Journal articles on the topic 'Gender gap indexes'
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1
Chu, Doris C., Bill Hebenton, and Albert Toh. "Gender Equality and Female Offending: Evidence From International Data Sources." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 65, no. 13-14 (January 15, 2021): 1496–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x20986527.
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This paper examines the nature of female offending patterns in relationship to societal gender equality using cross-national analysis of 27 European countries for the year 2006. Importantly, our analysis uses a conceptually innovative indicator (the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index) to determine relative levels of gender equality. Results show that countries with a narrower gender gap in the Global Gender Gap indexes of political empowerment were likely to have a higher female prosecution rate, and that political empowerment was also significantly associated with female conviction rates as well as rates of property offending. The pattern of results generally supports the liberation thesis. Finally, limitations and suggestions for future study are addressed.
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Totakhiel, Najibullah. "GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION: THE CASE OF EASTERN & SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 6 (July 9, 2020): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i6.2020.487.
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This research aims to find the size of the gender gap in education in the ten provinces of the Eastern Region (ER) and the South-Eastern Region (SER) of Afghanistan. Based on the World Economic Forum (WEF) approach to the gender gap, the study measures the educational gender gap index (EGGI) at both the regional and provincial level.
The study found that the regional EGGI is 0.30. This means that 70% of the gender gap remains. The EGGI in the ER is 0.35, while in the SER it is 0.25, which means that 65% and 75% of the gender gap remains in the ER and the SER respectively. Thus, the gap is smaller in the ER than in the SER. At the provincial level, the best performing province is Nangarhar, where 42% of the gap has been closed. The worst performing province is Wardak, where only 15% of the gap has been closed.
Of the six sub-indexes of the EGGI which were calculated from the primary data, the largest gender disparity is in the enrolment in tertiary level education, which has a gap of 69%. The second largest gap is 55% for the number of male and female schools. Both middle school enrolment and teacher gender ratio have similar sized gaps of 53%. The gaps for enrolment in primary education and secondary education are lower, at 30% and 43% respectively. The gap between the male and female student-teacher ratios is 73.6%. Furthermore, there is a 67.7% gap in literacy rate between males and females across the country.
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Arnania-Kepuladze, Tamila. "DISPARITY IN THE EMPLOYMENT SPHERE: THE MEASUREMENT OF PAY GENDER DISPROPORTION." Problems of Management in the 21st Century 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2012): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/12.03.20.
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The labour price or the compensation for work as a fundamental basis of any working activity influences the labour market actors’ behaviour. The level and structure of pay along with labour costs are significant macro-economic indicators, which are widely used by different political, social and economic institutions to assess situation on the labour market and define labour market macroeconomic policy. A managerial theory and managerial practices considers the compensation for work as significant factor of job motivation. Today, when women play vital role in employment sphere the gender gap in the work reward still exists. The article considers the direct correlation between the gender pay disproportion and gender-gap-reasons-based disparity in the employment sphere. For the calculation and analysis of the pay gender disproportion the author introduces two indexes: the Index of Pay Gender Differentiation (PGD) and the Index of Pay Gender Gap (PGG). The Index of Pay Gender Differentiation (PGD) expresses not only the existing relation between men’s and women’s pay but defines the dynamics for their closing on. The using of the Pgd promotes to define the direction for attain of gender equality on the employment sphere and a priori assumes to overcome the source of gender inequality in the labour market. The Index of Pay Gender Gap (PGG) shows pay deviation from ideal gender pay equilibration. Key words: gender, labour market, labour price, pay disproportion, index of Pay Gender Differentiation (PGD), Index of Pay Gender Gap (PGG).
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Castellano, Rosalia, and Antonella Rocca. "Gender gap and labour market participation." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2012-0107.
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Purpose – The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. Findings – The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification. Research limitations/implications – In order to take into account the subjectivity of some choices in composite indicator construction and to test robustness of results, different aggregation techniques were applied. Practical implications – The authors hope that this new index will stimulate the release of a sort of best practices useful to close labour market gaps, starting from best countries’ scenarios, and the launching of pilot gender parity task forces, as it happened with the Global Gender Gap Index in some countries. Finally, relating gender gap indexes with country policies frameworks for gender inequalities and the connected policy outcomes, it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness and to identify the most adequate initiatives to undertake because policies reducing gender gaps can significantly improve economic growth and standard of living. Social implications – The analysis gives a contribution in the evaluation of the policies and regulations effectiveness at national level considering the existing welfare regimes and the associated gaps in labour market. It can help policy makers to understand the ramifications of gaps between women and men. The Gender Gap Labour Market Index is constrained by the need for international comparability, but limiting its analysis to European countries; it has been based on ad hoc indicators concerning developed economies and could be readily adapted for use at the national and local levels. Originality/value – In this paper the authors propose a new composite indicator index specifically focused on gender gap in labour market. Several papers analysed gender differences in wages, employment or segregation, but few of them consider them together, allowing to get a satisfactory informative picture on gender inequalities in labour market and studying in deep its multiple aspects, including discrimination indicators ad hoc calculated, giving to policy makers an useful tool to evaluate female employees conditions and put them in relation with the different input factors existing within each country.
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Couppié, Thomas, Arnaud Dupray, and Stéphanie Moullet. "Education-based occupational segregation and the gender wage gap: evidence from France." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 368–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-09-2012-0143.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether the gender wage gap at the beginning of the working life in France varies with the gender composition of occupations (male-dominated, female-dominated or mixed) and its main determinant (educational pre-sorting or labour market sorting). Design/methodology/approach – The first stage of the methodology is to decompose segregation indexes at occupation level into the two components of determination noted above. The occupations are then divided into five groups on the basis of their gender composition and the weight of the educational segregation. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions are then applied to each group. Findings – Among 54 strongly gendered occupations, the segregation in 26 stems mainly from educational pre-sorting. This context is favourable to reduction of the gender wage gap. However, a modest wage differential is not proof of convergence towards equity, as it may conceal the existence of a significant discrimination component, as in male occupations. Research limitations/implications – The results relate to a cohort of French youth. The earnings-equalizing impact of education-based occupational segregation should be tested in other national contexts. Social implications – Public authorities should put in place incentives to encourage women's participation in a greater range of education and training courses and to improve the matching between education and the skill content of jobs. Originality/value – The originality lies in the suggestion that a strong connection between education and skill requirements helps to narrow the occupational gender wage gap.
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Moreira, Josilene Aires, and Catarina Sales Oliveira. "Quantifying for Qualifying: A Framework for Assessing Gender Equality in Higher Education Institutions." Social Sciences 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100478.
