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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gender imbalance'
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Nasr, Maroun. "Gendered Game: Gender and gender imbalance in the gaming industry : How is the gender imbalance created and explained the Swedish Gaming firms?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279613.
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The low levels of gender diversity is an characteristic that is directly associated with the gaming industry. The gaming industry is multi-dollar business with huge influence on technological advancement and possesses a great power and influence over its users. It is in a position to shape how users view the world and how they interact with it. Studies within the field of gaming have previously showed that gaming can have a significant impact on children and adolescents’ behavior. Therefore, it becomes of great interest to examine how gender imbalance is created and how it is explained by the gaming firms. The study will examine these questions through a Swedish perspective. The methodology of this research paper can be divided into two main section. Firstly, a literature review was conducted to gather information about relevant theories, concepts and previous research. Thereafter, ten individuals working for different Swedish gaming companies were interviewed to gather their perspective and view on the topic. The results showed that the gaming firms explained the gender imbalance and how it is created through gender and societal norms. However, when discussing the structure of the company, culture and other practices, results indicated that the gaming firms play a larger contributing role to the imbalance through; male-dominated gender structures and cultures that makes it difficult for women to progress and feel belonged in the company, establishing requirements that exclude certain candidates, and by having a confused perceptive regarding the situation.Den låga könsmångfalden är något som är direkt associerat med spelindustrin. Spelindustrin är en enorm industri som har stort inflyttande på teknisk utveckling samt har stort inflyttande över sina användare och kan forma hur de ser på världen och interagerar med den. Studier inom spelområdet har tidigare visat att spel kan ha en inflytande på barn och ungdomars beteende. Därför har det blivit ett stort intresse att undersöka hur könsubalans skapas och hur det förklaras av spelbolagen. Denna studie kommer att undersöka dessa frågor ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Metodiken för denna forskningsrapport kan delas in i två huvudavsnitt. Först genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att samla information om relevanta teorier, begrepp och tidigare forskning. Därefter intervjuades tio personer som arbetar inom svenska gaming bolag för att samla in deras perspektiv och syn på ämnet. Resultaten visade att spelföretagen förklarade obalansen mellan könen och hur det skapas genom köns- och samhällsnormer. Men när man diskuterade företagets struktur, kultur och andra aspekter, visade resultaten att spel bolagen har en större bidragande roll till obalansen än vad de själva tror. Dessa företag utformas av mansdominerade köns strukturer och kulturer som gör det svårt för kvinnor att utvecklas och känna sig del av företaget, formar krav som exkluderar vissa kandidater och så vidare som bidrar till en låg könsmångfald inom branschen.
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Nyangon, Maurice. "The ICT gender imbalance in schools and beyond : missed opportunities." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/5647/.
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'Pipeline shrinkage', the steady attrition of women in the ICT industry despite their academic achievement, has been of great concern not only in the United Kingdom but also internationally for almost a quarter of a century. This study reviewed literature and prior research from both national and international perspectives, with a particular research focus on the experiences of students in three British secondary schools. The situation may have been exacerbated in British schools as government strategies have increasingly focussed on male students' apparent 'underachievement' relative to female students. One aspect of focus has been the resurrection of interest in single-sex classes in state schools. The comparatively strong academic achievement of female students has led to little focussed research on why they fail to capitalise on their ICT ability and study the subject beyond school level. Their behavioural intentions have not been the focus of the research. This study tested the fit of The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TpB) as a theoretical framework to examine how behavioural, normative and control beliefs differed, both between male and female students in mixed and single gender schools and female students taught in mixed or single sex classroom contexts. Samples of 150 students were questioned from which 120 were useable; 40 from each of the three participating schools. In two cases 25 students were Key Stage 4 students and 15 were A-Level students. A series of semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a further sample of 30 Key Stage 4 ICT students. Results showed data fitted the TpB model and explained female students' lack of intention to study ICT beyond their current level as beliefs were found to be related to that intention. Recommendations were provided for changes in practice based on attitudinal responses to behavioural beliefs, learning styles and teaching strategies.
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Caminotto, Gabriella. "Accounting for the gender imbalance in UK Higher Education administration : a discourse analysis." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19697/.
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UK Higher Education is considered to be at the forefront of equality and diversity policy and practice, yet its staff profile is characterised by persistent gender (among other types of) imbalance. This thesis investigates this paradox, focusing on the under-researched professional and support services staff, and particularly female-dominated administrative and secretarial occupations. In contrast to the few previous studies on the topic, this PhD project takes a discursive perspective to explore this paradox. In other words, it examines how university professional and support staff discursively account for the persistent gender imbalance in their sector, with a particular focus on how they talk themselves out of acting to change the status quo, i.e. on discursive barriers to change. A UK case-study university, whose staff gender-imbalanced profile is representative of the national picture, was selected as the epistemological site. Focus groups were conducted with female and male staff in administrative and secretarial occupations; interviews were carried out with managers who had progressed internally from administrative and secretarial roles, and with former employees of the case-study university. Data were analysed and interpreted from a critical realist, feminist perspective. Discourse analysis was conducted, with a specific focus on the functions, effects and implications of participants’ situated use of gendered discourses and discursive constructions, and co-production of patterned accounts. This thesis takes a much-needed step beyond deconstruction and critique of discursive barriers, towards promoting discursive reconstruction and change. It highlights participants’ potentially emancipatory uses of counter-discourses, and provides recommendations for discursive change.
