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Strand, Elizabeth A. "Gender Stereotype Effects in Speech Processing." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1380895028.
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Bevans, Rebecca L. "Who knows baby best? investigating connotative gender information, gender processing,and gender identification by adults /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3339094.
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Anton-Mendez, Maria Ines. "Gender and number agreement processing in Spanish." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289019.
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The main focus of this dissertation is the processing of agreement between a subject and predicative adjective in Spanish. The basic methodology often employed in experiments in the literature on subject-verb number agreement was used-participants saw an adjective and a sentence preamble consisting of a subject head noun and a prepositional modifier containing a second noun (attractor), and they had to complete the sentence by adding a verb and using the given adjective. Agreement errors in the gender and number of the adjective and in the number of the verb were analyzed. In the first experiment, the possible differences between two types of gender were studied. Spanish nouns can be divided into two types according to whether their gender has semantic import. Most nouns referring to animate beings possess gender specification at two levels-semantic and grammatical, while the rest possess gender only at a grammatical level, and this difference could be reflected in the agreement process. The results point to the fact that gender agreement is indeed sensitive to gender type. The second experiment investigated the relationship between gender and number agreement with the predicative adjective, and of number agreement between subject and verb, and subject and predicative adjective. The results indicate that processing of gender agreement is independent of processing of number agreement. They also indicate that the computation of number agreement between a single source (subject head) and different targets (verb and predicative adjective) is a single process, that is, that agreement with one of the targets is dependent on agreement with the other. In the third experiment, the effect of morphophonology on gender agreement was tested by manipulating the regularity of the nouns in the sentence preambles. The pattern of errors implies that the morphological properties of nouns with semantic gender does affect agreement, but not so the phonological properties of nouns with purely grammatical gender. Overall, the results of the three experiments are more compatible with a modular model of language production, as well as with a feature copying account of agreement implementation.
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ALMEIDA, DÉBORA RIBEIRO DE. "PROCESSING OF GENDER AND NUMBER AGREEMENT IN PREDICATIVE STRUCTURES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28211@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A presente dissertação aborda o processamento dos traços de gênero e número no Português Brasileiro (PB) no estabelecimento da concordância em estruturas predicativas com um DP complexo na posição de sujeito. São investigadas estruturas tais como O telhado das casas estava quebrado na lateral e A bilheteria dos teatros ficava inundada no temporal, nas quais há concordância em número entre o sujeito e o verbo e concordância em gênero e número entre o sujeito e a forma participial. A fim de investigar se os traços de gênero e número são processados ao mesmo tempo e se o fenômeno semântico da distributividade interfere nesse processamento, dois experimentos foram propostos: um de produção induzida de erros e outro de leitura automonitorada, ambos realizados com falantes universitários. Os resultados indicam que: (i) os falantes universitários, conhecedores da norma culta do PB, de fato produzem lapsos de concordância em gênero e número; (ii) na leitura, universitários também são sensíveis a sentenças com erros de concordância em gênero e número; (iii) a distributividade é um fator interferente no processamento da concordância, em particular no âmbito da produção e (iv) a marca morfofonológica de gênero do núcleo do sujeito afeta o processamento da concordância na produção e na compreensão. A influência de distributividade é explicada com base no modelo de produção monitorada por parser(PMP), de Rodrigues (2006), compatível com a ideia de um processador sintático autônomo, não sujeito a interferências semânticas. A influência de fatores semânticos é atribuída, no modelo de Rodrigues (2006), à forma como, no curso do processamento, DPs complexos são representados e mantidos na memória de trabalho e analisados pelo parser. Propostas sobre a representação dos traços de gênero e número (Picallo, 1991, 2008; Ritter, 1993; Di Domenico, 1995) são consideradas na discussão sobre dissociação de traços de gênero e número no processamento da concordância nas estruturas predicativas investigadas. Os resultados dos experimentos conduzidos com falantes de PB são comparados aos obtidos com falantes de espanhol em experimentos envolvendo, no caso da produção, tarefa de produção induzida de erros (Antón-Méndez et al., 2002) e, no caso da compreensão, experimentos de ERP (Barber e Carreiras, 2005) e de rastreamento ocular(Acuna et al., 2014). Discute-se, na comparação entre os resultados das duas línguas, além da influência da distributividade, como se daria a computação dos traços de número no verbo e no particípio - se corresponderia a um processo único ou dissociado -, e também a influência de marcação, em particular o favorecimento de formas participiais no masculino, que no PB correspondem à forma não-marcada (default).
This thesis deals with the processing of gender and number features in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) when establishing agreement in predicative structures containing a complex DP in the subject position. It investigates structures such as O telhado das casas estava quebrado na lateral (The roof of the houses was broken on the side) and A bilheteria dos teatros ficou inundada no temporal (The box office of the theater was flooded in the storm), where There is number agreement between the subject and the auxiliary verb, and gender and number agreement between the subject and the participle. To determine whether gender and number features are processed at the same time, whether the semantic phenomenon of distributivity can interfere in the processing of these features, two experiments were conducted: a sentence production task designed to elicit speech errors and a self-paced reading experiment, both with university students who are native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The results indicate that: (i) the university student participants, who are users of a formal variant of BP and are therefore aware of the rules of agreement, in fact produce number and gender agreement errors; (ii) the participants are sensitive to sentences with agreement errors in gender and number in reading comprehension; (iii) distributivity is an interfering factor in agreement processing, particularly in production and (iv) the morphophonological gender mark, in the head of the subject, affects agreement processing both in speech production and reading comprehension. The influence of distributivity is explained using Rodrigues (2006) model of a monitored parser in production, which is compatible with the idea of an autonomous syntactic processor that is not subject to semantic interference. According to Rodrigues model, the influence of semantic factors can be accounted for by how complex subject DPs are represented and maintained in working memory and analyzed by the parser during language production. Proposals on gender and number representation (Picallo, 1991/2008; Ritter, 1993; Di Domenico, 1995) are considered in the discussion on dissociation of gender and number features in agreement processing of the predicative structures investigated in this thesis.The results of the production and the comprehension experiments conducted with speakers of BP are compared to the results of studies conducted with Spanish speakers involving an induced error experiment (Antón-Mendez et al., 2002), in the case of production and, in the case of comprehension, ERP (Barber and Carreiras, 2005) and eye-tracking (Acuna et al., 2014) experiments. Comparison and discussion of the experimental results in the two languages covers not only the influence of distributivity on agreement, but also the question of how the number features on the auxiliary verb and the participle are computed (whether it is a single or dissociated process) and the influence of gender marking, particularly participants tendency to produce participles in the masculine form, which in BP is the default, unmarked form.
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Johnson, Dustin Paul. "Gender and Juvenile Case Processing: A Look at Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11030/.
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This dissertation examines the role gender plays in predicting referral beyond juvenile court intake. Using referral data from Texas for 1999-2003, multinomial logistic regression is used to examine case processing decisions. Males were found to be more likely than females to be processed beyond intake for both status and delinquent offenses. Legal variables were found to influence processing decisions for delinquent offenses more than non-legal variables. In contrast, non-legal variables were found to influence processing decisions more than legal variables for status offenses. Finally, overall, minority females were not found to be more likely to be processed beyond intake than white females. Further research is needed to determine if the same finding is true for males.
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Johnson, Dustin Paul Rodeheaver Daniel Gilbert. "Gender and juvenile case processing a look at Texas /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11030.
