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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender models'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Aparisi-Miralles, Angela. "Sex-Gender Relationship Models: From "Gender Ideology" to the Complementing Male-Female Model." Díkaion 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 357–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/dika.2012.21.2.2.

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2

Giannone, Antonella. "(Un)modelling Gender: Models zwischen Mode und Gesellschaft." GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft 10, no. 3-2018 (September 17, 2018): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/gender.v10i3.05.

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Als Technology of Gender im Sinne von Teresa de Lauretis (1988) steht Modeln im Zeichen des kulturell konstruierten und gesellschaftlich ausgetragenen Weiblichen. Gerade im Kontext dieses geschlechtlich so deutlich markierten Handlungsraums werden gegenwärtig Genderstereotype dekonstruiert und Identitäten infrage gestellt. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert aus modetheoretischer Perspektive auf die kulturelle Rolle des Models. Er setzt sich mit der These auseinander, dass es zu einer prägenden „Sozialfigur der Gegenwart“ im Sinne von Stephan Moebius und Markus Schroer (2010) geworden ist. Als solche adressiert das Model durch seine breit aufgefächerte, intertextuelle bzw. intermediale Präsenz grundlegende Fragen bezüglich der gegenwärtigen Relation zwischen Mode und Identitätskonstruktionen.

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3

Powlishta, Kimberly K. "Measures and Models of Gender Differentiation." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 67, no. 2 (April 2002): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5834.00201.

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4

Hicks, Stephen. "Gender Role Models . . . who needs 'em?!" Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice 7, no. 1 (March 2008): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325007086415.

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5

Scase, Matthew M., and Barbara Turnbull. "Role Models in Gender-Skewed Disciplines." Engineering Education 8, no. 1 (July 2013): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11120/ened.2013.00010.

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6

Yang, Wankou, Changyin Sun, Wenming Zheng, and Karl Ricanek. "Gender classification using 3D statistical models." Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, no. 3 (March 29, 2016): 4491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3446-7.

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7

Stefurak, Tres, Crystal Taylor, and Sheila Mehta. "Gender-specific models of homosexual prejudice: Religiosity, authoritarianism, and gender roles." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 2, no. 4 (2010): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021538.

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8

Dryler, Helen. "Parental Role Models, Gender and Educational Choice." British Journal of Sociology 49, no. 3 (September 1998): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/591389.

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9

Alsarayreh, Ayah, and Fatma Susilawati Mohamad. "Enhanced constrained local models for gender prediction." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i1.2948.

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Face land-marking, defined as the detection and positioning of distinctive characteristics, is a crucial goal shared by various organizations, ranging from biometric recognition to mental state comprehension. Despite its apparent simplicity, this problem has been extensively investigated because of inherent face variability and a variety of confusing variables such as posture, voice, illumination, and occlusions. In this paper, an integrated mount model is created to increase the power of constrained local models, and a ground-breaking result for feature detection is obtained using this model. Furthermore, four classifiers have been used in the level of gender prediction. The results of the experiment showed that the proposed model performs admirably.

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10

Stukas, Arthur A., Galen E. Switzer, Mary Amanda Dew, Jeanne M. Goycoolea, and Roberta G. Simmons. "Parental Helping Models, Gender, and Service-Learning." Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 18, no. 1-2 (May 10, 1999): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j005v18n01_02.

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11

Wu, Jing, William A. P. Smith, and Edwin R. Hancock. "Gender discriminating models from facial surface normals." Pattern Recognition 44, no. 12 (December 2011): 2871–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2011.04.013.

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12

Krook, Mona Lena, Joni Lovenduski, and Judith Squires. "Gender Quotas and Models of Political Citizenship." British Journal of Political Science 39, no. 4 (August 26, 2009): 781–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123409990123.