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Tzeng, Jerry Y. "China's gender imbalance and its implications on China-Japan and China-Taiwan security relations." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10706.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how China's gender imbalance could affect East Asian security with respect to China-Japan relations and China-Taiwan relations. The research result is ambiguous in that China's excess males may or may not force the Chinese government to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy stance with Japan and Taiwan. On the one hand, the Chinese government has been relatively calm in its dealings with Japan and Taiwan despite the rise of Chinese nationalism. The Chinese government actively contains anti-social behaviors associated with excess males without seriously affecting bilateral relations with Japan or Taiwan. On the other hand, appealing to nationalistic fervor in order to strengthen regime legitimacy could force the Chinese government to be more belligerent. Inaction by the Chinese government in response to Japanese or Taiwanese provocation could compel many in China to engage in mass uprising against the state, thus threatening the regime's power. This thesis also provides possible options to mitigate the social and political tensions presented by these excess males and to prevent potential regional instability. Options such as war, public works projects, foreign marriage tax, population control, testosterone reduction, state-sponsored matchmaking service, and UN peacekeeping are explored.
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Louw-Harmse, Yo-Ann Sonja. "Gender imbalance: a focus on senior management positions in the it sector in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1403.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology (Discipline: Information Technology) in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyWomen in South Africa are under-represented in senior management positions in the Information technology (IT) sector — even with available incentives and directives to rectify the situation. The purpose of this research is to explore and understand the reasons for the imbalance in representation of women in senior management positions in the IT sector in South Africa. Seventeen women in middle to senior management positions from two of South Africa’s nine provinces — Western Cape and Gauteng — were interviewed for this study. The women were asked to relate their personal experiences and perceptions around organizational culture in IT environments and factors influencing their career advancements. A qualitative content analysis method was used to analyse the responses from the interviews. The findings of this study confirm the imbalanced representation of women in senior management positions. It was found that organizations are open and welcoming and provide opportunities to women, but women in the IT sector do not necessarily desire to advance to senior management positions. Factors such as the legacy in the IT industry where men held senior positions, career interruptions due to child bearing, and the absence of female mentor’s impact on the career advancement of women. The informal recruitment process for senior manager positions and the lack of emphasis on the need for women in IT when advertising senior management positions worsen the situation. Women lack self-confidence and are of the opinion that their skills set must be an exact match to the job requirements before applying for senior positions. Work life balance is not supported in the IT environment and no development programs aimed specifically at women are available. The paucity of women taking up technical careers — such as IT — limits the number of women available to develop and appoint in senior management positions. Guidelines for women to advance to senior positions and for companies to recruit and hire women are proposed. These guidelines will assist to correct the imbalance representation of women in senior management positions and promote IT as a career for women. A suggestion for future studies is to compare career advancement of women working in the software development environments, compared to women in the infrastructure and technical environments of IT, as well as those who have left the IT industry.
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Mendick, Heather Fiona. "Telling choices: an exploration of the gender imbalance in participation in advanced mathematics courses in England." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406568.
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SMITH, Gregory Michael, and gms@aapt net au. "The predominance of women in public relations." Central Queensland University, 2006. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20070524.134535.
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As (almost) everyone in the Australian public relations industry knows, there
are more women than men. On average, the numbers in Perth (and
nationally) favour women by slightly more than three to one. However, the
figures are alarmingly high, and, according to Australian Bureau of Statistics
figures, make PR one of the most female-intensive industries in Australia.
This growing imbalance may have long-term effects which have yet to be
identified. This thesis, however, seeks to consider the reasons for this
situation.
The research aims to:
1. Examine the reasons for the growth in numbers of women and
numerical decline of men within public relations in Perth,
Western Australia, by considering the development of public
relations and how it has impacted on the composition of the
profession.
2. Examine future trends within the profession for both women
and men and what an imbalance may mean.
Patterns in the data clearly show that women outnumber men by almost 3:1,
with statistics consistent across all groups surveyed. For example, in
government PR practitioners are 71 per cent female, while in private practice
(both nationally and in WA) it is 74 per cent. In WA charities the figure is 75
per cent. At the universities it varies between 72 and 87 per cent. This study
examines the reason for the imbalance and whether an imbalance is good.
Whether the industry (professional bodies, educators, students and
practitioners) is concerned is up to it.
This work provides the first study of the gender composition of the industry
in Australia. As such, it should be a valuable tool in a number of areas. Like
many initial studies, it raises just as many questions as answers, and it
provides pathways for future study. It should lead to a wider examination of
further issues. For example: does the predominance of women in PR in
university courses cause concern among male students, perhaps leading them
to question their continued participation? Do male students wonder whether
the female dominance of PR courses will lessen their chances of
employment. And what do practitioners think of an industry that is feminine?
