Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gender markings

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Gender markings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gender markings"

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Ravid, Dorit. "Neutralization of gender distinctions in Modern Hebrew numerals." Language Variation and Change 7, no. 1 (March 1995): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000909.

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ABSTRACTGender distinctions constitute one of the central grammatical categories in Hebrew grammar and are closely related to number distinctions. Both are acquired early on, since they apply to almost every morphological category: three major classes of content words, as well as two classes of function words. Feminine words are marked by Suffixal -α and -t, while masculine words carry either a zero or -e suffix. A small class of what might be termed “numeral nounclassifiers” are supposed to agree in gender with their head nouns, but carry a mirror-image gender marking, resulting in rule opacity. The subjects, 40 children (20 fourth graders, 20 seventh graders) from a lower middle-class background, were tested on gender markings of numerals in two situations involving monitored and unmonitored situations. The results indicate the disappearance of gender agreement in Modern Hebrew numerals and a reanalysis of numeral suffixes by speakers.
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Ghodrat Abadi, Masoud, and David S. Hurwitz. "Operational Impacts of Protected-Permitted Right-Turn Phasing and Pavement Markings on Bicyclist Performance during Conflicts with Right-Turning Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 4 (April 2019): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837231.

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Conflict between bicycles and right-turning vehicles on the approach to signalized intersections is a critical safety concern. To understand the operational implications of protected-permitted right-turn signal indications in conjunction with pavement markings on bicyclist performance, a full-scale bicycling simulator experiment was performed. Velocity and lateral position of bicyclists were evaluated during conflicts between bicycles and right-turning vehicles. A mixed factorial design was considered. Two within-subject factors were analyzed: the signal indication for right-turning vehicles with five levels (circular red, circular green, solid red arrow, solid green arrow, and flashing yellow arrow), and the pavement markings in the conflict area with two levels (white lane markings with no supplemental pavement color and white lane markings with solid green pavement applied in the conflict area). Additionally, the influence of gender as a between-subject variable was considered. Forty-eight participants (24 female) completed the experiment. Signal indications and pavement markings had statistically significant effects on bicyclist velocity and lateral position, but these effects varied at different factor levels. Additionally, during the conflicts, male participants were found to have higher velocity than female participants. This difference was not influenced by engineering treatments. The results provide guidance to transportation professionals about how traffic control devices could be applied to conflict areas on the approach to signalized intersections.
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Deliali, Aikaterini, Nicholas Campbell, Michael Knodler, and Eleni Christofa. "Understanding the Safety Impact of Protected Intersection Design Elements: A Driving Simulation Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120909382.

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Protected intersections are used to facilitate safe crossings for non-motorized users. As a relatively new treatment in North America, it is essential to understand how their design elements, such as bicycle intersection-crossing pavement markings and corner refuge island size, enhance bicyclist safety. A driving simulation experiment was developed to test the effectiveness of different design elements of protected intersections on driver speeds. Participants were exposed to different protected intersection designs that varied with respect to the corner refuge island width and bicycle intersection-crossing pavement marking levels. Their speed at two parts of the right turn, that is, approach and curve speed, was analyzed. A combination of design elements, participant demographics, or bicyclist presence at the intersection affects driver behavior at a protected intersection. The results indicate that the presence of a bicyclist crossing a protected intersection significantly reduces speeds for drivers performing a right turn. Corner refuge islands with larger width were found to reduce speed at the curve as they were accompanied by larger curb extensions which essentially reduce the space for the automobiles. Bicycle intersection-crossing pavement markings influenced only approach speeds prior to the actual turn since that is the location where they were the most visible. Age, gender, and bicycling frequency were observed to affect turning speeds, indicating that design elements alone cannot determine the safety effectiveness of a protected intersection. The findings of this study can guide the implementation of protected intersections.
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Schabert, Ina. "Translation Trouble: Gender Indeterminacy in English Novels and their French Versions." Translation and Literature 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0968136109000776.

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In English literature, characters of indeterminate sex created by novelists range from the ambi-gendered narrators in Victorian novels to the protagonists of Virginia Woolf's Orlando, Brigid Brophy's In Transit, Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve, and Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body. A unique experiment in French is Anne Garréta's Sphinx. Translating such texts from one language into the other is a challenge; different strategies of ‘degendering’ have to be used in Germanic and Romance languages respectively. This essay discusses examples of translations which successfully preserve gender indeterminacy, but also translations which ignore authorial intentions and reintroduce gender markings. Typical strategies are observed as well as imaginative solutions for special situations.
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GERKEN, LOUANN, RACHEL WILSON, and WILLIAM LEWIS. "Infants can use distributional cues to form syntactic categories." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006786.