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Gender quotas have spread rapidly around the world in recent years. However, few studies have yet theorized, systematically or comparatively, variations in their features, adoption and implementation. This article surveys quota campaigns in Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. It proposes that one or more sets of controversies influence the course and outcomes of quota reforms. These revolve around (1) competing principles of equality, (2) different ideas about political representation, and (3) various beliefs about ‘gender’ and its relation to other kinds of political identities. The article draws on these distinctions to identify four broad models of political citizenship that determine the kinds of quota policies that are pursued and their prospects for bringing more women into political office.

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13

Patten, Richard D. "Models of gender differences in cardiovascular disease." Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models 4, no. 4 (December 2007): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.11.002.

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14

Cuneen, Jacquelyn, and M. Joy Sidwell. "Gender Portrayals in Sports Illustrated for Kids Advertisements: A Content Analysis of Prominent and Supporting Models." Journal of Sport Management 12, no. 1 (January 1998): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.1.39.

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Gender portrayals in sport-related advertising generally reinforce institutionalized sexism and culturally defined sex-role behaviors. Gender-defining messages in advertising photographs may have an especially profound impact on children because children understand meanings in pictures before they understand meanings in text. The purpose of this study was to analyze gender portrayals contained in advertisements appearing inSports Illustrated for Kids (SIK)over a 6-year period. Advertisements were coded to determine (a) the total number of advertisements featuring females and males, (b) genders represented as prominent or supporting in advertising portrayals, and (c) gender portrayals in advertisement activities and product types. Content analysis revealed that girls and women were drastically underrepresented as models inSIKadvertising and that distinct gender roles were sustained by depicting males in nearly all types of activities and products. Conventional stereotypical relationships between sport and gender were represented in the majority ofSIKadvertisements.

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15

Bordag, Denisa, and Thomas Pechmann. "Grammatical gender in translation." Second Language Research 24, no. 2 (April 2008): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307086299.

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In three experiments native speakers of Czech translated bare nouns and gender-marked adjective + noun phrases into German, their second language (L2). In Experiments 1-3 we explored the so-called gender interference effect from first language (L1) as observed in previous picture naming studies (naming latencies were longer when the L1 noun and its L2 translation had different genders than when their genders were congruent). In Experiments 2 and 3 we investigated the influence of gender transparency in L2 (longer latencies when an L2 noun has a gender-atypical or gender-ambiguous termination than when its termination is gender-typical). Although both effects were observed in L2 picture naming, only the gender transparency effect could be demonstrated in L1 to L2 translation tasks. The resulting constraints on L2 gender processing during translation are discussed in the framework of bilingual speech production models.

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16

Melsom, Anne May, and Arne Mastekaasa. "Gender, occupational gender segregation and sickness absence." Acta Sociologica 61, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699317691583.

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Women have much higher sickness absence rates than men. One prominent hypothesis is that this is a result of gender segregation in the labour market and the differences in employment or working conditions that follow from this. Previous studies assessing this idea give mixed results, but they do not take into account the possibility of selection effects. Long-term health differences between individuals may, for instance, influence both what jobs people end up in and their levels of sickness absence. In this paper, we provide new evidence on employment and working conditions as a cause of gender differences in sickness absence. We use individual fixed-effect models to account for selection based on stable individual characteristics. Like several previous studies, we find a U-shaped relationship with high absence in both male- and female-dominated occupations. However, the fixed-effect models show that this relationship is primarily caused by overrepresentation of absence-prone individuals in female-dominated occupations. Accounting for selection, the association between the proportion of women in the occupation and sickness absence is negative. As far as sickness absence is concerned, the gender segregation in the labour market thus seems to work to the advantage of women.

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17

Duišin, Dragana, Jasmina Barišić, Srđan Milovanović, Marta Bižić, and Miroslav Đorđević. "Neurobiological basis of gender dysphoria - actual hypothetical models." Engrami 40, no. 2 (2018): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/engrami1802054d.

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18

Michel, Sonya. "Models for Modernity." Journal of Women's History 13, no. 3 (2001): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2001.0071.

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19

Editorial Submission, Haworth. "New Models." Women & Therapy 6, no. 1-2 (September 23, 1987): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v06n01_22.

