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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender processing'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Garrido-Pozú, Juan J. "Predictive processing of grammatical gender: Using gender cues to facilitate processing in Spanish." Lingua 278 (October 2022): 103416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2022.103416.

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2

Spohn, Cassia C., and Jeffrey W. Spears. "Gender and Case Processing Decisions." Women & Criminal Justice 8, no. 3 (February 27, 1997): 29–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v08n03_02.

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3

Katz, Phyllis A., Louise Silvern, and Diane K. Coulter. "Gender Processing and Person Perception." Social Cognition 8, no. 2 (June 1990): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.1990.8.2.186.

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4

BORDAG, DENISA, and THOMAS PECHMANN. "Factors influencing L2 gender processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10, no. 3 (October 25, 2007): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728907003082.

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In four experiments we explored processes underlying L2 gender retrieval. We focused on L1 interference and on the influence of the L2 noun's termination. In Experiments 1 and 2 we tried to manipulate the intensity of L1 interference. We found that L2 speakers cannot eliminate or substantially reduce the interlingual interference neither when they know the response language long in advance in a situation in which code-switching is required (Experiment 1), nor when they are close to the monolingual mode (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 yielded evidence that gender typicality of the L2 noun's termination also exerts an influence on L2 processing, both in production and comprehension. L2 gender thus does not seem to be stored as a fixed feature as it is assumed for L1. Rather, our data support the assumption that it is computed anew each time when needed for processing. Further implications for modeling are discussed.

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5

Wallschlaeger, Michael, and Bryan Hendricks. "Gender differences in phonetic processing." Current Psychology 16, no. 2 (June 1997): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-997-1021-0.

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6

TARABAN, ROMAN, and VERA KEMPE. "Gender processing in native and nonnative Russian speakers." Applied Psycholinguistics 20, no. 1 (March 1999): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716499001046.

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Traditional computational accounts of gender representation and learning (e.g., Carroll, 1989, 1995) differ radically from cue-based and connectionist accounts. The latter but not the former predicts that access to noun gender will vary depending on the reliability of noun endings (and other sublexical elements and morphological constituents) in marking gender, and that agreement markers can be used strategically to constrain the genders of ambiguously marked nouns. Adult native (L1) speakers of Russian (Experiment 1) and advanced nonnative (L2) speakers (Experiment 2) read Russian sentences on a computer and were asked to choose one of two inflected past tense verbs in a forced choice task. The verbs either matched or mismatched the gender of the subject NP. Half of the target trials used opaque (end-palatalized) subject nouns, which were ambiguously marked for gender, and the other half used transparent (regularly marked) subject nouns. Noun type was crossed with the presence or absence of a gender-marked adjective in the subject NP. When an adjective was present in the subject NP, both L1 and L2 speakers were significantly faster at reading and selecting the correct verb form. L2 but not L1 speakers showed longer reading and choice latencies and made more errors when the subject noun was opaque. The data showed that L2 speakers used adjective inflections to disambiguate the gender of opaque subject nouns and to select gender appropriate verb inflections. The accuracy data for L1 and L2 speakers were tested against several connectionist models. The models' success in accounting for the data suggested that L1 and L2 speakers may depend on a common learning mechanism and thus resemble one another at the computational level, contrary to traditional computational accounts (Carroll, 1989, 1995).

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7

Martin, Patricia Yancey. "Gender, Accounts, and Rape Processing Work." Social Problems 44, no. 4 (November 1997): 464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1997.44.4.03x0232x.

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8

Farnworth, Margaret, and Raymond H. C. Teske, Jr. "Gender Differences in Felony Court Processing:." Women & Criminal Justice 6, no. 2 (May 26, 1995): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v06n02_02.

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9

Hofmann, Juliane, Anke Marschhauser, and Sonja A. Kotz. "Grammatical gender processing in aphasic patients." Brain and Language 87, no. 1 (October 2003): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00196-2.