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The objective of this study is to present the development of a framework for assessing gender inequality in higher education institutions (HEIs) which reveals how this academic environment is progressing in terms of gender balance. It proposes a multi-dimension-based index comprised by five dimensions—Empowerment, Education, Health, Violence, and Time. The mathematical model used enables the user to assign a weight value to each dimension, customizing the results according to the institution addressed. The paper is based on a post-doctoral research project which analyzed six globally recognized indexes (Gender Inequality Index; Global Gender Gap Index; Women, Business, and Law Index; Gender Equality Index; Social Institutions Global Index; Women Empowerment Principles) to construct a new framework for gender inequality evaluation tailored for HEIs. It used a Laplace–Gauss-based scale. The research included an experiment of concrete application to two instiutions, one in Europe and the other in South America. While the first one had a Gender Equality Plan, the second had not. The analysis was successfully conducted in both institutions. The two institutions presented general results above 60%. These results need to be read in the specific context of each university. The Gender Equality in Higher Education Institutions Index (GEHEI) provides a user-friendly way of checking the existence of gender inequality, summarized into a single number but able to be detailed in several levels and to provide insight into progression over time. The handling of the GEHEI tool is also very straightforward. The proposal is designed to be used in different HEIs; it is recommended that researchers customize the weights of the dimensions according to their relevance in the specific organization. This paper provides a new methodological model to measure gender inequality in HEIs based on easy-to-obtain data, distinguishing itself from global indexes by its ease of application and interpretation.
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Ganna, Kharlamova, Stavytskyy Andriy, and Naumova Mariia. "Gender Matters for the Entrepreneurial Activity: Case of European States." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0059.
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Abstract The gender inequality is the hot topic for most countries in the world. However, sometimes the talks about the risks and threats are more dramatic than the reality is. The paper aims to test the gender gap in the selected states and to consider the hypothesis that gender matters in entrepreneurial activity. The methodology of the regression and statistical analyses is proposed to access the main hypothesis and to trace the dynamics of the gender indexes and ranks. The preliminary results show that gender affects the level of entrepreneurial activity; besides government support programs and socio-cultural factors have a significant impact as well. The valid results for all states represented positive correlation and dependence between Entrepreneurial Motivation for TEA and Female/Male ratio for all analysed states. We can conclude that the change in the ratio of women and men engaged in entrepreneurial activity in the state (i.e. Poland) will affect the level of business innovation. For example, when the gender structure of entrepreneurs in Poland changes towards the number of women compared to men, the level of innovation of products and services will increase, or vice versa.
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NGWAKWE COLLINS, C. "Gender equality and extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.04.056.
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This article assesses the link between the four pillars of gender equality and extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, the objective of the paper is to empirically examine whether the four pillars of gender equality, namely women’s health, women education, political participation of women and economic participation facilitate extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Data were collected from the World Bank development indicators and World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index for 25 sub-Saharan African countries whose data appear on both indexes for three years into the SDGs era. Th e paper applied a quantitative approach with secondary data on poverty gap index drawn from the World Economic Forum Poverty Gap Index for sub-Saharan Africa. Data for twenty-fi ve sub-Saharan African countries were analysed using the fi xed-eff ect panel data regression approach using the Hauseman model selection test. Findings from the analysis indicate that, ceteris paribus, an increase in the threegender equity variables namely economic participation of women, education of women and political participation and leadership of women in sub-Saharan Africa has a signifi cant potential to reduce extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa within the sample of study. Since the fi ndings of this study have shown that extreme poverty can be reduced through increased women participation in economic activity, education and leadership, the SDG of poverty alleviation can be improved in sub-Saharan Africa through better government provision of economic, educational and leadership opportunities for women such as providing women with free-interest small business start-up funds, free education for women and supporting women to ascend and survive in political and leadership positions in sub-Saharan Africa through a balanced quota for female leadership positions. Given that the women’s health variable did not prove to be signifi cant on extreme poverty, further research is recommended to separate the health variable into rural health and urban health variables in order to examine the possibility that either of the health clusters might contribute signifi cantly to reducing extreme poverty. Th is paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical evidence to show that gender equality in sub-Saharan Africa is a viable policy strategy for achieving the SDGs 2030 Agenda of extreme poverty eradication in sub-Saharan Africa; the paper also provides empirical model for future study.
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Suzuki Him, Miki. "A Comparative Analysis of Familialist Modernisation and Gender Inequality: Turkey and Japan." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Womens Studies 20, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v20i1.54.
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Turkey and Japan are among the lowest-ranked countries in various gender gap indexes despite their economic achievement. To understand the phenomena, this study explores a question how the experiences of Turkey and Japan converge and diverge in the early struggles for modernisation and a new gender order through an interpretive comparative historical analysis. This study shows that notwithstanding geographical distance, cultural variances and different courses of industrialisation, Turkey and Japan have a number of common historical backgrounds which makes a comparative study interesting. Both countries played a leading role in its region in terms of modernisation, industrialisation and women’s emancipation between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Yet in both countries women were emancipated but unliberated; they gained civil rights but their empowerment was controlled judicially and ideologically. The two countries also share a socio-demographically similar experience of “semicompressed modernity” which made them opt for familialism as a welfare model today. This familialism is both part of their neoliberalisation programme of social policy and their self-Orientalist response to global capitalist economy. This study argues that it is questionable if familialism secures the family. It is also questionable if women’s labour force participation in flexible employment contributes gender equality. Apart from the similarities in state policies, Turkey’s experience diverts from that of Japan. One of the most significant variances is that more women in Turkey tend to postpone labour force participation rather than childbirth while it is the opposite in case of Japan. In face of neoliberalising global economy, both Turkey and Japan have carried out drastic reforms since the 1980s yet again without liberating women.
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Ding, Zhikun, Fungfai Ng, and Jiayuan Wang. "Testing trust scale measurement invariance in project teams." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 12, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-04-2012-0017.