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Sisi, Jin. "Reverse the Question: Does Happiness Raise Economic Output？ : Evidence from the European Value Survey, 1981–2009." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-124622.
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So far, numerous studies have been devoted to investigate the relationship between happiness and income by asking the question whether economic growth has a positive impact on happiness. However, the reversed relationship from happiness to economic output has received much less attention in the literature. This paper attempts to investigate such relationship by using data from the European Value Survey that contains subjective reported well-being (happiness, or life satisfaction) values across 47 European countries from 1981 to 2009. Gender imbalance is used as an instrument for happiness in order to disentangle the causal effect of happiness on income. Based on a derived Solow model, where labor efficiency is assumed to be positively affected by worker happiness, regression analyses suggest that the sense of happiness does have a positive and highly significant impact on GDP per worker. Robustness tests further show that the result also holds for life satisfaction. According to the results, the author recommends governments to use well-being oriented index, along with GDP to measure the overall economy.
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Kostiuk, Olena Anatoliivna, and Олена Анатоліївна Костюк. "The problem of gender inbalance in digital media." Thesis, National aviation university, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50052.
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1. Urska U. Gender equality and the media. European Council standards and their implementation [Electronic resource] / Umek Urska. - 2019. - Available at: https://rm.coe.int/ukr-gender-equality-and-media-council-of-europe-standards-andimplemen/16809efcc9 2. Knock, Knock! Who’s there? Sexism in Ukrainian media take Through hitspite [Electronic resource] // Institute for Mass Information. - 2019. - Mode of access to the resource: https://imi.org.ua/monitorings/tuk-tuk-htotam-seksyzm-v-ukrayinskyh-media-ta-trishky-hejtspichu-i29476.In Ukraine, media coverage of sensitive topics such as gender nervousness and inclusiveness has repeatedly been disrupted. Considering that media actively shape the thoughts and ideas of society and have a significant impact, the presentation of information on such important topics must be appropriate. Unfortunately, the experience in Ukraine is not very positive. In line with new perspectives on the development of society, digital media must be progressive and incorporate sexism, ageism and intolerance into their work.
В Україні висвітлення у ЗМІ таких делікатних тем, як гендерна нервозність та інклюзивність, неодноразово порушувалось. Враховуючи, що засоби масової інформації активно формують думки та ідеї суспільства та мають значний вплив, подання інформації на такі важливі теми має бути належним. На жаль, досвід в Україні не дуже позитивний. Відповідно до нових поглядів на розвиток суспільства, цифрові засоби масової інформації повинні бути прогресивними та займатися проблемами сексизму, дискримінацією за віком тощо.
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Lanier, Latrona R. "African American Women: Gender Beliefs, Peer Perception, Relationship Power, and Sexual Behavior." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nursing_diss/36.
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African American women living in the U.S. face immense challenges to protect themselves from HIV infection. One in every 32 African American women is diagnosed with the disease and heterosexual contact is the primary mode of transmission. A better understanding of the African American woman’s beliefs and decisions related to safe sex practices can give direction to strategies to promote safer sexual behaviors. The purpose of this study was to explore the association of the African American woman’s attitudinal beliefs, normative beliefs, and relationship control beliefs with self-reported sexual behaviors. The Theory of Planned Behavior served as the study’s theoretical framework, supporting the premise beliefs are precursors to explanations and understanding human behavior.
Using a cross-sectional, correlational design, a convenience sample of 95 African American women from the southeastern United States was obtained. Results confirmed a statistically significant 1) positive relationship between gender role beliefs and relationship power, (r = 0.354, p < .001); 2) negative relationship between gender ratio imbalance beliefs and relationship power, (r = -0.472, p < 0.001); 3) positive association between relationship power and avoidance of risky sexual behavior, (r = 0.340, p = 0.001); 4) negative correlation between gender ratio imbalance beliefs and risky sexual behaviors, (r = -0.235, p = 0.022); and 5) positive correlation between safer sexual behavior and peer perceptions of safer sex behaviors, (r = 0.475, p < 0.001). Results from a stepwise multiple regression indicated that relationship power (p = 0.001) and peer perception (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of sexual behavior, accounting for 31% (p < 0.001) of the variance.
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Vitcheva, Tereza. "Can Effort-reward Imbalance explain Differences in Burnout and Sickness Absence between Strata of Occupational Gender Composition? : A Prospective Cohort Study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157356.
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Aims: This study examined the prospective association between male-female ratio in occupations and levels of effort-reward imbalance, burnout and sickness absence. Specifically, we examined whether levels of effort-reward imbalance, burnout and sickness absence differed by strata of occupational gender composition, and whether effort-reward imbalance explained these differences. Methods: Data from two waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) was used, forming a sample of 9051 participants. Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to estimate differences in variables between strata of occupational gender composition, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to analyse if effort-reward imbalance explained differences in outcomes between five strata of occupational gender composition. The analyses were stratified by gender and level of education. Results: Levels of effort-reward imbalance, burnout and sickness absence varied by strata of occupational gender composition. Effort-reward imbalance was the most consistent predictor, while few significant associations were found between occupational gender composition and the outcomes. Effort-reward imbalance mediated some, but not all of the significant associations between occupational gender composition and the outcomes. Conclusions: There was no strong support for an association between occupational male-female ratio and burnout or sickness absence. Effort-reward imbalance was prospectively associated with all outcomes.