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20

Hobson, Barbara. "The Individualised Worker, the Gender Participatory and the Gender Equity Models in Sweden." Social Policy and Society 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746403001519.

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Within the European Union (EU) policy framework, individualisation is cast in terms of self-sufficiency and independence, and coupled to the market activation of all individuals and groups. How will this model be translated into European societies with different histories, policy environments and political actors? I analyse how an individualised system of benefits emerged in Sweden and was anchored in the broader social policy model and discourse of participation parity. Using the Swedish example, I map out the differences between individualisation, participation parity and gender equity, each representing models with different policy goals and outcomes. In the final section of the article, I focus on retrenchment and restructuring in the Swedish welfare state and its impact on the gender participatory model.

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21

Czerniak, Richard. "Gender-Based Differences in Pharmacokinetics in Laboratory Animal Models." International Journal of Toxicology 20, no. 3 (May 2001): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158101317097746.

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The study of gender-based differences in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of compounds tested in animal models has received greater attention in recent years. As early as 1932, the pharmacological action of barbiturates was recognized as gender dependent—female rats required half the dose needed by male rats to induce sleep. Later, it was shown that gender differences in hepatic metabolism were responsible for this gender-related pharmacodynamic response. Today, it is well known that gender-dependent metabolism in rats often results from differences in expression of hepatic enzymes. The sex-specific cyctochrome P450s CYP2C11, CYP2C13, and CYP3A2 are expressed in males whereas CYP2C12 is expressed in females. Most of the known gender-related differences in toxicity of compounds in rats are due to gender-related hepatic metabolism differences. It is clear that compounds may undergo gender-dependent metabolism; it is also true that the fundamental PK parameters of clearance (CL) and volume (V) can demonstrate a gender dependence in a wide variety of animal species: rats, mice, rabbits, hamsters, dwarf goats, cattle, and rainbow trout. To appreciate how gender-related differences affect PK parameters, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of the factors that control the PK of compounds. Changes in these factors will be related to the primary PK parameters of CL and V. A review of the literature provides examples of gender-based differences in these factors and examples of the observed differences in the PK profile of the administered compound. Examples of gender-based differences in the PK of compounds leading to gender differences in the toxicity in nonclinical test species are also discussed.

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22

Starodubets, Galyna. "FEMININITY MODELS IN GENDER POLICY OF STALIN’S REGIME." Problems of humanities. History, no. 5/47 (March 27, 2021): 390–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.5/47.217800.

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Summary. The purpose of the study is to identify models of femininity in the gender policy of the Stalinist regime in relation to the rural part of Western Ukrainian women in the first postwar decade; to analyze the ways and methods of their construction by instruments of party propaganda. The work is based on socio-cultural and feminist methodology, which requires the study of society taking into account its multicomponent nature, including such an important stratification parameter as "gender". In addition, the methodological guidelines of the study are the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (comparative, chronological and historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in the historiography of the gender policy of the Stalinist regime in the western regions of Ukraine during the period of late Stalinism, the authors consider models of femininity constructed by Soviet propaganda in the context of forming the concept of "Soviet woman". Conclusions. The gender policy of the Stalinist regime towards the rural part of Western Ukrainian women in the first postwar decade was directed primarily to involve women to the process of Sovietization of the region. It was clearly mobilizing and ethocratic in nature. The narrative of an emancipated Soviet woman, equal to a man in the Soviet Union opposed to the "oppressed mercenary of Polish lords" of the "lordly Poland" period was imposed on society with the help of party propaganda. Using the traditional set of tools from the propaganda arsenal, the authorities methodically and purposefully worked on forming the image of the "Soviet woman". As a result, several basic models of femininity with their inherent inverse of gender roles – "woman-activist", "woman-collective farmer", "woman-leader" were constructed.

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23

Gumbiner, Jann. "Professors as Models and Mentors: Does Gender Matter?" Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.94.