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Sabourin, Laura. "Grammatical gender and second language processing : an ERP study /." Online version, 2003. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/26748.
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Bell, Yvonne Twana. "Relationship Between Community Violence Exposure, Gender, and Social Information Processing." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1562.
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Violent behaviors among adolescents serve as a disruption to many aspects of society. If these behaviors remain uncorrected, there is increased potential for serious self-harm, harm to others, incarceration, and escalation of violence into homicide or suicide. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between youth exposure to community violence and adolescents' social information processing underlying aggressive responses, as well as the potential role of gender in moderating this relationship. A sample of 160 male and female 18-year-olds from the Midwestern United States completed an online survey, which included the Things I Have Seen and Heard (TISH) Scale to assess exposure to community violence and a measure of aggressive responding to ambiguous social situations, based on 4 vignettes devised by Crick and Dodge. The data were analyzed using moderated multiple regression analysis and correlational analysis. Results indicated that a relationship between community violence exposure and adolescents' social information processing of aggressive responses is moderated by gender; there was a significant correlation between TISH scores and the total score from the vignettes among females but not among males. The study results suggest that school-based interventions and violence prevention programs should target the ways in which adolescent girls and young women make decisions when placed in ambiguous or potentially threatening situations, with reference to the level of community violence to which they have been exposed. Hence, this study has implications for positive social change to break the cycle of community violence, based upon enhancing the understanding of mechanisms that relate previous exposure to violence and aggressive responding among youth.
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Foucart, Alice. "Grammatical gender processing in French as a first and second language." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2585.
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The present thesis investigates grammatical gender processing in French as a first and second language. It focuses mainly on whether non-native speakers can achieve native-like representation and processing of gender, and whether the native language (L1) influences the acquisition of the second language (L2). Theoretical linguistic models have made two contrasting assumptions concerning the ability of late bilinguals to acquire grammatical gender in their L2. While some models propose that grammatical features, such as gender, are no longer available for L2 acquisition if they are not present in L1 (Hawkins & Chan, 1997), others assume that these features are still available via the universal grammar if required in the L2 (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1996; White, 1989, 2003). These assumptions, however, are supported only by off-line studies and do not provide a comprehensive account for gender representation and processing. The present thesis uses online techniques to address these questions both in language comprehension and language production. The first chapters are devoted to comprehension processes and examined French native speakers, English-French and German-French bilinguals’ performance during the processing of correct and syntactically anomalous sentences, using ERPs and eye-movements to record behaviour. We concluded that, like native speakers, English-French bilinguals are sensitive to gender agreement violations. Thus, we argue that late bilinguals are able to acquire the gender system of their L2 even if this grammatical feature is not present in their L1. On the other hand, the performance of the German speakers we tested suggests that the presence of a competing gender system in the native language may hamper gender acquisition in L2. The influence of the native language may vary, however, according to both proficiency and how gender systems map across languages, as suggest the results we obtained with Spanish bilinguals tested in language production. In a second series of experiments, we examined determiner selection in French to further investigate gender representation and processing, but in language production. Using a picture-word interference paradigm, we compared the production of simple and complex noun phrases (NP) in French native speakers, English-French and Spanish-French bilinguals. From our results, we argue that gender representation is similar in L1 and L2, but that gender processing is less incremental in non-native speakers in that they do not compute agreement between the noun and other elements of the NP as automatically as native speakers do. The absence of interference between the two gender systems of the Spanish-French bilinguals we tested suggests that the gender systems of the two languages may be autonomous in highly proficient bilinguals. Our results suggest that highly proficient bilinguals can reach native-like representation and processing of gender in their L2 and that such is not constrained by either the age of onset of learning or the grammar of the learners L1.
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Padula, Claudia B. "Alcohol Dependence and Gender: An fMRI Pilot Study Examining Affective Processing." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1298322572.
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O'Rourke, Polly Lee. "The Nature of Syntactic Gender Processing in Spanish: An ERP Study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194244.
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The Nature of Syntactic Gender Processing in Spanish: An ERP StudySyntactic gender as a lexical feature has been studied via picture-word interference paradigms in many languages. While effects have been found for noun phrase production in many languages, no effects have been found in Spanish, despite the fact that articles, nouns, and adjectives have a syntactic gender. Cubelli et al. (2005) found inhibitory effects in bare noun production in Italian which led to the hypothesis that such effects could be found for Spanish. Experiments 1 and 2 represented attempts replicate Cubelli et al.'s findings (Experiment 1 used an auditory distractor word and Experiment 2 a visual distractor), however no gender congruency effects were found. Experiment 3 attempted to generate congruency effects by requiring subjects to utilize gender-marked demonstratives and adjectives but still no effects were found. The lack of effects gave rise to the proposal that gender is not accessed during noun phrase production in Spanish and that the extreme regularity of the gender-marking system makes an article-plus-noun phrase more akin to a single lexical unit that can be accessed without an explicit synthetic process. Experiment 4 contrasted simple noun phrases that might be directly retrieved to constructions with long-distance dependencies, for which access to abstract gender features is relevant to parsing hierarchical sentence structure and aimed to distinguish these distinct cognitive processes via event-related potentials. The hypothesis was that a local gender violation in a sentence like "la piano" (the-fem piano-masc) would elicit a LAN as compared to the correct alternative, while a long-distance violation like "el piano que compré ayer es antigua" (the-masc piano-masc that I bought yesterday is antique-fem) would elicit a P600. All violations elicited a LAN and all violations involving adjacent segments elicited a P600; critically, the long-distance violation did not elicit a P600. It was concluded that the P600 reflects a repair process which occurs when such repair is not costly to the parser. Experiment 5 was a behavioral study using the stimuli from Experiment 4 with an error detection task which confirmed that subjects were sensitive to all error types.
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Renner, Anna. "L1 transfer effects in L2 grammatical gender processing of late bilinguals." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16952.