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10

Szymanowski, F., F. Szymanowski, S. A. Kotz, C. Schröder, M. Rotte, and R. Dengler. "Gender Differences in Processing Emotional Prosody." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (April 2007): e102-e103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.239.

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11

Martin, Patricia Yancey. "Gender, Accounts, and Rape Processing Work." Social Problems 44, no. 4 (November 1997): 464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097218.

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12

REALI, CHIARA, YULIA ESAULOVA, and LISA VON STOCKHAUSEN. "Isolating stereotypical gender in a grammatical gender language: Evidence from eye movements." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 4 (March 17, 2014): 977–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000010.

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ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the effects of stereotypical gender during anaphor resolution in German. The study aims at isolating the effects of gender-stereotypical cues from the effects of grammatical gender. Experiment 1 employs descriptions of typically male, female, and neutral occupations that contain no grammatical cue to the referent gender, followed by a masculine or feminine role noun, in a reaction time priming paradigm. Experiment 2 uses eye-tracking methodology to examine how the gender typicality of these descriptions affects the resolution of a matching or mismatching anaphoric pronoun. Results show a mismatch effect manifest at very early stages of processing. Both experiments also reveal asymmetries in the processing of the two genders suggesting that the representation of female rather than male referents is more flexible in counterstereotypical contexts. No systematic relation is found between eye movements and individual gender attitude measures, whereas a reliable correlation is found with gender typicality ratings.

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13

Zhao, Mintao, and William G. Hayward. "Holistic processing underlies gender judgments of faces." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 72, no. 3 (April 2010): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/app.72.3.591.

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14

Pallett, P., and M. Meng. "Dissociations in emotion, gender, and object processing." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.504.

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15

Vitevitch, Michael S., Joan Sereno, Allard Jongman, and Rutherford Goldstein. "Speaker Sex Influences Processing of Grammatical Gender." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2013): e79701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079701.

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16

Imaz Agirre, Ainara. "The processing of gender assignment in Spanish." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.29.2.06ima.

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This paper reports on an experiment investigating the processing of accurate gender assignment in canonical and non-canonical inanimate nouns in Spanish by native speakers of Basque with nativelike proficiency in Spanish. 33 Basque/Spanish bilinguals and 32 native speakers of Spanish completed an online and an offline gender assignment task. Participants assigned gender to inanimate nouns with canonical (-o; -a) and non-canonical word endings (-e; consonants). The results revealed that the Basque/Spanish bilingual group obtained high accuracy scores in both tasks, similar to the Spanish native speaker group. Interestingly, unlike the Spanish group, the Basque speakers showed faster reaction times with feminine nouns than masculine ones. Canonicity seems to be a strong cue for both groups, since all participants were more accurate and faster with canonical word endings. Even though quantitatively Basque/Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals’ gender assignment accuracy rates do not differ, qualitatively, the Basque/Spanish bilinguals’ assignment patterns seem to differ somewhat from those of the native Spanish speakers.

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17

Hopp, Holger. "Learning (not) to predict: Grammatical gender processing in second language acquisition." Second Language Research 32, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 277–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315624960.

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In two experiments, this article investigates the predictive processing of gender agreement in adult second language (L2) acquisition. We test (1) whether instruction on lexical gender can lead to target predictive agreement processing and (2) how variability in lexical gender representations moderates L2 gender agreement processing. In a pretest–posttest design, Experiment 1 trained 34 intermediate first language (L1) English learners of German on gender assignment. After training, the L2 group showed predictive gender processing; yet, performance correlated with accuracy in gender assignment. Experiment 1 suggests that target knowledge of lexical gender in the L2 lexicon is a prerequisite for predictive use of gender agreement in L2 syntax: Non-target gender assignment would lead to partially erroneous gender prediction such that use of gender agreement is costly for the parser and therefore abandoned. To test this account, Experiment 2 investigated predictive processing in 42 German native speakers who have target-like gender assignment and agreement. In a between-group design, one group received target input and the other received filler items with non-target gender assignment. The latter group subsequently stopped using gender agreement predictively in all experimental trials. Hence, L2 problems with gender agreement can be emulated in native processing. Taken together, the experiments suggest that variability of lexical gender assignment affects processing of gender agreement in natives and non-natives. We interpret the findings in the context of current probabilistic theories of implicit learning and processing adaptation.

