school variables, age was a significant negative predictor of implementing reforms, indicating that younger heads were more likely to perform reform functions than older heads while school type significantly influences stress level in implementing reforms, implying that heads in boarding schools were more likely to experience higher stress levels in implementing reforms than heads in day schools. The authors recommended continuous in-service training for school heads, the practice of distributive leadership style and provision of infrastructure to phase out the double-track (shift system) in some schools. Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021

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Cristina, Maria, and Gomes Da Conceição. "Households and Income: Ageing and Gender Inequalities in Urban Brazil and Colombia." Journal of Developing Societies 18, no. 2-3 (June 2002): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0201800207.

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This paper discusses the ageing process in Brazil and Colombia according to gender and socioeconomic inequalities. The ageing process is related to reforms in social policies in each country. Reforms in the pension systems show contrasting results for the family structure and income. In Brazil, the extension of pensions to rural and informal workers leads to empowering poorer elderly women and men in economic and domestic relationships. Universalizing pensions allows the elderly to chose to live alone or to support adult children. On the other hand, in Colombia the reform created the individual saving system, reinforcing social exclusion and inequalities at the end of the life course. At the same time, the structural adjustments of the economy have generated new social contracts and economic order, but in different ways. The universal or individual character of the new pension system redefines in each country the profile of gender, generations, and socioeconomic inequalities. The universal reform can mitigate the economic and domestic exclusion of poorer and rural elderly, as in Brazil; and the individual reform can reinforce inequalities and, as a result, reproduce gender roles of domestic submission and dependence for poorer women in advanced ages.

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12

Scheele, Sebastian. "Zur Geschlechterdimension sozialräumlicher Reformvorschläge in der Pflegepolitik." Sozialer Fortschritt 69, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.69.4.225.

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Zusammenfassung Pflegepolitische Reformvorschläge beziehen sich häufig auf eine im weitesten Sinne sozialräumliche Perspektive. Ihre jeweils zu erwartenden Auswirkungen auf Gleichstellung bleiben dabei meist unbenannt – obschon pflegepolitische Reformen keineswegs geschlechterpolitisch neutral sind, wie insbesondere die feministische Care-Debatte herausgestellt hat. Um den Zusammenhang von Gender, Sozialraumorientierung und Pflege auszuleuchten, skizziert der Beitrag zuerst den fachlichen Stand von Teilperspektiven: erstens Gender und Care und die Konkretisierung Gleichstellung und Pflegepolitik, zweitens Sozialraumorientierung in der Pflegepolitik, drittens die Berücksichtigung von Geschlecht in der Sozialraumorientierung. Anschließend werden pflegepolitische Reformvorschläge vorgestellt, die Gender und Sozialraumorientierung zusammendenken, und schließlich zusammenfassend Handlungsbedarfe einer gleichstellungs- und sozialraumorientierten Pflegepolitik dargestellt. Abstract: On The Gender Dimension of Socio-Spatial Reform Proposals in Care Policy Reform proposals in care policy often refer to a socio-spatial perspective. Their expectable effects on gender equality usually remain unnamed – although care policy and its reforms are anything but gender neutral, as the vast feminist debate on care has shown. To illuminate the connection of gender, socio-spatial orientation and (geriatric) care policy, the article initially sketches the state of expertise on subsections: first gender and care and their operationalisation as gender equality policy and (geriatric) care policy, second socio-spatial orientation in (geriatric) care policy, third consideration of gender in socio-spatial perspectives. Subsequently, it presents reform proposals in care policy combining gender and socio-spatial orientation. Finally, it compiles needs for action of a care policy comprising gender equality as well as socio-spatial perspectives.

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13

Wegren, Stephen K., David J. O’Brien, and Valeri V. Patsiorkovski. "Russian Agrarian Reform: The Gender Dimension." Problems of Post-Communism 49, no. 6 (November 2002): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2002.11656012.

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14

Forget, Evelyn L., Raisa B. Deber, Leslie L. Roos, and Randy Walld. "Canadian Health Reform: A Gender Analysis." Feminist Economics 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354570042000332579.

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15

Mobekk, Eirin. "Gender, Women and Security Sector Reform." International Peacekeeping 17, no. 2 (April 2010): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533311003625142.

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16

Kingshott, Brian F. "Revisiting gender issues: continuing police reform." Criminal Justice Studies 26, no. 3 (October 22, 2012): 366–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2012.735004.

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17

Naylor, Bronwyn, and Danielle Tyson. "Reforming Defences to Homicide in Victoria: Another Attempt to Address the Gender Question." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i3.414.

