Books on the topic 'Gender Notion'
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1
Eissa, Dahlia. Constructing the notion of male superiority over women in Islam: The influence of sex and gender stereotyping in the interpretation of the Qur'an and the implications for a modernist exegesis of rights. Grabels, France: Women Living Under Muslim Laws, 1999.
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Pichot, André. Histoire de la notion de gène. Paris: Flammarion, 1999.
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Notions of identity, diaspora and gender in Caribbean women's writing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Mehta, Brinda. Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women’s Writing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230100503.
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The origins of western notation. New York: Peter Lang, 2011.
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ʻĪeosīwong, Nithi. Talk about sexuality in Thailand: Notions, identity, gender bias, women, gay, sex education and lust. [Bangkok]: Southeast Asian Consortium on Gender, Sexuality and Health, 2004.
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Young Nietzsche: Becoming a genius. New York: Free Press, 1991.
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Guy, Donna J. Gender and Sexuality in Latin America. Edited by Jose C. Moya. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195166217.013.0013.
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This article discusses gender and sexuality during the national period and the shift from women's history to the study of the social construction of both femininity and masculinity and of various forms of sexuality. It argues that this has problematized “the notion of universalized female oppression,” a trend in line with the general historiographical emphasis on individual and collective agency since the 1980s. Gender here is both a topic and a category of analysis. The discussion thus sheds much light on other aspects of—in this case, national—society, such as notions of nationality and citizenship, the nature of the modern state and law, populism, and revolutionary and feminist politics.
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Loporcaro, Michele. Romance gender systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0004.
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After showing that, for purposes of reconstruction, the dataset must be limited to non-creolized Romance varieties, the chapter discusses the notion ‘remnants of the neuter’, showing that this label covers disparate things, and that what is in focus here is morphosyntactically functional remnants, i.e. traces of a third (controller and/or target) gender. These are then inventoried, showing that almost all Romance languages preserve a third series of targets (in pronouns) for agreement with non-nominal controllers, and Sursilvan has this also on predicative adjectives. Furthermore, Romanian and many Italo-Romance dialects still have a third controller gender, and a subset of the latter even has an additional target gender, with dedicated agreement forms for either (in just one Calabrian dialect) the neuter plural or (in most dialects between the Roma–Ancona line and a line crossing central Puglia and northern Lucania) a neuter hosting just mass nouns (and hence, only singular).
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Sulimma, Maria. Gender and Seriality. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474473958.001.0001.
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The notion of seriality and serial identity performance runs as a strong undercurrent through feminist theory, gender studies and queer studies. Defining gender as a serial and discursively produced entanglement of different practices and agencies, Gender and Seriality argues that serial storytelling can offer such complex negotiations of identity that the ‘results’ of televisual gender performances are rarely separate from the processes that produce them. As such, gender performances are not restricted to individual television programmes themselves, but are also located in official paratexts, such as making-of documentaries, interviews with writers and actors, and in cultural sites like online viewer discussions, recaps and fan fiction. With case studies of series such as Girls, How to Get Away With Murder and The Walking Dead, this book seeks to understand how gender as a practice is generated by television narratives in the overlapping of text, reception and production, and explores the viewer practices that these narratives seek to trigger and draw on in the process
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Mendoza, Breny. Coloniality of Gender and Power. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.6.
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Anticolonial theories analyze complex power relations between the colonizer and the colonized to promote the political project of decolonization. This chapter situates anticolonial feminist theories in relation to two schools of anticolonial thinking, postcolonial and decolonial theory, particularly the strand of decolonial theory developed by the modernity/coloniality school of thought of Latin America. It compares key theoretical arguments and political projects associated with intersectionality, postcolonial feminism, and the decolonial feminism that Maria Lugones has advanced with her notion of the coloniality of gender. The chapter explores the reception of Lugones work in Latin America and the critical insights that decolonial theory offers contemporary social justice projects.
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Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Iran. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0010.