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Purpose – An important assumption in testing theoretical models is measurement invariance. However, little research in construction project management investigates the issue of measurement invariance. To bridge the gap, the current paper aims at: first, testing trust measurement invariance in project teams across gender; second, delineating various measurement invariance tests and demonstrating them with Amos; and last but not least, increasing researchers' awareness about measurement invariance issue in the construction project management field. Design/methodology/approach – The measurement invariance of trust across gender is investigated using survey data collected from architects in project design teams of A-level architectural design institutes in China. Multisample confirmatory factor analysis is conducted with Amos to test configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, factor covariance and variance invariance, error variance invariance, latent mean invariance of the Chinese version of McAllister's two-dimension trust scale. Findings – All the test results of the above invariances are supportive. Goodness-of-fit indexes such as CFI deserve more empirical studies to verify. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that the trust structure of male and female architects is equivalent. In other words, male and female architect data of trust research in construction project management could be aggregated. Practical implications – It is recommended that test of measurement invariance should be conducted while new measurement scales are under construction. Originality/value – Since all the invariance tests are rarely conducted within a single study, the current research is the first paper to investigate the measurement invariance issue in the construction industry.
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Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, Stephanie Rodriguez-Besteiro, Juan José Cabello-Eras, Alvaro Bustamante-Sanchez, Eduardo Navarro-Jiménez, Macarena Donoso-Gonzalez, Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco, and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera. "Sustainable Development Goals in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 7726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137726.
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The present narrative review aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sustainable development goals (SDGS). This information would allow a better comprehension of the actual state of the SDGS and a more efficient programming in future interventions. To achieve the objective of the study, a consensual and critical review was carried out using both primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary sources, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages and databases. The Sustainable Development Goals are a global call to action to end poverty, close the gender gap, protect the planet, and improve the lives of people around the world. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted 17 goals as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which sets out a plan to achieve the goals in 15 years. However, the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has been a turning point in the achievement of these goals, due to all its consequences at the political, economic, and socio-cultural levels. This review can be used as a guide for future research and reviews in order to understand the status of each of the SDGs and what actions have been taken and proposed in the aftermath of the pandemic in recent years.
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Sukim, Sukim, Firdaus Firdaus, Retnaningsih Retnaningsih, and Efri Diah Utami. "Mengukur Kepemimpinan Perempuan di Indonesia dengan Metode Fuzzy c-Means Clustering." STATISTIKA: Journal of Theoretical Statistics and Its Applications 18, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jstat.v18i2.4536.
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Indonesia is fully committed to implement Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The goal 5 ofSDGs priorities the need to end discrimination against women and girls in all forms, and meetingtheir right to equal opportunities in employment, health and education. It is in line with thePresidential Instruction No. 9/2000 on gender mainstreaming in the National development programs.According to the result of the 2015 Intercensal Population census, about 49.75 percent of 255.18million Indonesian population are women. This large figure population of women could be an assetfor the national development in Indonesia when they are given the opportunity to advance andimprove their quality. Unfortunately, it is realized that there is still a gap between men and women inIndonesia due to limited access of women in education, employment, politics and high governmentalposition. Considering that women’s leadership is important to achieve and accelerate SDGs, thispaper aims to assess women’s leadership in Indonesia at province level by using 5 dimensions ofwomen’s leadership (politics, government, education, economy and decision making). Applying Fuzzyc-Means Clustering Method and 7 validity indexes, the result found that provinces in Indonesia canbe grouped into 4 clusters. The fourth cluster consists of 14 provinces and is considered as a clusterwith lowest women’s leadership.
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Maya Damayanti, Sylviana, and Pramudya Wicaksana. "FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RISK PROFILE: AN EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION ON BANK EMPLOYEES." Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.01.16.
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People with a high level of financial literacy tend to have better financial management skills to realize their financial well-being through effective financial decisions including investing according to their risk profile. The banking industry is an industry that has the highest inclusive level selected because it can represent financial literacy conditions. On the other hand, the gap between financial inclusion and financial literacy leads to a large number of investment (illegal) cases and complaints to regulators. The purpose of this research is to find out the level of financial literacy and type of risk profile, factors that affect it with bank employees in Bandung as research objects. The sampling technique used is a non-probability sampling technique that is purposive sampling with a total of 408 respondents. Data collection is through online questionnaires. There are three sections questionnaire, demographic factors, financial literacy, and risk profile. The data processing techniques used are descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regressions. The results showed that bank employees in Bandung had financial literacy indexes categorized as “medium” or “sufficient” (66.7%) with a risk profile index of “moderate” type (60%). Demographic factors that affect financial literacy are age, education level, and organizational position. While the factor that affects the risk profile is age and gender. Research has also revealed a strong correlation between financial literacy and risk profile.
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Raszkowski, Andrzej, and Bartosz Bartniczak. "On the Road to Sustainability: Implementation of the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in Poland." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020366.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the implementation status of the 2030 Agenda sustainable development goals (SDG) in Poland. The current situation in the country is characterized in the introduction, with particular emphasis on the socio-economic situation, economic growth, sustainable development, crucial strategic documents, development policies, non-governmental organizations and good governance. The next part of the article presents the selected for analyses indicators, which monitor the implementation of SDG at the national level (National SDG indicators). The study covers the period 2010–2016. In terms of the research methodology, the dynamic analysis methods were used, i.e., individual dynamics indexes (fixed-base and chain type). The average rate of particular phenomena changes over time was also determined. The data for calculations were retrieved from Statistics Poland resources. The article provides recommendations regarding the effective implementation of SDG in Poland in the years to come. The research results showed that the implementation status of SDG is satisfactory. In the case of 57 indicators out of the 73 analysed, the direction of expected changes was positive; thus the country remains on the right path towards sustainable development. Among the diagnosed problems the following can be listed: obesity, civilization diseases, lower income, government expenditure and R&D outlays in agriculture, fewer adults participating in education, gender pay gap, lower revenues from selling innovative products, unfavourable ratio of disposable income in rural areas against the city, unsatisfactory quality of the law-making, relatively low percentage of energy from renewable sources in transport and land requiring reclamation.
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Figueiredo, Sandra, and Margarida Alves Martins. "Test Difficulty in Second Language Setting: Measuring With Receiver Operating Characteristic." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcep-2021-0021.
