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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender markings'
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1
Ravid, Dorit. "Neutralization of gender distinctions in Modern Hebrew numerals." Language Variation and Change 7, no. 1 (March 1995): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000909.
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ABSTRACTGender distinctions constitute one of the central grammatical categories in Hebrew grammar and are closely related to number distinctions. Both are acquired early on, since they apply to almost every morphological category: three major classes of content words, as well as two classes of function words. Feminine words are marked by Suffixal -α and -t, while masculine words carry either a zero or -e suffix. A small class of what might be termed “numeral nounclassifiers” are supposed to agree in gender with their head nouns, but carry a mirror-image gender marking, resulting in rule opacity. The subjects, 40 children (20 fourth graders, 20 seventh graders) from a lower middle-class background, were tested on gender markings of numerals in two situations involving monitored and unmonitored situations. The results indicate the disappearance of gender agreement in Modern Hebrew numerals and a reanalysis of numeral suffixes by speakers.
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Ghodrat Abadi, Masoud, and David S. Hurwitz. "Operational Impacts of Protected-Permitted Right-Turn Phasing and Pavement Markings on Bicyclist Performance during Conflicts with Right-Turning Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 4 (April 2019): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837231.
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Conflict between bicycles and right-turning vehicles on the approach to signalized intersections is a critical safety concern. To understand the operational implications of protected-permitted right-turn signal indications in conjunction with pavement markings on bicyclist performance, a full-scale bicycling simulator experiment was performed. Velocity and lateral position of bicyclists were evaluated during conflicts between bicycles and right-turning vehicles. A mixed factorial design was considered. Two within-subject factors were analyzed: the signal indication for right-turning vehicles with five levels (circular red, circular green, solid red arrow, solid green arrow, and flashing yellow arrow), and the pavement markings in the conflict area with two levels (white lane markings with no supplemental pavement color and white lane markings with solid green pavement applied in the conflict area). Additionally, the influence of gender as a between-subject variable was considered. Forty-eight participants (24 female) completed the experiment. Signal indications and pavement markings had statistically significant effects on bicyclist velocity and lateral position, but these effects varied at different factor levels. Additionally, during the conflicts, male participants were found to have higher velocity than female participants. This difference was not influenced by engineering treatments. The results provide guidance to transportation professionals about how traffic control devices could be applied to conflict areas on the approach to signalized intersections.
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Deliali, Aikaterini, Nicholas Campbell, Michael Knodler, and Eleni Christofa. "Understanding the Safety Impact of Protected Intersection Design Elements: A Driving Simulation Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120909382.
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Protected intersections are used to facilitate safe crossings for non-motorized users. As a relatively new treatment in North America, it is essential to understand how their design elements, such as bicycle intersection-crossing pavement markings and corner refuge island size, enhance bicyclist safety. A driving simulation experiment was developed to test the effectiveness of different design elements of protected intersections on driver speeds. Participants were exposed to different protected intersection designs that varied with respect to the corner refuge island width and bicycle intersection-crossing pavement marking levels. Their speed at two parts of the right turn, that is, approach and curve speed, was analyzed. A combination of design elements, participant demographics, or bicyclist presence at the intersection affects driver behavior at a protected intersection. The results indicate that the presence of a bicyclist crossing a protected intersection significantly reduces speeds for drivers performing a right turn. Corner refuge islands with larger width were found to reduce speed at the curve as they were accompanied by larger curb extensions which essentially reduce the space for the automobiles. Bicycle intersection-crossing pavement markings influenced only approach speeds prior to the actual turn since that is the location where they were the most visible. Age, gender, and bicycling frequency were observed to affect turning speeds, indicating that design elements alone cannot determine the safety effectiveness of a protected intersection. The findings of this study can guide the implementation of protected intersections.
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Schabert, Ina. "Translation Trouble: Gender Indeterminacy in English Novels and their French Versions." Translation and Literature 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0968136109000776.
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In English literature, characters of indeterminate sex created by novelists range from the ambi-gendered narrators in Victorian novels to the protagonists of Virginia Woolf's Orlando, Brigid Brophy's In Transit, Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve, and Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body. A unique experiment in French is Anne Garréta's Sphinx. Translating such texts from one language into the other is a challenge; different strategies of ‘degendering’ have to be used in Germanic and Romance languages respectively. This essay discusses examples of translations which successfully preserve gender indeterminacy, but also translations which ignore authorial intentions and reintroduce gender markings. Typical strategies are observed as well as imaginative solutions for special situations.
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GERKEN, LOUANN, RACHEL WILSON, and WILLIAM LEWIS. "Infants can use distributional cues to form syntactic categories." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006786.
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Nearly all theories of language development emphasize the importance of distributional cues for segregating words and phrases into syntactic categories like noun, feminine or verb phrase. However, questions concerning whether such cues can be used to the exclusion of referential cues have been debated. Using the headturn preference procedure, American children aged 1;5 were briefly familiarized with a partial Russian gender paradigm, with a subset of the paradigm members withheld. During test, infants listened on alternate trials to previously withheld grammatical items and ungrammatical items with incorrect gender markings on previously heard stems. Across three experiments, infants discriminated new grammatical from ungrammatical items, but like adults in previous studies, were only able to do so when a subset of familiarization items was double marked for gender category. The results suggest that learners can use distributional cues to category structure, to the exclusion of referential cues, from relatively early in the language learning process.
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Slanicka, Simona. "Male Markings: Uniforms in the Parisian Civil War as a Blurring of the Gender Order (A.D. 1410-1420)." Medieval History Journal 2, no. 2 (October 1999): 209–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194589900200202.
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Abrahamsson, Lena. "Gender and the modern organization, ten years after." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v4i4.4710.