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24

Kadri, Arsala, Kirti Sharma, and Narendrasinh Chauhan. "Age and Gender Detection using Deep Learning Models." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i4.671676.

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25

Kuzin, Yevgeny D. "STRUCTURAL MODELS OF GENDER TOLERANCE IN PARTNER RELATIONSHIP." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Psychology), no. 3 (2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-7235-2017-3-49-56.

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26

Chen, J. A., and W. Thorland. "GENDER SPECIFICITY IN MODELS OF ENDURANCE RUNNING PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00818.

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27

Cross, Susan E., and Laura Madson. "Models of the self: Self-construals and gender." Psychological Bulletin 122, no. 1 (1997): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5.

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28

Echevarria, Cristina, and Karine S. Moe. "On the Need for Gender in Dynamic Models." Feminist Economics 6, no. 2 (January 2000): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076115.

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29

Xu, Yang. "Gender influences on mental models of firm strategies." Gender in Management: An International Journal 26, no. 7 (October 4, 2011): 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17542411111175487.

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30

Olson, Josephine E. "Human Capital Models and the Gender Pay Gap." Sex Roles 68, no. 3-4 (September 15, 2012): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0208-5.

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31

Green, Carla A., Michael R. Polen, and Nancy A. Perrin. "Structural Models of Gender, Alcohol Consumption, and Health." Substance Use & Misuse 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ja-120016568.

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32

Curry, Bishop B. "Animal Models Used in Identifying Gender-Related Differences." International Journal of Toxicology 20, no. 3 (May 2001): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158101317097737.

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There is general agreement in the scientific community on the need to identify appropriate animal models that can be used to screen for gender-based differences. At the same time, there is a growing expectation for data from these models to mimic or be more predictive of the human experience. The species in this review will include nonhuman primates, rats, mice, rabbits, swine, hamsters, gerbils, quail, and fish. Although some of the models are unique, the gender-related differences, in most instances, may be correlated with man, due to the conservation of biological systems across species.

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33

Samuel, Douglas B., and Thomas A. Widiger. "Comparative gender biases in models of personality disorder." Personality and Mental Health 3, no. 1 (February 2009): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmh.61.

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34

Shotwell, Alexis, and Trevor Sangrey. "Resisting Definition: Gendering through Interaction and Relational Selfhood." Hypatia 24, no. 3 (December 2008): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01045.x.

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This paper argues that trans and genderqueer people affect the gender formation and identity of non-trans people. We explore three instances of this relationship between trans and non-trans genders: an allegiance to inadequate liberal-individualist models of selfhood; tropes through which trans people are made to stand as theoretical objects with which to think about gender broadly; and a narrow focus on gender and evasion of an intersectional understanding of gender formation.

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35

Filipović, Sanja. "GENDER OF CHILDREN AND PRESCHOOL PROGRAM MODELS AS FACTORS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S CREATIVITY." RESEARCH RESULT. PEDAGOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2313-8971-2018-4-2-0-6.

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36

Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, Raymond Loi, and Xiaoming Zheng. "Gender, gender identification and perceived gender discrimination." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 34, no. 8 (November 16, 2015): 650–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-05-2015-0038.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of gender and strength of gender identification on employees’ perception of gender discrimination. It also explores whether gender comparison and perceived gender bias against women act as mediators in the above relationships. It aims to advance the understanding of the processes leading to individual’s perception of gender discrimination in the Chinese workplace. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 362 workers via an employee survey in three large companies in China. The human resource staff helped us to distribute a self-administered questionnaire to the employees, and the authors assured them of confidentiality and protected their anonymity. To test the hypotheses, the authors employed structural equation modeling. The authors first conducted confirmatory factor analysis on the measurement model, and then the authors estimated three nested structural models to test the mediating hypotheses. Findings – The results reveal that gender and strength of gender identification are related to perceived gender discrimination. The authors further found that gender comparison and perceived gender bias against women partially mediated the relationship between gender and perceived gender discrimination, while gender comparison fully mediated the relationship between strength of gender identification and perceived gender discrimination. Practical implications – The study helps managers understand why and how their subordinates form perceptions of gender discrimination. Given the findings, they should be aware of the importance of gender identity, gender comparison, and gender bias in organizational practices in affecting such perceptions. Originality/value – This study is the first exploration of the complex relationships among gender, gender identification, gender comparison, perceived gender bias against women, and perceived gender discrimination. It shows the salient role of gender comparison and gender bias against women in shaping employees’ perceptions of gender discrimination, apart from the direct effects of gender and strength of gender identification.