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In order to assess the accuracy and validity of proficiency diagnostic tests in Second Language (L2), specifically regarding the linguistic (orthographic, semantic, syntactic, lexical) and cognitive (verbal reasoning, lexical decision) components for the immigrant population in Portugal, a study of cut-off points of 6 tests was conducted. This study was motivated by the unknown tests and the gap concerning the testing and rating of individuals in L2 settings, different from English as L2. The objective was to validate and inform about new tests (and how to establish rating scores and understand the proficiency level of students) in Second Language Testing (for European Portuguese) especially concerning different psychometrics for specific skills (e.g., phonemic blending). In this way, we contribute to identify new procedures for schools and professionals about testing of cognitive functions in immigrant populations. First, we examined 108 non-native students attending Portuguese schools, aged 7–17 years, speakers of mother tongues other than Portuguese and residing in Portugal for a period not exceeding eight years. Then, series of univariate analyses, non-parametric tests and the calculation of percentiles enabled the subsequent classification of the subjects’ proficiency levels: With or without proficiency. Several levels were identified. The sensitivity and specificity indexes were calculated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to define the cut-off points for each test. The score calculation took into account the chronological age, age of immigration and gender variables. The evidence from this study suggests that all tasks are suitable to assess immigrant students. However with the ROC analysis, this assessment differs regarding degrees of proficiency between groups given the characteristics of the tasks and of the subjects. The importance of doing tests with discriminatory power of the subjects’ performance to be able to intervene in the linguistic and cognitive areas with the greatest deficit is examined here.
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Coppola, Mariarosaria, Maria Russolillo, and Rosaria Simone. "On the management of retirement age indexed to life expectancy: a scenario analysis of the Italian longevity experience." Journal of Risk Finance 21, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-01-2020-0012.
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Purpose This paper aims to measure the financial impact on social security system of a recently proposed indexation mechanism for retirement age by considering the Italian longevity experience. The analysis is motivated by the progressive increase in life expectancy at advanced age, which is rapidly bringing to the fore noticeable socio-economic consequences in most industrialized countries. Among those, the impact on National Social Security systems is particularly relevant if people live longer than expected; this will lead to greater financial exposure for pension providers. Design/methodology/approach Referring to the Italian population for illustrative purposes, the authors contemplate different scenarios for mortality projection methods and for the implementation of pension age shift while accounting for gender and cohort gaps and model risk. Synthetic indicators to measure the impact of the indexation mechanism on social security system are introduced on the basis of pension cash flows. Findings An indexation policy that manages gender gap while adjusting retirement age for varying life expectancy is proposed. As a result, sustainability of public retirement expenditure is improved. Originality/value The paper is a concise scenario analysis of the reduction of costs and risks that pension providers would have if the system resorted to link retirement age to life expectancy. The ideas fostered by the paper follow a recent proposal of the Authors on a flexible retirement scheme that deals with model risk for mortality projection and accounts for gender gap in mortality rates.
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Kwiek, Marek, and Wojciech Roszka. "Are female scientists less inclined to publish alone? The gender solo research gap." Scientometrics 127, no. 4 (March 5, 2022): 1697–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04308-7.
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AbstractIn solo research, scientists compete individually for prestige, sending clear signals about their research ability, avoiding problems in credit allocation, and reducing conflicts about authorship. We examine to what extent male and female scientists differ in their use of solo publishing across various dimensions. This research is the first to comprehensively study the “gender solo research gap” among all internationally visible scientists within a whole national higher education system. We examine the gap through mean “individual solo publishing rates” found in “individual publication portfolios” constructed for each Polish university professor. We use the practical significance/statistical significance difference (based on the effect-size r coefficient) and our analyses indicate that while some gender differences are statistically significant, they have no practical significance. Using a partial effects of fractional logistic regression approach, we estimate the probability of conducting solo research. In none of the models does gender explain the variability of the individual solo publishing rate. The strongest predictor of individual solo publishing rate is the average team size, publishing in STEM fields negatively affects the rate, publishing in male-dominated disciplines positively affects it, and the influence of international collaboration is negative. The gender solo research gap in Poland is much weaker than expected: within a more general trend toward team research and international research, gender differences in solo research are much weaker and less relevant than initially assumed. We use our unique biographical, administrative, publication, and citation database (“Polish Science Observatory”) with metadata on all Polish scientists present in Scopus (N = 25,463) and their 158,743 Scopus-indexed articles published in 2009–2018, including 18,900 solo articles.
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Setiawan, Temy, and Aristia Aprilia. "Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Millennial Leadership, Gender Diversity terhadap Nilai Perusahaan." Owner 6, no. 3 (August 7, 2022): 3261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i3.1014.
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One measure of company success that indicates investors' confidence in the firm is firm value. Higher firm value suggests that investors' expectations have been achieved. Especially in the current conditions, the economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic, many allocations of public funds are entrusted with stock investment. This study bridges non-financial factors that are thought to have an effect on firm value such as CSR, millennial leadership, and gender diversity. The study was conducted on companies indexed LQ-45 in the 2017-2020 observation period. Quantitative content analysis is involved in identifying CSR disclosures. The data used is secondary data with SPSS 26 data processing technique.The results show that CSR and millennial leadership have a negative effect on firm value and there is no effect of gender diversity on firm value.This research opens up opportunities for future research where the existence of a generation gap affects trust in millennial leadership and impacts firm value
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Pérez-Sales, Pau, and Maggie Zraly. "From sexualized torture and gender-based torture to genderized torture: The urgent need for a conceptual evolution." Torture Journal 28, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i3.111179.
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Classical perspectives on sexualized torture are being increasingly challenged by contemporary debates informed by emerging claims (Mendez, 2016; Sáez, 2016; Sifris, 2014). Gender-based analysis based on feminist and other theoretical approaches is needed to adequately address these.
Arriving at a general framework for the reconceptualization of torture, and progressively widening the analytical scope of gender and torture, are priorities. Gender analyses of torture needs to encompass a broader range of phenomena, from rape and attacks on sexual integrity to any suffering inflicted on human beings that is intricately intertwined with gender (Jakobsen, 2014), including and not limited to discrimination against LGTBI persons,1 genital mutilation, and the restriction of any of the broad range of issues under the frame of reproductive freedom, such as abortion and involuntary sterilization.2
The push for a gender transformative rethinking of conceptual and analytical approaches to torture is accompanied by the need to develop specific tools to detect and assess sexual and gender-based torture (including the necessity for a reconsideration of gender perspectives on the Istanbul Protocol), to incorporate a feminist perspective in the rehabilitation of victims. This requires specific treatment approaches as well as holistic survivor-centered rehabilitation models that include access to high quality and comprehensive services. Services that support stigma reduction are particularly important.
Our own desk review on all papers published in Torture Journal since 2006 until 2018 showed a clear gender analysis gap: only 32% of papers included the word ‘gender’ and 38% the word ‘female’ in any part of the text. In 84% of the cases, these mentions simply indexed the presentation of data disaggregated by sex. Only 4% of all the papers published in the Journal attempted a gender analysis. To help address this gap, the Journal circulated a call for papers on gender and torture that aligned with research priorities identified in our Delphi study (Pérez-Sales, Witcombe, & Otero, 2017). The response to this call has been encouraging.