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This empirical article presents a gender analysis of long-term impacts of some of the many organizational change projects in Swedish industrial work organizations during the 1990s. Based on the results of return visits to three industrial companies and their change projects (implementation of Lean Production or other modern organizational models) that I studied more than a decade earlier, I discuss how the work organizations eventually had changed and specifically how and whether organizational internal gender patterns had changed. The initial study showed genderbased restoring responses to strategic organizational changes, especially in the gender-segregated and gender-homogeneous work organizations. These responses conserved gender patterns as well as the organizations’ culture in general, resulting in less productive work as well as a problematic work environment. The follow-up study showed that the organizations slowly changed according to the modern organizational models (e.g., Lean Production), but at the same time, in some cases, keeping the same gender segregation and stereotypical gender markings of skills and work tasks or with new variants of unequal gender order. In addition, the follow-up study showed other and more positive results with emerging pattern of gender equality, at least in the form of reduced gender segregation and less stereotypical ideas concerning gender. The material indicates that the studied companies, in some aspects, developed into less gendered production organizations while taking some steps toward a modern organization and this was done without gender equality interventions. Therefore, the material indicated that, at least in part, gender equality could be seen as a prerequisite or perhaps even a side effect of modern organizational concepts. This article contributes to the emerging literature on an organizational theory of undoing gender as well as to the research of conditions and consequences of the modern organizational models.
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Polushkin, P. M., Е. V. Alsibay, E. V. Nerovna, and V. A. Shevchenko. "Сучасний стан і перспективи дослідження дерматогліфіки у практиці медико-психологічного обстеження студентів і молоді." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 3, no. 1 (February 10, 2012): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021213.
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The modern state and prospects of the medico-psychological examination of students and young people are analysed by a dermatoglyphics that allows drawing up the psychological portrait of a person. On the basis of typology of digital dermatoglyphics the development of the criteria system for prognostic estimation of physical capabilities of a human being is possible. According to the ratio of norm and pathology areas of the skin markings the hereditary diseases for future posterity, developmental abnormalities, different gene mutations, congenital development defects (limbs development defects as the special case), gender anomalies (sex determination), possible lethal cases, chromosome diseases and other cases can be forecasted with 99 % confidence.
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Lewicki, Paweł. "European Bodies?" Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 25, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2016.250206.
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Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork between 2007 and 2011 in Brussels, this article shows how visual markers, class distinctions and classification of gender performances come together to create a ‘Euroclass’ among European civil servants. These markings, distinctions and classifications are denoted on bodily hexis and body performance and evoke stereotypes and essentialised representations of national cultures. However, after the enlargements of the EU in 2004 and 2007 they also reveal a postcolonial and imperial dynamic that perpetuates the division into ‘old’ and ‘new’ Europe and enables people from old member states to emerge as a different class that holds its cultural power firm in a dense political environment permeated by networks.
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Mendes-de-Almeida, Flavya, Maria Carolina Ferreira Faria, Aline Serricella Branco, Maria Lucia Serrão, Aline Moreira Souza, Nádia Almosny, Márcia Charme, and Norma Labarthe. "Sanitary conditions of a colony of urban feral cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in a zoological garden of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 5 (October 2004): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000500007.
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The colony of urban stray cats living in the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden was studied in order to develop a population and health control program. As many cats as possible were captured during two months (47 animals) and were classified according to gender, age, weight and coat markings. They were submitted to a general health evaluation, examined for the presence of ectoparasites and sent to a surgical neutering program. All animals had a blood sample drawn for CBC, platelet count, heartworm and retroviruses detection. Capillary blood smears were made for hemoparasites detection. Coat marking and colors were tabby (59.7%), followed by solid black (17%); torbie (10.6%); bicolor (10.6%) and harlequin (2.1%). The only ectoparasites found were fleas, which infested 28% of the animals. The hemoparasites found were Haemobartonella felis (38%) and piroplasmas that could not be differentiated between Cytauxzoon spp. and Babesia spp. (47%). No cat was found infected by Dirofilaria immitis or FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus), although FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) antibodies could be detected (21%). There was no correlation between hemoparasites and FIV infections. The estimated total cat population (mark-recapture method) was 59; 68% female and 32% male, suggesting that a neutering program is in fact needed.
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Chen, Jeffrey, Johnny Shih, Andrew Tran, Aaron Mullane, Christina Thomas, Nail Aydin, and Subhasis Misra. "Gender-Based Differences and Barriers in Skin Protection Behaviors in Melanoma Survivors." Journal of Skin Cancer 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3874572.
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Purpose. Skin protection behaviors and environmental exposure play a crucial role in the development and subsequent management of melanoma. This study investigates gender-based differences in skin protection behaviors after melanoma treatment.Methods. Patients diagnosed and surgically treated for cutaneous melanomas over the last six years in a geographically high risk area were surveyed over telephone using a standardized script.Results. Of 150 survey results obtained, there were 82 males and 68 females. Overall, 87% of participants reported skin self-examination for abnormal markings more often and 94% reported wearing skin protective clothing more often, with females being more than males. Females limited outdoor activity more often than males, 79% to 54%,p<0.05. When outside, females sought shade more often than males, 75% to 56%,p<0.05. However, males wore a wide brim hat more often than females, 52% to 28%,p<0.05. Interestingly, 60% of participants reported wearing SPF 30 sunscreen less often,p<0.05.Conclusion. Larger percentage of females adopted behavioral changes to prevent future melanoma. Those living in high risk areas and with outdoor occupations need particular attention to skin care. Population based screening should be adopted to deal with this rising public health crisis.
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Vodičková, Barbora, Vladimír Večerek, and Eva Voslářová. "The effect of adopter’s gender on shelter dog selection preferences." Acta Veterinaria Brno 88, no. 1 (2019): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201988010093.
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A retrospective analysis of dog adoption records was performed with the aim to determine the differences in preferences of male and female adopters in the Czech Republic. From January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2016, 955 dogs were adopted out of a selected shelter. Significantly (P = 0.03) more dogs were adopted by women than by men (52.6% vs 47.4%, respectively). No preference (P = 0.06) for adopting a dog of the same or opposite sex as the adopter’s was found. Women adopted more (P = 0.02) small dogs and men more (P = 0.004) large dogs, while the adoption rate of medium dogs did not differ (P = 0.16) between men and women. Significantly more (P = 0.05) older dogs were adopted by women than by men. With the exception of brown dogs (adopted more often by women) and black dogs with dark markings (adopted more often by men), dogs with different coat colors were adopted equally by men and women. No difference was found between the ratio of crossbred and purebred dogs adopted by men and women. This study fills gaps in scientific knowledge on adopters’ preferences. Women are more willing to adopt dogs including those that may require special care (older dogs). However, women are less likely to adopt large dogs. The lower number of male adopters may be the reason why large dogs are often reported to be difficult to rehome. To remedy this, shelter operators should explore ways how to address men if they have large dogs available for adoption.