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Diese Dissertation untersucht Transfereffekte aus der Muttersprache (L1) in der Verarbeitung von grammatischem Genus in der Zweitsprache (L2) bei Spätbilingualen. „Spätbilinguale“ lernen eine Zweitsprache nach der Kindheit, im Gegensatz zu „Frühbilingualen“. Forschungsergebnisse zeigten, dass der L2-Erwerb nach der Kindheit weniger erfolgreich ist als während der Kindheit und dass einige Strukturen, wie z.B. grammatisches Genus, besonders stark von Alterseffekten beeinträchtigt sind. Eine Erklärung für L2-Verarbeitungsschwierigkeiten ist negativer L1-Transfer. Deshalb konzentriert sich diese Dissertation auf L1-Transfereffekte in der Genusverarbeitung. Transfer tritt auf, weil alle Sprachen eines Sprechers aktiviert sind und im Wettbewerb um Selektion stehen. Ein Ziel dieser Dissertation ist, zu beschreiben, welche Faktoren Genustransfer beeinflussen. Für die L2-Genusverarbeitung wurde gezeigt, dass verschiedene Faktoren die Leistung beeinflussen, z.B. die L2-Kompetenz der Probanden, Aufgabenanforderungen und die syntaktische Distanz der übereinstimmenden Elemente. Genustransfer wird durch Faktoren wie Charakteristiken des L1-Genussystems, Transparenz des L2-Genussystems und Formähnlichkeit der Nomen in L1 und L2 beeinflusst. Außerdem könnte Genustransfer von der L2-Kompetenz und der Komplexität des L2-Genussystems abhängen. Es wurden ein behaviorales und ein EKP-Experiment durchgeführt. Genustransfer wurde über verschiedene Sprachpaare mit Genussystemen von unterschiedlicher Komplexität und Transparenz hinweg untersucht. Die experimentellen Aufgaben unterschieden sich bezüglich der Aufgabenanforderungen und syntaktische Strukturen mit unterschiedlicher struktureller Distanz wurden verwendet. Der Leistungsstand der Probanden wurde manipuliert. Anhand meiner Ergebnisse konnte ich identifizieren, welche (Kombination von) Faktoren Genustransfer erhöhen oder verringern und Genustransfer als das Ergebnis eines komplexen Wechselspiels von Faktoren beschreiben.This thesis investigates first language (L1) transfer effects in second language (L2) grammatical gender processing of late bilinguals. “Late bilinguals” learn an L2 after childhood, in contrast to “early bilinguals”. Research has shown that L2 acquisition after childhood is usually less successful than during childhood and that some aspects of a language are more affected by age than others. One of the structures especially affected is grammatical gender. A possible explanation for L2 processing difficulties in late bilinguals is negative transfer from the L1. Therefore, this thesis focuses on L1 transfer effects in L2 gender processing of late bilinguals. Transfer arises because all languages of a speaker are activated and compete for selection. One aim of this thesis is to describe which (combination of) factors influence L1 gender transfer. Regarding L2 gender processing in general, different factors have been shown to affect performance, e.g., language proficiency of the subjects, task demands, and syntactic distance of the agreeing elements. Gender transfer is affected by factors such as characteristics of the L1 gender system, transparency of the L2 gender system, and form similarities of nouns in L1 and L2 (cognates vs. noncognates). Besides this, gender transfer might be mediated by L2 proficiency and the complexity of the L2 gender system. In this thesis, a behavioral and an ERP experiment were conducted. Gender transfer was investigated across different language pairs with gender systems of varying complexity and transparency. Experimental tasks differed in task demands and syntactic structures with varying agreement distances were used. Language proficiency of subjects was also manipulated. Based on my findings, I was able to identify which factors and which combination of factors increase or decrease gender transfer and to describe gender transfer as the result of a complex interplay of a combination of various factors.
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Gordon, Colin Cedric. "The influence of age and gender on information processing rate and accuracy /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488199501405738.
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Mullis, Jeremy. "Effects of alcohol and gender on social information processing of sexual aggression." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/mullisj/jeremymullis.pdf.
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Pereira, Fernandez Isabel. "Investigating gender stereotypes in the media : A Natural Language Processing approach to understanding gender disparities in the reporting of football." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutet för analytisk sociologi, IAS, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178702.
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Sports can be an important factor in defining gender identity. However, sports are generally perceived as a masculine activity, especially when they are highly physical. In turn, this negatively impacts women who want to partake in such activities. The most widely watched sport that is perceived to be masculine is football, it reaches billions of people across the world. Since the media is the main source of information for thousands of people who follow football, it is important to understand what part the media play in reproducing gender stereotypes. The aim of this research is to investigate this phenomenon by answering the following research question: In what ways does the media reproduce gender stereotypes when reporting on football? To do that, all articles from the Football section of the British newspaper The Guardian published between 2002 and 2020 were collected. The analysis is divided into twoparts: semantic and syntactical differences. First, a seeded topic model is used to investigate whether the media focuses on different aspects of the sport depending on what gender they reported on. Second, a POS tag analysis is conducted to examine if the media employs different syntax on the coverage of men's and women's football. This is the first large-scale longitudinal study to examine gender differences in the media reporting in sports as well as one of few to use machine learning to analyse gender stereotypes. Findings indicate that both semantic and syntactical differences are prevalent in the reporting. More specifically, results demonstrate that there is a greater focus on female footballers' personallife, where as for male football players the spotlight is on their performances and accomplishments on the pitch. Furthermore, the syntactical analysis indicates that the media uses gendered language more often when reporting on women's football, and utilizes action-packed language when covering men's football. In both semantic and syntactic aspects, the longitudinal analysis demonstrates that the differences are diminishing over time.
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Bond, Christine E. W. "Vulnerable girls, resilient boys? : gender, officials' assessments and the processing of juvenile offenders /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8926.
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Alamry, Ali. "Grammatical Gender Processing in Standard Arabic as a First and a Second Language." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39965.
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The present dissertation investigates grammatical gender representation and processing in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as a first (L1) and a second (L2) language. It mainly examines whether L2 can process gender agreement in a native-like manner, and the extent to which L2 processing is influenced by the properties of the L2 speakers’ L1. Additionally, it examines whether L2 gender agreement processing is influenced by noun animacy (animate and inanimate) and word order (verb-subject and subject-verb). A series of experiments using both online and offline techniques were conducted to address these questions. In all of the experiments, gender agreement between verb and nouns was examined. The first series of experiments examined native speakers of MSA (n=49) using a self-paced reading task (SPR), an event-related potential (ERP) experiment, and a grammaticality judgment (GJ) task. Results of these experiments revealed that native speakers were sensitive to grammatical violations. Native speakers showed longer reaction times (RT) in the SPR task, and a P600 effect in the ERP, in responses to sentences with mismatched gender agreement as compared to sentences with matched gender agreement. They also performed at ceiling in the GJ task. The second series of experiments examined L2 speakers of MSA (n=74) using an SPR task, and a GJ task. Both experiments included adult L2 speakers whom were divided into two subgroups, -Gender and +Gender, based on whether or not their L1s has a grammatical gender system. The results of both experiments revealed that both groups were sensitive to gender agreement violations. The L2 speakers showed longer RTs, in the SPR task, in responses to sentences with mismatched gender agreement as compared to sentences with matched gender agreement. No difference was found between the L2 groups in this task. The L2 speakers also performed well in the GJ task, as they were able to correctly identify the grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. Interestingly in this task, the -Gender group outperformed +Gender group, which could be due to proficiency in the L2 as the former group obtained a better score on the proficiency task, or it could be that +Gender group showed negative transfer from their L1s. Based on the results of these two experiments, this dissertation argues that late L2 speakers are not restricted to their L1 grammar, and thus, they are able to acquire gender agreement system of their L2 even if this feature is not instantiated in their L1. The results provide converging evidence for the FTFA rather than FFFH model, as it appears that the -Gender group was able to reset their L1 gender parameter according to the L2 gender values. Although the L2 speakers were advanced, they showed slower RTs than the native speakers in the SPR task, and lower accuracy in the GJT. However, it is possible that they are still in the process of acquiring gender agreement of MSA and have not reached their final stage of acquisition. This is supported by the fact that some L2 speakers from both -Gender and +Gender groups performed as well as native speakers in both SPR and GJ tasks. Regarding the effect of animacy, the L2 speakers had slower RT and lower accuracy on sentences with inanimate nouns than on those with animate ones, which is in line with previous L2 studies (Anton-Medez, 1999; Alarcón, 2009; Gelin, & Bugaiska, 2014). The native speakers, on the other hand, showed no effect of animacy in both SPR task and GJT. Further, no N400 effect was observed as a result of semantic gender agreement violations in the ERP experiment. Finally, the results revealed a potential effect of word order. Both the native and L2 speakers showed longer RTs on VS word order than SV word order in the SPR task. Further the native speakers showed earlier and greater P600 effect on VS word order than SV word order in the ERP. This result suggests that processing gender agreement violation is more complex in the VS word order than in the SV word order due to the inherent asymmetry in the subject-verb agreement system in the two-word orders in MSA.