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Nearly all theories of language development emphasize the importance of distributional cues for segregating words and phrases into syntactic categories like noun, feminine or verb phrase. However, questions concerning whether such cues can be used to the exclusion of referential cues have been debated. Using the headturn preference procedure, American children aged 1;5 were briefly familiarized with a partial Russian gender paradigm, with a subset of the paradigm members withheld. During test, infants listened on alternate trials to previously withheld grammatical items and ungrammatical items with incorrect gender markings on previously heard stems. Across three experiments, infants discriminated new grammatical from ungrammatical items, but like adults in previous studies, were only able to do so when a subset of familiarization items was double marked for gender category. The results suggest that learners can use distributional cues to category structure, to the exclusion of referential cues, from relatively early in the language learning process.
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Slanicka, Simona. "Male Markings: Uniforms in the Parisian Civil War as a Blurring of the Gender Order (A.D. 1410-1420)." Medieval History Journal 2, no. 2 (October 1999): 209–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194589900200202.

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Abrahamsson, Lena. "Gender and the modern organization, ten years after." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v4i4.4710.

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This empirical article presents a gender analysis of long-term impacts of some of the many organizational change projects in Swedish industrial work organizations during the 1990s. Based on the results of return visits to three industrial companies and their change projects (implementation of Lean Production or other modern organizational models) that I studied more than a decade earlier, I discuss how the work organizations eventually had changed and specifically how and whether organizational internal gender patterns had changed. The initial study showed genderbased restoring responses to strategic organizational changes, especially in the gender-segregated and gender-homogeneous work organizations. These responses conserved gender patterns as well as the organizations’ culture in general, resulting in less productive work as well as a problematic work environment. The follow-up study showed that the organizations slowly changed according to the modern organizational models (e.g., Lean Production), but at the same time, in some cases, keeping the same gender segregation and stereotypical gender markings of skills and work tasks or with new variants of unequal gender order. In addition, the follow-up study showed other and more positive results with emerging pattern of gender equality, at least in the form of reduced gender segregation and less stereotypical ideas concerning gender. The material indicates that the studied companies, in some aspects, developed into less gendered production organizations while taking some steps toward a modern organization and this was done without gender equality interventions. Therefore, the material indicated that, at least in part, gender equality could be seen as a prerequisite or perhaps even a side effect of modern organizational concepts. This article contributes to the emerging literature on an organizational theory of undoing gender as well as to the research of conditions and consequences of the modern organizational models.
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Polushkin, P. M., Е. V. Alsibay, E. V. Nerovna, and V. A. Shevchenko. "Сучасний стан і перспективи дослідження дерматогліфіки у практиці медико-психологічного обстеження студентів і молоді." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 3, no. 1 (February 10, 2012): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021213.

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The modern state and prospects of the medico-psychological examination of students and young people are analysed by a dermatoglyphics that allows drawing up the psychological portrait of a person. On the basis of typology of digital dermatoglyphics the development of the criteria system for prognostic estimation of physical capabilities of a human being is possible. According to the ratio of norm and pathology areas of the skin markings the hereditary diseases for future posterity, developmental abnormalities, different gene mutations, congenital development defects (limbs development defects as the special case), gender anomalies (sex determination), possible lethal cases, chromosome diseases and other cases can be forecasted with 99 % confidence.
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Lewicki, Paweł. "European Bodies?" Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 25, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2016.250206.

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Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork between 2007 and 2011 in Brussels, this article shows how visual markers, class distinctions and classification of gender performances come together to create a ‘Euroclass’ among European civil servants. These markings, distinctions and classifications are denoted on bodily hexis and body performance and evoke stereotypes and essentialised representations of national cultures. However, after the enlargements of the EU in 2004 and 2007 they also reveal a postcolonial and imperial dynamic that perpetuates the division into ‘old’ and ‘new’ Europe and enables people from old member states to emerge as a different class that holds its cultural power firm in a dense political environment permeated by networks.
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Mendes-de-Almeida, Flavya, Maria Carolina Ferreira Faria, Aline Serricella Branco, Maria Lucia Serrão, Aline Moreira Souza, Nádia Almosny, Márcia Charme, and Norma Labarthe. "Sanitary conditions of a colony of urban feral cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in a zoological garden of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 5 (October 2004): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000500007.