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Sharpe, Kevin, and Leslie Van Gelder. "The Study of Finger Flutings." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16, no. 3 (September 20, 2006): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774306000175.
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Archaeologists have usually glossed over parietal finger flutings, especially non-figurative and non-symbolic lines. This article develops a nomenclature and defines four forms to provide a descriptive structure from which to build analyses. It then develops methods for such investigations, using experiments and studies of physiology to derive information about the fluters from the flutings. The methods are applied to each of the four forms of fluting, showing which approaches may be most useful for each form. Broader questions and applications are touched on, including approaches to meaning, figures, and other families of parietal markings such as hand stencils. This approach to flutings augments other approaches to prehistoric ‘art’ by seeking to know about the artists themselves, their gender, age, size, handedness, and the number of individuals involved in creating a panel.
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Zanini, Chiara, Rosa Rugani, Dunia Giomo, Francesca Peressotti, and Francesca Franzon. "Effects of animacy on the processing of morphological Number: a cognitive inheritance?" Word Structure 13, no. 1 (March 2020): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0158.
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Language encodes into morphology part of the information present in the referential world. Some features are marked in the great majority of languages, such as the numerosity of the referents that is encoded in morphological Number. Other features do not surface as frequently in morphological markings, yet they are pervasive in natural languages. This is the case of animacy, that can ground Gender systems as well as constrain the surfacing of Number. The diffusion of numerosity and animacy could mirror their biological salience at the extra-linguistic cognitive level. Human extra-linguistic numerical abilities are phylogenetically ancient and are observed in non-human animal species, especially when counting salient animate entities such as social companions. Does the saliency of animacy influence the morphological encoding of Number in language processing? We designed an experiment to test the encoding of morphological Number in language processing in relation to animacy. In Italian, Gender and Number are mandatorily expressed in a fusional morpheme. In some nouns denoting animate referents, Gender encodes the sex of referents and is semantically interpretable. In some other animate nouns and in inanimate nouns, Gender is uninterpretable at the semantic level. We found that it is easier to inflect for Number nouns when the inflectional morpheme is interpretable with respect to a semantic feature related to animacy. We discuss the possibility that the primacy of animacy in counting is mirrored in morphological processing and that morphology is designed to easily express information that is salient from a cognitive point of view.
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Ignatova, E. M. "GENDER-BASED WORD DERIVATION: FEMININE VARIATIONS OF OCCUPATION TITLES AS SEEN BY MGIMO STUDENTS (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)." Philology at MGIMO 20, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-4-20-40-49.
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The article represents the results of an experimental study conducted in the autumn of 2018 in Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), which embraced 107 undergraduate and master degree students, studying German as the main foreign language. The study was aimed to bring out conservative and inventive trends in forming feminine gender markings (“feminatives”). An additional aim was to prove the anticipation that the morphological norms of the studied language (German) and foreign language cultural norms can transfer themselves onto the language of a student who is a Russian native speaker. For the study the method of a two-stage survey was chosen, the results of which were further processed utilizing IBM SPSS statistical software package. In the first stage the surveyed students were asked to build a feminine form for 60 denominations of professions or occupations given in a masculine form; in the second stage the surveyed were offered the list of variants to appraise through the prism of the language norm. The results obtained show that the forms belonging to the grammatical norm of the Russian language were statistically dominant. The anticipation that the norms of a studied language (German) can interfere with the speech culture of Russian native speakers was proven only partially. Occasional creative forms found in the survey replies reflect the balance existing between conservative and inventive linguistic trends.
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Ray, Panchali. "Nursing in Kolkata: Everyday Politics of Labour, Power and Subjectivities." South Asia Research 40, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019894117.
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Research on ‘care work’ tends to focus on relations between gender and ‘care’ at the cost of obfuscating caste and class markings that devalue such labour. This article argues that the service work of the contemporary nursing profession, as observed in Kolkata, continues to be devalued, not because it is care work but because it is linked to low-caste/out-caste women who have historically provided nursing care. To counter such stigma, nursing has witnessed a splintering along the lines of ‘prestigious’ and ‘dirty’ work. This cleavage, based on historically and socially produced structural inequalities, is supported both by organisational strategies and a privileged section of workers, who deploy ‘merit’ or cultural capital to close ranks against others. The article examines how women located at the bottom of this hierarchy resist such strategies. What does ritual, banal everyday resistance imply for processes and practices that reproduce organisational inequalities?
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Mierzwinski, Mark, Philippa Velija, and Dominic Malcolm. "Women’s Experiences in the Mixed Martial Arts: A Quest for Excitement?" Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2014): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0125.
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Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), like the majority of relatively violent sports, has mainly been organized around the capabilities of the male body. However various indices suggest that women’s engagement with MMA is growing. The purpose of this paper is to offer an analysis of women’s involvement in MMA using a figurational sociological approach. In doing so, we draw on interview data with “elite” female mixed martial artists to explore the extent to which females within MMA experience a specifically gendered “quest for excitement.” The paper further illustrates how the notion of “civilized bodies” can be used to interpret the distinctly gendered experiences of shame in relation to fighting in combat sports, the physical markings incurred as a consequence, and perceptions of sexual intimacy in the close physical contact of bodies. In so doing this paper provides the first figurationally-informed study of female sport involvement to focus explicitly on the role of violence in mediating social relations, while refining aspects of the figurational sociological approach to provide a more adequate framework for the analysis of gender relations.