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37

Santoro, Chiara, and Mª Carmen Monreal Gimeno. "LOS MODELOS DE GÉNERO EN EL ALUMNADO UNIVERSITARIO ESPAÑOL: UN ENFOQUE DESDE LA AUTOPERCEPCIÓN Y LAS RELACIONES DE GÉNERO." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 2, no. 1 (October 22, 2017): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v2.941.

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Abstract.GENDER MODELS IN THE SPANISH UNIVERSITY STUDENT: A FOCUS ON SELF-SERVICE AND GENDER RELATIONS.This paper presents the results concerning the resistance of normative gender models of masculinity and femininity in the self-perception and gender relations of Spanish students, as one of the specific objectives of the research “gender models among university students from an intercultural perspective”. This research, which is part of the IRSES Gendercit European project, has the general objective of study from an intercultural perspective current gender models in Argentinian, Italian and Spanish university students. This research is carried out from an approach that understands gender from a relational perspective and uses gender models as indicators of the resistance of a patriarchal culture that hinders the achievement of substantial equality between men and women that the law 3/2007, of 22 March, promotes in Spain. Furthermore, the questionnaire on gender models, used in this research, and the results related to self-perception and gender relations in the Spanish sample, composed of 198 undergraduate students, are presented. In the conclusions, we show how the differential resistance of gender models in men and women in self-perception, may be related to gender relations’ modalities and forms and to the causes of their main differences. The analysis of these elements allows us to deepen the understanding of the resistances and dynamics of the sex-gender system in an educational context, such as the university, so important for the construction of a more egalitarian society.Key words: gender equality, university students, self identity, gender relations.Resumen.En esta ponencia se presentan los resultados relativos a la resistencia de los modelos de género normativos de masculinidad y feminidad en la autopercepción y las relaciones de género de los/las estudiantes españoles/as, como uno de los objetivos específicos de la investigación “Los modelos de género entre el alumnado universitario desde una perspectiva intercultural”. Esta investigación, que es parte del proyecto europeo IRSES Gendercit, tiene como objetivo general el estudio desde una perspectiva intercultural de los actuales modelos de género en las y los estudiantes universitarios/as de Italia, España y Argentina. La misma se desarrolla a partir de un enfoque que entiende el género desde una perspectiva relacional y utiliza a los modelos de género como medidores de la resistencia de una cultura patriarcal que dificulta el conseguimiento de la igualdad sustancial entre hombres y mujeres, que en el contexto español promueve la ley 3/2007, de 22 de Marzo. A continuación, se presenta el cuestionario sobre modelos de género, utilizado en esta investigación, y los resultados relativos a la autopercepción y a la percepción de los demás en la muestra española, compuesta por 198 estudiantes de grado. En las conclusiones, se evidencia como la resistencia diferencial de los modelos de género en hombres y mujeres en la autopercepción de si, puede estar relacionadas con las modalidades y las formas que adquieren las relaciones de género entre los sexos y las causas de sus principales diferencias por sexo. El análisis de estos elementos nos permite así profundizar en la comprensión de las resistencias y de las dinámicas del sistema sexo-género en un contexto educativo, como el universitario, tan importante para la construcción de una sociedad igualitaria.Palabras clave: igualdad de género, estudiantes universitarios, identidad, relaciones de género