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The colony of urban stray cats living in the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden was studied in order to develop a population and health control program. As many cats as possible were captured during two months (47 animals) and were classified according to gender, age, weight and coat markings. They were submitted to a general health evaluation, examined for the presence of ectoparasites and sent to a surgical neutering program. All animals had a blood sample drawn for CBC, platelet count, heartworm and retroviruses detection. Capillary blood smears were made for hemoparasites detection. Coat marking and colors were tabby (59.7%), followed by solid black (17%); torbie (10.6%); bicolor (10.6%) and harlequin (2.1%). The only ectoparasites found were fleas, which infested 28% of the animals. The hemoparasites found were Haemobartonella felis (38%) and piroplasmas that could not be differentiated between Cytauxzoon spp. and Babesia spp. (47%). No cat was found infected by Dirofilaria immitis or FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus), although FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) antibodies could be detected (21%). There was no correlation between hemoparasites and FIV infections. The estimated total cat population (mark-recapture method) was 59; 68% female and 32% male, suggesting that a neutering program is in fact needed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gender markings"

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Tran, Lena, and Namuli Mwatumu. "Vägen mot jämlikhet : En kvalitativ studie om hushållsfördelning av hemarbete hos den yngre och äldre generationen." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37537.

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Gender equality work has been and continues to be an ongoing topic not only in Sweden but also in other parts of the western world. Even though the topic about gender equality work has been going on for a long time, there are still various inequalities when it comes to the division of housework. The purpose of this study is to investigate how couples view and reason about the division of housework among the younger and older generation. By the younger generation we mean those between 25-35 years old and the older generation, between 50-70 years old. The questions at issue used in this thesis are: How do heterosexual couples reason about the division of responsibilities of homework? In which ways does it differ between the younger and older generations regarding the division of household chores?The theory used in analysing our results was the capital metaphors described by Pierre Bourdiue and Beverly Skeggs. Furthermore, we have used the qualitative method of research. We used qualitative interviews with semi-structured questions. This way we gave our participants more room to answer questions freely in their own way, but it also enabled us to ask some follow up questions in areas we wanted to understand more.The results show that couples divide housework in different ways. The central part in the division of responsibilities is that whoever is available or free is the one who is currently allowed to perform the task. Some divide housework according to skills, interest, or gender. Furthermore, the older generation gender-marks household chores to a greater extent than the younger generation. In the older generation, women tend to account for tasks that are seen traditionally feminine and men those that are masculine. In the younger generation, the division of household chores is more mixed. Where both accessibility and interest play a big role. Anyone who likes certain tasks may perform them, it does not necessarily have to link to a gender.
Jämställdhetsarbetet har varit och fortsätter att vara en pågående diskurs inte bara i Sverige utan också i övriga västvärlden. Även om jämställdhetsarbetet har pågått länge finns det fortfarande olika ojämlikheter när det gäller fördelningen av hushållsarbetet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur par ser på och resonerar kring fördelningen av hushållsarbete hos den yngre och äldre generationen. Med den yngre generationen menar vi de mellan 25–35 år och den äldre generationen, mellan 50–70 år. Frågorna som används i denna undersökning är: Hur resonerar heterosexuella par kring ansvarsuppdelning av hemarbetet? På vilka sätt skiljer det sig mellan den yngre och äldre generationen när det gäller uppdelningen av hushållssysslor?Teorin som används för att analysera vårt resultat var de kapitalmetaforer som redogörs av Pierre Bourdieu och Beverly Skeggs. Vidare har vi använt den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden där vi använde kvalitativa intervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor. På det här sättet gav vi våra deltagare mer utrymme att svara på frågor fritt på sitt eget sätt, men det gör det också möjligt för oss att ställa några uppföljningsfrågor inom områden vi vill förstå mer.Resultaten visar att par delar hushållsarbete på olika sätt. Den centrala delen i ansvarsfördelningen är att den som är tillgänglig eller fri är den som för närvarande får utföra uppgiften. Vissa par delar även upp hushållsarbetet efter färdigheter, intresse eller kön. Vidare könsmarkerar den äldre generationen hushållssysslor i större utsträckning än den yngre generationen. I den äldre generationen tenderar kvinnor att ta på sig hushållssysslor som ses som traditionellt kvinnliga och männen de manliga. I den yngre generationen är det mer blandat hur man delar upp hushållssysslorna. Där både tillgänglighet och intresse spelar en roll. Den som gillar vissa uppgifter får utföra dem, det behöver inte nödvändigtvis kopplas till ett kön.
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Zimmann, Angela Wallington. "Turning the Noose that Binds into a Rope to Climb: A Textual Search for Rhetorical and Linguistic Gender-markings in Speech Samples of Three Contemporary Female Orators." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1194034667.