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Yang, Jingsi, Xuedong Yan, Qingwan Xue, Xiaomeng Li, Ke Duan, Junyu Hang, and Wanjun Li. "Exploring the Effects of Signs’ Design and In-Vehicle Audio Warning on Driver Behavior at Flashing-Light-Controlled Grade Crossings: A Driving Simulator-Based Study." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (December 31, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2497459.
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The complex environment at grade crossings and the severe collision consequences give rise to the concern of safety condition at crossings among traffic control authorities. Optimizing conventional devices and applying emerging technologies are worthwhile measures to improve the safety conditions at grade crossings. In this study, a flashing-light running (FLR) warning system was proposed to reduce crossing violation and improve performances of drivers at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings (FLCGCs). Forty-four fully licensed drivers aged between 30 and 48 years participated in a driving simulator study to investigate the efficacy of two countermeasures of the system: proposed design of signs and pavement markings (PSM) for grade crossing, and two-stage in-vehicle audio warning (IVAW) technology. A range of flashing light trigger timing and two foggy conditions were designed in this experiment to test the system applicability. Drivers’ gender and vocation were considered as well to examine drivers’ adaptation to the new proposed system. Five variables were collected and analyzed in this study to investigate the effectiveness of the system, i.e., drivers’ compliance, approaching mean speed, brake reaction time, deceleration, and red-to-crossing time. Results showed that drivers’ driving performances were improved in both PSM only condition and PSM + W condition. The FLR warning system could eliminate the negative effects of foggy weather and reduce gender differences in driver behaviors to some extent. These findings suggested that the FLR warning system has a potential to reduce the probability of grade crossing collisions.
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Mehta, Brinda J. "Contesting Militarized Violence in “Northeast India”." Meridians 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8913107.
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Abstract The northeastern states of India have been positioned as India’s postcolonial other in mainstream politics with the aim to create xenophobic binaries between insider and outsider groups. Comprising the eight “sister” states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, this region represents India’s amorphous shadowlands in arbitrary political markings between the mainland and the off-centered northeastern periphery. These satellite states have been subjected to the neocolonial governance of the Indian government and its implementation of political terror through abusive laws, militarized violence, protracted wars against civilians and insurgents alike, and gender abuse. Women poets from the region, such as Monalisa Changkija, Temsüla Ao, Mamang Dai, and others, have played a leading role in exposing and denouncing this violence. This essay examines the importance of women’s poetry as a gendered documentation of conflict, a peace narrative, a poet’s reading of history, and a site of memory. Can poetry express the particularized “sorrow of women” (Mamang Dai) without sentimentality and concession? How do these poetic contestations of conflict represent complex interrogations of identity, eco-devastation, and militarization to invalidate an elitist “poetry for poetry’s sake” ethic?
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Shoham, Amir, and Sang Mook Lee. "The Causal Impact of Grammatical Gender Marking on Gender Wage Inequality and Country Income Inequality." Business & Society 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 1216–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317696231.
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In this study, we investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of language gender marking on gender wage inequality and country income inequality. We find that nations with a higher level of gender marking in their dominant language have a higher wage gap between genders. Using an instrumental variable approach, we also find that gender marking has an indirect impact on country income inequality via gender wage inequality. Furthermore, we find evidence that the income inequality of a society as a whole (Palma ratio and Gini index, interchangeably) is affected by gender wage inequality. Finally, we document that linguistic gender marking outperforms survey-based cultural gender dimensions as a predictor of both gender wage inequality and country income inequality.
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Bradshaw, Elizabeth J., and W. A. Sparrow. "The Effects of Target Length on the Visual Control of Step Length for Hard and Soft Impacts." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 18, no. 1 (February 2002): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.18.1.57.
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Adjustments to gait were examined when positioning the foot within a narrow target at the end of an approach for two impact conditions, hard and soft. Participants (6 M, 6 F) ran toward a target of three lengths along a 10-m walkway consisting of two marker strips with alternating black and white 0.5-m markings. Five trials were conducted for each target length and impact task, with trials block randomized between the 6 participants of each gender. A 50Hz digital video camera panned and filmed each trial from an elevated position adjacent to the walkway. Video footage was digitized to deduce the gait characteristics. A linear speed/accuracy tradeoff between target length and approach time was found for both impact tasks (hard, r = 0.99, p < 0.01; soft, r = 0.96, p < 0.05). For the hard-impact task, visual control time increased linearly (r = 0.99, p < 0.05) when whole-body approach velocity decreased. Visual control time was unaffected by whole-body approach velocity in the soft-impact task. A constant tau-margin of 1.08 describes the onset of visual control when approaching a target while running, with the control of braking during visual control described by a tau-dot of –0.85. Further research is needed to examine the control of braking in different targeting tasks.
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Xiang, Wang, Xuemei Liu, Qunjie Peng, Qingwan Xue, Wei Hao, and Ji Yu. "Cognitive bias analysis of young novice drivers’ observation abilities—A questionnaire-based study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): e0251195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251195.
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Observation ability, which is the basis of following decision-making and vehicle manipulation behaviour, is of great importance while driving. However, the subject self-cognition and objective assessment of driving ability are usually different, especially for the young novice drivers. In this paper, drivers’ observation abilities for both static traffic signs and markings and dynamic surrounding vehicles were investigated based on questionnaire data. Effects of gender and driving characteristics (driving year, driving frequency, driving time) on drivers’ observation abilities were verified by ANOVA analysis and structural equation model (SEM) from two aspects: drivers’ self-assessment scores (self-assessment) and mutual assessment scores (evaluated by others). Significant difference could be found between all the factors and drivers’ self-assessment scores, while only driving year had a significant effect on drivers’ mutual assessment scores. Besides, cognitive bias was found between all the driving year groups. It seemed that drivers with driving experience less than one year were always overconfident with their driving abilities. And drivers with driving experience more than three years usually gave the most conservative assessment scores for themselves and others. With more exposures to various traffic conditions, experienced drivers are more aware of their limitations on observing surrounding information, while young novice drivers still not realized their limitations on observing traffic signs and other vehicles in a right way.