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38

Wolle, Cynthia C., Marcos Sanches, Monica L. Zilberman, Raul Caetano, Marcos Zaleski, Ronaldo R. Laranjeira, and Ilana Pinsky. "Differences in drinking patterns between men and women in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 33, no. 4 (December 2011): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462011000400010.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in alcohol consumption according to age groups, and to assess gender and age effects on several aspects of alcohol consumption patterns. METHOD: Based on a Brazilian nationwide representative sample (n = 3,007), we analysed the differences in drinking patterns between genders. We also assessed the effects of gender, age, and gender by age interaction for alcohol consumption dimensions (frequent drinking, usual intake, binge drinking, and frequent binge drinking), using logistic and negative binomial regression models. RESULTS: Gender, age, and gender by age interaction had significant effects on the predictive models for all studied drinking patterns, except for the 'usual' dosage. The effect of gender on drinking patterns varies with age. While gender has a greater effect in older age groups, the difference between men and women decreased in the younger age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Gender convergence regarding alcohol use is a trend that might be influenced by environmental factors and should be addressed in prevention and treatment programs, as well as in public health policies.

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39

Tomm, Winnie. "Beyond 'Family Models'." Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 6, no. 2 (October 17, 1994): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j086v06n02_01.

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40

Klymenko, I. V., and A. O. Kozelska. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PERCEPTION OF ADVERTISING WITH DIFFERENT GENDER-ROLE MODELS." Ukrainian Psychological Journal, no. 2(16) (2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/upj.2021.2(16).4.

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The article considers the problem of gender discrimination and popular gender stereotypes in the advertising, as well as studies the psychological features of the perception of advertising with different gender-role models: in particular, advertising with gender discrimination or with gender stereotypes, the gender-neutral advertising and advertising with signs of femvertising (which challenges such stereotypes). The authors analysed the mechanisms of gender stereotype alimentation in advertising, the main varieties of such stereotypes and types of the stereotyped advertising characters of both sexes, as well as the trends related to anti-sexism and gender stereotype breaking. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the criteria distinguishing the gender stereotypes or signs of gender discrimination in advertising. The authors present the results of their own study on the psychological features of the perception of advertising with different gender-role models. Advertising that contained gender stereotypes and signs of gender discrimination received the lowest ratings from the respondents compared to other advertisings. The only exception was the evaluation of such advertising with cognitive indicators. However, there was a certain heterogeneity in the perception of such advertising: the more natural a stereotype was for certain people, the more tolerant was their attitude towards such advertising. Gender-neutral advertising was evaluated the highest with all indicators. The only exception was the advertising demonstrating gender neutrality in topics which previously was distinguished clearly by gender: the older men rated such advertising very low. Advertising that challenged gender stereotypes was perceived rather positively, especially emotionally, however, its perception depended significantly on the respondents’ age and gender: young women rated ads with signs of femvertising positively with all indicators, older women assessed such advertising neutrally, but older men had the lowest rating for such ads.

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41

Lu, Chanyi, Yao-Yao Li, Hua-Zhen Lin, and Yun-Feng Zhang. "Taking Gender Difference Seriously in Mouse Models of Depression." Performances of Cold-Set Binders, Food Hydrocolloids, and Commercial Meat Binder on the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Tilapia Fish Balls 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.36876/ijas.1003.

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Thomas, Candice, and Eric Smart. "Gender as a Regulator of Atherosclerosis in Murine Models." Current Drug Targets 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945007782403874.

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Britzman, Deborah P. "Chapter III: Beyond Rolling Models: Gender and Multicultural Education." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 94, no. 5 (April 1993): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819309400503.

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Shortell, C. K., and C. Cook. "Importance of Gender-Specific Role Models in Vascular Surgery." Vascular 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2008.00024.

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Menéndez, Ma del Carmen Rodríguez, and José Vicente Peña Calvo. "Gender Identity and Schooling Context: A Review of Models." Reis, no. 112 (2005): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40184715.

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Gould, Elizabeth S. "Gender-Specific Occupational Role Models Implications for Music Educators." Update: Applications of Research in Music Education 11, no. 1 (November 1992): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512339201100103.