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Tercero, Kristina. "Lika villkor för män och kvinnor? : Förstalinjens chefer ur ett genusperspektiv." Thesis, University of Kalmar, University of Kalmar, University of Kalmar, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1368.

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Author: Kristina Tercero.

Title: “Same condition for both men and women?”- Leaders from a gender perspective.

Supervisor: Tina Mattsson.

 

The purpose of this essay was with a gender perspective examine how women and men  in leader positions in a organization who dominated by women experience their position at work and their leadership by clarify how the leaders in the geriatric care look at their function and position. Central questions were:

How do men and women who work as leaders in the geriatric care experience their opportunity to practice their leadership?

How does men and women experience to work as leaders in an organization who is dominated by women?

How does the leader experience their gender in relation to their position at work?

The essay has a qualitative design and semi structured interviews were maid with six leaders in the geriatric care, three women and three men. To analyse the work material

Hirdmans gender system theory and Westberg - Wohlgemuth theory about sex marking were used.

The main results indicate that gender does matter for the leaders in their work and in their leadership. The geriatric care is seen as a work for women which the men notice in their work as leaders. Men experienced that they more than woman were expected to make decisions and to do reprimands. Women's experiences were that it was hard to get acceptance in decision making. Women were on the other hand expected to be comprehended and to be able to listening more to the stuff.  The different expectations men and women felt can be understood in relation to chieftainship being connected to masculinity and therefore the chieftainship will be sex marked which Westberg – Wohlgemuth prove.

 

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Griffin, Andrea Eugenie Charlotte. "Display rules for expressed emotion within organizations and gender: implications for emotional labor and social place marking." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/162.

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Emotions are recognized as central to organizational life. The dialogue on the role of emotion in organizational life is furthered here by addressing the role that gendered display rules and associated expectations play in shaping individuals' expressed (rather than felt) responses to emotional exchanges within the organization. The role of gender in shaping intraorganizational emotional display rules is examined as it interplays at social, organizational and individual normative levels. In this context, emotions and emotional displays at work are seen as affecting individual's subjective social place in organizations. It is argued that gendering influences within the organization make social place marking more difficult and may result in increased forms of emotional labor, particularly surface acting/emotional dissonance, which may lead to emotional exhaustion in employees. A laboratory experiment was conducted using videotaped vignettes to represent more and less levels of gendering in emotional interactions. Findings indicate that there were no main effects for level of gendering as operationalized by this study on emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and subjective social place. Exploratory data analyses conducted further examine these relationships and point out the importance of the sex of the employee involved in the emotional exchange. This study points towards theoretical and empirical implications for how emotions are interpreted not only by members of different sex categories, but also for other dimensions of diversity in the organization and associated consequences.
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Wiskin, Connie Mary. "Negotiated marking and gender variables in the communication skills element of a high skakes general practice final examination." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487499.

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This study aimed to estab.lish the influence, or not, of negotiated scoring and gender in a high stakes General Practice examination assessing communication skills. The dataset comprised 1024 simulated consultations. Final Year medical students undertook VOICEs - a six-station OSCE-style examination. Two stations involved role played consultations. Aspects of communication ~ including attitudes - were scored by nego~iation between a clinician and the role player, using holistic descriptive statements. Scorers' independent perceptions and agreed scores were collected. to analyse influence. Also, participants' gender (examiner, 'patient' and student) was recorded. Other demographic/performance-related variables were included and coded for analysis. Data were initially analysed using established statistical testing, but later analysed using Generalised Linear Modelling, to probe questions outstanding from the original analyses. Results showed the examination process to be internally consistent, suggesting good reliability. The majority of null hypotheses relating to bias were upheld. Student gender was persistently significant in individual tests, but not in GLM. The role players' contribution did not bias the examination, and in some cases was more consistent that the GP scoring. Results relating to question content were not significant, but did raise interesting questions about managing uncertainty and the relationship between communication (skills) and content (knowledge/expertise).
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Magnusson, Sophia. "Sexist Language : Gender marking of occupational terms and the non-parallel treatment of boy and girl." Thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5836.