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In 2005 in the Australian state of Victoria, significant changes were made to the defences to homicide. These reforms were in response to long standing concerns about the gendered operation of provocation and self-defence by feminist researchers and advocates, Law Reform Commissions, the media and political pressures. This paper critically examines the reforms and the extent to which they have addressed these varied concerns and interests. The paper argues that these important law reforms have challenged some of the powerful narratives being used in the courts that minimise the existence and significance of family violence in intimate relationships. We see this particularly in judicial sentencing remarks. However, law reform must be accompanied by a shift in legal culture to be effective in practice. To this end, we argue that legal professionals need to have information about how to utilise the new family violence provisions as well as ongoing training and professional development to promote consistent understandings of family violence across the criminal justice system.

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18

McNamara, Judy, and Jo Pyke. "CBT — Demarcation by Gender?" Australian Journal of Career Development 2, no. 3 (September 1993): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629300200311.

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The reform of the Australian vocational educational and training system promises to overhaul the traditional apprenticeship system and address the major inefficiencies and inequities that have become well entrenched over this century. An issue which is often marginalised in training reform debates, however, is that women's access to trade and technical training has been extremely limited. Women's participation in all apprenticeships, excluding hairdressing, is still around 6 per cent — a participation rate which maintains Australia's record as having one of the most gender segregated workforces of all OECD countries. The following article raises a range of issues about women's exclusion from trade and technical training and questions whether training reform will address gender equity as a key feature of inefficiency in Australian industry. The article suggests that the strategies are available. What is required is a sustained commitment by industry to implementing the necessary strategies to ensure that women are included in the new and developing training structures.

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19

Price, Debora. "The pensions White Paper: taking account of gender." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, no. 1 (February 2007): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/lbqa9574.

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Many women face severe obstacles in accumulating adequate income in later life. The pensions White Paper heralds substantive reform of the pension system, with certain elements assisting women in future to build pension entitlements. The extent to which the reforms will have the desired effect is, however, unclear since the system remains complex and means-tested benefits will remain a substantial element of pensioner income for many in the population. The government has committed to a gender impact assessment of the reforms. This article explores the elements of the pension system that should be evaluated if this assessment is to take full account of gender.

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20

Rakhmankulova, ksana A. "ROLE OF WOMEN IN EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS OF UZBEKISTAN." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-4-7.

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The article explains that during the years of independence in Uzbekistan, the development of new principles for solving women's problems is on the agenda. Particular attention should be paid tothecreation of a legal basis for ensuring gender equality in all spheres of life and public administration, improving the system of international institutions on gender issues, protecting the rights and freedoms of women in the era of globalization. The article analyzes the fact that Uzbekistan is undergoing serious reforms in the field of education. An analysis of the active participation of women in education reform is given, and data are systematized on the example of the Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions, where women were awarded state awards and achieved great success.Index Terms:Uzbekistan, southern regions, education, industry, women, gender equality, reform, school, award, title, textbook, competition

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21

Gottlieb, Aaron, Pajarita Charles, Branden McLeod, Jean Kjellstrand, and Janaé Bonsu. "Were California’s Decarceration Efforts Smart? A Quasi-Experimental Examination of Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities." Criminal Justice and Behavior 48, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820923384.

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Over the last decade, California has undertaken one of the largest criminal justice reform efforts in recent U.S. history. However, little is known about the causal impact of these reforms on the overall incarceration rate and disparities in incarceration rates across demographic subgroups. Using a quasi-experimental synthetic control method and data from the Vera Institute of Justice and the U.S. Census Bureau, our results provide strong evidence that California’s reforms have substantially reduced the state’s overall incarceration rate, but that they have resulted in an increase in Latinx-White incarceration disparities. We also find suggestive evidence that the reforms have exacerbated Black-White incarceration disparities and disparities between men and women. Our study is especially relevant at a time when the United States is increasingly interested in reducing the population of people incarcerated and suggests that care must be taken to ensure that reform efforts do not increase incarceration disparities among demographic subgroups.

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22

O'Neill, Brittney. "He, (s)he/she, and they." Working papers in Applied Linguistics and Linguistics at York 1 (September 13, 2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2564-2855.4.

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Gender-focussed language reform movements are underpinned by not only gender but also language ideologies. This study explores the relationship between these ideologies across anti-sexist and anti-cis-sexist reform movements. The movements target differing outcomes and align with differing ideologies, but I argue that they share an underlying goal and underlying ideological tenets. While anti-sexist reform seeks to improve the status and render legible the experiences of a subordinate but legible identity, namely women, anti-cis-sexist reform aims to unsettle cis-sexist assumptions of gender and render greater gender diversity legible. In targeting these goals, anti-sexist reformers cluster around forms of linguistic relativity, while anti-cis-sexist reformers focus on linguistic performativity. Both ideological stances, however, share underlying conceptualizations of language as limiting and as acting in the world, while both goals share an underlying commitment to harm avoidance. This paper highlights the role of language ideologies, in addition to gender ideologies, in gender-focussed language reform.