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18

Bordag, Denisa, and Thomas Pechmann. "Grammatical gender in translation." Second Language Research 24, no. 2 (April 2008): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307086299.

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In three experiments native speakers of Czech translated bare nouns and gender-marked adjective + noun phrases into German, their second language (L2). In Experiments 1-3 we explored the so-called gender interference effect from first language (L1) as observed in previous picture naming studies (naming latencies were longer when the L1 noun and its L2 translation had different genders than when their genders were congruent). In Experiments 2 and 3 we investigated the influence of gender transparency in L2 (longer latencies when an L2 noun has a gender-atypical or gender-ambiguous termination than when its termination is gender-typical). Although both effects were observed in L2 picture naming, only the gender transparency effect could be demonstrated in L1 to L2 translation tasks. The resulting constraints on L2 gender processing during translation are discussed in the framework of bilingual speech production models.

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19

Nanova, Plamenka, Vasil Kolev, and Juliana Yordanova. "Neurophysiological Basis of the Cognitive Gender Differences in Adulthood in Humans. Evidence from Event-related Brain Potentials." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.02.01.

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Gender can affect nervous system functioning at multiple levels – from genetics to behaviour. In the present review, effects of gender on neurophysiologic mechanisms of mental rotation, efficiency of language processing, emotions and sensory processes were studied in adults by exploring event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Since these processes were best recognized as gender-dependent at the behavioural level, it was aimed to verify the presence of gender effects on the respective ERP correlates at the neurophysiologic level. Articles from the PubMed database were selected, with a publication year until 2020. The review additionally includes studies that were cited in the selected articles. Thus, forty-six articles published between 1982 and 2020 were included. The reviewed data of healthy humans demonstrate that gender affects the early (related to perception and identification) and the late stages of processing (related to actual cognitive processes) of ERPs elicited during the three cognitive categories (mental rotation, language, and emotions). Mental rotation process in males demonstrates smaller amplitudes and shorter latencies of ERP components. It is concluded that men perform mental rotation more efficiently than females because they not only apply a different processing strategy (implied by distinct topography patterns), but they also benefit from faster processing mechanisms. During language processing, gender differences are expressed in increased amplitudes, shortened latencies, and different scalp topographies of language-related ERPs in females compared to males. ERPs confirm that the two genders employ different processing strategies and provide new evidence that females’ advantages can be associated with the fact that women are involved in a more extensive, more in-depth semantic processing and have a more automatized language processing. Gender differences in the emotion-related processes are mainly expressed as increased ERP amplitudes in females compared to males for both the early and late ERP components. ERP results reveal that women are more sensitive to emotionally salient stimuli, especially to unpleasant negative ones, and that this sensitivity extends beyond early emotional reactivity to a later emotional and emotion-regulation processes. However, studies exploring the neurophysiological level of the mental rotation process, language, and emotional processing in men and women are still scarce and inconsistent and thus further extensive research is required. The present review provides important hints that many of the established gender effects on specific processes (mental rotation, language and emotion regulation) may originate from fundamental and material-unspecific effects of gender on sensory processing mechanisms, which also merits additional clarification.

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20

Alarcón, Irma. "Early and late bilingual processing of Spanish gender, morphology and gender congruency." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 175–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.2.5523.