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In everyday life women are exposed to sexist language. Terms and usages that exclude or discriminate women are referred to as sexist language. This takes into account that one presumes that maleness is the standard, the norm, and that femaleness is the non-standard, or the exception. The aim of this paper was to find whether gratuitous modifiers such as girl, lady, female and woman are used more frequently than the male markings and whether girl is used to a wider extent than boy to denote an adult. The aim includes two aspects of sexist language. Firstly, the aspect of calling women girls and men men, called non-parallel treatment. Secondly, the fact that it is more common for unmarked terms to refer to males while when referring to females a marked term is needed. As primary source for the study the Time Corpus was used, which is an online corpus containing over 100 million words and ranges from 1923-2007. The conclusion of this essay was that the female sex is more commonly marked and that woman/women are the most commonly used premodifiers. Gender markings most likely apply to occupations and labels which are thought of as either typically male or female. Furthermore, it was found that girl was used to a wider extent than boy to denote an adult. In addition, the results presented a possible change of trends where girl referred to a child to a larger extent in contemporary English.
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Karatsareas, Petros. "A study of Cappadocian Greek nominal morphology from a diachronic and dialectological perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/240609.

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In this dissertation, I investigate a number of interrelated developments affecting the morphosyntax of nouns in Cappadocian Greek. I specifically focus on the development of differential object marking, the loss of grammatical gender distinctions, and the neuterisation of noun inflection. My aim is to provide a diachronic account of the innovations that Cappadocian has undergone in the three domains mentioned above. !ll the innovations examined in this study have the effect of rendering the morphology and syntax of nouns in Cappadocian more like that of neuters. On account of the historical and sociolinguistic circumstances in which Cappadocian developed as well as of the superficial similarity of their outcomes to equivalent structures in Turkish, previous research has overwhelmingly treated the Cappadocian developments as instances of contact-induced change that resulted from the influence of Turkish. In this study, I examine the Cappadocian innovations from a language-internal point of view and in comparison with parallel developments attested in the other Modern Greek dialects of Asia Minor, namely Pontic, Rumeic, Pharasiot and Silliot. My comparative analysis of a wide range of dialect-internal, cross-dialectal and cross-linguistic typological evidence shows that language contact with Turkish can be identified as the main cause of change only in the case of differential object marking. On the other hand, with respect to the origins of the most pervasive innovations in gender and noun inflection, I argue that they go back to the common linguistic ancestor of the modern Asia Minor Greek dialects and do not owe their development to language contact with Turkish. I show in detail that the superficial similarity of these latter innovations’ outcomes to their Turkish equivalents in each case represents the final stage in a long series of typologically plausible, language-internal developments whose early manifestations predate the intensification of Cappadocian–Turkish linguistic and cultural exchange. These findings show that diachronic change in Cappadocian is best understood when examined within a larger Asia Minor Greek context. On the whole, they make a significant contribution to our knowledge of the history of Cappadocian and the Asia Minor Greek dialects as well as to Modern Greek dialectology more generally, and open a fresh round of discussion on the origin and development of other innovations attested in these dialects that are considered by historical linguists and Modern Greek dialectologists to be untypically Greek or contact-induced or both.
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Barbatbun, Susanna Elizabeth. "Acquisition of standard Italian in a heritage language program : accuracy in gender marking." Thesis, 1987. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/4763/1/ML37073.pdf.

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Minaya, Lazarte Veronica Milagros. "Essays on Improving STEM Academic Outcomes and Reducing Gender and Race Graduation Gaps: The Effects of College Grades and Grading Policies." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8959HKS.