This issue features a collection of texts that highlight important aspects of sexualized and gender-based torture and provide reflections that contribute to framing the theoretical debate on the nature and scope of gender-based and genderized forms of torture. The Journal believes that even more research and reflection is necessary to adequately clarify and raise the terms of this debate and additional texts relevant to the topic are planned to appear in forthcoming issues. This current issue draws out key concepts that are important to making an impact, both on the debate and in practice.
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Mendonça Almeida, Leonor, Ana Luísa Fernandes, Catarina Gouveia Cardoso, Bruno Lima, Inês Neves, Hélder Novais-Bastos, Patrícia Caetano Mota, et al. "Mortality risk prediction with ILD-GAP index in a fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis cohort." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 16 (January 2022): 175346662211353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17534666221135316.
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Background: Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease–gender-age-physiology (ILD-GAP) performance in fHP outside the initial cohort was never performed. Aim: To assess the ILD-GAP index’s ability to predict mortality in a Portuguese cohort of patients with fHP and analyse whether other clinical variables add value. Methods: Retrospective analysis of fHP cohort in two Portuguese ILD centres. The baseline ILD-GAP index was calculated. Survival was analysed in months; mortality was the primary outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses to identify mortality risk factors were performed. Results: A total of 141 patients were included. Fifty-three patients (37.6%) died during the follow-up. The usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern was found in 49.6%, and their survival was inferior to non-UIP [32 months (interquartile range, IQR = 19, 60) versus 52 months (IQR = 28, 98), p = 0.048]. Patients with an ILD-GAP index higher than three double their risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 6.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (3.03–13.96)] when compared with the patients with an index between 2 and 3 [HR = 3.04, 95% CI = (1.62–5.71)] adjusting for acute exacerbation history. Even though UIP patients had worse survival, it did not reach statistical significance when UIP pattern was added to this model. Acute exacerbation history was an independent risk factor for mortality; however, ILD-GAP still predicted mortality after adjusting for this factor. PaO2 and 6-minute walk test desaturation were not significant risk factors. Conclusion: ILD-GAP index is a good predictor for mortality in fHP, even after adjusting for other mortality risk factors.
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Krasnikova, K. V., and M. M. Skoryk. "Ukraine in International Systems for Measuring Gender Inequality." Statistics of Ukraine 92, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.09.
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The article contains a complete list of global and regional instruments for measuring gender inequality relevant to Ukraine with global indices at the forefront, as well as international gender equality assessment systems and data portals available at the global, regional and sectoral levels.
The structure of each of the five global complex and eight global sectoral gender indices from among those covering Ukraine was analyzed: Gender-related Development Index, GDI; Gender Gap Index, GGI; Social Institutions and Gender Index, SIGI; Gender Inequality Index, GII; The SDG Gender Index, SDGGI; Women, Business and the Law Index, WBLI; Women’s Economic Opportunity Index, WEO; Gender Budgeting Indicator, GBI; Women, Peace, and Security Index, WPSI; Gender Social Norms Index, GSNI; Women’s Power Index, WPI; The Female Opportunity Index 2021, FOI2021; Gender Parity Index, GPI.
The sub-indicators of these indices were analyzed, in fourteen thematic areas identified in accordance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Areas were ranked according to the level of their coverage by global data presented in the indices.
Thematic gender data portals were analyzed and a list of nine sectoral global data was compiled, in particular for Ukraine: Gender data by DHS Program; Gender Data Portal (GenderStats) by The World Bank; Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Gender Quotas Database; The World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE); Gender, Institutions and Development Database; Inter-Parliamentary Union’s: Women in Parliament; ILOStat Labour Statistics on Women; Digital Gender Gaps; Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset.
Based on the results of the analysis, key thematic areas of women’s rights were identified and ranked, whether or not covered by global gender data, on which the indices were built. These areas are: Employment; Political and social life (covered by nine indices out of thirteen relevant to Ukraine); Education (by eight indices, respectively); Commitment to eliminate discrimination (by seven indices); Economic and social life (by six indices); Health care and family planning (by five indices).
Areas where the gender situation may remain unclear due to the lack of global data and the lack of international comparisons have been identified, namely: Temporary special measures; Participation at the international level; Marriage and family life. These areas are covered by only two indices out of thirteen. The thematic area “Women and girls from rural areas” is the least covered by global data and is indexed in only one index out of thirteen. It is concluded that these last thematic areas will be particularly dependent on national statistics and will be in dire need of data.
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Ravi, Krithi, Zineb Bentounsi, Aiman Tariq, Aurelia Brazeal, Davina Daudu, Francesca Back, Muhammed Elhadi, et al. "Systematic analysis of authorship demographics in global surgery." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 10 (October 2021): e006672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006672.
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BackgroundGlobal surgery has recently gained prominence as an academic discipline within global health. Authorship inequity has been a consistent feature of global health publications, with over-representation of authors from high-income countries (HICs), and disenfranchisement of researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we investigated authorship demographics within recently published global surgery literature.MethodsWe performed a systematic analysis of author characteristics, including gender, seniority and institutional affiliation, for global surgery studies published between 2016 and 2020 and indexed in the PubMed database. We compared the distribution of author gender and seniority across studies related to different topics; between authors affiliated with HICs and LMICs; and across studies with different authorship networks.Results1240 articles were included for analysis. Most authors were male (60%), affiliated only with HICs (51%) and of high seniority (55% were fully qualified specialist or generalist clinicians, Principal Investigators, or in senior leadership or management roles). The proportion of male authors increased with increasing seniority for last and middle authors. Studies related to Obstetrics and Gynaecology had similar numbers of male and female authors, whereas there were more male authors in studies related to surgery (69% male) and Anaesthesia and Critical care (65% male). Compared with HIC authors, LMIC authors had a lower proportion of female authors at every seniority grade. This gender gap among LMIC middle authors was reduced in studies where all authors were affiliated only with LMICs.ConclusionAuthorship disparities are evident within global surgery academia. Remedial actions to address the lack of authorship opportunities for LMIC authors and female authors are required.
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Singh, Prashasti, Abhirup Nandy, and Vivek Kumar Singh. "A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Output from Indian Institutes of Management." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 42, no. 6 (January 2, 2023): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.42.6.18316.