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Since the 1979 Revolution that brought clerics into power, the struggle for women’s rights in Iran has conventionally been framed as a polarized conflict between “Islamist” and “secularist” ideologies. This view has masked the real battle, which has been between despotism and patriarchy, on the one hand, and democracy, pluralism, and gender equality, on the other. An unintended consequence of the revolutionaries’ merger of religious and political authority has been a growing popular understanding of this struggle. This chapter examines the shifting dynamics of relations between theology, gender, and politics in the Iranian Islamic state, which, in the aftermath of the 2009 presidential election, gave birth to a rights movement with women at the forefront. By then, the traditional cultural value of namus (sexual honor) for many Iranians was outweighed by the notion of haqq (rights), especially the right to vote and to have one’s vote counted.
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Pieper, Lindsay Parks. “Gender Testing Per Se Is No Longer Necessary”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040221.003.0008.
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This chapter demonstrates how alternative requirements merely rendered gender verification moot. In 1992, the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) terminated all mandatory gender controls while the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) Medical Commission remained loyal to PCR testing, maintaining the procedure for the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics, 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and 1998 Nagano Olympics. As a result, the IOC experienced opposition throughout the 1990s from concerned physicians, national governments, and medically trained athletes. In 1999, the IOC Executive Board voted to stop testing. However, the medical commission did not relinquish complete control. Through suspicion-based checks, anti-doping techniques, and the Stockholm Consensus, Olympic authorities continued to uphold a binary notion of sex/gender and to promote Western norms of femininity. Thus, even though the IAAF and the IOC may have disagreed on the correct method, both organizations still believed that sex/gender control was crucial in elite sport.
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Wälchli, Bernhard. The rise of gender in Nalca (Mek, Tanah Papua). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0004.
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This chapter reconstructs how Nalca, a Mek language of the Trans-New Guinea phylum, has acquired gender markers and describes the non-canonical properties of this highly unusual gender system. Gender in Nalca is mainly assigned by two different defaults, phonological assignment is holistic, there is a gender switch depending on the syntax of the noun phrase, controller and target are adjacent, and gender has the function of case marker hosts. Gender in Nalca is only weakly entrenched in the lexicon and predominantly phrasal. It is argued that canonical gender is an attractor (a complex, diachronically stable structure with heterogeneous origins). A model of the gender attractor based on the notion of information transfer chain is developed. The rise of Nalca gender is an instance of system emergence where several diachronic processes, such as grammaticalization, reanalysis, and analogy, interact. Chains of rapid diachronic change are triggered by anomalies that entail other anomalies.
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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson, Fred Mawunyo Dzanku, and Aida Cuthbert Isinika. Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: What Lessons Can We Learn? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0011.
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Smallholder-friendly messages, albeit not always translated into action, returned strongly to the development agenda over a decade ago. Smallholders’ livelihoods encompass social and economic realities outside agriculture, however, providing opportunities as well as challenges for the smallholder model. While smallholders continue to straddle the farm and non-farm sectors, the notion of leaving agriculture altogether appears hyperbolic, given the persistently high share of income generated from agriculture noted in the Afrint dataset. Trends over the past fifteen years can be broadly described as increasing dynamism accompanied by rising polarization. Positive trends include increased farm sizes, rising grain production, crop diversification, and increased commercialization, while negative trends include stagnation of yields, persistent yield gaps, gendered landholding inequalities, gendered agricultural asset inequalities, growing gendered commercialization inequalities, and an emerging gender gap in cash income. Regional nuances in trends reinforce the need for spatial contextualization of linkages between the farm and non-farm sectors.
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Loporcaro, Michele. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0001.
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‘Gender’ is a manifold notion, at the crossroads between sociology, biology, and linguistics. The Introduction delimits the scope of linguistic (or grammatical) gender, which is an inherent morphosyntactic feature of nouns in about half of the world’s languages, introducing the definitions and notions which the present work utilizes to investigate gender. While focusing on grammar, this study has implications far beyond (e.g. for gender studies), and capitalizes on findings from other disciplines, such as cognitive neuropsychology. The chapter introduces the basic aim of the monograph, which intends to account for the steps through which the Latin three-gender system was reshaped into the binary systems shared today by most standard Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, French, and Italian). One crucial definitional tool, highlighted in this chapter, is the distinction between target and controller genders: the two need not coincide everywhere, and mismatches between the two may arise—and did arise in Romance—through change.
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Offen, Karen. Before Beauvoir, Before Butler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608811.003.0002.