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Banerjee, Kausik, Yadvendradev V. Jhala, and Bharat Pathak. "Demographic structure and abundance of Asiatic lions Panthera leo persica in Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, India." Oryx 44, no. 2 (January 21, 2010): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605309990949.
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AbstractAsiatic lions Panthera leo persica, once confined to the 1,883 km2 Gir Protected Area in Gujarat, India, have in the past 2 decades colonized the adjacent Girnar forest, coastal scrub and agro-pastoral areas covering c. 10,000 km2. In May 2008 the Government of Gujarat declared 180 km2 of the sacred Girnar forests a Wildlife Sanctuary. We obtained data on location, age, gender and group composition of lions in Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary from opportunistic sightings during March–May 2008 and from systematic surveys in April 2008 (six surveys of 3–4 days each), totalling 81 lions on 40 occasions. Of the 81 sightings 43% were in the recruitment age group. Adult sex ratio was 0.87 males : 1 female. In the systematic survey we made 26 sightings of nine individuals, identified from their vibrissae patterns and permanent body markings, and used these for population estimation using a capture–recapture analysis. The population estimate using the best fit null model Mo was 10 ± SE 1.2 giving an adult lion density of 5.6 ± SE 0.7 per 100 km2. Population viability analysis emphasized the importance of immigrants for the persistence of this small population. One immigrant in 2 years reduced the probability of extinction by 16%. Conservation of the habitat matrix to the south-east of the Sanctuary, used as a corridor for movement between Girnar and Gir, by declaring it an eco-sensitive zone would facilitate the long-term survival of the Girnar lion population.
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Gangavelli, Ranganath, Anupama Prabhu, Priyadarshini Sundaresan, and Quratul Ain Sameera. "Reliability of a novel method for measuring maximal voluntary mouth opening in patients with oral carcinoma." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 26, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2017.0069.
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Background/Aims Mouth opening is a routine and vital activity of daily life that facilitates ingestion and speech. It is often found to be limited in patients with oral carcinoma. Measuring mouth opening is essential to detect the therapeutic effect of an intervention aiming to improve it. During measurement, the procedure needs to be reliable, simple, inexpensive and safe. This study aimed to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a novel method of measuring maximal voluntary mouth opening in patients with oral carcinoma. Methods Patients aged between 40 and 60 years of either gender with a diagnosis of oral carcinoma and presenting with difficulty in mouth opening were recruited. The distance between incisors was marked on standard sized paper slips as the participants performed maximal voluntary mouth opening. Distance between the markings was measured with a ruler in millimeters. The measurement procedures were carried out by two independent investigators. Results A total of 15 patients (12 male and 3 female) with a mean age of 52.53 ± 8.28 years participated in the study. Mean maximal voluntary mouth opening measure was <35 mm, indicating restricted mouth opening in these patients. Intrarater reliability of 0.95 (0.87–0.98) and interrater reliability of 0.96 (0.89–0.98) were found for the measurements. Conclusions The reliability of maximal voluntary mouth opening measurement using this novel technique was found to be excellent. This technique can be used in the routine clinical evaluation of patients with oral carcinoma.
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Yorkston, Eric, and Gustavo E. De Mello. "Linguistic Gender Marking and Categorization." Journal of Consumer Research 32, no. 2 (September 2005): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432232.
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Lionnet, Florian. "The gender system of Laal." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1031.
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Abstract This paper describes the gender system of Laal, a language isolate of Chad. Laal has a strictly semantic, partly sex-based gender system making use of three semantic features: [±human], [masculine/feminine], and [±abstract], defining four genders: human masculine, human feminine, neuter, and abstract. Gender is covert on nouns; it is marked only on agreeing pronouns and functional words. The morphological marking and structure of the gender system is different in pronouns and functional words. Seven agreement classes are defined by various conflations of gender and number categories in both pronominal forms and functional words.
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Bösiger, Melanie. "Der onymische Artikel im Schweizerdeutschen in seiner Funktion als Genusmarker." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7693.
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In Swiss German dialects first names are commonly used with a preceding article. Historically, the function of these so-called onymic articles was to show the name’s case. They first arose when inflection of first names had been omitted and case was thus no longer expressed in suffixes. The data gathered in 2016 in an online survey for the research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund” indicate that today the function of reflecting the case is hardly relevant. However, it is important to the speakers to emphasize the nameʼs grammatical gender. The three grammatical genders in (Swiss) German are feminine, masculine, and neuter. Typically, the ononymic articles’ grammatical gender corresponds to their referents’ biological gender, i. e. feminine articles for women’s names, masculine articles for men’s names. But sometimes neuter articles are used with female or, less often, with male names. Therefore, the same first name can have different grammatical genders that are indicated with an onymic article, e. g. d Anna (f.) or s Anna (n.). The choice of the article depends on the speaker, the situation, the referent, and other factors. Based on these observations, it is argued that marking grammatical gender is the onymic article’s main function and marking case is secondary.
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Scott, Alan K. "Feminine gender marking using female-marking suffixes in Standard Dutch." Taal en tongval 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tet2009.1.scot.
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Elstermann, Julius-Maximilian, Ines Fiedler, and Tom Güldemann. "The gender system of Longuda." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1035.
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Abstract This article describes the gender system of Longuda. Longuda class marking is alliterative and does not distinguish between nominal form and agreement marking. While it thus appears to be a prototypical example of a traditional Niger-Congo “noun-class” system, this identity of gender encoding makes it look morpho-syntactic rather than lexical. This points to a formerly independent status of the exponents of nominal classification, which is similar to a classifier system and thus less canonical. Both types of class marking hosts involve two formally and functionally differing allomorphs, which inform the historical reconstruction of Longuda noun classification in various ways.
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Edmonds, Amanda, and Aarnes Gudmestad. "Gender marking in written L2 French." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.16018.edm.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to examine how a group of 20 learners of second-language French express gender marking in three written tasks administered over the course of 21 months, including an academic year abroad. All full nouns modified by either a determiner or an adjective overtly marked for gender were analyzed (n = 1,601), and each token was coded for a set of extralinguistic and linguistic features identified in previous literature as playing a role in gender marking. The analysis reveals that targetlike rates of use increased between pre-stay testing and in-stay testing, and that levels were maintained at post-stay. In addition, three factors – time, noun gender, and syllable distance – were found to significantly characterize behavior with respect to gender marking.