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Sebar, Bernadette. "Engendering Occupational Health and Safety: RSI in the Poultry Processing Industry." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365676.
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This thesis explores the gendered discourses that surround the experience of Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) for women workers in the poultry processing industry. RSI is a significant and debilitating injury and is one of the major occupational health and safety concerns for all assembly line workers. While there is a wealth of research on RSI, very few studies use a gender analysis to understand the experience of this injury. Despite RSI being a key concern for many women workers, women for the most part are ignored in research. When women are central to the analysis of RSI, injured women are labelled as neurotic, weak and marginal workers.
The thesis explains why women are represented in this way in the RSI literature. It identifies two powerful discourses at the centre of explanations of RSI, which also inform occupational health and safety research generally. The first, occupational health and safety discourse, ignores women or draws on a construction of woman that defines her primarily as wife and mother and excludes her from the category of worker. The second, medical discourse, centralises women in the analysis of occupational injury based on reproductive function, psyche and physicality. I argue that while each of these discourses conceptualise gender in a different way, they both draw on a modernist conceptualisation of gender which essentialises gender categories. Men and masculinity are used as a basis for all experience against which women’s experiences are compared and measured, thus limiting our understanding of those experiences. This has meant that women’s physiological, psychological and social differences to men are prioritised in women’s occupational health research, rather than the hazards and risks that they face at work.
This thesis offers a more meaningful explanation of women’s experience of RSI through postmodernist critiques of modernism. It deconstructs the essentialist conceptualisation of gender found in modernism and thereby disrupts the knowledge claims made about injured women workers. In particular, postmodernist insights serve to highlight the ways in which medical discourse constructs illness, disease and other social realities such as gender. However, recognising gender as a constructed category also challenges its very utility as an analytical tool. This makes talking about women as a group problematic.
The central argument of this thesis is that we need to maintain gender as an analytical concept. I argue that to speak meaningfully about women as a group we need to expand on the modernist conceptualisation of gender by incorporating insights from postmodernism. Modernism reveals the material structures that impact on gendered experience while postmodernism reveals how those experiences are constructed via dominant discourses.
These dominant discourses surrounding gender were evident in the stories of twenty-five injured poultry process workers who were interviewed as part of this research. The workers’ narratives illuminate the dominant constructions of gender that surround contemporary experiences of RSI. At the same time, their narratives highlight how women contest and negotiate these constructions through defining themselves as workers rather than women.
The study demonstrates that reading the women’s stories through a modernist and postmodernist lens reveals how gender continues to structure our experiences. This has significant implications for both occupational health and safety research and feminist research. Engendering occupational health and safety research through the incorporation of postmodernism’s emphasis on the discursive provides new ways of understanding injury and disease at work. Utilising a broad definition of gender has the potential to yield new insights into not only women’s occupational health and safety concerns, but also men’s. Furthermore, engendering occupational health and safety could provide a deeper and richer understanding of the occupational health and safety implications of our globalised economy.
Finally, this thesis provides evidence that gender continues to significantly impact on our lives. Over the last two decades, there have been debates surrounding the utility of gender to adequately understand our experiences. This thesis clearly demonstrates that gender still matters. It matters on both a material and a discursive level.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Public Health
Griffith Health
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Rogstad, Jill E. "Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Gender Differences in Empathy and Alexithymia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103384/.
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Traditional conceptualizations of psychopathy highlight the importance of affective features of the syndrome in perpetuating social deviance. However, little research has directly investigated the callousness that psychopathic offenders display toward society and their victims. The current study investigated the roles of empathy and alexithymia in psychopathy among male and female incarcerated offenders, particularly in distinguishing psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder. Gender differences were also investigated. Regarding empathy, as predicted, group differences were largest between psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders; no reliable differences emerged between psychopathic and APD-only offenders. In contrast, alexithymia robustly distinguished between offenders with prominent psychopathic traits, those with only APD, and those with neither condition. Psychopathic females unexpectedly exhibited slightly higher levels of alexithymia than their male counterparts, while empathic deficits were relatively consistent across genders. These findings are discussed in terms of improving assessment methods for the accurate identification and treatment of offenders with prominent psychopathic features.
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Cazzato, V., Elizabeth R. Walters, and C. Urgesi. "Associations of observer’s gender, Body Mass Index and internalization of societal beauty ideals to visual body processing." Springer, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18395.
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YesWe examined whether visual processing mechanisms of the body of conspecifics are different in women and men and whether these rely on westernised socio-cultural ideals and body image concerns. Twenty-four women and 24 men performed a visual discrimination task of upright or inverted images of female or male bodies and faces (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, both groups of women and men showed comparable abilities in the discrimination of upright and inverted bodies and faces. However, the gender of the human stimuli yielded different effects on participants’ performance, so that female faces, and male bodies appeared to be processed less configurally than female bodies and male faces, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction of configural processing for male bodies was significantly predicted by participants’ Body Mass Index (BMI) and their level of internalization of muscularity. Our findings suggest that configural visual processing of bodies and faces in women and men may be linked to a selective attention to detail needed for discriminating salient physical (perhaps sexual) cues of conspecifics. Importantly, BMI and muscularity internalization of beauty ideals may also play a crucial role in this mechanism.
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Bowersox, April. "Developmental and Gender Patterns in Social Information Processing: Social Problem-Solving and Social Goals." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/443.
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The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of development and gender in first- through fifth-grade children's (N = 514) social information processing, as well as the role emotion plays in these patterns. Developmental patterns and goal selection have been relatively understudied in past social information processing literature. Videotaped ambiguous provocations were presented in which provocateur's emotion displays were manipulated (two each of happy, angry, and sad); children imagined being the provocateur's victim. Results revealed age and gender differences in children's goal selection and social problem-solving. Provocateur's emotion displays were also found to Influence goal selection and problem-solving in children, further supporting the role of emotion in social information processing.
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Sollers, John J. "Effects of activity and gender on autonomic control of the heart and emotional processing /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842567.
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Azumah, Francess Dufie. "Gender inequalities in manufacturing : a case study of food-processing and the textiles and garment industries in Ghana." Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8535.
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Gender inequality is deeply entrenched in society. This continues to restrict women's opportunities in life and has also been widely seen as an obstacle to economic development. Wage employment is seen as important mechanism for empowering women, and also conferring benefits on the family and society as a whole. This thesis examines patterns of inequality in the food-processing and the textiles and garment industries in Ghana, the structural factors that are responsible for producing gender inequality and their impacts on the socio-economic advancement of women. Within the cross-sectoral case study, a comparative gender and social relation analysis was undertaken to explore the factors that determined the allocation of economic resources and nature of power relations within the labour market and the household. The study of occupational segregation, access to training, career advancement opportunities, decision-making authority and responsibilities, earnings and domestic responsibilities led to the conclusion that, comparatively, the majority of women do not have equal opportunities in the "feminised" food processing and textiles industries in relation to men. With some inter-sectoral variations, the disparity between men and women is also widened as a result of the influence of the size of firm. The processes are complex because they are intertwined with wider socio-demographic, cultural, economic, and legal elements. However, within this complex set of factors, employers' preference and taste for discrimination is arguments concerned with the issue most central to gender inequality in these industries. These preferences are based on the economic rationality of profit maximisation and production efficiency, which is in turn intertwined with the cultural stereotypes concerning men and women's abilities and their attitudes to work. Recommendations to address the structural inequalities which exist between men and women in these industries and in Ghanaian society as a whole are set out.