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This chapter reveals and documents a centuries-old but long forgotten history of pioneering French thought about “genre masculin/genre féminin” (which we refer to in English as gender) that alludes not strictly to grammar but specifically to the social construction of sex. The recuperation of this history antedates the publications of Simone de Beauvoir and, later, Judith Butler. It suggests that Beauvoir’s famous sentence in Le deuxième sexe, whose interpretation is the subject of this book’s essays, fits into a venerable French tradition of acknowledging the social construction of masculinity and femininity, or the male/female dichotomy. Nevertheless, it was received by Anglophone intellectuals, especially feminist intellectuals of the 1960s–1970s, as a startling innovation. Indeed, it may well be that the notion of “gender/genre” is not an unwelcome American invention, as the French have stated in recent years, but Anglophone writers initially appropriated the notion from this older French usage.
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Risman, Barbara J. The Rebels. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.003.0007.
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This chapter analyzes respondents called rebels because they challenge the gender structure at the individual, interactional, and ideological macro levels, as do the innovators. But they go further; they also reject the materiality of gender categories, the presentation of self as traditionally feminine or masculine. These rebels include self-identified genderqueer Millennials, transgender respondents, and others who do not reject identities but changes aspects of their bodies to better express their gendered selves. Many reject the notion of gender as a binary entirely, although most still identified their sex category as male or female even as they rejected a gender label as man or woman. These rebels are a category that seems to being created by Millennials themselves.
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Nielsen, Cynthia, and Michael Barnes Norton. Contributions from Philosophy. Edited by Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.021.
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Gender, like race, is a controversial and volatile topic. We encounter one another as embodied and thus gendered beings. But what precisely is gender? What does it mean to be feminine? This chapter offers a philosophical analysis of the concept of gender and discourses about gender. The opening sections begin with a discussion of key terms and distinctions such as gender essentialism, gender as a social construction, the distinction between gender and (biological) sex, gender realism and nominalism, and so forth. Specific examples—both historical and contemporary—are employed to elucidate the claim that gender is socially constructed. Two sections are devoted to prominent feminist philosophers, Judith Butler and Linda Martín Alcoff. The topics addressed in these sections include: Butler’s notion of performing gender and her rejection of the gender/sex distinction, and Alcoff’s development of gender as positionality and fluid identity and her historically and materially sensitive version of gender realism.
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Pieper, Lindsay Parks. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040221.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to book explores the history of sex testing from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) used different tests to both guarantee the authenticity of female athletes and identify male masqueraders in Olympic sport. Although the IOC Medical Commission never discovered a single male imposter—and the various iterations of the exam actually illustrated the impossibility of neatly delineating sex—the IOC nevertheless continued to implement the control. Olympic officials thus authorized a policy of sex/gender conformity, as sex testing/gender verification required that female athletes demonstrate conventional notions of white Western heterofemininity. Through these regulations, the IOC continuously reaffirmed a binary notion of sex, privileged white gender norms, and hampered female athleticism. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
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Chao, Shih-chen. Cosplay, Cuteness, and Weiniang. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390809.003.0003.
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This paper analyzes gender performativity in the form of cross-dressing cuteness through cosplaying by a popular male-cosplaying-female fan group “Ailisi Weiniang Tuan (Alice Cos Group)” based in China. Drawing from cute studies, gender/queer studies, and fan studies, this paper examines the phenomenon of fake girls as a venue of redefining the boundaries of identity and gender using cosplaying and the notion of cuteness to achieve queerness to address the issue of gender performativity through queered cuteness in today’s China.
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Phillips, Lynne. Genders, Spaces, Places. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.193.
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The concepts of gender, space, and place have significant social and political implications for the kind of world that people inhabit and the kinds of lives we can lead. That there has been a transformation in thinking about these concepts is indicated in references today to pluralized (and polymorphic) spaces, to the waxing, and waning of distinctions between space and place, and to the idea that gender, space, and place are something produced rather than simply lived in, or ventured into. These subtle shifts hint at a complex history of ideas about what constitutes gender, space, and/or place and how we might understand the connections and disjunctures between and among them. The theoretical roots of space act as the starting point for discussion, since these have a longer historical record than work which also explicitly includes gender. Western conceptions of space have drawn primarily from early Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and these conceptions indicate an early distinction between a philosophy of space and a pre-scientific notion of space. From here, the development of feminist methods has become essential for revealing how spatial thinking informs ideas about gender. These methods include deconstructing canons, asking the profoundly spatial question of “Where are the women?” and “ungendering” space. These methodological strategies reveal the extent to which the central concerns of feminism today have spatial and place-based dimensions.