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The present study investigates whether advanced proficiency-matched early and late bilinguals display gender agreement processing quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of native speakers of Spanish. To address this issue, a timed grammaticality judgment task was used to analyze the effects on accuracy and reaction times of grammatical gender, morphology, and gender congruency of the article and adjective within a noun phrase. Overall results indicated no significant statistical differences between the native speakers and the two bilingual groups. Both early and late bilinguals displayed similar grammatical gender knowledge in their underlying grammars. A detailed examination of the congruency effect, however, revealed that the native speakers, not the bilinguals, displayed sensitivity to gender agreement violations. Moreover, the native and heritage speakers pattern together in accuracy and directionality of gender agreement processing: both were less accurate with incongruent articles than with incongruent adjectives, while the second language learners were equally accurate in both agreement domains. Despite having internalized gender in their implicit grammars, the late bilinguals did not show native-like patterns in real time processing. The present findings suggest that, for high proficiency speakers, there is a distinct advantage for early over late bilinguals in achieving native-like gender lexical access and retrieval. Therefore, age of acquisition, in conjunction with learning context, might be the best predictor of native-like gender agreement processing at advanced and near-native proficiency levels.

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21

Halberstadt, Lauren, Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, and Paola E. Dussias. "Grammatical gender processing in L2 speakers of Spanish." Journal of Second Language Studies 1, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17023.hal.

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Abstract Recent findings indicate that native speakers (L1) use grammatical gender marking on articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns (e.g., Lew-Williams & Fernald, 2007; Dussias, Valdés Kroff, Guzzardo Tamargo, & Gerfen, 2013). Conversely, adult second language (L2) learners for whom grammatical gender is absent in their first language appear to need near-native proficiency to behave like native speakers (Dussias et al., 2013; Hopp, 2013). The question addressed here is whether sensitivity to grammatical gender in L2 learners of Spanish is modulated by the cognate status of nouns due to their heightened parallel orthographic, phonological, morpho-syntactic and semantic activation. Additionally, the role of transparent and non-transparent word-final gender marking cues was examined because past studies have shown that native speakers of Spanish are sensitive to differences in gender transparency (Caffarra, Janssen, & Barber, 2014). Participants were English learners of Spanish and Spanish monolingual speakers. Data were collected using the visual world paradigm. Participants saw 2-picture visual scenes in which objects either matched in gender (same-gender trials) or mismatched (different-gender trials). Targets were embedded in the preamble Encuentra el/la ___ ‘Find the ___’. The monolingual group displayed an anticipatory effect on different gender trials, replicating past studies that show that native speakers use grammatical gender information encoded in prenominal modifiers predictively. The learners were able to use gender information on the articles to facilitate processing, but only when the nouns had gender endings that were transparent. Cognate status did not confer an advantage during grammatical gender processing.

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22

Dawson, Samantha J., and Meredith L. Chivers. "The effect of static versus dynamic stimuli on visual processing of sexual cues in androphilic women and gynephilic men." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (June 2018): 172286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172286.

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Models of sexual response posit that attentional processing of sexual cues is requisite for sexual responding. Despite hypothesized similarities in the underlying processes resulting in sexual response, gender differences in sexual arousal patterns are abundant. One such gender difference relates to the stimulus features (e.g. gender cues, sexual activity cues) that elicit a response in men and women. In this study, we examined how stimulus modality (static visual images versus dynamic audiovisual films) and stimulus features (gender, sexual activity and nonsexual contextual cues) influences attentional (i.e. gaze) and elaborative (i.e. self-reported attraction (SRA), self-reported arousal) processing of sexual stimuli. Men's initial and controlled attention was consistently gender-specific (i.e. greater attention towards female targets), and this was not influenced by stimulus modality or the presence of sexual activity cues. By contrast, gender-specificity of women's attention patterns differed as a function of attentional stage, stimulus modality and the features within the stimulus. Degree of specificity was positively predictive of SRA in both genders; however, it was not significantly predictive of self-reported arousal. These findings are discussed in the context of gendered processing of visual sexual information, including a discussion of implications for research designs.

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23

Hopp, Holger, and Natalia Lemmerth. "LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC CONGRUENCY IN L2 PREDICTIVE GENDER PROCESSING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263116000437.