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Turner, Itari. "Work-life balance among medical doctors in Nigeria : a gender perspective." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14757.
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This exploratory study examined the perceptions and realities of work life balance among medical doctors in Nigerian Public Hospitals. The study aimed to investigate the coping strategies adopted by medical doctors to manage work life balance and finally to examine the gender differences in the lived experiences of male and female medical doctors in Nigeria. The literature revealed that conceptualising work life balance models or employee flexibility in an African work setting is problematic when juxtaposed with primordial African cultural values where work and life are an indissoluble existential unit. The transition from an agrarian economy to new capitalist workplaces in many African countries is still relatively new. This study fills the gap by unveiling the implications this narrative has for understanding contemporary WLB. Forty-one semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted for this study. It involved male and female doctors from public hospitals across three geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The sample of doctors interviewed were specifically resident doctors with a wide range of specialties. Thematic method of data analysis was adopted to provide major themes which were used to discuss the findings of the research investigations. The findings reveal that work in the Nigerian medical sector is notoriously intense as it underscores challenges of long working hours, intense work demand and staff shortage. The findings further suggest women must tread a ‘delicate balance’ between subordination to male authority, domestic responsibilities and ambition/achievement in a professional career. This study makes two key contributions to knowledge. Firstly, the study contributes to existing literature on work-life balance in the Nigerian context, elaborating the situation with work-life balance initiatives and how medical doctors in Nigeria manage to cope with the shortcomings of the organisations. Secondly, the findings fostered a useful extension of the work-family border theory. The border theory explains how individuals navigate between life domains and boundary management. However, the theory has provided little information on the factors that affect how employees manage and negotiate between the domains. This led to the development of the work spiritual life balance model.
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Kerr, Jenny. "Psykiskt välbefinnande : En kvantitativ studie inom IT-förvaltning på en statlig myndighet." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för arbetshälsovetenskap och psykologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35875.
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Denna studie syftade till att undersöka psykiskt välbefinnande bland statligt anställda män och kvinnor med eller utan ledarskapsansvar. En enkät innehållande frågor om bakgrundsvariabler; kön, ledarskapsansvar samt upplevd ansträngning och belöning skickades ut till 210 anställda. Frågorna om ansträngning och belöning utgick från den så kallade ansträngning- och belöningsmodellen. Femtiotre respondenter, 27 män (51%) och 26 kvinnor (49%), besvarade enkäten. Resultatet visade att 76% (n=40) av respondenterna upplevde enpositiv obalans mellan ansträngning och belöning medan 24% (n=13) upplevde en negativ obalans. Upplevd ansträngning uppvisade en signifikant korrelation med upplevd belöning, rs = -0.458, p<0.05. Dock uppvisade varken kön eller anställningsposition en signifikant association med obalans mellan ansträngning och belöning. Kön: Chi2 (1, n=53) = 0.158, p>0.05. Anställningsposition: Chi2 (1, n=53) = 0.2, p>0.05. Det psykiska välbefinnandet kan påverkas negativt om en obalans mellan upplevelsen av ansträngning och belöning föreligger. På grund av låg sampelstorlek och begränsningar i statistisk styrka kan föreliggande studie inte dra några definitiva slutsatser om balansenmellan ansträngning och belöning samvarierar med kön och/eller anställningsposition i studiepopulationen.The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological well-being amongst government employees consisting of men and women with or without staff responsibility. A survey, consisting of questions regarding background variables; gender, staff responsibility and experienced effort and reward, was distributed to 210 employees. The questions regarding effort and reward were based on the Effort and Reward Imbalance Model. Fifty-three respondents, 27 men (51%) and 26 women (49%), took part. Results showed that 76% (n=40) of the respondents experienced a positive imbalance between effort and reward while 24% (n=13) experienced a negative imbalance thereof. Experienced effort showed a significant correlation with experienced reward, rs = -0.458, p<0.05. Neither gender nor employment category, however, showed a significant association with effort and reward imbalance. Gender: Chi2 (1, n=53) = 0.158, p>0.05. Employment category: Chi2 (1, n=53) = 0.2, p>0.05. The psychological well-being can be affected negatively if an imbalance between effort and reward occurs. This study cannot draw any firm conclusions of a potential associationbetween gender and employment category within the study population due to low sample size and limitations in statistical power.
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Enberg, Birgit. "Work experiences among healthcare professionals in the beginning of their professional careers a gender perspective /." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-25771.
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Чаусовська, С. І. "Реалізація гендерної політики в області." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17609.