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Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) are among the most prestigious business schools in India, mainly offering postgraduate, doctoral and executive education programmes in the fields of Management and Business Education. They also contribute significantly to research in the area. This article attempts to analyse the bibliometric patterns in research output of IIMs. The data for research publications indexed in Scopus during 2010-19 is downloaded and analysed to identify important patterns and trends of research output, citations, international collaboration, open access, gender distribution and social media visibility. The results are also compared with three top internationally renowned business schools (Harvard Business School, MIT Sloan School of Management and NUS Business School). Results indicate that the older IIMs like Ahmedabad and Bangalore are placed at the top in terms of publication counts and citations. Newer IIMs like Rohtak and Raipur are found to be doing well in publications as compared to other IIMs of their generation. IIM Udaipur has more than 40 % of its research output internationally collaborated and also highest citations per paper value amongst all the IIMs. However, when the IIMs are compared with three well-known international schools (two of which have mentored the initial two IIMs), there appears a large gap in several indicators, such as h-index. The paper, thus, indicates that IIMs need to improve their research output and quality to be at par with the top business schools of the world. Research themes like ‘sustainability’, ‘emerging markets’ and ‘supply chain management’ are the most prominent thematic areas observed in the research output from IIMs, which indicates that IIMs are working on research topics of contemporary relevance.
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Wijnen, Marjolijn N., Jorg J. M. Massen, and Mariska E. Kret. "Gender bias in the allocation of student grants." Scientometrics, May 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03985-0.
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AbstractMultiple studies have shown that women’s likelihood of receiving research funding is lower than that of their male colleagues. Thus far, all research on this gender gap in academia has focused on post-PhD academics, making it difficult to discern whether the female disadvantages in number of publications, previous grants, maternity leave, and h-indexes are at the root of the gender gap in received funding, or whether it is due to a more fundamental gender bias in academia. Therefore, we investigated whether female university students are already disadvantaged in receiving their first grant in their scientific career. We analysed data on applications (N = 2651) from 1995 to 2018 to the Leiden University International Study Fund (LISF), a fund dedicated to support students to study or conduct research abroad. We found that men and women applied equally often to the LISF. However, women had a lower success rate, which seemed to only get worse over recent years. Furthermore, male and female applications were assessed to be equal in quality when gender-related information was removed from them. The current study demonstrates that the factors that were assumed to contribute the most to the gender gap in more senior academics (e.g. previous grants, h-index) do not explain it fully: even when those factors do not yet play a role, such as in our student sample, women were found to have lower success rates than men. This underscores the importance of attacking gender biases at its roots.
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Nhan, Truc, and Dao ba Loc. "Importance of Human Development and Challenges." Journal of Enterprise and Business Intelligence, July 5, 2021, 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53759/5181/jebi202101017.
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Vietnam has achieved many achievements in human development, which is reflected in the increase in HDI rankings, increase in component indexes as well as HDI value, the growth rate of HDI among the highest in the world but there are many challenges that Vietnam needs to overcome to get higher HDI. This research collected and analyzed secondary data to analyze, compare and evaluate data on HDI, IHDI, inequality, gender gap, disparities in regions and people groups and some other related indicators to indicate Viet Nam's achievements in human development since 1990, and more importantly, the study identified challenges in gender gaps, disparities in regions and people groups. In order to overcome these challenges and increase HDI much more, based on the analysis of the state of Vietnam's human development and its challenges, the study proposed some policy suggestions such as: (1) Closing the gender gap in education and labor participation; (2) Reducing disparities among regions and population groups; (3). Improving the access ability to education and health care for the poor; (4) Improving people's income and quality of life.
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Kashina, Anna. "GENDER EQUALITY IN TUNISIA: CURRENT TRENDS." Journal of Social Sciences: Transformations & Transitions, July 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52459/josstt1140721.
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Tunisia has come a long way towards achieving gender equality and remains a prominent example to other Arab countries in this experience. Meanwhile, Tunisia still takes only modest positions in international rankings on various indexes measuring gender gap. This work examines, with the help of a comparative-historical method, the formation of the women's movement in Tunisia and the development of legislation on gender equality. Then, through statistical data the author outlines the extent of women's economic, social, and political participation, and, finally, referring to the "concept of representation" by Hanna F. Pitkin (1967), the author looks at the pre-election programs of political parties that won the 2019 parliamentary elections, in order to assess the perception of the problem of women's emancipation in Tunisian society on the whole. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that, despite progressive legislative framework guaranteeing women's rights, the mass consciousness of Tunisians maintains a set of ideas and norms on gender inequality generated by Islamic tradition and fostering the discrepancy, first in the existing legislation and the objective reality, and secondly, between the rules of family law containing elements of Sharia, and the provisions of the Constitution, as well as the accepted international obligations.
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Sethy, Susanta Kumar, Tariq Ahmad Mir, R. Gopinathan, and D. P. Priyadarshi Joshi. "Exploring the socio-economic attributes of financial inclusion in India: a decomposition analysis." International Journal of Social Economics, February 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2021-0451.
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PurposeThis paper examines India's socio-economic attributes and different financial dimensions of financial inclusion (FI).Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a principal component analysis (PCA) to build indexes related to financial dimensions. It applies the logistics regression model and the Fairlie decomposition method to determine India's socio-economic and financial characteristics of FI.FindingsBased on the logistic regression, socio-economic factors like age, gender, marital status, level of education and religion have an impact on FI. The use of financial institutions has positively contributed to the probability of FI, while the low proximity of financial service providers retards the process of FI. Fairlie decomposition concludes regional disparity and gender disparity in FI; however, the rural–urban gap in FI is not captured by the variables included in the study. The main reasons for the discrepancy are lack of education, financial literacy, the proximity of financial service providers and lack of financial institutions.Originality/valueThis paper makes two important contributions: first, it presents a micro-level analysis of FI across the socio-demographic strata of India, and second, it demonstrates the regional, rural–urban and gender disparity in FI in India.
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Romero, Duban, Moisés Mebarak, Anthony Millán, Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro, Martha Martinez, and David L. Rodrigues. "Reliability and Validity of the Colombian Version of the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory." Archives of Sexual Behavior, September 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02402-8.
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AbstractSociosexuality refers to an individual’s disposition to have casual sex without establishing affective bonds and has been widely studied worldwide using the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R; Penke & Asendorpf, 2008). Despite its many validations in different cultural contexts, no psychometric analyses of this instrument have been conducted in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the psychometric properties of the SOI-R in Colombia. In a cross-sectional study with a large sample of participants (N = 812; 64% women), we conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to identify different factor structures and determine which had the best fit for our sample and examined the reliability of the scale. Results showed that a three-factor structure, with sociosexual behaviors, attitudes, and desire as first-order factors, and global sociosexuality as a second-order factor, had the best fit indexes. Each factor presented good reliability indexes. Replicating already established gender differences, we also found that men scored higher on each factor when compared to women. These findings show that the SOI-R is a reliable and valid instrument to assess sociosexuality in countries where sociosexuality research is underrepresented.