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Jarvis, Katie. Politics in the Marketplace. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917111.001.0001.
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Politics in the Marketplace integrates politics, economics, and gender to ask how the Dames des Halles invented notions of citizenship through everyday trade during the French Revolution. As crucial food retailers, traditional representatives of the Third Estate, and famed leaders of the march on Versailles, these Parisian market women held great revolutionary influence. This work innovatively interweaves the Dames’ political activism and economic practices to reveal how marketplace actors shaped the nature of nascent democracy and capitalism through daily commerce. Parisians struggled to overhaul the marketplace and reconcile egalitarian social aspirations with free market principles. While haggling over new price controls, fair taxes, and acceptable currency, the Dames and their clients negotiated economic and social contracts in tandem. The market women conceptualized a type of economic citizenship in which individuals’ activities such as buying goods, selling food, or paying taxes positioned them within the collective social body and enabled them to make claims on the state. They insisted that their commerce served society and demanded that the state pass favorable regulations to reciprocate. The Dames also drew on their patriotic work as activists and their gendered work as republican mothers to compel the state to provide practical currency and assist indigent families. Thus, the Dames’ notion of citizenship portrayed useful work, rather than gender, as the cornerstone of civic legitimacy. Consequently, Politics in the Marketplace challenges the interpretation that the Revolution launched an inherently masculine trajectory for citizenship. It calls on scholars to rethink the relationship among work, gender, and embryonic citizenship.
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Cohen, Richard I., ed. Yakir Englander and Avi Sagi, Sexuality and the Body in New Religious Zionist Discourse, trans. Batya Stein. Boston: Academic Press, 2015. 298 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0056.
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This chapter reviews the book Sexuality and the Body in New Religious Zionist Discourse (2015), by Yakir Englander and Avi Sagi, translated by Batya Stein. Sexuality and the Body in New Religious Zionist Discourse examines the positions and debates about “sexuality” in one area of the Jewish public sphere in Israel—religious Jewry—and specifically that of the Israeli religious Zionists who, following the notion of “Torah ’im Derech Eretz” first formulated by Samson Raphael Hirsch as an answer to the Enlightenment, are now struggling in a Jewish state to combine halakhic commitment with the values of modernity. Englander and Sagi focus on questions of sexuality as defined by rabbinic notions of gender attraction and bodily integrity/autonomy: those dealing with homosexuality, lesbianism, masturbation, and the relationships between the sexes.
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Rao, Koneru Ramakrishna. Swadharma and Svabhava in Gandhi’s Social Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477548.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses Gandhi’s social philosophy. The focus in this chapter is on the concepts of svabhava and swadharma from which we attempt to formulate a synthetic notion of righteousness. We discuss varnashrama dharma and Gandhi’s views on gender, social discrimination, and communal harmony. Gandhi abhorred the caste system but saw merit in varnashramadharma, which posed challenges of interpretation. His views on gender equality, the crusade against untouchability, and his relentless efforts to bring about communal harmony are some of Gandhi’s significant contributions to social change with varying degrees of success.
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Fraleigh, Sondra. Why Consciousness Matters. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039409.003.0001.
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This chapter examines consciousness, or more accurately “extending whole body consciousness,” as the core purpose of somatic studies. It first considers the notion of ethereality in dance, noting how contrasting subtle ethereal movement would be solid strongly delineated movement, restrained and earthy; some of these strong qualities are found in the invigorating stamping dances of India and Africa. The chapter goes on to discuss somatics in terms of somatic affectivity and phenomenological awareness, arguing that how self and community are cultivated makes a difference in somatic contexts for performance; the important role of the teacher in transformational dance somatics, insisting that she and her consciousness are a living part of it; dualism from a gender perspective; and the use of phenomenology in terms of its critique of dualist theories of body and mind.
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Wilkinson, Cai. Mother Russia in Queer Peril. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644031.003.0007.