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Актуальним для Сумщини сьогодні залишається формування на рівні області гендерно-збалансованого кадрового резерву для органів влади та місцевого самоврядування з метою виправлення існуючої ситуації та забезпечення рівного представництва жінок на керівному рівні.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17609
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Norrgård, Amanda. "Obalans mellan ansträngning-och belöning, en riskfaktor för nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande? : En kvantitativt studie bland kommunanställda." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för arbets- och folkhälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26887.
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Problemområde: Nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande kan öka risken för sjukskrivning med psykisk ohälsa som orsak. Sjukskrivningar orsakad av psykisk ohälsa överrepresenteras av; kvinnor och kommunanställda. Den psykosociala arbetsmiljön kan vara en anledning till detta, dock saknas förståelse för anledningen. För att förstå denna kontext kan ansträngning- och belöningsmodellen tillämpas. Forskning påvisar att obalans mellan ansträngning- och belöning associerar med nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande. Dock behövs fler studier inom ämnesområdet i en svensk kontext med fokus på kommunal förvaltning som utreder könsskillnader. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om associationen mellan psykiskt välbefinnande och balansen mellan ansträngning- och belöning var olika hos respektive kön bland anställda inom barn- och utbildningsnämnden i en kommun. Metod: En kvantitativ metod med tvärsnittsdesign tillämpades. Data samlades in genom en elektronisk enkät, vilken mailades ut till de 259 tillsvidareanställda i urvalspopulationen. 153 respondenter besvarade enkäten, varav 123 var kvinnor och 30 var män. Datan analyserades genom logistiska regressionsanalyser. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet från den logistiska regressionsanalysen, vilken inkluderade respektive kön, indikerade en positiv statistisk signifikant association mellan summaindex balans och psykiskt välbefinnande (p=,006, OR=4,539). Resultatet från den logistiska regressionsanalysen, vilken enbart inkluderade kvinnor, indikerade en positiv statistisk signifikant association mellan summaindex balans och psykiskt välbefinnande (p=,025, OR=3,685). Männen hade ingen statistisk signifikant association med någon variabel. Slutsatsen är att oddset avseende att ha nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande ökar när respondenterna rapporterar mer obalans mellan ansträngning- och belöning, uttryckligen mer ansträngning för varje belöning. Vidare har studien inte kunnat fastställt skillnader mellan könen avseende associationen mellan psykiskt välbefinnande och balansen mellan ansträngning- och belöning.Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the association between psychological well-being and the effort-reward imbalance differ in gender among employees in the child- and education council in a municipality. Method: A total of 153 respondents participated, whereof 123 were women and 30 were men. The method that was used in this study was a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The data was collected through an electronic questionnaire. The data was analyzed by several logistic regression analyzes. Results: The results from the logistic regression analysis, which included both genders, indicated a positive statistically significant association between the sumindex for balance and psychological well-being (p=,006, OR=4,539). The result from the logistic regression analysis, which included only women, indicated a positive statistically significant association between the sumindex for balance and psychological well-being (p=,025, OR=3,685). Men had no statistical significant association with any variable. Conclusion: The study showed that the odds of have impaired psychological well-being increase when respondents report more imbalance between effort and reward, explicitly more effort for each reward. Furthermore, the study has not been able to determine gender differences regarding the association between psychological well-being and the effort- reward imbalance.
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Dubihlela, Dorah. "Socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms for the female-headed households in the Bophelong Township / Dorah Dubihlela." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7175.
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This dissertation studies the socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms of female-headed households in Bophelong Township. The study focuses on three areas namely, female-headed households, their socio-economic challenges and survival strategies. The study followed a literature survey first, then an empirical study. The literature study was undertaken to provide a theoretical framework for the empirical work. The survey process was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase, a sample survey of the whole area of Bophelong was undertaken. This was the sample from which female-headed households were identified. In the second phase, a household survey on the female-headed households serving the purpose of this study was undertaken. The method used in the measure of poverty is the Household Subsistence Level (HSL). The HSL measures the minimum amount needed by a household to maintain subsistence. It takes account of the sex and ages of household members. According to the study outcome, poverty levels amongst female-headed households in Bophelong are high. About 77% of sampled female-headed households in Bophelong were poor. The poverty gap index in these households was 0.53; meaning that on average poor households needs 53% of their income to reach their poverty line. High unemployment rate has been found to be prevalent amongst female-headed households in Bophelong, where the rate of 65% was recorded. This high unemployment rate was possibly the cause of poverty in these households together with low educational qualifications among households members; only 2% were found to have a post graduate qualification. Female-headed households in Bophelong township are engaged in a daily struggling to survive. These households have devised various means for survival. These include the search for wild fruits in the nearby areas, immigration to another region and the benefit of school feeding schemes. When it comes to the sources of household income, government grants were found to play an important role in the sustenance of these households. The average household income was calculated at R1760 per month. The average dependency ratio, which measures the number of unemployed who depend on one income earner, was 5.5. Finally, the investigation recommends a more detailed and deeper study relating to the socio-economic challenges faced by the female-headed households. There is also a need to explore on their survival means so as to direct policy actions aimed at addressing socio-economic issues relating to female-headed households in general.Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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Severe, Marie Sandra. "Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV-Related Risk Factors for HIV-Positive Haitian Women." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2279.