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Cohen, Hagit, and Rachel Yehuda. "Gender Differences in Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Disease Markers 30, no. 2-3 (2011): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/734372.

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Epidemiological studies report higher prevalence rates of stress-related disorders such as acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women than in men following exposure to trauma. It is still not clear whether this greater prevalence in woman reflects a greater vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. A number of individual and trauma-related characteristics have been hypothesized to contribute to these gender differences in physiological and psychological responses to trauma, differences in appraisal, interpretation or experience of threat, coping style or social support. In this context, the use of an animal model for PTSD to analyze some of these gender-related differences may be of particular utility. Animal models of PTSD offer the opportunity to distinguish between biological and socio-cultural factors, which so often enter the discussion about gender differences in PTSD prevalence.In this review, we present and discuss sex-differences in behavioral, neurochemical, neurobiological and pharmacological findings that we have collected from several different animal studies related to both basal conditions and stress responses. These models have used different paradigms and have elicited a range of behavioral and physiological manifestations associated with gender. The overall data presented demonstrate that male animals are significantly more vulnerable to acute and chronic stress, whereas females are far more resilient. The stark contradiction between these findings and contemporary epidemiological data regarding human subjects is worthy of further study. The examination of these gender-related differences can deepen our understanding of the risk or the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders.

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Volk, Cindy S., Sheila Slaughter, and Scott L. Thomas. "Models of Institutional Resource Allocation: Mission, Market, and Gender." Journal of Higher Education 72, no. 4 (July 2001): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2672889.

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McHugh, Susan. "Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society (review)." Configurations 11, no. 1 (2003): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/con.2004.0012.

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Feder, Emőke-Szidónia, and Renata-Dana Niţu-Antonie. "Connecting gender identity, entrepreneurial training, role models and intentions." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-08-2016-0028.

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Purpose This paper aims to establish the antecedents of the entrepreneurial intentions in the case of youth beneficiaries of entrepreneurial higher education studies and/or entrepreneurial role models, being grounded in the theoretical framework of rational action and planned behavior (TPB) reference model (Ajzen, 1991, 2002). Design/methodology/approach The quantitative study took place in the biggest academic center in the western part of Romania, by applying a questionnaire-based survey between 2008 and 2015 on 650 students, both female and male participants. The authors’ research endeavor to model different types of factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions, required the assessment of alternative configuration models via structural equation modeling, completed with several statistical tools, including descriptive statistics, scale reliability, factor and validity analysis, respectively, pairwise critical ratio differences. Findings At the level of investigated sample, composed of 650 students from the Timisoara academic center, the empirical results of the study highlighted that: entrepreneurial higher education training and behavioral characteristics are significant and direct predictors of entrepreneurial intentions; behavioral characteristics also mediates the influence of psychological characteristics and of parental or social environmental specific entrepreneurial role models on entrepreneurial intentions; gender identity is a moderator, differentiating the direct effects of entrepreneurial education and behavioral characteristics on entrepreneurial intentions. Research limitations/implications The proposed research model does not seek to explain the inclination of the surveyed students to act according to their entrepreneurial intention; also, the obtained empirical results cannot be generalized because of the restricted sample size. The theoretical utility of the research regards the predictability enhancement of the reference TPB model on identifying the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions in diverse national contexts and investigated populations. At practical level, the study sustains the importance of tertiary entrepreneurial education in stimulating youth’s entrepreneurial intentions, especially for women, along with the detection of motives of preferring an entrepreneurial career and sustaining it through personalized entrepreneurial education programs. Originality/value The papers originality is conferred by the following: large, comprehensive and relevant investigation sphere of the direct, mediator and moderator influencing factors of entrepreneurial intentions in the case of youth; respectively by research methodology applying four configuration models; and the empirical analysis performed via structural equation modeling and multi-group moderation. The value of the paper consists in its theoretical and empirical contribution on investigating and enhancing the role of entrepreneurial spirit stimulating academic education for specific contexts and investigated groups.

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