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Nash, Michelle. "Menstrual Cycle and Visual Information Processing." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1966.
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This project examined the effects menstruation may have on visual attention in women. A recent study examined electroencephalographic (EEG) gender differences using a visual object recognition task. Results indicated certain EEG amplitudes (specifically, P300 and N400) are greater in women than men. This study extended the previous findings to determine if these increased EEG amplitudes vary across menstrual phases. Eighteen female participants participated in a series of 3 EEG recording sessions using the same visual object recognition task from the previous study; 18 male participants completed this task once. Analyses from 15 of the 18 female and 16 of the 18 male participants support the previous finding of larger P300 amplitudes in response to relevant stimuli for women compared with men. While there was no distinctive N400 component in this study, there was a late negative (LN) component which was found to vary significantly between men and women. In addition, multiple visual evoked potential (VEP) components varied significantly across the menstrual cycle. In particular, the N200 component appeared to provide greater differences between menstrual phases than either the P300 or LN components; however, the results varied greatly by head location. The differentiation found with VEP components in response to the pop-out task used in this study provide support for basic visual processing variation across the menstrual cycle and between genders.
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Esaulova, Yulia [Verfasser], and Lisa von [Akademischer Betreuer] Stockhausen. "The Prominence of Gender Information in On-line Language Processing: Cross-Linguistic Evidence of Implicit Gender Hierarchies / Yulia Esaulova ; Betreuer: Lisa von Stockhausen." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1180395441/34.
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Seabrooke, Leonard. "Maquilas, mestizas, and MNC's : international political economy and gender in northern Mexico's export processing region /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars4378.pdf.
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Oueslati-Porter, Claire Therese. "The Maghreb Maquiladora: Gender, Labor, and Socio-Economic Power in a Tunisian Export Processing Zone." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3737.
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This study is about Tunisian women's work and lives in the present era of economic neoliberalism. The focus is women in the city of Bizerte, Tunisia, both those who work in Bizerte's export processing zone (EPZ), as well as those who work outside it. This study is a qualitative examination of formal and informal employment, set inside and outside of women's traditional political and economic domain, the home. Through ethnography of women's work and lives, this study's purpose is to contribute evidence against conflating women's "empowerment" with incorporation into global production. However, this study also lends itself to considerations of the possibilities for exertions of power, powers that women in Bizerte now seek that opened through the forces of globalization.
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Hawke, Jesse L. "Genetic and environmental etiologies of reading difficulties and processing speed as a function of gender." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337100.
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Erokyar, Hasan. "Age and Gender Recognition for Speech Applications based on Support Vector Machines." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5356.
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Automatic age and gender recognition for speech applications is very important for a number of reasons. One of the reasons is that it can improve human-machine interaction. For example, the advertisements can be specialized based on the age and the gender of the person on the phone. It also can help identify suspects in criminal cases or at least it can minimize the number of suspects. Some other uses of this system can be applied for adaptation of waiting queue music where a different type of music can be played according to the person's age and gender. And also using this age and gender recognition system, the statistics about age and gender information for a specific population can be learned. Machine learning is part of artificial intelligence which aims to learn from data. Machine Learning has a long history. But due to some limitations, for ex. , the cost of computation and due to some inefficient algorithms, it was not applied to speech recognition tasks. Only for a decade, researchers started to apply these algorithms to some real world tasks, for ex., speech recognition, computer vision, finance, banking, robotics etc. In this thesis, recognition of age and gender was done using a popular machine learning algorithm and the performance of the system was compared. Also the dataset included real -life examples, so that the system is adaptable to real world applications. To remove the noise and to get the features of speech examples, some digital signal processing techniques were used. Useful speech features that were used in this work were: pitch frequency and cepstral representations.
The performance of the age and gender recognition system depends on the speech features used. As the first speech feature, the fundamental frequency was selected. Fundamental frequency is the main differentiating factor between male and female speakers. Also, fundamental frequency for each age group is different. So in order to build age and gender recognition system, fundamental frequency was used. To get the fundamental frequency of speakers, harmonic to sub harmonic ratio method was used. The speech was divided into frames and fundamental frequency for each frame was calculated. In order to get the fundamental frequency of the speaker, the mean value of all the speech frames were taken. It turns out that, fundamental frequency is not only a good discriminator gender, but also it is a good discriminator of age groups simply because there is a distinction between age groups and the fundamental frequencies. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) is a good feature for speech recognition and so it was selected. Using MFCC, the age and gender recognition accuracies were satisfactory. As an alternative to MFCC, Shifted Delta Cepstral (SDC) was used as a speech feature. SDC is extracted using MFCC and the advantage of SDC is that, it is more robust under noisy data. It captures the essential information in noisy speech better. From the experiments, it was seen that SDC did not give better recognition rates because the dataset did not contain too much noise. Lastly, a combination of pitch and MFCC was used to get even better recognition rates. The final fused system has an overall recognition value of 64.20% on ELSDSR [32] speech corpus.
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Williams, Laura Lynn. "Anxiety- and gender-related differences in the regulation of worrisome thoughts : a social information processing perspective /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487951214938545.
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Demmelmaier, Gustav, and Carl Westerberg. "Data Segmentation Using NLP: Gender and Age." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434622.
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Natural language processing (NLP) opens the possibilities for a computer to read, decipher, and interpret human languages to eventually use it in ways that enable yet further understanding of the interaction and communication between the human and the computer. When appropriate data is available, NLP makes it possible to determine not only the sentiment information of a text but also information about the author behind an online post. Previously conducted studies show aspects of NLP potentially going deeper into the subjective information, enabling author classification from text data. This thesis addresses the lack of demographic insights of online user data by studying language use in texts. It compares four popular yet diverse machine learning algorithms for gender and age segmentation. During the project, the age analysis was abandoned due to insufficient data. The online texts were analysed and quantified into 118 parameters based on linguistic differences. Using supervised learning, the researchers succeeded in correctly predicting the gender in 82% of the cases when analysing data from English online users. The training and test data may have some correlations, which is important to notice. Language is complex and, in this case, the more complex methods SVM and Neural networks were performing better than the less complex Naive Bayes and Logistic regression.
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Rubalcava, Raymond. "Gender equity and computer use." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2134.
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The literature review shows that gender inequality in computer use exists today. The inequality begins at birth with society giving boys and girl's roles that they have to play. One possible solution to gender inequality in computer use is to put a gender equity program in place at public schools. Such a program would have to be woven into teaching practices and school activities to strengthen girls' confidence and their ability to achieve in computers.
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Jose, Neenu. "SPEAKER AND GENDER IDENTIFICATION USING BIOACOUSTIC DATA SETS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/120.
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Acoustic analysis of animal vocalizations has been widely used to identify the presence of individual species, classify vocalizations, identify individuals, and determine gender. In this work automatic identification of speaker and gender of mice from ultrasonic vocalizations and speaker identification of meerkats from their Close calls is investigated. Feature extraction was implemented using Greenwood Function Cepstral Coefficients (GFCC), designed exclusively for extracting features from animal vocalizations. Mice ultrasonic vocalizations were analyzed using Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) which yielded an accuracy of 78.3% for speaker identification and 93.2% for gender identification. Meerkat speaker identification with Close calls was implemented using Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and Hidden Markov Models (HMM), with an accuracy of 90.8% and 94.4% respectively. The results obtained shows these methods indicate the presence of gender and identity information in vocalizations and support the possibility of robust gender identification and individual identification using bioacoustic data sets.