Full textAbstract:
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the least studied HIV-related risk factors in Haiti although research in the United States and Europe has clearly established the link between childhood trauma and HIV risk behaviors. Understanding the role and impact of CSA on HIV-positive Haitian women is likely to strengthen future HIV prevention and treatment efforts aimed at this vulnerable group.
The current study was a cross-sectional examination of baseline data collected during a randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention in Haiti. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between CSA and sexual risk behaviors, alcohol use, and social support in a group of Haitian women, ages 17-55 (n=229), who are HIV-positive alcohol users living in Haiti. The outcomes investigated were the respondents’ level of exposure to CSA and their current HIV-related risk factors. The Theory of Gender and Power provided the theoretical framework for variable selection and associative exploration. Statistical tests included descriptive analyses, chi-square tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlations.
Results showed that women who were exposed to some level of sexual abuse during childhood had less favorable attitudes towards condom use than women who reported no exposure to sexual abuse during childhood [F(2, 217) = 5.10, p = .007]. There were no differences between exposure groups for the remaining sexual risk behaviors: multiple partners, knowledge of HIV, and sexual self-efficacy. Women who were exposed to CSA also reported higher levels of alcohol use than reported by the women in the non-exposure group. Finally, there were no differences between exposure groups for social support.
Group differences in attitudes towards condom use and levels of alcohol use among HIV-positive Haitian women demonstrate that HIV-positive individuals have different past and present experiences that affect their current beliefs and behaviors. Examining women at the beginning of their diagnosis for childhood trauma and providing targeted interventions for coping with that trauma presents a valuable research opportunity. The findings of the current study suggest that more research is required to understand the association between CSA and HIV-related risk factors in this subset of the HIV-positive population.
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Wang, Ting. "SEX COMPOSITION AND FEMALE OFFENDING: UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/37.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores the mechanisms of the increasing female crime in China from the effect of the one-child policy, which is treated herein as a natural experiment. Data reveal that the women’s share of documented crime dramatically increased after the mid-1990s when the first one-child generation reached the age of legal responsibility. This change reflects the interplay of the behavioral change and the net-widening effect.
The increasing criminality of the one-child generation is attributable to the gap between the equal gender expectations of the individual, which has been reshaped by the unique socialization practices under the influence of the policy, and a stubbornly unequal gender hierarchy in the society. As a result, the one-child-generation women who disproportionately suffer the resulting strains are more likely to become involved in property and occupational crime as the alternative means to fulfill their aspirations for economic success. Additionally, the effect of the policy affects not only the individual gender roles of the only children but also their peers who have siblings through the intermediary of a culture shift. Therefore, the policy has changed the behavior of a whole new generation through the process of socialization and the lag in the structural change.
The net-widening effect is another pathway of the unequal gender structure and ideologies to the increasing female crime. Moral panic associated with the emergence of diverse forms of female offenses lead to an inordinate degree of adverse attention focused upon the one-child-generation women by criminal justice professionals. The increased criminalization of sexuality brought an increasing number of the one-child-generation women into conflict with the law, usually for prostituting themselves for easy money to fulfill their material satisfaction. Consequently, the one-child-generation female offenders are perceived as “doubly deviant” from the law and from the socially prescribed ideology of gender and are, therefore, punished more harshly than before by the criminal justice system.
This dissertation not only explores an understudied country in criminological research but also seeks to apply the findings to a broad sphere to explain the increasing female crime that has been observed worldwide. It disentangles the theoretical controversy in explaining the increase in the share of crime committed by women in general by embedding the argument in a multidimensional gender role repertoire.
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Ali, Isse. "Analysing and predicting differences between methylated and unmethylated DNA sequence features." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/12616.
Full textAbstract:
DNA methylation is involved in various biological phenomena, and its dysregulation has been demonstrated as being correlated with a number of human disease processes, including cancers, autism, and autoimmune, mental health and neuro-degenerative ones. It has become important and useful in characterising and modelling these biological phenomena in or-der to understand the mechanism of such occurrences, in relation to both health and disease. An attempt has previously been made to map DNA methylation across human tissues, however, the means of distinguishing between methylated, unmethylated and differentially-methylated groups using DNA sequence features remains unclear. The aim of this study is therefore to: firstly, investigate DNA methylation classes and predict these based on DNA sequence features; secondly, to further identify methylation-associated DNA sequence features, and distinguish methylation differences between males and females in relation to both healthy and diseased, sta-tuses. This research is conducted in relation to three samples within nine biological feature sub-sets extracted from DNA sequence patterns (Human genome database). Two samples contain classes (methylated, unmethy-lated and differentially-methylated) within a total of 642 samples with 3,809 attributes driven from four human chromosomes, i.e. chromosomes 6, 20, 21 and 22, and the third sample contains all human chromosomes, which encompasses 1628 individuals, and then 1,505 CpG loci (features) were extracted by using Hierarchical clustering (a process Heatmap), along with pair correlation distance and then applied feature selection methods. From this analysis, author extract 47 features associated with gender and age, with 17 revealing significant methylation differences between males and females. Methylation classes prediction were applied a K-nearest Neighbour classifier, combined with a ten-fold cross- validation, since to some data were severely imbalanced (i.e., existed in sub-classes), and it has been established that direct analysis in machine-learning is biased towards the majority class. Hence, author propose a Modified- Leave-One-Out (MLOO) cross-validation and AdaBoost methods to tackle these issues, with the aim of compositing a balanced outcome and limiting the bias in-terference from inter-differences of the classes involved, which has provided potential predictive accuracies between 75% and 100%, based on the DNA sequence context.