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Morero-Mínguez, Almudena, and Marta Ortega-Gaspar. "A Change in Work-Family/Life or a Return to Traditional Normative Patterns in Spain? Systematic Review." Frontiers in Sociology 7 (May 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.807591.
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Family policies to reduce conflict in work-life balance and promote gender equality advanced significantly at the legislative level in Spain in the first decades of the twenty-first century. These advances include the 2007 Law for Equality between Men and Women and the extension of paternity leave to 16 weeks in 2020. However, advances in care work and at the professional level have been limited. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified existing imbalances in family-work responsibilities in general and the ICT gender gap in particular. In crisis situations, women adopt the role of caregivers more easily than men, and women with fewer educational, economic, and job resources are more likely to assume this role, contributing to increasing gender inequalities at work and in the family. COVID-19 has exposed these imbalances, highlighting the need for new narratives and laws that encourage gender equality. Post-COVID-19 scenarios thus present an opportunity for reflection and progress on Spanish family policy. From this perspective, the paradigm of work-family conflict, although interesting, must be examined and resignified. This article proposes to critically resignify the paradigm of work-family conflict based on the new narrative generated by COVID-19. The present analysis suggests a resignification that should involve changing the expectations and practices around work-family balance, based on family diversity, job insecurity, the technological revolution, and new masculinities. It is proposed a prior reflection to clarify definition of the indicators and indexes that enable operationalization of the concept of work-family reconciliation. It is expected that these measures will help to facilitate practical application of reconciliation in areas such as public or/and private organizations, while also enabling international comparative analysis.
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"The Eighties in America: v.1: Aboriginal rights in Canada-Gehry, Frank; v.2: Gender gap in voting-Reagan's "Evil Empire" speech; v.3: Recession-yuppies, appendixes, indexes." Choice Reviews Online 46, no. 03 (November 1, 2008): 46–1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-1261.
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Aguerre, Nuria V., Carlos J. Gómez-Ariza, Antonio J. Ibáñez-Molina, and M. Teresa Bajo. "Electrophysiological Prints of Grit." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (October 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730172.
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While scientific interest in understanding the grit trait has grown exponentially in recent years, one important gap in the grit literature relates to its biological and neural substrate. In the present study, we adopted a hypotheses-driven approach in a large sample of young adults (N = 120) with diverse educational backgrounds and work experiences in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of grit both during rest and while performing a learning task. Additionally, we selected a measure of impulsiveness to better understand the neural similarities and differences between grit and related self-control constructs. Based on previous work that implicated the prefrontal cortex in grit, we hypothesized that high grit participants would have lower frontal theta/beta ratio (a broadly used index that reflects prefrontally-mediated top–down processes, which might indicate better control over subcortical information). Furthermore, we expected the perseverance of effort facet of grit to be linked to higher complexity during task engagement because previous research has shown complexity indexes (entropy and fractal dimension) to be linked to effort while performing cognitive tasks. Our results revealed that although there were no differences at rest as a function of grit, the participants with high grit and high consistency of interest scores exhibited lower frontal theta/beta ratios during the learning task. This pattern suggests that individual differences in grit might be more evident when top-down control processes are at work. Furthermore, there was a positive association between perseverance of effort and entropy at task, which might indicate more effort and engagement in the task. Finally, no association was found between the neural indexes (frontal theta/beta ratio, entropy, or fractal dimension) and impulsiveness, neither impulsiveness mediated between grit and brain measures. Finally, when controlling for impulsiveness and demographic variables (gender, age, education, and work experience) the effects at the facet level remained statistically significant. While there is still a long way to fully understand the neural mechanisms of grit, the present work constitutes a step toward unveiling the electrophysiological prints of grit.
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Aguerre, Nuria V., Carlos J. Gómez-Ariza, Antonio J. Ibáñez-Molina, and M. Teresa Bajo. "Electrophysiological Prints of Grit." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (October 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730172.
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While scientific interest in understanding the grit trait has grown exponentially in recent years, one important gap in the grit literature relates to its biological and neural substrate. In the present study, we adopted a hypotheses-driven approach in a large sample of young adults (N = 120) with diverse educational backgrounds and work experiences in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of grit both during rest and while performing a learning task. Additionally, we selected a measure of impulsiveness to better understand the neural similarities and differences between grit and related self-control constructs. Based on previous work that implicated the prefrontal cortex in grit, we hypothesized that high grit participants would have lower frontal theta/beta ratio (a broadly used index that reflects prefrontally-mediated top–down processes, which might indicate better control over subcortical information). Furthermore, we expected the perseverance of effort facet of grit to be linked to higher complexity during task engagement because previous research has shown complexity indexes (entropy and fractal dimension) to be linked to effort while performing cognitive tasks. Our results revealed that although there were no differences at rest as a function of grit, the participants with high grit and high consistency of interest scores exhibited lower frontal theta/beta ratios during the learning task. This pattern suggests that individual differences in grit might be more evident when top-down control processes are at work. Furthermore, there was a positive association between perseverance of effort and entropy at task, which might indicate more effort and engagement in the task. Finally, no association was found between the neural indexes (frontal theta/beta ratio, entropy, or fractal dimension) and impulsiveness, neither impulsiveness mediated between grit and brain measures. Finally, when controlling for impulsiveness and demographic variables (gender, age, education, and work experience) the effects at the facet level remained statistically significant. While there is still a long way to fully understand the neural mechanisms of grit, the present work constitutes a step toward unveiling the electrophysiological prints of grit.
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Nguyen, Anne X., Lilian Yoffe, Anna Li, Xuan-Vi Trinh, Jerry Kurian, Heather E. Moss, and Albert Y. Wu. "Gender Gap in Neurology Research Authorship (1946–2020)." Frontiers in Neurology 12 (August 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.715428.