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A college degree is not a homogenous investment across fields of study (Arcidiacono, 2004; Zhang & Thomas, 2005). Even after accounting for selection, STEM degrees pay substantially more than other fields (Altonji et al., 2012) and earnings disparities across majors have increased substantially over time (Altonji et al., 2014). Even though STEM degrees yield greater labor market returns, the number of STEM graduates and professionals remains low and the disparities in STEM attrition are alarming. As a result, STEM education has been elevated as a national priority in the U.S. and considered to be in high demand in the global economy. Yet, there is a lack of consensus on how to boost STEM graduation. My dissertation is motivated by the need to improve the number and composition of STEM graduates and to evaluate policies that can mitigate STEM attrition. In my dissertation I focus on the effect of college grades and grading policies on STEM graduation. College grades are important determinants of course and major choices and research suggests that grades have differing effects for STEM minorities and non-minorities. Moreover, disparities in grades between STEM (low-grading departments) and non-STEM (high-grading departments) due to grade inflation and compression of grades near the top affect sorting into majors, making grades less informative and distorting major choices (Bar et al. 2012). In my first essay, I examine the possible differential effect of college grades on STEM attrition gap by gender and race. Non-grade explanations such as pre-college factors, instructor gender and race and peer effects are also examined as potential determinants of STEM attrition gaps. However, I focus on grades because there is evidence that grades affect sorting into majors, and grades may have differing effects for minorities and non-minorities. This review uncovers evidence supporting the importance of institutional grading policies to shape student’s major and course choices. Despite the fact that institutional grading policies have been studied at some extent, none of these studies have addressed the differential effect of these policies on those who might be more sensitive to grades (i.e., women and racial minorities). In the second essay, I explore what factors explain the gender and race disparities in STEM attrition. This study utilize Florida’s Education Data Warehouse to conduct a reweighted Oaxaca decomposition of racial and gender differences in STEM attrition, with a particular focus on how STEM- intending students respond to college grades in introductory courses. The decomposition results show that women mainly leave STEM by switching into non-STEM fields, particularly due to non-STEM college factors such as grades and credits attempted in lower-division courses. In contrast, racial minorities mainly leave STEM by dropping out of college towards graduation, and they differentially leave STEM due to their lower high school preparation in STEM and consequently lower grades in lower-division STEM courses during their first two years of enrollment. In the third essay (which is also my job market paper) I examine the effect of changing the grading scale from whole-letter grades to plus/minus grades on STEM graduation/major choice. In this study, I examine the effect of changing the grading scale from whole-letter grades to plus/minus grades on STEM graduation/major choice. I use administrative data from the Florida Department of Education that combines students’ pre-college characteristics with students’ enrollment and transcript records. I rely on a difference in differences framework that compares STEM graduation/major choice rates during the early 2000s versus the late 1990s for students whose grading differentials between STEM and non-STEM courses were reduced versus students whose grades were not differentially affected. I find significant effects of changing the grading scale on reducing grading differentials and improving STEM graduation/major choice. These results represent the first direct, quasi-experimental evidence regarding the effect of changing the grading scale.
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Books on the topic "Gender markings"

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1952-, Gartner Rosemary, ed. Marking time in the Golden State: Women's imprisonment in California. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Inckle, Kay. Writing on the body?: Thinking through gendered embodiment and marked flesh. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2007.

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Locke, Joseph. Marking Morality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190216283.003.0007.

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In their pursuit of prohibition and moral politics, religious activists both harnessed and subverted two dominant regional discourses—those surrounding race and gender—to clothe themselves in the garb of righteousness. Prohibition did not merely reflect or reproduce regional norms, but neither did it occur in isolation from them. The creation of the clerics’ moral community depended on an ever-changing amalgamation of race, gender, class, religion, and politics. For instance, although white prohibitionists made explicit appeals to a “better sort” of black southerners, they simultaneously used African American opposition to moral reform as evidence for the need of laws disfranchising black voters. Likewise, male religious leaders loudly proclaimed themselves honorable defenders of female virtue, and while they welcomed female foot soldiers, their notion of male guardianship prevented them from accepting female activists as equal participants in the prohibition crusade.
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Paciaroni, Tania, and Michele Loporcaro. Overt gender marking depending on syntactic context in Ripano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0007.