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The notion of “Mother Russia” has long played a central role in the articulation of Russian statehood. Drawing on Peterson’s “lens of protection,” this chapter interrogates how “Russia as Motherland” has been utilized to help construct a neopaternalist gender regime and state identity via a narrative of existential threat to Mother Russia from an “Unholy Queer Peril.” This narrative highlights the state’s dogmatic adherence to “traditional” understandings of gender and sexuality, and the chapter explores the impact of the perception of a “queer peril” for practices of statecraft, showing how the hypermasculine state’s “fear of queer” becomes both defining and self-defeating as the state’s logic of protection focuses increasingly on ensuring the “correct” performance of gender by state and citizens alike.
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Booth, Marilyn. The Career and Communities of Zaynab Fawwaz. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846198.001.0001.
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An intellectual biography of early Arabic feminist Zaynab Fawwaz and a study of her life in Ottoman Syria and Egypt, in the context of debates on gender, modernity and the good society, 1890s-1910. Chapters take up her writing and debates in which she participated, concerning social justice, girls’ education, marriage, divorce and polygyny, the question of ‘Nature’ and Darwinist notions of male/female, and intersections of nationalism, anti-imperialism, and feminism. Fawwaz also wrote two novels and play, which are analysed in the context of fiction rewriting history, and on theatre as a reformist tool of public education in turn-of-the-century Egypt. The book also comprises a study of some important periodical venues for public debate in Egypt in this period, particularly the nationalist press and one early women’s journal, and it highlights the writings of lesser-studied journalists and other intellectuals, within the context of the Arab/ic Nahda or intellectual revival. It argues that Fawwaz’s feminism, based on an Islamic ethical worldview, was distinct from prevailing ‘modernist’ views in posing a non-essentialist, open-ended notion of gender that did not, for instance, highlight maternalist discourses. Fawwaz’s own background was Shi’i, an element that was quietly present in her work.
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Duriesmith, David. Manly States and Feminist Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644031.003.0004.
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Support for antiviolence campaigns represents a significant step forward in mobilizing the state in achieving feminist goals, while at the same time these actions uncover underlying tensions in challenging gender inequality by drawing on institutions defined by masculine modes of action. This chapter looks at the HeForShe campaign as a recent state attempt to pursue profeminist policies in the international arena. It argues that the use of the liberal state as an agent of change risks a quixotic search for a “good” masculinity as a basis for the state achieving feminist change. Comparing HeForShe to masculinities theorization on gender activism, the chapter challenges the notion that states can internationally break free from their masculinist underpinnings without adopting the position of being reflective allies to feminist causes.
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Anderson, Siwan, Lori Beaman, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0001.
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Women’s empowerment in the developing world has become a primary policy goal. Apart from being a fundamental right, increased female autonomy has been shown to create other long-term benefits—such as reduced fertility, better educational and health outcomes for children, and a stronger female political voice. The landmark United Nations Millennium Declaration committed member states to promoting gender equality as an effective way to combat poverty, hunger, disease, and to stimulate sustainable development. Many outcomes for women have improved—with unprecedented gains in rights, education and health, access to employment, and political positions. While significant progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment has been achieved, women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence throughout the developing world. The starkest manifestations of gender discrimination is the notion of ‘missing women’, first coined by Sen, with current estimates of more than 200 million women who are demographically missing worldwide.
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Mehta, B. Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women's Writing. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Mehta, Brinda. Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women's Writing. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Dolezal, Luna. Morphological Freedom and Medicine: Constructing the Posthuman Body. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0017.
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The notion that the body can be changed at will in order to meet the desires and designs of its ‘owner’ is one that has captured the popular imagination and underpins contemporary medical practices such as cosmetic surgery and gender reassignment. In fact, describing the body as ‘malleable’ or ‘plastic’ has entered common parlance and dictates common-sense ideas of how we understand the human body in late-capitalist consumer societies in the wake of commercial biotechnologies that work to modify the body aesthetically and otherwise. If we are not satisfied with some aspect of our physicality – in terms of health, function or aesthetics – we can engage with a whole variety of self-care body practices – fashion, diet, exercise, cosmetics, medicine, surgery, laser – in order to ‘correct’, reshape or restyle the body. In addition, as technology has advanced and elective cosmetic surgery has unapologetically entered the mainstream, the notion of the malleable body has become intrinsically linked to the practices and discourses of biomedicine and, furthermore, has become a significant means to assert and affirm identity.