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"Gender Imbalance in the Design School: Enrollment Patterns Among Interior Design Students." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.24945.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Generally speaking, many programs of interior design have had a gender imbalance in the student population. As a case in point, the interior design program at Arizona State University (ASU) is at present ninety percent female. While other design programs such as architecture or industrial design have achieved gender balance, interior design has not. This research explores the reasons why male students are not enrolling in the interior design program at ASU and to what degree gender influences the selection of a major. The objectives of this research are to determine: 1) what role gender plays in the selection of interior design as a choice of a major at ASU; 2) why might male students be hesitant to join the interior design program; 3) why female students are attracted to interior design; 4) if there are gender differences in design approach; and 5) if curricular differences between interior architecture and interior design impact the gender imbalance. A mixed method approach is used in order to answer the research questions including: a literature review, a visual ethnography, and interviews of interior design students and faculty members at ASU. The results reveal that gender might have an effect on students' decision to join the interior design program. For a male student, people questioned his sexuality because they assumed he would have to be of a certain sexual orientation to study interior design. According to a male faculty member upon visiting a middle school on career day, young boys would be interested in the projects displayed at the interior design booth until they figured out what it was. Even at a young age, the boys seemed to know that interior design was a female's domain. A participant stated that women seemed to be less critical of the men's projects and were more critical of each other. A male respondent stated that on the occasion there were no men in the class the studio culture changed. Another stated that interior design students did not take feedback as well as others and need to be affirmed more often. Gender socialization, the history of interior design as a feminine career, and the title "interior design" itself are all possible factors that could deter male students from joining the program. The insights acquired from this research will provide students and faculty members from The Design School and beyond a better understanding of gender socialization and what the interior design program has to offer.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S.D. Design 2014
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Diaz, Kassandra. "Different Faces, Different Voices: A Film Analysis of Power Imbalance in Gender-Dominated Societies." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604655.
Full textAbstract:
Poster exhibited at GPSC Student Showcase, November 7th, 2014, University of Arizona. This research has been presented at the 2014 Annual Student Showcase, where first prize recognition in the College of Humanities was received. An earlier version was presented at the 24th Annual Graduate and Professional Symposium on Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian Literature, Language and Culture. Recognition as the first undergraduate poster presented at the graduate symposium was received, as well as an award for Best Paper. Special recognition is due primarily to Dr. Katia Bezerra, head of the Department of Spanish & Portugese, for extending an offer for me to present, to Edgard Ore-Giron for private mentorship of my work, and to Akeem Flavors in the Department of Art History for willingly assisting me practice my presentation skills.No amount research need be referenced to justify the consensus that a power differential exists among women and men. The outcome that this power differential has created, however, varies from one society to another. The role of women in male-dominated societies is deconstructed through two films, each situated in the drug trafficking industry—one set in Latin America and the other in the United States-Mexico border. While substantial literature explores the gender power differential in the United States and developing countries, little attention is given to the impact of gender participation in the developing world. Each of these countries has diverse expectations with gender politics; that is, some countries have women as leaders in suffrage reforms and corporations, while women in other countries are not even granted the right to divorce. This paper examines the relationship between gender participation of women and their defiance of the power differential as depicted in the Brazilian film City of God and the American film Traffic. While no evidence is independently presented that economic development provides a basis for equal participation, the most important factors such as gender violence and civil liberties provide a means of understanding the gender gap from a sociopolitical perspective.
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Fiřtová, Šimona. "Svalové dysbalance u dětí prepubertálního věku." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-365509.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the problem of muscle imbalances in pre-pubertal children and its relationship with their free time activities. The selected exercises were tested for the muscles involved in the lower and upper cross syndrome. On the basis of the measured results, the frequency of shortened / weakened muscles and muscles in the physiological standard were compared. A questionnaire survey was used to identify preferences of children concerning leisure activities. Based on the data obtained from the comparison of the data found in the questionnaire and the results measured during the testing of the muscles, the following topics were addressed: Whether the muscular condition is influenced by the sex, the frequency of sport activities performed and the type of sport practiced. In addition, the influence of parents' and their lifestyle.
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Nandraj, Shameel. "Gender imbalances in positions of leadership at schools." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3230.