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This article investigates how lexical and syntactic differences in L1 and L2 grammatical gender affect L2 predictive gender processing. In a visual-world eye-tracking experiment, 24 L1 Russian adult learners and 15 native speakers of German were tested. Both Russian and German have three gender classes. Yet, they differ in lexical congruency, that is, whether a noun (“house”) is assigned to the same or a different gender class. Further, gender is syntactically realized on postnominal suffixes in Russian but on prenominal articles in German. For adjectives, both Russian and German mark gender on suffixes. In predictive gender processing, we find interactions of proficiency and congruency for gender-marked articles. Advanced L2 learners show nativelike gender prediction throughout. High-intermediate learners display asymmetries according to syntactic and lexical congruency. Predictive gender processing obtains for all nouns in the (syntactically congruent) adjective condition, yet only for lexically congruent nouns in the (syntactically incongruent) article condition.

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24

Carbon, Claus-Christian, Stella J. Faerber, M. Dorothee Augustin, Bernhard Mitterer, and Florian Hutzler. "First gender, then attractiveness: Indications of gender-specific attractiveness processing via ERP onsets." Neuroscience Letters 686 (November 2018): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.009.

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25

Koivula, Nathalie. "Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schematic processing." Sex Roles 33, no. 7-8 (October 1995): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01544679.

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26

YANG, Guochun, Haiyan WU, Yue QI, and Xun LIU. "Cognitive and neural mechanisms of human gender processing." Advances in Psychological Science 28, no. 12 (2020): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.02008.

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27

Mekarski, J. E., T. R. H. Cutmore, and W. Suboski. "Gender Differences during Processing of the Stroop Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 2 (October 1996): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.2.563.

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An assertion was made that “There are no sex differences in Stroop interference” (MacLeod, 1991, p. 203) in spite of some evidence to the contrary (e.g., Sarmany, 1977). To resolve the discrepancy, this study examined the nature of gender differences in the context of other variables. 8 men and 8 women were tested, using response speed and errors made as dependent measures. Independent variables were gender, perceptual input (Stroop) task, congruency of stimuli, manual response output, and trial block. Contrary to MacLeod, men were consistently slower than women over trial blocks by some 46 msec., although their error rates did not differ significantly. Response output interacted with gender, with Stroop task, and with trial block. Congruent stimuli were processed faster than incongruent ones. Differences may be ascribed to greater verbal and fine motor abilities of women and greater spatial ability of men.

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28

Sá-Leite, Ana Rita, Isabel Fraga, and Montserrat Comesaña. "Grammatical gender processing in bilinguals: An analytic review." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 1148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01596-8.

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29

Bacon, Desia, and Jenny Saffran. "Role of speaker gender in toddler lexical processing." Infancy 27, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infa.12455.

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30

Holt, Danny. "Inclusive Data Processing of Sex, Gender and Titles." ITNOW 64, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwac013.

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31

Rezanova, Zoya I., Alina V. Vasilieva, Ksenia S. Pozovkina, and Alfia S. Habibulina. "COGNITIVE PROCESSING OF AN EXPRESSIVE WORD: GENDER SPECIFICITY." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 420 (July 1, 2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/420/10.

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32

Lévêque, Yohana, Antoine Giovanni, and Daniele Schön. "Effects of humanness and gender in voice processing." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 37, no. 4 (May 15, 2012): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14015439.2012.687763.

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33

ADAMS, KENNETH. "Gender Differences in Court Processing: A Methodological Comment." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 23, no. 3 (August 1986): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427886023003005.

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34

Pyykkönen, Pirita, Jukka Hyönä, and Roger P. G. van Gompel. "Activating Gender Stereotypes During Online Spoken Language Processing." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000016.

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This study used the visual world eye-tracking method to investigate activation of general world knowledge related to gender-stereotypical role names in online spoken language comprehension in Finnish. The results showed that listeners activated gender stereotypes elaboratively in story contexts where this information was not needed to build coherence. Furthermore, listeners made additional inferences based on gender stereotypes to revise an already established coherence relation. Both results are consistent with mental models theory (e.g., Garnham, 2001 ). They are harder to explain by the minimalist account ( McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992 ), which suggests that people limit inferences to those needed to establish coherence in discourse.