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23

Mavrinac, Marilyn. "Conflicted Progress: Coeducation and Gender Equity in Twentieth-Century French School Reforms." Harvard Educational Review 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 772–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.67.4.gn44u7662177165p.

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Since the Third French Republic was established in 1875, French education has operated under a mandate to provide compulsory citizenship training to all children and to select an elite group of talented students who will receive a more rigorous form of schooling. In the twentieth century, France has experienced two major education reform movements aimed at democratizing this mandate — one between 1920 and 1930, and the other between 1960 and 1980. Both reform waves concentrated on changing the selection process for this elite group, which had almost exclusively included middle- and upper-class males. In these waves of change, which resulted in the standardization and centralization of France's schools, much attention was paid to issues of class, but little was paid to issues of gender equity. Mavrinac examines the effects of these reforms on gender equity and the effects of increased school centralization on girls' access to equitable education. She concludes by highlighting the lack of connection between movements for school reform and gender equity proposals and suggests that, despite its modification in recent years, the patriarchal structure of the educational bureaucracy remains powerfully in place.

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24

Hargreaves, Samantha. "Land Reform: Putting Gender in the Centre." Agenda, no. 42 (1999): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4066038.

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25

Kaminaga, Yuriko. "Gender Bias in the Judicial System (-Reform)." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 6, no. 6 (2001): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.6.6_72.

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26

Hughes, Melanie M., Pamela Paxton, Amanda B. Clayton, and Pär Zetterberg. "Global Gender Quota Adoption, Implementation, and Reform." Comparative Politics 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041519825256650.

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Hughes, Melanie M., Pamela Paxton, Amanda B. Clayton, and Pär Zetterberg. "Global Gender Quota Adoption, Implementation, and Reform." Comparative Politics 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041519x15647434969795.

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28

Regan, Milton C., and Martha Albertson Fineman. "Divorce Reform and the Legacy of Gender." Michigan Law Review 90, no. 6 (May 1992): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289427.

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29

Baskakova, M., and V. Baskakov. "Gender Aspects of Pension Reform in Russia." Problems of Economic Transition 43, no. 9 (January 1, 2001): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-1991430961.

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30

Swain, Shurlee, and Danielle Thornton. "Fault, Gender Politics and Family Law Reform." Australian Journal of Politics & History 57, no. 2 (June 2011): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01592.x.

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31

Herd, Pamela. "The Gender Impact of Social Security Reform." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 35, no. 1 (February 2010): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2009-045.

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32

Morgan, Jenny. "Homicide law reform and gender: Configuring violence." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 45, no. 3 (December 2012): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865812456852.

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33

Kasente, Deborah. "Gender and Social Security Reform in Africa." International Social Security Review 53, no. 3 (January 2000): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-246x.00076.

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34

Kunz, Rahel. "Gender and Security Sector Reform: Gendering Differently?" International Peacekeeping 21, no. 5 (October 9, 2014): 604–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2014.963319.

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35

Bishop, Kay. "Gender politics in 21st century literacy reform." Australian Educational Researcher 40, no. 2 (March 16, 2013): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13384-013-0090-3.

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36

White, Harold B. "Commentary: Gender, teaching reform, promotion, and tenure." Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 34, no. 6 (November 2006): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmb.2006.494034062692.

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37

Teso, Elena, and Liz Crolley. "Gender-based linguistic reform in international organisations." Language Policy 12, no. 2 (April 28, 2012): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-012-9241-z.

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38

Komura, Mizuki. "Tax reform and endogenous gender bargaining power." Review of Economics of the Household 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2013): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-012-9174-5.

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39

Luo, Meng Sha, and Ernest Wing Tak Chui. "The changing picture of the housework gender gap in contemporary Chinese adults." Chinese Journal of Sociology 5, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 312–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x19848147.