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Blasius, Mark. Theorizing the Politics of (Homo)Sexualities across Cultures. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on an event in the history of sexuality, more specifically in the history of sexuality as a political issue. In recent years, vastly diverse movements around the politics of sexuality have embraced the notion of “sexual rights.” This concept developed rapidly especially since the UN Conference on Women in Beijing (1995) and in the wake of the global AIDS pandemic. More recently, rights specific to sexual orientation and gender identity have gained prominence, for instance with a 2011 Human Rights Council resolution on sexual orientation and gender identity, and a report to the UN General Assembly that analyzed in a preliminary way the universal human rights of LGBT persons. Issuance of this report and the resolution that commissioned it together signify a historical event in the politics of sexuality.
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Locke, Joseph. Marking Morality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190216283.003.0007.
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In their pursuit of prohibition and moral politics, religious activists both harnessed and subverted two dominant regional discourses—those surrounding race and gender—to clothe themselves in the garb of righteousness. Prohibition did not merely reflect or reproduce regional norms, but neither did it occur in isolation from them. The creation of the clerics’ moral community depended on an ever-changing amalgamation of race, gender, class, religion, and politics. For instance, although white prohibitionists made explicit appeals to a “better sort” of black southerners, they simultaneously used African American opposition to moral reform as evidence for the need of laws disfranchising black voters. Likewise, male religious leaders loudly proclaimed themselves honorable defenders of female virtue, and while they welcomed female foot soldiers, their notion of male guardianship prevented them from accepting female activists as equal participants in the prohibition crusade.
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Qiong Yu, Sabrina, and Guy Austin, eds. Revisiting Star Studies. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474404310.001.0001.
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This collection revisits star studies with themes and methods from the latest international research into stardom and fandom across the globe. It challenges the Hollywood-centrism in star studies by presenting new angles and models, and raises important questions about image, performance, gender, sexuality, race, fandom, social media, globalisation, and translocal stardom. This volume seeks to expand the notion of stardom that is traditionally associated with glamour and desirability to include less glamourous, more troubling stardom (e.g. ageing stars, ‘crip’ stars), or previously unacknowledged stardom (e.g. porn stars, animal stars). It also aims to expand star studies to a wider range of critical disciplines by engaging with performance studies, genre studies, sound studies, disability studies, animal studies and so on. From Hollywood to Bollywood, from China to Spain, and from Poland to Mexico, this collection revisits the definitions of stars and star studies that have been previously based on the study of Hollywood stardom, and points the way forward to new ways of approaching the field.
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Tacchi, Mary Jane, and Jan Scott. 7. Depression in modern society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199558650.003.0007.
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No age, gender, or social group is immune to depression and it is a very common human experience. ‘Depression in modern society’ considers the global impact of depression and how major international bodies, for example, the World Health Organization and World Bank, have tried to estimate the real world impact of depression and the economic costs to society. There is often great stigma associated with depression that may undermine a person’s willingness to access treatment. The lessons to be learned from campaigns that have tried to combat prejudice are considered along with the notion of genius and madness and whether there is evidence for an association between creativity and mood disorders.
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Goldin, Ian. Development: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198736257.001.0001.
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What do we mean by development? How can citizens, governments, and the international community foster development? The process by which nations escape poverty and achieve economic and social progress has been the subject of extensive examination for hundreds of years. The notion of development itself has evolved from an original preoccupation with incomes and economic growth to a much broader understanding of development. Development: A Very Short Introduction considers the contributions that education, health, gender, equity, and other dimensions of human well-being make to development, and discusses why it is also necessary to include the role of institutions and the rule of law as well as sustainability and environmental concerns.
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Stone, Alison. Hegel and Twentieth-Century French Philosophy. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.33.