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Loring-Meier, Susan. "Sex differences in visual-spatial ability: Components of cognitive processing." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1490.
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Reali, Chiara [Verfasser], and Lisa von [Akademischer Betreuer] Stockhausen. "Cognitive Representation of Gender Typicality and its Effects on Linguistic Processing / Chiara Reali ; Betreuer: Lisa von Stockhausen." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/118061142X/34.
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Van, Alstyne Audrey May. "Computers in the home curriculum project : an atttitude and gender study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31215.
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Computers are a valuable tool for education. Studies have proven that the computer can assist in the development of a positive self-concept and a positive attitude toward school. Computers can increase student-teacher interaction and achievement by individualizing the learning process. The research clearly documents the dominance of males in the computer field. Home economics educators have the ability to assist individuals and families in using this tool to their best advantage.
This research study included 224 students at Sir Charles Tupper School in Vancouver, B.C. The students were thirteen or fourteen years of age and in grade nine or ten. The study was conducted between September 1989 and February 1990.
The purpose of this study was to determine if the integration of computers into home economics can encourage attitude changes and promote equitable computer use between male and female students. This study will test the assertion of previous research that indicates females are less interested in computers and less likely to use computers than males. Can females do as well as males and males as well as females when given the opportunity to study personally relevant material under the supervision of a female role model?
Of the 224 students in the study, 185 were in the control group and 39 were in the treatment group. The treatment involved participation in the new course, Computers in the Home. This course studies the impact of computers on family life, and explores personal and home computer applications. The survey was designed
to assess student attitudes toward the computer and how they may have changed as a result of the course. Student responses to the survey were analyzed using SPSS-X and Chi-Square analyses were performed to determine any significant differences.
During the period of study, the enrollment patterns in both Computer Science and Computers in the Home refute the majority of research in that more females than males were enrolled in these computer classes. It was expected and postulated that students enrolled in Computers in the Home would have been exposed to a different experience than those not enrolled. Unfortunately, there was no significant difference between the attitudes of the students enrolled in the course and students not enrolled in Computers in the Home.
Although empirical observation throughout the study period lead the researcher to believe there were differences, statistical analysis of the survey responses did not support this observation. Males overtly displayed their enjoyment—they were more adventurous, aggressive and curious. Female students were quieter and tended to be more covert toward this machine. Since no difference in attitude was found, this research study has shown that females are as interested and use computers as often as male students at Sir Charles Tupper School. Although females react differently toward computers, the general trend appears to be moving toward more equitable computer experiences for all.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Daneshvar, Saman. "User Modeling in Social Media: Gender and Age Detection." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39535.
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Author profiling is a field within Natural Language Processing (NLP) that is concerned with identifying various characteristics and demographic factors of authors, such as gender, age, location, native language, political orientation, and personality by analyzing the style and content of their writings. There is a growing interest in author profiling, with applications in marketing and advertising, opinion mining, personalization, recommendation systems, forensics, security, and defense.
In this work, we build several classification models using NLP, Deep Learning, and classical Machine Learning techniques that can identify the gender and age of a Twitter user based on the textual contents of their correspondence (tweets) on the platform.
Our SVM gender classifier utilizes a combination of word and character n-grams as features, dimensionality reduction using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with linear kernel. At the PAN 2018 author profiling shared task, this model achieved the highest performance with 82.21%, 82.00%, and 80.90% accuracy on the English, Spanish, and Arabic datasets, respectively. Our age classifier was trained on a dataset of 11,160 Twitter users, using the same approach, though the age classification experiments are preliminary.
Our Deep Learning gender classifiers are trained and tested on English datasets. Our feedforward neural network consisting of a word embedding layer, flattening, and two densely-connected layers achieves 79.57% accuracy, and our bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network achieves 76.85% accuracy on the gender classification task.
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Renner, Anna [Verfasser], Katharina [Akademischer Betreuer] Spalek, and Rosemarie [Akademischer Betreuer] Tracy. "L1 transfer effects in L2 grammatical gender processing of late bilinguals / Anna Renner. Gutachter: Katharina Spalek ; Rosemarie Tracy." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051371848/34.
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Uttley, Lesley. "On the development of face processing in early life : the case of gender categorisation and face-voice representation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537996.
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Hsiao, Janet Hui-wen. "Hemispheric processing in reading Chinese characters : statistical, experimental, and cognitive modeling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2562.
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In Chinese orthography, phonetic compounds comprise about 80% of the most frequent characters. They contain separate phonological and semantic elements, referred to as phonetic and semantic radicals respectively. A dominant type exists in which the se-mantic radical appears on the left and the phonetic radical on the right (SP characters); an opposite, minority structure also exists in which the semantic radical appears on the right and the phonetic radical on the left (PS characters). Through statistical analyses, connectionist modelling, behavioural experiments, and neuroimaging studies, this dis-sertation demonstrates that the distinct structures of these two types of characters allow us crucial insights into the relationship between brain structure and reading processes. The statistical analyses of a Chinese lexical database show that, because of the different information profiles of SP and PS characters and the imbalanced distribution between them in the lexicon, the overall information is skewed to the right. This information skew provides important opportunities to examine the interaction between foveal split-ting and the information structure of the characters. The foveal splitting hypothesis as-sumes a vertical meridian split in the foveal representation and the consequent contra-lateral projection to the two cerebral hemispheres; it has been shown to have important implications for visual word recognition. The square shape and the condensed structure of Chinese characters make them a severe test case for the split fovea claim. Through a lateralized cueing examination and a TMS study of the semantic radical combinability effect with foveally presented characters in character semantic judgements, a flexible division of labour between the hemispheres in character recognition is demonstrated, with each hemisphere responding optimally to the information in the contralateral visual hemifield. The interaction between stimulation site and radical combinability in the TMS study also provides further support for the split fovea claim, suggesting functional foveal splitting as a universal processing constraint in reading. Even if foveal splitting is true, it is still unclear about how far the effects of foveal split-ting can extend from the retina into the process of character recognition. We show that, in naming isolated, foveally presented SP and PS characters, adult male and female readers process them differently, with opposite patterns of ease and difficulty: males responded significantly faster to SP than PS characters; females showed a non-significant tendency in the opposite direction. This result is also supported by a corre-sponding ERP study showing larger N350 amplitude elicited by PS character than SP characters in the male brain, and an opposite pattern in the female brain. The split fovea claim suggests that the two halves of a centrally fixated character are initially processed in different hemispheres. The male brain typically relies more on the left hemisphere for phonological processing compared with the female brain, causing this gender difference to emerge. This interaction is also predicted by an implemented computational model, contrasting a split cognitive architecture, in which the mapping between orthography to phonology is mediated by two partially encapsulated, interconnected processing do-mains, and a non-split cognitive architecture, in which the mapping is mediated by a single, undifferentiated processing domain. Thus, the effects of foveal splitting in read-ing extend far enough to interact with the gender of the reader in a naturalistic reading task. In short, this dissertation demonstrates that foveal splitting is a universal language proc-essing phenomenon, precise enough to project the two radicals of a centrally-fixated Chinese character to different hemispheres to allow a flexible division of labour be-tween the two hemispheres to emerge, and its effects in reading extend far enough into word recognition to interact with the gender of the reader in a naturalistic reading task. The results can also be extrapolated to Chinese word and sentence processing as well as to other languages. This dissertation thus has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between brain structure and language processes.