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Prior research has shown that time availability, relative resources, and gender perspective have great effects on couples’ division of housework, yet less attention has been paid to how the magnitude of these influences varies by cohort. By embedding the three dominant micro-level perspectives on housework in a macro-level context (i.e. cohort-level), this study examines each of the three perspectives’ explanatory powers for explaining the housework behaviors of two post-1976 cohorts: the early- and late-reform marriage cohorts. Regression results and Relative Importance analyses examining the three perspectives on housework show dissimilar effects for the two cohorts: the relative resources and gender perspectives better predict the housework gender gap in early-reform couples, while the time availability perspective better predicts the housework gender gap in late-reform couples. Specifically, the three most important predictors of the housework gender gap for the early-reform cohort are wife’s weekly paid work hours, wife’s proportion of couple’s income, and wife or her parents owning the house, while for the younger, late-reform cohort, the three most important predictors are wife’s employment, wife’s weekly paid work hours, and number of co-living children, suggesting that the relative resources perspective is weakened for the late-reform cohort. In addition, both the Relative Importance analyses and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression estimations reveal that although early-reform couples are likely to ‘do gender’ as a performance, this diminishes for late-reform Chinese couples. These changes indicate an uneven process regarding gender equality and the need to take cohort into account when testing the micro-level theoretical perspectives on the housework gap.

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40

Carpenter, Daniel. "Institutional Strangulation: Bureaucratic Politics and Financial Reform in the Obama Administration." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 3 (August 23, 2010): 825–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710002070.

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The politics of financial reform represent a genuine test case for American politics and its institutions. The Obama administration's proposed reforms pit common (largely unorganized) interests against well-organized and wealthy minority interests. I describe how the withering and unfolding of financial reform has occurred not through open institutional opposition but through a quieter process that I call institutional strangulation. Institutional strangulation consists of much more than the stoppage of policies by aggregation of veto points as designed in the US Constitution. In the case of financial reform, it has non-constitutional veto points, including committee politics and cultural veto points (gender and professional finance), strategies of partisan intransigence, and perhaps most significantly, the bureaucratic politics of turf and reputation. These patterns can weaken common-interest reforms, especially in the broad arena of consumer protection.

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41

Schlueter, J. "Beyond reform: Agency `after theory'." Feminist Theory 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700107082368.

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Garland, Jameson, and Santa Slokenberga. "Protecting the Rights of Children with Intersex Conditions from Nonconsensual Gender-Conforming Medical Interventions: The View from Europe." Medical Law Review 27, no. 3 (December 13, 2018): 482–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwy039.

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Abstract Nonconsensual gender-conforming interventions on children with intersex conditions have recently come under sharp criticism from human rights authorities within the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Union, which have identified these interventions as violating children’s rights to bodily integrity, privacy, and protection from violence, torture, and degrading treatment. Responding largely to requests for intervention from nongovernmental organizations, these authorities have called upon nations to reform their legal frameworks, both to prevent these rights violations and to redress them. To date, however, few nations have endeavored to prohibit nonconsensual gender-conforming procedures on children with intersex conditions, and none have enacted significant reforms of their frameworks to redress rights violations. This particular ‘compliance gap’ between human rights recommendations and law reform stems from a failure of national legal orders to formally recognize the scope of rights that are threatened by nonconsensual gender-conforming interventions—rights that are well-established as part of states’ positive obligations to prevent physical and psychological harm to children. This article, therefore, analyzes the nature of the rights at stake and the importance of reporting human rights violations to generate direct calls for reform wherever violations occur. The article further analyzes how developments in Europe may have special significance for legal framework reforms—particularly if they facilitate judicial actions against national authorities through the European Convention of Human Rights, which may serve as a model for litigation elsewhere.

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Thielemann, Gregory S. "Assessing the Importance of Party and Gender in Legislators’ Policy Preferences." American Review of Politics 16 (July 1, 1995): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1995.16.0.151-165.

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In recent years much has been written about what factors influence the policy preferences of legislators in general and women legislators specifically. This analysis explores the relative importance of a member's sex, party, locality and tenure on policy preferences in the 71st Texas House of Representatives with its low levels of professionalism and party influence. The members were surveyed for their views on the four most pressing issue areas they faced: education reform, judicial selection reform, workers' compensation insurance reform and abortion. Surprisingly, party is important in explaining policy preferences on education reform, judicial selection reform and workers’ compensation reform. Being a woman is of less importance in these areas, but is more important in the area of abortion rights.

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Ossome, Lyn, and Sirisha C. Naidu. "Does Land Still Matter? Gender and Land Reforms in Zimbabwe." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 344–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211029176.

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The Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe effected changes in the racial, class, and gender structure of land ownership. However, while changes in the racial and class structure have been well explored in existing literature, their articulation to gender in the agrarian structure is not yet well understood. This is because the literature has mainly accounted for gender in relation to the formal redistribution of land to women through titling, and not as a structural element of agrarian reform that locates women within the labor and capital nexus of land ownership. This article aims to fill this gap in our understanding of the gendered agrarian component of FTLRP by locating gender within the political economy of the agrarian reform and by evaluating gender in relation to the capitalist accumulation structure which the land reform sought to alter.