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35

Mouchetant-Rostaing, Yolande, Marie-Hélène Giard, Shlomo Bentin, Pierre-Emmanuel Aguera, and Jacques Pernier. "Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans." European Journal of Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (January 2000): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00888.x.

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36

Chatterjee, G., J. M. DeGutis, R. Mercado, and K. Nakayama. "Holistic processing of face gender in developmental prosopagnosia." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.578.

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37

Spinner, Patti, Rebecca Foote, and Rose Acen Upor. "Gender and number processing in second language Swahili." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8, no. 4 (April 26, 2017): 446–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.16042.spi.

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Abstract For native speakers, congruent gender marking on determiners and adjectives facilitates recognition of subsequent nouns, while incongruent marking inhibits recognition (e.g., Bates et al., 1996). However, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether second language learners demonstrate this effect. We investigated this issue in Swahili. Native speakers and English-speaking L2 learners of Swahili in their 3rd-5th semester completed two word repetition tasks, one examining gender and one number. Participants heard verb-noun phrases in Swahili with verbal marking that was congruent, incongruent or neutral with respect to gender or number. The time to repeat each noun was recorded. Both language groups appeared sensitive to number marking; however, only native speakers appeared sensitive to gender marking. The findings suggest the lack of a feature in the L1 may impede online processing in the L2, while the presence of a feature may mean that native-like processing is possible, even at early levels of proficiency.

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38

Paolieri, Daniela, Roberto Cubelli, Pedro Macizo, Teresa Bajo, Lorella Lotto, and Remo Job. "Grammatical gender processing in Italian and Spanish bilinguals." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63, no. 8 (August 2010): 1631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210903511210.

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39

Doherty, Alice, and Kathy Conklin. "How gender-expectancy affects the processing of “them”." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 70, no. 4 (April 2017): 718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1154582.

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40

Anton-Mendez, Ines, Janet L. Nicol, and Merrill F. Garrett. "The Relation between Gender and Number Agreement Processing." Syntax 5, no. 1 (April 2002): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9612.00045.

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41

Bennett, Mark, Fabio Sani, Nick Hopkins, Luisa Agostini, and Lucilla Malucchi. "Children's gender categorization: An investigation of automatic processing." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 18, no. 1 (March 2000): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/026151000165599.

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42

Lausberg, H., I. Helmich, U. Sassenberg, and K. Petermann. "Gender-Specific Implicit Emotional Processing In Alexithymic Individuals." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 85 (June 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.03.172.

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43

Debelak, Rudolf, Georg Gittler, and Martin Arendasy. "On gender differences in mental rotation processing speed." Learning and Individual Differences 29 (January 2014): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.10.003.

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44

Penn, David L., Kim T. Mueser, and Will Spaulding. "Information processing, social skill, and gender in schizophrenia." Psychiatry Research 59, no. 3 (January 1996): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02768-8.

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Forbach, Gary B., Ronald G. Evans, and Scott M. Bodine. "Gender-based schematic processing of self-descriptive information." Journal of Research in Personality 20, no. 4 (December 1986): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90120-0.

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Tracy, Paul E., Kimberly Kempf-Leonard, and Stephanie Abramoske-James. "Gender Differences in Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Processing." Crime & Delinquency 55, no. 2 (April 2009): 171–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128708330628.

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Cristóbal, Juan. "Gender and visuospatial processing in multimedia STEM learning." Research Outreach, no. 108 (July 10, 2019): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32907/ro-108-7477.

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Haut, Jennifer, Bill E. Beckwith, and Thomas V. Petros. "Acute ethanol intoxication, gender differences, and prose processing." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 36, no. 2 (June 1990): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(90)90517-l.

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Sarri, Rosemary C. "Gender and race differences in criminal justice processing." Women's Studies International Forum 9, no. 1 (January 1986): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(86)90080-4.

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Markovits, Henry, Bastien Trémolière, and Isabelle Blanchette. "Reasoning strategies modulate gender differences in emotion processing." Cognition 170 (January 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.09.012.

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