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Marimo, Pricilla. "Gender Impacts of Molecular-Assisted Breeding: The Case of Insect and Disease Resistant Cassava in Nigeria." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33537.
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Cassava is the main staple crop in Nigeria. Using primary data from four south eastern states in Nigeria, the study assessed the gender impacts of improved cassava varieties. Comparative statistical analysis reveals that total female labor is higher than total male in cassava production, processing and marketing. Women spend more labor days than males for planting, weeding, harvesting, marketing and processing. The total female family labor is higher for adopters of new improved cassava varieties. There is however lower family labor input for both male and female adopters for clearing and plowing which are normally done by men.
Significant determinants of female labor supply are number of children in the household, percent of females in the household providing labor on the farm, area under improved cassava varieties and total land area. There is a positive unexpected relationship between total female labor supply and number of children.
For each of the decision making variables, there is a significant association between the gender of the spouse and the decision made except for the decision on family labor allocation. Probit results show a significant decrease in the probability that the wife makes the decision for family labor allocation, what inputs to buy and borrowing and traditional cassava income control with adoption.
Results indicate that both men and women spend their income on services directly linked to the householdâ s welfare. More than half of the women ranked food as number one.Master of Science
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Rainey, Brian Michael. "Effect of beef cattle age, gender and barley grain processing method on rate and efficiency of gain and nutrient digestibilities." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/rainey/RaineyB04.pdf.
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Rodríguez, Alba [Verfasser], and Pia [Akademischer Betreuer] Knoeferle. "The influence of prior visual gender and action cues versus long-term knowledge in (situated) language processing / Alba Rodríguez ; Betreuer: Pia Knoeferle." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160672563/34.
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Klassen, Rachel. "Asymmetric Grammatical Gender Systems in the Bilingual Mental Lexicon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35087.
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The nature of the bilingual mental lexicon and how the L1 and the L2 interact in language production and processing has been the focus of decades of research from linguistic, psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic perspectives. In spite of this significant body of evidence, the degree to which the L1 influences L2 production and processing remains an area of debate, especially with respect to formal features such as grammatical gender. While it is clear that non-nativelike production and processing of L2 grammatical gender persist even in highly-proficient adult bilinguals, the underlying representation of the L1 and L2 gender features and how this representation affects the use of gender in the L2 is currently unclear. Furthermore, there is no evidence at present regarding the nature of the L1-L2 grammatical gender system when the L1 and the L2 have asymmetric gender systems (in other words, differ in number of gender values), as is the case with German, which bears three gender values (masculine, feminine and neuter), and Spanish and French, which each display two gender values (masculine and feminine).
This dissertation investigates the representation of and interactions between the L1 and the L2 at the level of the formal gender feature, with a particular focus on language pairings with asymmetric gender systems. Through complementary data from L2 production and processing, I examine the representation of the asymmetric grammatical gender systems in the mental lexicon of L1 Spanish-L2 German and L1 French-L2 German bilinguals and the consequences this asymmetry between the L1 and L2 gender systems has on gender use strategies in the L2. From the perspective of bilingual lexical access, this research contributes new evidence to inform existing psycholinguistic theories of L1-L2 gender interactions and also proposes the Asymmetric gender representation hypothesis, a new model to account for the unique integrated nature of the gender system in bilinguals with L1-L2 asymmetric gender systems. From a language acquisition perspective, the present study provides new data on L2 gender use strategies with asymmetric gender systems, formulating the L1 transfer continuum, which extends existing proposals to include the degree of (a)symmetry between the L1 and the L2. This research also connects theoretical proposals regarding gender agreement in functional-lexical code-switches (specifically, switches within the Determiner Phrase such as dieGER-F mesaSPA-F or elSPA-M TischGER-M) to bilinguals’ preferences in code-switching between two languages that display formal gender. Taken together, all of these complementary perspectives addressed in this dissertation offer a well-rounded perspective of grammatical gender in asymmetric gender systems specifically, and contribute novel evidence regarding the interactions between the L1 and the L2 in the bilingual mental lexicon in general.
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Rubino, Laura M. S. "Examining Intersectionality in Juvenile Legal System Processing: A Focus on LGBTQ+ Youth and Youth of Color." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627664032393473.
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Buchanan, Laurie Birch. "The emergence of female leaders : the effects of self-monitoring, priming and task characteristics /." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040531/.
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Paspali, Anastasia. "Gender agreement in Native and Heritage Greek: an attraction study." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20795.
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Diese Dissertation betrachtet die Beziehung zwischen Parser und Grammatik bei Muttersprachlern (Native Speakers, NS) und Heritage- (Erb-) Sprechern (HS) des Griechischen, indem sie die Mechanismen untersucht, die einer pseudo-Lizenzierung bei Verletzungen der Kongruenz des grammatischen Geschlechts zugrunde liegen. Diese Verletzungen sind Fehler, die auftreten, wenn eine intervenierende Phrase (Attraktor) nicht mit den Genusmerkmalen des Kopfnomens übereinstimmt, ein Phänomen, das in der Literatur (Gender-)Agreement Attraktion, hier Attraktion von Genuskongruenz, genannt wird. Die Dissertation testet, ob eine solche Attraktion von Genuskongruenz im Griechischen vorhanden ist und ob ein- und zweisprachige Muttersprachler gleichermaßen anfällig für Fehler bei der Attraktion sind. Die Dissertation untersucht für die Gruppe der HS außerdem die Genuskongruenz beim Echtzeit-Sprachverstehen und -produzieren. In der Arbeit zeige ich, dass sowohl NS als auch HS anfällig für Attraktionsfehler bei der Genuskongruenz sind. Das zeigen die Reaktionszeitmuster und die Urteile. Gleichzeitig zeigten bei mündlichen Erzählungen beide Sprechergruppen die gleichen Übergeneralisierungsmuster für maskulines Genus bei belebten Nomen sowie bei mündlichen Erzählungen und beschleunigten Grammatikalitätsurteilen für Neutrum bei unbelebten Nomen. Zusammengenommen deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass NS und HS anfällig für die Attraktion von Genuskongruenz sind und dass beide Gruppen ähnliche Hinweise zum Abruf des Genus verwenden und somit ähnliche Attraktionsmuster aufweisen. HS unterscheiden sich jedoch von NS in der Verarbeitung der Genuskongruenz an sich, insbesondere bei femininen Kopfnomen (markiertes Genus) in Objekt-Klitika, was darauf hindeutet, dass sowohl Markiertheit als auch Kongruenz an den Schnittstellen die Leistung von HS beeinflusst. Wenn Fehler auftreten, folgen beide Gruppen den gleichen Mustern der Übergeneralisierung.This dissertation explores the relationship between the parser and the grammar in Native Speakers (NSs) and Heritage Speakers (HSs) of Greek by examining the mechanisms underpinning the illusory licensing of gender agreement violations: errors occurring when an intervening phrase (attractor) mismatches the gender cues of the head noun, a phenomenon which is usually called (gender) agreement attraction. In this work, I show that both NSs and HSs are prone to gender agreement attraction errors in the nominal domain of Greek, as their reaction time patterns and (speeded or scaled) judgements revealed. At the same time, both groups showed the same overgeneralization patterns of the masculine value in agreement errors with animate nouns in their oral narrations, and of the neuter value with inanimate nouns in their oral narrations and their online speeded judgements. Taken together, these results suggest that NSs and HSs are prone to gender agreement attraction in Greek and that both groups employ retrieval cues similarly showing similar attraction patterns. However, HSs differ from NSs in the processing of gender agreement per se, particularly with feminine head nouns (marked gender value) on object-clitics, suggesting that markedness as well as agreement at Interfaces influence HSs’ performance. Finally, when errors occur, both groups follow the same overegeneralization patterns.