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This chapter looks at Hegel’s impact on twentieth-century French philosophy by focusing on Kojève’s influential interpretation of Hegel, which enabled Beauvoir and Fanon to adapt Hegel’s philosophy to theorize gender and racial inequalities. Kojève took the struggle for recognition and the master/slave dialectic to be the central elements of Hegel’s thought. On this basis, Beauvoir and Fanon came to understand gender and racial oppression in terms of distortions in human relations of recognition. They argue that women (for Beauvoir) and black people (for Fanon) have been excluded from full participation in the struggle for recognition. However, these existential-Hegelian views are sometimes thought to have been superseded by the anti-Hegelianism of post-1960s French post-structuralism. Against this position, the chapter explains how the post-structuralist ‘French feminist’ Irigaray takes up and transforms Hegel’s notion of mutual recognition, to recommend that differently sexed individuals accept and recognize one another in their irreducible difference.
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Mayer, Nonna, and Vincent Tiberj. How to Study Political Culture Without Naming It. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.15.
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The boom in survey research, the increasing internationalization of political science, and the development of large-scale comparative projects have renewed the study of political culture and invalidated the notion of a French “exceptionalism.” But French scholars, influenced by Marxism, social history, and Bourdieu’s legacy of “critical sociology,” still have a different understanding of political culture, and prefer to use other concepts such as ideology. After a rapid overview of the founding studies and debates, this chapter shows how French research on political culture or cultures in the plural developed in its own way, and outlines the major challenges it is facing today on issues such as race and ethnicity, gender, globalization, and poverty.
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Narain, Vrinda. Law, Gender, and Nation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0009.
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Contemporary democracies have emphasized the recognition of religious and cultural diversity through policies of multiculturalism that recognize minority rights. In this regard, the status of Muslim women in a democracy with multiple legal systems, such as India, is representative of these new forms of democratic politics. While the Indian constitution guarantees equality to all citizens in the public sphere, in the private sphere of the family, the state enforces explicitly discriminatory personal laws as a demonstration of its commitment to minority rights, posing serious challenges for Muslim women’s equality. In this context, evaluating the success of legal pluralism through the implementation of Muslim personal law cannot ignore the negative impact of this understanding of legal pluralism on gender equality. Against this backdrop, this chapter examines how notions of secularism, religious freedom, and the protection of minority rights mediate the legal status of Muslim women in India.
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King, Karen L. Christianity and Torture. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0018.
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This chapter considers the religious justifications for and against torture. It also describes the torturous narratives at Christianity's foundations, the notion of redemptive martyrdom, and the various ways in which Christian ideology has challenged as well as supported the torturous suffering of fellows and foes. Torture functions in the absence of the facts or against the facts. Despite legal censure, torture and claims of torture are omnipresent. The violence of torture depends on sex/gender differentiation for much of its public communication. Opposition to torture on religious grounds will not be efficient without addressing the fact that enculturated ways of thinking and structures of feeling cultivated in Christian stories, images, and theological discourses are entailed in a wide variety of attitudes and behaviors, both for and against torture.
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Hall, Mark A. Material Culture, Museums, Movies, and Make Believe. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.36.
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This contribution explores the biographical life stage of childhood in medieval Europe through the contemporary (now) representations of such childhood, particularly in the cinema and the museum. Aspects to be explored include defining childhood, nested identities, gender and social contexts, narrative inclinations and independence of action (e.g. through play, education and apprenticeship, and training for adulthood). A range of films will be considered for their powerful and vital depictions of a constructed and variously authentic notion of medieval childhood, in particular Andrei Roublev, The Seventh Seal, Anchoress, Navigator: A Medieval Odyssey, Marketa Lazarová, and Brave. The various strands of exploration will be drawn together in an assessment of the images being put forward to represent children both in archaeology and museums (including temporary exhibitions and permanent museums of childhood) and in cinema.
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Gowland, Rebecca. Infants and Mothers. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.6.
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There is a burgeoning interest in the variable ways in which past and present societies construct the notion of foetal and infant entities and the beginnings of personhood. The newborn baby has often been conceptualized as a tabular rasa, a blank slate, which progressively becomes moulded by biological, environmental, and social forces. Within this construct the infant is likened to clay and indeed this analogy is made explicit in early medical writings. However, infants are conceived and born into social worlds and these impact on their nascent identities whilst still in utero. Likewise, cultural beliefs concerning gender identity, reproduction, and the pregnant body may have biological repercussions for the developing foetus. This chapter aims to explore the interplay between the body and society in the formation and conceptualization of infant bodies in the past.