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Foote, Rebecca. "The production of gender agreement in native and L2 Spanish: The role of morphophonological form." Second Language Research 31, no. 3 (January 2, 2015): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658314565691.
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In native speakers of gender-marking languages, mechanisms of gender production appear to be affected by the morphophonological cues to gender present in the noun phrase. This influence is manifested in higher levels of production accuracy when more transparent cues to gender are present in comparison to when they are not. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of morphophonological cues to gender in the production of gender agreement in native speakers and second language learners of Spanish in light of the Marking and Morphing account of agreement (Eberhard et al., 2005). Participants repeated and completed complex subject noun phrases with head nouns that varied in gender and gender-marking transparency. Analyses of accuracy rates along with Marking and Morphing model simulations of the results indicated that, contrary to previous findings, native speakers were not affected by gender-marking transparency. However, based on model simulations, second language (L2) learners were affected by the morphophonological form of the head noun.
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Kühl, Karoline, and Jan Heegård Petersen. "Argentine Danish Grammatical Gender: Stability with Strongly Patterned Variation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542720000069.
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This paper investigates the expression of grammatical gender in Heritage Argentine Danish. We examine a subset of the Corpus of South American Danish of approximately 20,500 tokens of gender marking produced by 90 speakers. The results show that Argentine Danish gender marking in general complies with the Standard Denmark Danish rules. However, there is also systematic variation: While there is hardly any difference compared to Standard Denmark Danish with respect to the definite suffix, gender marking on prenominal determiners differs from that in Standard Danish. More specifically, the less frequent neuter gender is more vulnerable, and common gender tends to be overgeneralized. Further, complex NPs with attributive adjectives show more variation in gender marking on prenominal determiners than simple NPs. As to sociolinguistic variation, the analysis shows that tokens produced by older speakers and speakers from settlements with a higher degree of language maintenance are consistent to a higher degree with Standard Danish gender marking. The paper compares these results with the results of studies of gender marking variation in other Germanic heritage languages. We conclude that the overall stability of grammatical gender in the Germanic heritage languages is a general pattern that only partly relates to social or societal factors.*
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Spinner, Patti, Rebecca Foote, and Rose Acen Upor. "Gender and number processing in second language Swahili." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8, no. 4 (April 26, 2017): 446–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.16042.spi.
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Abstract For native speakers, congruent gender marking on determiners and adjectives facilitates recognition of subsequent nouns, while incongruent marking inhibits recognition (e.g., Bates et al., 1996). However, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether second language learners demonstrate this effect. We investigated this issue in Swahili. Native speakers and English-speaking L2 learners of Swahili in their 3rd-5th semester completed two word repetition tasks, one examining gender and one number. Participants heard verb-noun phrases in Swahili with verbal marking that was congruent, incongruent or neutral with respect to gender or number. The time to repeat each noun was recorded. Both language groups appeared sensitive to number marking; however, only native speakers appeared sensitive to gender marking. The findings suggest the lack of a feature in the L1 may impede online processing in the L2, while the presence of a feature may mean that native-like processing is possible, even at early levels of proficiency.
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HOHLFELD, ANNETTE. "Accessing grammatical gender in German: The impact of gender-marking regularities." Applied Psycholinguistics 27, no. 2 (March 6, 2006): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716406060218.
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The present study investigated whether German speakers compute grammatical gender on the basis of gender-marking regularities. To this purpose two experiments were run. In Experiment 1, participants had to assign the definite article to German nouns in an online task; in the second experiment, participants were confronted with German nouns as well as nonwords in an untimed gender assignment task. In the online experiment, which required the repetition of a visually presented noun with its corresponding definite article as fast as possible, reaction times show that the assignment of the definite determiner to a noun is not facilitated by gender-marking regularities. In an offline gender assignment task, however, participants profited from gender cues during gender assignment to nonwords.
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Doreleijers, Kristel, Marjo van Koppen, and Jos Swanenberg. "De dynamiek van geslachtsmarkering in de Noord-Brabantse dialecten." Taal en Tongval 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 69–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tet2020.1.dore.
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Abstract The present paper discusses gender marking, i.e. the morphological marking of masculine, feminine and neuter lexical gender in the adnominal domain, in Brabantish dialects spoken in the southern Dutch province North-Brabant. Gender markers belong to the most salient features of North-Brabantish, but with a process of dialect levelling well on its way for at least fifty years, knowledge of lexical gender is fading away. This study delves into these variation patterns. The results of a quantitative analysis of written questionnaires (mainly filled out by elderly dialect speakers, N=700) triggered us to conduct a small in-depth study of speech data from adolescents in the Eindhoven region (N=15). Based on these data, we argue that there is a high level of heterogeneity when it comes to adnominal gender marking. In this paper, we aim at describing and categorizing the various types of variation. The data includes omissions of the traditional Brabantish masculine gender marking, indicating that speakers are converging towards Standard Dutch. However, the data also reveals that in 30% of all utterances speakers apply gender marking in multiple ways. We find three types of variation: 1) masculine gender marking is only partly applied in comparison to the traditional rules of dialect grammar (compromise-constructions), 2) masculine gender markers appear in noun groups where they should not appear according to the dialect grammar (e.g. feminine, neuter, plural), so-called hyperdialectisms, and 3) speakers use innovative gender marking constructions: accumulate forms with two masculine suffixes, so-called hypermarkings. Based on previous research, we argue that typical dialect features, such as gender markers, are part of a regional speech style and play an important role in identity formation. As shibboleths of such a speech style, gender markers are over-generalized by speakers who want to profile themselves as ‘genuinely’ Brabantish. Also, individual patterns of gender marking indicate that salience in non-canonical sentence structures (e.g. focus) might be an important factor when it comes to emphasizing a deviation from the standard language, in line with (regional) identity construction through the use of shibboleths. Future research is necessary to validate these initial findings.