Full textAbstract:
In South Africa women are grossly under-represented in educational management. This
study reports on the possible reasons for gender imbalances in positions of leadership at
schools.
The study uses feminist theories as a lens to understand the various forces that give rise to
gender imbalances in positions of leadership at schools.
In order to arrive at an understanding of how women managers perceive their under-representation
in school management, quantitative data was gathered from 53 women
managers in the North Durban Region using the survey questionnaire. This data was
used to provide the study with baseline information to pave the way for an in-depth
qualitative study. As part of the qualitative study, four respondents were selected using
the purposive sampling technique to provide rich data. The data was then collated with
the intention of understanding possible reasons for gender imbalances from the
perspective of women educators within a broad social, political and historical context.
Evidence from the data reveals that while gender equity policies have signaled the need
for social justice and transformation of management structures in schools, there appears
to be a serious disjuncture between policy and practice. It is apparent that equity policies
have failed to address the 'gendered' crisis at grassroots level. Men's dominance in
educational management and the numerical marginalisation of women remains a hurdle.
Data reveals that women are highly qualified, highly skilled and intrinsically motivated,
and yet grossly under-represented in management structures in schools.
The women managers in this study reflected on the gender stereotyping that pervades
both their personal and professional roles. They recommend the creation of
organisational cultures at schools that reflect a commitment to gender equity.Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Durban-Westville, 2003.
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Fiřtová, Šimona. "Svalové dysbalance dětí na rozhraní mladšího a staršího školního věku." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-373113.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the problem of muscle imbalances of middle school aged children and its relationship with their free time activities. The selected exercises were tested for the muscles involved in the lower and upper cross syndrome. On the basis of the measured results, the frequency of shortened / weakened muscles and muscles in the physiological standard were compared. A questionnaire survey was used to identify preferences of children concerning leisure activities. Based on the data obtained from the comparison of the data found in the questionnaire and the results measured during the testing of the muscles, the following topics were addressed: Whether the muscular condition is influenced by the sex, the frequency of sport activities performed and the type of sport practiced. In addition, the influence of parents' and their lifestyle. KEYWORDS muscoskeletal system, muscle imbalance, upper crossed syndrome, lumboischiatic syndrome, gender, middle aged children
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Ngcongo, Ndondo Mildred. "Gender imbalances in the school governance : a case study of two Umbumbulu high schools." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4067.
Full textAbstract:
'Gender imbalances in the school governance' was studied in two schools and amongst community members of Umbumbulu, a rural area, and 60 kilometres from Durban in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Data collected from the study reveal that governance structures of the studied schools are male dominated with men holding highest positions and women in middle or lower ranks. The status quo in the two schools is found to be reflective of the Umbumbulu community's cultural beliefs. There are entrenched beliefs
regarding which gender should hold management positions, rather than what constitutes and is required for good leadership. The study found that although there are other factors that lead to gender imbalances, the overriding one is the fact that the culture and beliefs that the community subscribes to is highly gendered and stereotypical. In turn policies formulated e.g. selection and
hiring policies reflect a low regard for women and practically discriminate against them. It is found that the trend leads to problems, which affect the entire schooling system. Most respondents are aware of the imbalances and are not content with them but do not commit in bringing about change.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Freeman, Rachel Johanna. "Working women’s perceptions of power, gender-based violence and HIV-infection risks: an explorative study among female employees in an airline business." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4848.
Full textAbstract:
Power imbalances and gender-based violence (GBV) have increasingly been cited as important determinants putting women at risk of HIV infections. Studies have shown that globally one in every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise abused in her lifetime. The study explored working women’s perceptions of power, gender-based violence and HIV-infection risks. A qualitative, explorative study was conducted among female employees in an airline business in Namibia. Five women participated in in-depth, face-to-face interviews. The findings show that all of the participants experienced power imbalances and GBV in their intimate relationships. All of the women reported emotional or psychological abuse, whilst the majority were subjected to economic abuse, followed by physical abuse, and two alleged having been sexually abused. The study concludes with specific recommendations for the development and successful implementation of workplace policy and programmes to protect and promote women’s rights.Social Work
M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)
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Treurnicht, Stephanus Philippus. "Beskouings oor volhoubare ontwikkeling en die krisis in die natuur." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1215.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansDuring the last few decades the need existed for a new framework to give direction to development and ecological thought in respect of the sustaining of nature in order to place development and ecological thought within the limits of nature. However, development thought and the debate relating to nature are to some extent still treated in theory and practice as two separate entities. One of the current challenges for sustainable development is to reconcile the development and ecological branches of this debate. The thesis firstly explains the origin and characteristics of sustainable development. Secondly, the crisis in nature is discussed, followed by a discussion of the most important ecological views relating to sustainable development. Then issues in development thought that relates to sustainable development is discussed, as well as the changing emphasis in development thought that stimulated the growth of sustainable development. The mainstream development view, as the other main branch of sustainable development thinking, is then discussed. In conclusion, some issues relating to the operationalisation of sustainable development is discussed.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingstudies)