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Books on the topic 'Gender markings'
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1
1952-, Gartner Rosemary, ed. Marking time in the Golden State: Women's imprisonment in California. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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Inckle, Kay. Writing on the body?: Thinking through gendered embodiment and marked flesh. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2007.
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3
Locke, Joseph. Marking Morality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190216283.003.0007.
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In their pursuit of prohibition and moral politics, religious activists both harnessed and subverted two dominant regional discourses—those surrounding race and gender—to clothe themselves in the garb of righteousness. Prohibition did not merely reflect or reproduce regional norms, but neither did it occur in isolation from them. The creation of the clerics’ moral community depended on an ever-changing amalgamation of race, gender, class, religion, and politics. For instance, although white prohibitionists made explicit appeals to a “better sort” of black southerners, they simultaneously used African American opposition to moral reform as evidence for the need of laws disfranchising black voters. Likewise, male religious leaders loudly proclaimed themselves honorable defenders of female virtue, and while they welcomed female foot soldiers, their notion of male guardianship prevented them from accepting female activists as equal participants in the prohibition crusade.
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Paciaroni, Tania, and Michele Loporcaro. Overt gender marking depending on syntactic context in Ripano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0007.
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Based on dedicated fieldwork, this chapter analyses the gender system of Ripano (Italo-Romance), showing that it displays overt gender marking, but only depending on syntactic context. While overt gender per se and the syntactic dependency of gender marking via agreement on targets have both been described for several languages, the Ripano system is unprecedented, and deserves thorough description: thus, the chapter presents the phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic prerequisites as well as the syntactic conditions which constrain overt gender marking. It places this peculiarity of Ripano in perspective, describing the many other quite extraordinary properties of this dialect: not only does it mark—unusually for Indo-European—gender/number agreement on finite verbs, but also on several other agreement targets, including non-finite verb forms, complementizers, wh-words, and even nouns, which in certain syntactic constructions cumulate the usual inherent gender specification with highly unusual contextual gender marking, determined via agreement with the clause subject.
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Contini–Morava, Ellen, and Eve Danziger. Non-canonical gender in Mopan Maya. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0006.
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Mopan (Mayan, Belize/Guatemala) has two noun classifiers that resemble gender markers. However, the gender markers (GMs) violate expectations about canonical gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016): only a minority of Mopan nouns are gendered; gender is marked only together with the noun, not in multiple syntactic domains; gender marking can be omitted in certain syntactic contexts; and gender marking can be introduced when a normally non-gendered noun co-occurs with an adjectival modifier. We address the grammatical and discourse functions of Mopan GMs in relation to their non-canonical properties. Two productive functions—use as honorific titles with proper names and derivation of agentive nominals—are extended to various functions involving agentivity and differentiation, e.g. derivation of descriptive terms for non-human implements and terms for varietal subcategories. GMs are also employed creatively in discourse, e.g. to suggest animacy of inanimates or to introduce sex differentiation where it would not otherwise be signalled.
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Schemenauer, Ellie C. Gender, Identity, and the Security State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.191.
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Much of what goes on in the production of a security state is the over-zealous articulation of the other, which has the effect of reinforcing the myth of an essentialized, unambiguous collective identity called the nation-state. Indeed, the focus on securing a state (or any group) often suggests the need to define more explicitly those who do not belong, suggesting, not only those who do, but where and how they belong and under what conditions. Feminists are concerned with how highly political gender identities often defined by masculinism are implicated in marking these inclusions and exclusions, but also how gender identities get produced through the very practices of the security state. Feminists in the early years critiqued the inadequacy of realist, state-centric notions of security and made arguments for more reformative security perspectives, including those of human security or other nonstate-centric approaches. At the same time, feminist research moved to examine more rigorously the processes of militarism, war, and other security practices of the state and its reliance on specific ideas about women and men, femininity and masculinity. Feminist contributions from the mid-1990s through the first decade of the millennium reveal much about the relationships between gender identities, militarism, and the state. By paying attention to gendered relationships of power, they expose the nuances in the co-constitution of gender identities and the security state.
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Loporcaro, Michele. The typological interest of lesser-known Romance gender systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0008.