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Yarovikova, Y. V. "On Gender Marking in the English Language." Язык и текст 7, no. 3 (2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070308.
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The paper is concerned with a diachronic study of gender marking in the English language. The study aims to trace the evolution of markers differentiating the grammatical category of gender. It is revealed that the decay of gender in the English language resulted from that of case inflections which used to be the distinct gender markers of Old English noun and adjective paradigms. The paper also examines linguistic and extralinguistic causes of the development of third-person pronouns which are referred to as the main gender markers in Modern English. Gender aspect of pronominal reference is viewed form a sociocultural perspective associated with attempts to eliminate sexism in language. In this regard, it is shown to what extent this tendency has influenced the meaning, forms and functioning of English pronouns.
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Rigalleau, François, and David Caplan. "Effects of Gender Marking in Pronominal Coindexation." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 53, no. 1 (February 2000): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755884.
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The naming latency of a pronoun was measured when a single previously presented name in a discourse either agreed or did not agree with the pronoun in gender and person. An effect of agreement was found both under conditions in which subjects were likely to have engaged in strategic processing of the pronoun (Experiment 1) and under conditions in which this was unlikely (Experiment 3). The effect of gender agreement was also investigated when two noun phrases were present in the discourse. The results continued to show an immediate effect of gender agreement (naming latencies increased when a pronoun did not agree with one of two previously presented nouns) under experimental conditions likely to engender strategic processing (Experiment 2). This last effect was not significant under experimental conditions that were not likely to engender strategic processing (Experiment 3). The results are discussed in terms of models of the process of identifying the referent of a pronoun in a discourse.
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Rigalleau, Francois, and David Caplan. "Effects of Gender Marking in Pronominal Coindexation." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 53, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/027249800390655.
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BOUSSAYER, ABDELAAZIZ. "Gender and Number Marking in Amazigh Language." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 2, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v2i1.100.
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This article studies the derivational system of gender and number in Ait Atta variety of Amazigh language. Thus, the following claims are made: first, gender is overtly marked on feminine nouns by the prefixation of the gender morpheme t-. The paper argues that [t…t] is not a circumfix or a discontinuous morpheme, but it is an asymmetric inflection. In the derivational system of gender, large majority of nouns allow for gender opposition. However, mass nouns allow only for one lexically determined gender and number. Moreover, masculine has no overt realization in Amazigh language. Vocalic initial nouns fall into the category of masculine nouns. I argue that the initial vowel is a nominal marker. I submit that the noun, in general, consists of maximally three main parts: a prefix, a lexical base, and a suffix. Second, the majority of Berber noun stems involve, at least, one vowel in addition to the prefixal vowel (e.g. ‘a-ḍar’ foot, ‘a-funas’ bull, 'a-ɣrum’ bread). Third, when the plural noun is specified as [+feminine], it takes the gender morpheme t-. Fourth, number takes the form of a feature assigned lexically to the noun. The study provides a templatic analysis to account for internal noun change. It implements Lahrouchi and Ridouane (2016) analysis of diminutives and plurals in Moroccan Arabic and argues that sound plurals in Amazigh language are associated with standard Num projection, while id/istt-plurals are associated with lower in the structure with n projection.
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Fukumura, Kumiko, Jukka Hyönä, and Merete Scholfield. "Gender affects semantic competition: The effect of gender in a non-gender-marking language." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 4 (2013): 1012–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031215.
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Kraaikamp, Margot. "The Diachrony of Semantic Gender Agreement: Findings from Middle Dutch." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 259–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542716000246.
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This paper presents the results of a corpus study of pronominal gender agreement in Middle Dutch. In present-day Dutch and in several other Germanic varieties, pronouns show semantic gender agreement that is based on the degree of individuation of the referent. Dutch pronouns show variation between this type of agreement and lexical gender agreement. This study investigates how old semantic agreement based on individuation is. In particular, it aims to answer the question of whether semantic agreement has developed in response to the change from the Germanic three-gender system to a two-gender system or dates back to before this change. The results show that agreement based on individuation already existed in Middle Dutch, when the original three-gender system was still in place. This shows that this type of agreement did not develop in response to the change from three to two nominal genders. The semantic interpretation of the genders along the lines of individuation apparently existed already and could be an old Germanic, possibly Indo-European, feature. What seems to have changed over time is the proportion of semantic to lexical agreement, as semantic agreement appears to occur more frequently in present-day Dutch than in Middle Dutch. This shift in agreement preference may be due to the loss of adnominal gender marking and the resulting reduced visibility of lexical gender in the noun phrase.
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Кошлякова and Mariya Koshlyakova. "Gender Aspect of Communication." Modern Communication Studies 4, no. 4 (August 10, 2015): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12871.
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Adherence to gender roles is an important aspect of business communication. When this marking professional roles according to principles of masculinity and femininity. It is argued that in business communication elements of the “female” model of speech behavior more relevant and appropriate in certain business situations.