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RABIEH, LINDA R. "Gender, Education, and Enlightened Politics in Plato’s Laws." American Political Science Review 114, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000271.

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Plato’s treatments of women are perplexing because they seem to justify both gender equality and female subordination. Faced with evidence of both, scholars typically ask whether Plato promotes gender equality or patriarchy rather than what a particular treatment of women means in the dialogue to which it belongs. This article seeks to clarify Plato’s treatment of women by focusing on women’s education in the Laws and analyzing it in the context of his Athenian Stranger’s attempt at rational political reform. It argues that in exploring the differences between men and women, Plato shows them to be ones of degree rather than kind and identifies a common human weakness shared by both genders that is the greatest obstacle to his reform. This approach reveals a profound examination of a human problem and an instructive account of the challenges that accompany the quest for gender equality.

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Luo, Mengsha. "Cohort dynamics in relation to gender attitudes in China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 7, no. 2 (April 2021): 194–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x211002981.

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China has undergone extensive changes since its transition from the socialist era to the reform era in 1978. It is said there was a revival of traditional gender ideologies in the reform era. Nonetheless, individuals’ socioeconomic status improved greatly, and according to cohort replacement theory and interest- and exposure-based theories, this should imply progress in gender attitudes. Drawing on nationwide repeated cross-sectional data from the 2010–2015 Chinese General Social Survey ( N = 44,900), this study explores changes in gender attitudes in relation to cohort in China. Sex-stratified hierarchical age–period–cohort cross-classified random-effects models are used to (a) explore cohort differences in attitude for four gender norm dimensions (ability and work dimensions in the public sphere and division of labor and marriage dimensions in the private sphere), and across three cohort groups, that is, the “war baby” (born 1926–1948), the “pre-reform baby” (born 1949–1977), and the “reform baby” (born 1978–1995) groups, and (b) examine how cohort differences in relation to each attitude have been modified by socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics, and how men’s and women’s gender attitudes are influenced in different ways by these factors. The results reveal the uneven pace of development toward egalitarian gender ideologies in China, with respondents being more supportive of egalitarianism in the public sphere than in the private sphere. Although the movement toward greater gender egalitarianism in the public sphere started from the pre-reform baby cohort, the movement in the private sphere began to emerge only in the reform baby cohort. Additionally, the sex gap in gender attitudes widened and peaked in the reform baby cohort. Women’s attitudes were influenced to a greater extent by socioeconomic and demographic factors than men’s.

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McKay, Ailsa. "Why a citizens' basic income? A question of gender equality or gender bias." Work, Employment and Society 21, no. 2 (June 2007): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017007076643.

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Current debates concerning the future of social security provision in advanced capitalist states have raised a citizens' basic income as a possible reform package: a proposal based on the principles of individuality, universality and unconditionality, ensuring a minimum income guarantee for all members of society. Arguments in favour of a citizens' basic income have traditionally been contrived within a fixed set of parameters associated with a particular view of the principles of economic organization.That is, a citizens' basic income is considered a model for social security reform that conforms to market based structures of exchange, particularly those associated with the market for labour, and as such contributes positively to the efficient functioning of capitalist economies. This article highlights the 'gender blind' nature of such debates and presents a case for a citizens' basic income based on a more inclusive notion of citizenship.

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Martino, Wayne, and Michael Kehler. "Gender-Based Literacy Reform: A Question of Challenging or Recuperating Gender Binaries." Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20466644.

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Marier, P. "Affirming, Transforming, or Neglecting Gender? Conceptualizing Gender in the Pension Reform Process." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 182–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxm011.

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RAKE, KATHERINE. "Gender and New Labour's Social Policies." Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401006250.

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Since its election to government in 1997, the programme of social policy reform introduced by the British Labour government has proceeded at a dizzying pace. This article analyses the impact of these reforms on gender relations, and how policy is working to shape the roles of citizen worker; parent and carer and spouse or partner. The article focuses on how the New Deals, tax and benefit policy (including the Working Families Tax Credit) and childcare policy affect these roles. The analysis reveals how, in institutionalising paid work as the key route to citizenship, New Labour runs the risk of building implicit gender bias into a number of its policies. The analysis suggests that more gender-sensitive policy would follow where consideration was given both to how individuals relate to the labour market over their lifetimes and to the effect of policy on the division and distribution of unpaid caring work.

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