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The inventory of lesser-known more-than-binary systems gathered for purposes of linguistic reconstruction is now discussed per se, as a valuable complement to our knowledge of linguistic diversity in Europe. The chapter covers topics such as the creation—atypical for Romance—of strictly semantic gender and subgender values; contact-driven change in the gender system (of both Romance and contact languages); and the occurrence in some Romance dialects of unusual conditions on gender agreement (with unexpected sensitivity to inflectional morphology of gender/number agreement rules), of gender agreement on unusual targets (e.g. non-finite verb forms, adverbs, complementizers), and of (highly unusual) syntactically dependent overt gender-marking on nouns. The chapter ends with a gedankenexperiment, showing how the data reviewed thus far would complement the relevant maps of the World Atlas of Language Structures.
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Kruttschnitt, Candace, and Rosemary Gartner. Marking Time in the Golden State: Women's Imprisonment in California (Cambridge Studies in Criminology). Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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9
Kripal, Jeffrey J. Sexuality and the Erotic. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0010.
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The biological, psychological, cultural, and ethical complexities of what we today call sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, and sexual trauma have been the focus of intense research for well over a century now. It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of this corporate knowledge for how we have come to see “religion,” and it is worth noting that both the modern categories of religion and sexuality as signs marking fields of rational discourse and critical study were born more or less together within the same time period (the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) and within the same cultural institution (the Western university). This article examines the abstract categories of sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, the erotic, desire, and sexual trauma. It concludes with two individual fields of sexual-religious emotion and, in this case, two historical female bodies, one (apparently) heterosexual, the other homosexual or bisexual: Mother Ann Lee, the charismatic founder of the American Shaker community, and the contemporary Hollywood actress, Anne Heche.
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Forker, Diana. Ergativity in Nakh–Daghestanian. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.35.
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This chapter presents an analysis of ergativity and more general alignment in the Nakh-Daghestanian (or East Caucasian) language family. The surveyed constructions are gender and person agreement on verbs, case marking, valency changing operations, imperatives, reflexive and reciprocal constructions, conjunction reduction, complement control and the lexicon. In accordance with previous studies on this topic, I show that the evidence for ergativity is mainly to be found in the morphology. The syntactic alignment shows tendencies towards accusativity or neutral, but clearly no indications for ergative subjects. This is in line with researchers such as Kibrik who describes Nakh-Daghestanian languages as dominated by (semantic) roles.
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Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. The Meanings of Latino. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the ways in which Latino GBT activists live their lives as “Latinos” in a racial social system. In a parallel fashion to stigma related to gender nonconformity, it treats the racial labeling of groups as stigma. That is, to call someone Latino or to use the label Latino is part of the process of marking differences between groups, creating social separation, and establishing discriminatory practices. This stigmatization reinforces, if not creates, relations of power. From the viewpoint of the labeled group, stigma can take the form of actual experiences; perceptions about how others or the society at large see them; and internalization of the negative views others have in the self.
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Dworkin, Steven N. Inflectional morphology of medieval Hispano-Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0003.
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This chapter describes the inflectional nominal, pronominal, and verbal morphology of Old Spanish, a language whose texts show a great deal of formal variation. It first deals with nominal gender and plural marking before going on to describe the morphology of articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Attention next turns to the forms of subject and object pronouns, indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns, negators, and adverbs. The rest of the chapter deals with inflectional verbal morphology. It opens with a survey of the three conjugation classes, the relevant past participles, and morphophonological alternations involving monophthongs and diphthongs in verb stems, before examining for each synthetic and analytic tense the wide range of relevant verbal suffixes or endings and instances of stem alllomorphy in both the indicative and subjunctive.
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Somers, Harold. Machine Translation: Latest Developments. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0028.
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This article attempts to locate MT (machine translation) in the contemporary context, while identifying its recent trends and themes. The 1990s were marked by the growing clout of empirical approaches, using increasingly available amounts of raw data in the form of parallel corpora. An appropriate instance is statistical MT, depending on bilingual corpus, but wherein, the translation depends on statistical modeling of the word order of target language and of source-target word equivalences. Example-based MT involves matching inputs against actual databases and identifying close matches. Successful MT, especially when attempting translation into languages marking gender of pronouns, those that have zero-anaphora contents, interpretation of anaphora assumes paramountcy. Regarding spoken-language MTs, coupling speech-to-text front-end and text-to-speech, the other way, is inadequate other than rigidly formal languages. More versatile operations such as dealing with dialogues, would involve greater complexities.