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Based on dedicated fieldwork, this chapter analyses the gender system of Ripano (Italo-Romance), showing that it displays overt gender marking, but only depending on syntactic context. While overt gender per se and the syntactic dependency of gender marking via agreement on targets have both been described for several languages, the Ripano system is unprecedented, and deserves thorough description: thus, the chapter presents the phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic prerequisites as well as the syntactic conditions which constrain overt gender marking. It places this peculiarity of Ripano in perspective, describing the many other quite extraordinary properties of this dialect: not only does it mark—unusually for Indo-European—gender/number agreement on finite verbs, but also on several other agreement targets, including non-finite verb forms, complementizers, wh-words, and even nouns, which in certain syntactic constructions cumulate the usual inherent gender specification with highly unusual contextual gender marking, determined via agreement with the clause subject.
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Contini–Morava, Ellen, and Eve Danziger. Non-canonical gender in Mopan Maya. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0006.

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Mopan (Mayan, Belize/Guatemala) has two noun classifiers that resemble gender markers. However, the gender markers (GMs) violate expectations about canonical gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016): only a minority of Mopan nouns are gendered; gender is marked only together with the noun, not in multiple syntactic domains; gender marking can be omitted in certain syntactic contexts; and gender marking can be introduced when a normally non-gendered noun co-occurs with an adjectival modifier. We address the grammatical and discourse functions of Mopan GMs in relation to their non-canonical properties. Two productive functions—use as honorific titles with proper names and derivation of agentive nominals—are extended to various functions involving agentivity and differentiation, e.g. derivation of descriptive terms for non-human implements and terms for varietal subcategories. GMs are also employed creatively in discourse, e.g. to suggest animacy of inanimates or to introduce sex differentiation where it would not otherwise be signalled.
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Schemenauer, Ellie C. Gender, Identity, and the Security State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.191.

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Much of what goes on in the production of a security state is the over-zealous articulation of the other, which has the effect of reinforcing the myth of an essentialized, unambiguous collective identity called the nation-state. Indeed, the focus on securing a state (or any group) often suggests the need to define more explicitly those who do not belong, suggesting, not only those who do, but where and how they belong and under what conditions. Feminists are concerned with how highly political gender identities often defined by masculinism are implicated in marking these inclusions and exclusions, but also how gender identities get produced through the very practices of the security state. Feminists in the early years critiqued the inadequacy of realist, state-centric notions of security and made arguments for more reformative security perspectives, including those of human security or other nonstate-centric approaches. At the same time, feminist research moved to examine more rigorously the processes of militarism, war, and other security practices of the state and its reliance on specific ideas about women and men, femininity and masculinity. Feminist contributions from the mid-1990s through the first decade of the millennium reveal much about the relationships between gender identities, militarism, and the state. By paying attention to gendered relationships of power, they expose the nuances in the co-constitution of gender identities and the security state.
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Loporcaro, Michele. The typological interest of lesser-known Romance gender systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0008.

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The inventory of lesser-known more-than-binary systems gathered for purposes of linguistic reconstruction is now discussed per se, as a valuable complement to our knowledge of linguistic diversity in Europe. The chapter covers topics such as the creation—atypical for Romance—of strictly semantic gender and subgender values; contact-driven change in the gender system (of both Romance and contact languages); and the occurrence in some Romance dialects of unusual conditions on gender agreement (with unexpected sensitivity to inflectional morphology of gender/number agreement rules), of gender agreement on unusual targets (e.g. non-finite verb forms, adverbs, complementizers), and of (highly unusual) syntactically dependent overt gender-marking on nouns. The chapter ends with a gedankenexperiment, showing how the data reviewed thus far would complement the relevant maps of the World Atlas of Language Structures.
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Kruttschnitt, Candace, and Rosemary Gartner. Marking Time in the Golden State: Women's Imprisonment in California (Cambridge Studies in Criminology). Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Kripal, Jeffrey J. Sexuality and the Erotic. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0010.

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The biological, psychological, cultural, and ethical complexities of what we today call sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, and sexual trauma have been the focus of intense research for well over a century now. It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of this corporate knowledge for how we have come to see “religion,” and it is worth noting that both the modern categories of religion and sexuality as signs marking fields of rational discourse and critical study were born more or less together within the same time period (the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) and within the same cultural institution (the Western university). This article examines the abstract categories of sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, the erotic, desire, and sexual trauma. It concludes with two individual fields of sexual-religious emotion and, in this case, two historical female bodies, one (apparently) heterosexual, the other homosexual or bisexual: Mother Ann Lee, the charismatic founder of the American Shaker community, and the contemporary Hollywood actress, Anne Heche.
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Forker, Diana. Ergativity in Nakh–Daghestanian. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.35.