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Mainali, Bhesh. "Investigating the relationships between preferences, gender, and high school students' geometry performance." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6315.
Full textAbstract:
In this quantitative study, the relationships between high school students' preference for solution methods, geometry performance, task difficulty, and gender were investigated. The data was collected from 161 high school students from six different schools at a county located in central Florida in the United States. The study was conducted during the 2013–2014 school year. The participants represented a wide range in socioeconomic status, were from a range of grades (10-12), and were enrolled in different mathematics courses (Algebra 2, Geometry, Financial Algebra, and Pre-calculus). Data were collected primarily with the aid of a geometry test and a geometry questionnaire. Using a think-aloud protocol, a short interview was also conducted with some students.
For the purpose of statistical analysis, students' preferences for solution methods were quantified into numeric values, and then a visuality score was obtained for each student. Students' visuality scores ranged from -12 to +12. The visuality scores were used to assess students' preference for solution methods. A standardized test score was used to measure students' geometry performance. The data analysis indicated that the majority of students were visualizers. The statistical analysis revealed that there was not an association between preference for solution methods and students' geometry performance. The preference for solving geometry problems using either visual or nonvisual methods was not influenced by task difficulty. Students were equally likely to employ visual as well as nonvisual solution methods regardless of the task difficulty. Gender was significant in geometry performance but not in preference for solution methods. Female students' geometry performance was significantly higher than male students' geometry performance. The findings of this study suggested that instruction should be focused on incorporating both visual and nonvisual teaching strategies in mathematics lesson activities in order to develop preference for both visual and nonvisual solution methods.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Education and Human Performance
Education; Math Education Track
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Attanapola, Chamila Thushari. "Unravelling women’s stories of health : Female workers’ experiences of work, gender roles and empowerment relating to health in Katunyake export-processing zone, Sri Lanka." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-669.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of globalization processes on women, such as the new economic division of labour and relocation of global production into Third World countries, is a frequently debated topic within the globalization and gender discourse. The opportunities for formal work for young women in export-processing industries and they have been able to earn an income and to contribute economically to the survival of their poor families are the main positive impacts of globalization. Further, they are able to experience economic and social independence and increased status within their families. Unfortunately, factory jobs do not only have the positive effect of enabling the women to enjoy the benefits. Research has also identified the negative socio-cultural and health impacts on women resulting from their employment in export-processing industrial work.
This thesis explores Sri Lankan female workers’ experiences of health relating to the work they do at EPZ factories and their gender roles, sense of place, self-identities, capabilities and empowerment. The principle objective of this thesis is to provide an indepth view of female export-processing workers’ experiences of health in Sri Lanka by using feminist research methodology. Sri Lanka entered into the globalization process through its adoption of economic liberalization policies in 1977. The country’s exportprocessing industries provide employment for c.400,000 people, of whom 80% are women. Fieldwork was conducted in the country’s largest export-processing zone located in Katunayake during the periods of January to May in 2002 and June to August in 2004. The study is primarily carried out using a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews with 25 female workers were conducted and women’s life histories and personal narratives were gathered. Further, key informant interviews with representatives from different stakeholders were conducted to identify their views of female export-processing workers’ health status. Furthermore, participant and non-participant observations and a questionnaire survey were carried to supplement the information gained through interviews.
The women identified Katunayake export-processing zone (KEPZ) area as an unhealthy place due to their experiences of health problems and various forms of harassment. Their narratives inform about five types of health problems, namely occupational health problems, mental health problems, reproductive related health problems, weight loss and malnutrition, and infectious diseases. The results of the research have made it possible to identify diversities among the female export-processing workers in terms of their experiences and perspectives of health, self-identities and coping strategies. There is also evidence that women who have fewer responsibilities with regard to their families in their home villages, increased status within the families, and who participate in organizational activities have a positive sense of places regarding home and the KEPZ area and also have positive self-identities. In particular, there is clear diversity between the women who participate and those who do not participate in nongovernmental organizational activities, in terms of their capabilities and empowerment relating to improving their health. Active participants’ choices and actions at different places demonstrate that they achieved individual, collective and organizational empowerment. Further, the women’s stories reveal that they have achieved several practical and strategic gender needs for promoting their health and well-being.
Institutions at local and national levels also play significant roles in women’s empowerment and capability building. The results of the study identify that many institutional strategies constrain women’s empowerment and capabilities by not providing the necessary information, knowledge, instruments, and social support that the women need, and subsequently the women are unable to live to their full potential.
The research concludes that female export-processing workers in Sri Lanka experience both positive and negative aspects of globalization. They have gained incomes for living independent lives while at the same time being helping their poor families. Some have even taken the initiative to secure their lives through improving their possibilities for self-employment. Meanwhile, they are exposed to various forms of health problems and harassment as a result of being EPZ workers. The successful stories of empowered women indicate that female EPZ workers have the ability to achieve better health status and to live successful lives as women with respect and dignity, but they need support from the socio-cultural, economic, legal, and political institutions in the Sri Lankan society to attain their goals.
Paper 1 and 4 reprinted with permission of Taylor & Francis, paper 3 reprinted with permission of Elsevier
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Sormunen, E. (Erja). "Repetitive work in the cold:work ability, musculoskeletal symptoms and thermal and neuromuscular responses in food industry workers." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514292040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to evaluate factors associated with work ability and musculoskeletal symptoms among food industry workers, to evaluate thermal and neuromuscular responses during repetitive work in the cold and to find out whether cold-induced deterioration in neuromuscular function can be prevented by using additional torso heating or altering work intensity during repetitive work at 4 °C.
A questionnaire study (1,117 respondents) and measurements of physical work strain (18 subjects) were performed among workers in food-processing industry. The impact of changes of ambient temperature (16 subjects) and work intensity (8 subjects) on thermal responses and neuromuscular function was evaluated during repetitive work in laboratory conditions.
The results from the questionnaire study indicated that self-assessed poor work ability and musculoskeletal symptoms were associated with impaired individual health resources and work-related factors, including higher number of years working in the cold, experience of draught and body cooling at work. Measurements during repetitive work in cold food-processing facilities showed that muscular strain was localized in forearm muscles. Laboratory studies showed that compared with 19 °C, repetitive work at 4 °C increased muscular strain in forearm and upper arm extensors significantly only in men, although the level of muscular strain remained lower and mean skin temperature higher compared with women. Working at 4 °C indicated more continuous activation of the working muscles compared with work at 19 °C. By intermittently increasing the workload at 4 °C the more continuous activation could be counteracted, thus leading to lower strain and fatigue of the working muscles. Additional torso heating did not affect muscular strain of the working muscles at 4 °C.
In conclusion, the results indicate a multifactorial feature of work ability and musculoskeletal symptoms among workers in food-processing industry. Gender affects both thermal and neuromuscular responses, which should be considered in the area of work demands and work organization in cold conditions. Altering work intensity could be considered beneficial for reducing muscular strain during repetitive work in cold conditions.