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Lanzendörfer, Anselma. Designated Attention. Edited by Christian Thorau and Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.11.
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During the nineteenth century, new ideas about how to listen to music were developed. This chapter analyzes concert programs from the Leipzig Gewandhaus from the late eighteenth century through the mid-nineteenth. It looks at one aspect that has been largely ignored: the actual form that the announcements of music in concert programs took. Designations of musical pieces began to provide more and more information, specifying details such as composers’ name, key, running number, tempo and mood markings, and programmatic titles. This development was asynchronous and uneven, encompassing some composers and genres much earlier and more thoroughly than others. This chapter argues that the designations of works of music in concert programs—for a long time the medium closest to the actual listening experience—can be studied as an important factor that shaped (and shapes) music perception (e.g., the prestige effect of “the Ninth” and aesthetic hierarchies).
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Cronk, Nicholas. 6. The Genevan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688357.003.0007.
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In the mid-1750s, Voltaire’s reputation was high: Montesquieu’s death in 1755 left Voltaire as the undisputed leader of the philosophes and Adam Smith spoke of him as a dominant literary figure of the age. And yet, Voltaire had rarely felt more unsettled. ‘The Genevan’ describes how Voltaire settled in French-speaking Geneva, an important centre of publishing, with his niece and companion, Marie-Louise Denis. In 1756, Cramer published a complete edition of Voltaire’s writings, marking a milestone in Voltaire’s literary career. Voltaire’s successive responses—a traditional philosophical poem and the novel Candide (1759)—to the catastrophe of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake show strikingly how his thinking about literary genre was evolving.
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Caputi, Jane. Call Your "Mutha". Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902704.001.0001.
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The proposed new geological era, The Anthropocene (a.k.a. Age of Humans, Age of Man), marking human domination of the planet long called Mother Earth, is truly The Age of the Motherfucker. The ecocide of the Anthropocene is the responsibility of Man, the Western- and masculine-identified corporate, military, intellectual, and political class that masks itself as the exemplar of the civilized and the human. The word motherfucker was invented by the enslaved children of White slave masters to name their mothers’ rapist/owners. Man’s strategic motherfucking, from the personal to the planetary, is invasion, exploitation, spirit-breaking, extraction and toxic wasting of individuals, communities, and lands, for reasons of pleasure, plunder, and profit. Ecocide is attempted deicide of Mother Nature-Earth, reflecting Man’s goal to become the god he first made in his own image. The motivational word Motherfucker has a flip side, further revealing the Anthropocene as it signifies an outstanding, formidable, and inexorable force. Mother Nature-Earth is that “Mutha’ ”—one defying translation into heteropatriarchal classifications of gender, one capable of overwhelming Man, and not the other way around. Drawing upon Indigenous and African American scholarship; ecofeminism; ecowomanism; green activism; femme, queer, and gender non-binary philosophies; literature and arts; Afrofuturism; and popular culture, Call Your “Mutha’ ” contends that the Anthropocene is not evidence of Man’s supremacy over nature, but that Mother Nature-Earth, faced with disrespect, is going away. It is imperative now to call the “Mutha’ ” by decolonizing land, bodies, and minds, ending rapism, feeding the green, renewing sustaining patterns, and affirming devotion to Mother Nature-Earth.
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Taylor, Helena. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796770.003.0007.
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The Introduction sets out the aims of the book: to examine the reception and uses of Ovid’s life in seventeenth-century France. It shows that such reception was directly related to readings of Ovid’s exile poetry and his love poetry in which he created an authorial persona. The Introduction first examines the literary reception of Ovid’s work in seventeenth-century France (tracking his increasing prominence in sociable literary culture), and surveys the critical scholarship exploring this, before explaining the quarrels with which the representation of Ovid’s life—and this study—engage, namely the Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns and related debates about the novel, historiography, and translation. It then justifies the chosen corpus—which includes a variety of genres that constitute ‘life-writing’—and discusses the methodology adopted, emphasizing the importance of situating representations of Ovid’s life in the wider debates about taste and literary value marking this period.
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Wells, Elizabeth. After Anger. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.10.