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This chapter presents an analysis of ergativity and more general alignment in the Nakh-Daghestanian (or East Caucasian) language family. The surveyed constructions are gender and person agreement on verbs, case marking, valency changing operations, imperatives, reflexive and reciprocal constructions, conjunction reduction, complement control and the lexicon. In accordance with previous studies on this topic, I show that the evidence for ergativity is mainly to be found in the morphology. The syntactic alignment shows tendencies towards accusativity or neutral, but clearly no indications for ergative subjects. This is in line with researchers such as Kibrik who describes Nakh-Daghestanian languages as dominated by (semantic) roles.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gender markings"

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Peet, Jessica L., and Laura Sjoberg. "Marking defeat on women’s bodies." In Gender and Civilian Victimization in War, 79–100. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, [2020] |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315265957-5.

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Cysouw, Michael. "A history of Iroquoian gender marking." In Typological Studies in Language, 283–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.104.12cys.

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Guellouz, Mariem. "Gender marking and the feminine imaginary in Arabic." In Gender, Language and the Periphery, 47–64. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.264.03gue.

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Bonini, C., and C. Bordignon. "Gene Marking of T Lymphocytes." In Gene Therapy, 189–99. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7011-5_13.

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Brehmer, Bernhard, and Monika Rothweiler. "The acquisition of gender agreement marking in Polish." In Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies, 81–100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.13.07bre.

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Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania, Oded Shenkar, and Amir Shoham. "Linguistic Gender Marking and Its International Business Ramifications." In Language in International Business, 194–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42745-4_8.

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Maestre-Brotons, Antoni. "Marking Territory: Violence and Hypermasculinity in Ramon Térmens and Carles Torras’s Joves (2004)." In Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces, 75–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47325-3_4.

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Manorama, Swatija, and Radhika Desai. "Menstrual Justice: A Missing Element in India’s Health Policies." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 511–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_39.

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Abstract Proposing a novel framework of menstrual justice, the chapter argues that women’s health needs must be understood as the result of the complex interplay of their everyday gendered experiences of living, their biology, and their medical condition. The Indian state’s health policies fail women because they do not recognize that the marking of women as impure menstruating bodies is a cause of women’s health inequity from birth to death. This very denial by the state policy of women’s gendered experience of health is menstrual injustice. The chapter elaborates on this idea by establishing the links between women’s stigmatization as menstruating bodies, lack of control over their bodies, and ill-health, pointing to the high incidence of a variety of menstrual health problems in pre-menarche, during menstruation, perimenopause and postmenopause. The chapter then identifies the gender-specific biases, blind spots, gaps, and barriers in state policies that impede the security of women’s health across their life-cycles.
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Kupisch, Tanja, and Ewgenia Klaschik. "Cross-lectal influence and gender marking in bilectal Venetan-Italian acquisition." In Studies in Bilingualism, 127–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.52.07kup.

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Cornetta, K., E. F. Srour, and C. M. Traycoff. "Gene Marking in Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation." In Gene Therapy, 171–87. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7011-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gender markings"

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Schlenter, Judith, Yulia Esaulova, Elyesa Seidel, and Martina Penke. "Planning of active and passive voice in German." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0043/000458.

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This eye-tracking experiment investigated how morphological case affects German speakers’ descriptions of transitive events, specifically whether explicit case marking modulates speakers’ structural choices. To increase the production of non-canonical structures (passive, patient-initial active), we primed patients in event scenes with a red dot. Subject and object case in German are unambiguously marked on masculine nouns but not on feminine nouns. If explicit case marking requires more structural planning, we should find an effect of gender. For feminine nouns, speakers may start with the cued patient and continue with a passive or a patient-initial active sentence. However, analyses of syntactic choice, speech onset times and eye gaze revealed that gender and thus case marking had no effect on sentence planning
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Gonen, Hila, Yova Kementchedjhieva, and Yoav Goldberg. "How Does Grammatical Gender Affect Noun Representations in Gender-Marking Languages?" In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1043.

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Verhoeven, Ben, Iza Škrjanec, and Senja Pollak. "Gender Profiling for Slovene Twitter communication: the Influence of Gender Marking, Content and Style." In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1418.

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