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Vernich, Luca AT. "Does learning a foreign language affect object categorization in native speakers of a language with grammatical gender? The case of Lithuanian speakers learning three languages with different types of gender systems (Italian, Russian and German)." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 2 (September 23, 2017): 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917728593.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: We examined whether categorization of inanimate objects is influenced by learning a language with a different type of gender system. Previous research has examined speakers of languages without grammatical gender (English and Hungarian) who were learning a language with grammatical gender (Spanish and French). By contrast, we examined speakers of a language with grammatical gender (Lithuanian) learning a language with a structurally different gender system (Italian, Russian or German). Design/Methodology/Approach: We compared four groups (Lithuanians speaking only English and Lithuanian, Lithuanians learning Italian, Lithuanians learning Russian, Lithuanians learning German) in the completion of a voice attribution task where subjects are asked to attribute either the voice of a man or a woman to inanimate objects. Data and Analysis: We tested 128 subjects (32 for each group). The first group included Lithuanians who spoke only Lithuanian and English, and served as baseline for Lithuanians with a single grammatical gender system (Group B). The other three groups included Lithuanians that were proficient in either Italian (Group ITA), Russian (Group RUS) or German (Group GER). Data were analysed by means of mixed effects generalized linear models created using R glmer() function. We conducted a series of logistic regressions examining the following fixed effects: sex, age, distinction ‘artefact vs. natural object’, Lithuanian gender, proficiency in the relevant foreign language and the gender of each item in the relevant foreign language (i.e. either Italian, Russian or German). Findings/Conclusions: Our results suggest that the four groups behaved somewhat differently and that belonging to one group or the other was a significant predictor of a participant’s choices. It seems, however, that gender in the respective foreign language did not affect a participant’s choices. By and large, differences between the four groups did not mirror gender asymmetries between the four languages, yet learning a foreign language did appear to interfere with the standard pattern exhibited by baseline Lithuanians who had the highest frequency of attributions congruent with Lithuanian gender. Originality: Recent studies showed that the effects of grammatical gender on categorization might not be limited to native language, but could apply also to a second language acquired later in life. Whereas previous research has examined subjects speaking an L1 without grammatical gender, we followed Kurinski and Sera’s suggestion and tested native speakers of a gendered language learning an L2 with a structurally different gender system. More specifically, we compared native speakers of a language with two genders (Lithuanian) learning either a system with three genders (Russian), a system with three genders and gender-marking articles (German) or a system with two genders and gender-marking articles (Italian). Our goal was to understand whether language effects on cognition are influenced not only by specific properties of the L1 – as suggested by Kurinski et al., who noted a difference between English and Hungarian learners – but also by specific properties of the L2 gender system and by the typological gap between the L1 and the L2 gender system. Significance/Implications: We asked whether we would find language-specific effects suggesting that learning a foreign language systematically ‘pulls’ standard categorization patterns towards the L2 gender system. Our findings do not support this idea. However, our results do suggest that learning a foreign language weakens the strength of the link between each item and its gender.
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Mihas, Elena. "Gender-switching strategies in the activity of tsinampantsi ‘joking’ among Northern Kampa Arawaks of Peru." International Journal of Language and Culture 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00019.mih.
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Abstract Among Northern Kampas, the linguistically creative production of tsinampantsi by non-kin and affines intends – apart from having fun – to initiate an intimate relationship or affirm the intimacy of the existing interpersonal relationship. Northern Kampa participants of tsinampantsi ‘joking’ often resort to gender-switching strategies for jocular effects. Creatively playing with linguistic gender marking is characteristic of tsinampantsi-joking conduct. The study’s findings revealed that there are variable lexicogrammatical means for accomplishing the man > woman gender switch. Two basic gender-switching strategies are deployed: manipulation of person marking indexes and deployment of derivational morphology. The verbal person marking strategy is the most basic and most common means of indicating gender switches, whereas derivational morphology functions as a supplementary technique. In gender reversals, participation structure (production and reception roles) is predominantly coded by third person (other-role) markers on the verb. The woman > man direction of gender reversals is uncommon in joking sequences.
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Greatorex, Jackie, and John Bell. "Does the Gender of Examiners Influence Their Marking?" Research in Education 71, no. 1 (May 2004): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/rie.71.4.
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Grosjean, François, Jean-Yves Dommergues, Etienne Cornu, Delphine Guillelmon, and Carole Besson. "The gender-marking effect in spoken word recognition." Perception & Psychophysics 56, no. 5 (September 1994): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206954.
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Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania, Oded Shenkar, and Amir Shoham. "Linguistic gender marking and its international business ramifications." Journal of International Business Studies 45, no. 9 (February 20, 2014): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.5.
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Šoba, Blaž. "GENDER MARKING IN SLOVENE AND RUSSIAN ADDRESSING CONSTRUCTIONS." PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, no. 2 (2020): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-2-273-295.
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The article discusses the problematic use of the male gender forms, referring to the biological female gender subject. In the Russian language, the usage is standardized, when anoun in a clause carries the attributive function and is, as such, universal. On the other hand, the female gender formis used for the actual referential subject. In Slovene forms of addressing, a male gender form is used when referring to a female subject –the »antiagreeing« phrases Mrs professor and Mrs doctorcoexist with the matching (systematical) phrases, where the headword of each nominal phrase ends with a derivational suffix, denoting female gender. The difference between »antiagreement« and thematching phrases lies in the context of addressing and is mainly of stylistic nature. The article shows some options for either strategy and later on focuses on the comparison with a strategy of addressing in the Russian language: the equivalents of the Slovene phrases (Mrs professor, Mrs doctor, and their matching phrases, where the headword of each nominal phrase ends with a derivational suffix, denoting female gender), addressing by the first name and patronym, addressing by the combination Mrs/mr + last/first name and addressing by general terms, aiming for a neutral meaning.
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Kraaikamp, Margot. "The Semantics of the Dutch Gender System." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 24, no. 3 (August 20, 2012): 193–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542712000074.
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In this paper, it is argued that, although Dutch gender assignment is not systematically organized along semantic lines in the lexicon, the gender system has a semantic basis. This semantic basis involves a distinction between masculine/common gender associated with a high degree of individuation on the one hand, and neuter gender associated with a low degree of individuation, on the other hand. This is in line with Audring (2006, 2009), who found that Dutch pronouns often show semantic agreement along these lines. It is shown that the same semantic distinction between the genders can also be found in the nominal domain. It surfaces particularly in cases where lexically stored gender does not play a role. The semantic distinction arguably goes back to Proto-Indo-European. It is argued that, since nominal gender has become an invariable, lexically stored feature of nouns, the semantic basis of nominal gender assignment has become disrupted. This causes a con-flict between lexical and semantic gender agreement in pronouns. It is suggested that the surfacing of semantic agreement in this conflict is connected with a reduced marking of lexical gender on adnominal elements.
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Shoham, Amir, Tamar Almor, Sang Mook Lee, and Mohammad F. Ahammad. "Encouraging environmental sustainability through gender: A micro-foundational approach using linguistic gender marking." Journal of Organizational Behavior 38, no. 9 (February 23, 2017): 1356–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2188.
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