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The late 1950s saw an astonishing emergence of iconoclastic and modernistic approaches to the genre of the British musical. Directors like Joan Littlewood and her Theatre Workshop company produced a number of dark, cynical, and experimental musicals in the late 1950s that provided British theatre professionals and audiences alike with an alternative to the dominant American style. Many attempted to bring this new and particularly British voice to the West End. An investigation of the musical, dramatic, and cultural context of the exceptional and important ‘Soho’ shows, which include Expresso Bongo, The Crooked Mile, Fings Ain’t Wot They Used T’Be, and Make Me an Offer, reveals these works as microcosms of their cultural environment as well as marking new directions in British musical theatre. Culminating in Oliver!, arguably the best-known British musical of this era, this development heralded a time of experimentation, social commentary, and modernism.
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Maiden, Martin, Adina Dragomirescu, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, Oana Uţă, and Rodica Zafiu. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829485.001.0001.
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Romanian is one of the most morphologically complex Romance languages. This book is the first ever comprehensive and accessible account of how that morphological system evolved. Here are some of the most salient morphological traits distinctive of this language: it possesses an inflexional case system; unlike other Romance languages, it has an inflexional vocative; the morphological marking of number reached such a level of unpredictability that, for most nouns (and for many adjectives), the form of the plural must be independently specified alongside that of the singular; in addition to masculine and feminine, it seems to possess a third gender, often referred to as a ‘neuter’; its verb system contains a non-finite form, which apparently continues the Latin supine; the infinitive has undergone a morphological split such that one form functions now purely as a noun, while the other remains purely a verb; the distinctive morphology of the subjunctive has largely disappeared; lastly, noun and verb morphology are deeply permeated by the effects of successive sound changes, which have created remarkably complex patterns of allomorphy. The origins of many of these developments are problematic, indeed controversial. Moreover, they are problematic in ways that are of interest not only to broader historical Romance linguistics but, even more broadly, to morphological theory tout court. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology shows how the features listed here are relevant to students and scholars interested in historical morphology generally no less than they are to Romance linguists.
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Celati, Marta. Conspiracy Literature in Early Renaissance Italy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863625.001.0001.
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The present work represents the first full-length investigation of Italian Renaissance literature on the topic of conspiracy. This literary output consists of texts belonging to different genres that enjoyed widespread diffusion in the second half of the fifteenth century, when the development of these literary writings proves to be closely connected with the affirmation of a centralized political thought and princely ideology in Italian states. The centrality of the issue of conspiracies in the political and cultural context of the Italian Renaissance emerges clearly also in the sixteenth century in Machiavelli’s work, where the topic is closely interlaced with the problems of building political consensus and the management of power. This monograph focuses on the most significant Quattrocento texts examined as case studies (representative of different states, literary genres, and of both prominent authors—Alberti, Poliziano, Pontano—and minor but important literati) and on Machiavelli’s works where this political theme is particularly pivotal, marking a continuity, but also a turning point, with respect to the preceding authors. Through an interdisciplinary analysis across literature, history, philology and political philosophy, this study traces the evolution of literature on plots in early Renaissance Italy, pointing out the key function of the classical tradition in it, and the recurring narrative approaches, historiographical techniques, and ideological angles that characterize the literary transfiguration of the topic. This investigation also offers a reconsideration and re-definition of the complex facets of fifteenth-century political literature, which played a crucial role in the development of a new theory of statecraft.
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Barmash, Pamela. The Laws of Hammurabi. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525401.001.0001.
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The Laws of Hammurabi is one of the earliest law codes, dating from the eighteenth century BCE Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). It is the culmination of a tradition in which scribes would demonstrate their legal flair by composing statutes on a repertoire of traditional cases, articulating what they deemed just and fair. The book describes how the scribe of the Laws of Hammurabi advanced beyond earlier scribes in composing statutes that manifest systematization and implicit legal principles. The scribe inserted the statutes into the structure of a royal inscription, skillfully reshaping the genre. This approach allowed the king to use the law code to demonstrate that Hammurabi had fulfilled the mandate to guarantee justice enjoined upon him by the gods, affirming his authority as king. This tradition of scribal improvisation on a set of traditional cases continued outside of Mesopotamia, influencing biblical law and the law of the Hittite Empire and perhaps shaping Greek and Roman law. The Laws of Hammurabi is also a witness to the start of another stream of intellectual tradition. It became a classic text and the subject of formal commentaries, marking a Copernican revolution in intellectual culture.