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Weikert, Katherine, and Elena Woodacre, eds. Medieval Intersections: Gender and Status in Europe in the Middle Ages. Berghahn Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800731547.
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Status and gender are two closely associated concepts within medieval society, which tended to view both notions as binary: elite or low status, married or single, holy or cursed, male or female, or as complementary and cohesive as multiple parts of a societal whole. With contributions on topics ranging from medieval leprosy to boyhood behaviors, this interdisciplinary collection highlights the various ways “status” can be interpreted relative to gender, and what these two interlocked concepts can reveal about the construction of gendered identities in the Middle Ages.
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Prestel, Joseph Ben. Precarious Calm. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797562.003.0006.
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In Berlin, the portrayals of the negative emotional effects of the city ushered in attempts at “reform.” Doctors, real estate developers, and city clerks in the German capital penned publications in which they praised the positive effects of suburbs and physical exercise. Berliners were advised that through activities like breathing fresh air, gardening, and exercising the body, they could strengthen their nerves and bring back calm, positive, and controllable emotions. This notion of emotional betterment drove the spread of several gymnastic and sport clubs, as well as the creation of a number of new suburbs that mushroomed along the fringes of the city. While these developments came with a universal promise of improving Berlin as a whole, a closer look at the practices of emotional reform shows that they often served to rearticulate dividing lines of class and gender.
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Trencsényi, Balázs, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski. Dissidents and Opposition Movements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829607.003.0003.
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The evolution of dissident political thought had markedly different dynamics in different countries. In the satellites the dissidents represented a key component of the emerging “democratic opposition” focusing on human rights. The discourse of human rights gave to the henceforth fractured opposition groups a unifying language to voice their criticism, yet it did not erase the deep fissures among them. The contradiction between the doctrine of human rights accompanied by a drive toward consensual politics and the rhetoric of anti-communism was mirrored by the growing rift between the project of civic or critical patriotism and the utilization of the notion of ethnocultural nationhood. Moreover, in the 1980s, new issues opened up such as religious freedom, economic liberalization, environmental pollution, or gender equality, foreshadowing the political differentiation of the post-oppositional spectrum after the democratic turns of 1989/91.
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Bloomer, Kristin C. The Place, the People, the Practices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615093.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that the devotees of Our Lady Jecintho Prayer House are seeking home and embodied wholeness in an ever-shifting existential landscape. It offers a detailed description of the prayer house, ranging from its local geography, socioeconomic context, and local tropes to the structure of Rosalind’s family and of the prayer house community. It presents the notion that various forms of capital are desired in the quest for respectability and examines the place of gender in this quest. Interviews with Jecintho’s devotees—including Catholic nuns—lend insight into how their interactions with Rosalind and Jecintho impact their lives. Rosalind is seen to cultivate a relationship with Jecintho. The chapter further describes the experience of being a participant-observer while striving to retain the objectivity expected of academic work. It presents comparisons of the rosary to bhakti, and offers examples of how Jecintho’s messages help them cultivate modern selves.
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Stenger, Jan R. Education in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869788.001.0001.
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Education in Late Antiquity explores how the Christian and pagan writers of the Graeco-Roman world between c.300 and 550 CE rethought the role of intellectual and ethical formation. Analysing explicit and implicit theorization of education, it traces changing attitudes towards the aims and methods of teaching, learning, and formation. Influential scholarship has seen the postclassical education system as an immovable and uniform field. In response, this book argues that writers of the period offered substantive critiques of established formal education and tried to reorient ancient approaches to learning. By bringing together a wide range of discourses and genres, Education in Late Antiquity reveals that educational thought was implicated in the ideas and practices of wider society. Educational ideologies addressed central preoccupations of the time, including morality, religion, the relationship with others and the world, and concepts of gender and the self. The idea that education was a transformative process that gave shape to the entire being of a person, instead of imparting formal knowledge and skills, was key. The debate revolved around attaining happiness, the good life, and fulfilment, thus orienting education toward the development of the notion of humanity within the person. By exploring the discourse on education, this book recovers the changing horizons of Graeco-Roman thought on learning and formation from the fourth to the sixth centuries.
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Robert, Sarah A. Neoliberal Education Reform: Gendered Notions in Global and Local Contexts. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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