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Gender disparity in the field of neurology impedes scientific advancements and innovations. In 2018, 45.0% of neurology and neurological subspecialty residents were women. Despite a notable rise in the proportion of women neurologists over the past decades, inequalities regarding publication proportions between men and women persist in the field. This cohort study examines authorship trends in articles published in 155 international neurology journals, identified as those listed in the annual Journal Citation Reports' “Clinical Neurology” section. Authors' names, authorship positions and countries of affiliation were extracted from PubMed for indexed articles published from 1946 to 2020. Gender-API (a validated and highly accurate application program interface) assigned binary genders to authors. Author gender proportions were compared across subspecialties, authorship position and years. In 303,385 unique articles, 1,663,036 total authors were identified of which 34.1% were women. Neuroradiology demonstrated the lowest proportion of women authors (21.3%), while neurogenetics displayed the highest (44.5%). In articles with multiple authors, both men and women last authors were more likely to publish with a male first author, though this was significantly more pronounced for men last authors (1.86 vs. 1.08; p < 0.001). From 2002 to 2020, women remained in the minority of last (24.6%), first (36.2%), and middle author positions (35.8%). The authorship gender distribution in neurological journals neither reflects the gender proportion of neurologists in the field overall nor in any subspecialty examined. We also find a tendency for senior and junior authors of the same gender to publish together which perpetuates authorship inequity. Further work is needed to identify underlying causes so that interventions might be developed to improve authorship diversity.
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Jagani, Hitesh N., and Nasheman Bandookwala. "GENDER PAY GAP: A MYTH OR MATH." Towards Excellence, March 31, 2021, 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.37867/te130136.
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Gender discrimination has been persistent across globe and it is more identified in terms of wage differential. Such discrimination is more striking in developing countries and further more among social groups. Though many countries have passed minimum wage laws and laws mandating equal treatment of women at workplace, gender wage differential remains a perennial feature of labor markets across globe. Among BRIC nation India depicts highest wage discrimination between sexes (Rema Nagarajan TNN March 2011). This fact was reveled also in the Global Gender Gap Report of 2010 as well. The recent survey by the World Economic Forum (WEF) points out the Indian situation, ranking India among the bottom 10 countries in the world in terms of women’s participation in the economy. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2020 says Of the 153 countries studied in the report, India ranks 112th on the overall Global Gender Gap Index with the index value of (0.068). The overall gender gap as though has narrowed the pay gaps have widen and it will take 257 more years i.e by year 2257 pay equity will be established. India has shown disappointing performance in women work participation rate (WPR), pushing the country among the bottom 10 countries on the WEF list. The country ranks 149th among 153 countries in economic participation. Overall, in terms of gender equality India achieves a score of 59.4%, but in terms of economic participation and opportunity, it scores 39.8% which is dismal. The present study is an attempt to analyze the wage differential across selected states of India. The wages for agriculture and non agriculture workers for sexes is considered. The attempt has been made to evaluate wage differential across selected states of India and inequality therein has been calculated. The descriptive statistical tools like arithmetic mean and standard deviation has been used to ameliorate understanding. The pay parity Index has also been calculated The overall observation from the study widens understanding about pay pattern in India – and discriminating dimension therein. Across occupation unequal pay prevails in regards to sexes with males being paid more than women for the equal jobs. Disparity among agricultural Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education / Dr. Hitesh Jagani & Dr. Nasheman Bandookwala / Page 399-410 March, 2021. VOL.13. ISSUE NO. 1 https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication Page | 400 workers is highest at Kerala- female agricultural workers are paid 29% less than males. On other hand in Himachal Pradesh male agricultural worker is paid 5% less than females. For non agricultural workers Tamil Nadu exhibits high incidence of inequality with female workers being paid 32% less than males. Gujarat comparatively depicts a better scenario with average female payments being more in non agricultural sector as though in agriculture sector disparity prevails.
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Kataeva, Zumrad, Naureen Durrani, Zhanna Izekenova, and Aray Rakhimzhanova. "Evolution of gender research in the social sciences in post-Soviet countries: a bibliometric analysis." Scientometrics, February 1, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04619-9.
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AbstractWhile interest in mapping the patterns of publication and research in post-Soviet countries has been growing steadily, there is a gap in knowledge about how gender is featured in post-Soviet research and publications. Using a descriptive bibliometric approach and metadata extracted from 2822 publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database for 1993–2021, this study seeks to understand the evolution of gender research in post-Soviet countries. The analysis revealed a notable increase in gender research and publications since the breakup of the Soviet Union, particularly between 2017 and 2021; however, the contribution of the post-Soviet countries to international research on gender remains insignificant. Russia, Estonia and Ukraine are at the forefront of gender research among post-Soviet states, while Caucasus and Central Asian countries, except Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, contribute to the lower degree. Although research collaboration among post-Soviet researchers is increasing, researchers tend to mainly collaborate internally with authors from the same countries and institutions, and very few authors collaborate across post-Soviet states or internationally. The topics of publications in post-Soviet gender research incorporate different subjects, with most articles published within psychology and behavioral sciences, while gender research in sociological and political economy disciplines is still evolving.
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Worsdale, Rosie, and Jack Wright. "My objectivity is better than yours: contextualising debates about gender inequality." Synthese, September 12, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02835-5.
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Absract In this paper, we contribute to a growing literature in the philosophy of social science cautioning social scientists against context-independent claims to objectivity, by analyzing the recent proposal of a new Basic Index of Gender Inequality (BIGI) by Gijsbert Stoet and David Geary. Despite the many internal problems with BIGI, Stoet and Geary have had some success in positioning the index as an important corrective to the way in which gender inequality is measured in mainstream metrics like the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We argue that this success is facilitated at least in part by the failure of GGGI’s proponents to adequately justify the methodological choices underpinning the index in relation to the context in which the index’s findings are intended to be used. In so doing, the authors of GGGI oversell the objectivity of the metric’s assessment of the state of global gender inequality—and it is this overselling that allows Stoet and Geary to present BIGI as a metric that corrects what they claim are systematic biases within GGGI. The case of BIGI and GGGI, we argue, suggests that the kind of epistemic modesty exhibited by recent operational approaches to objectivity is particularly important for social research on highly politically contested topics.
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Queirolo, Luca, Christian Bacci, Andrea Roccon, Gastone Zanette, and Carla Mucignat. "Anxiety in a regular day of work: A 24 hour psychophysiological investigation in young dentists with gender comparison." Frontiers in Psychology 14 (February 20, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1045974.
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Introduction and aimDentistry is a highly demanding profession with a strong mental and physical involvement, possibly generating anxiety. Very few studies assessed psychophysiological activity in dentists, while none tried to relate it with gender during a routine working day. This study aims at evaluating correlations between gender, psychophysiological indexes, and psychological variables.Materials and methodsData were acquired at the Dental Clinic of the University of Padua on 20 healthy young dentists (10 M-10F) during a 24 h period of a working day. Physiological variables (measured with E4 Empatica) were electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR). Participants anxiety was measured through a self-reported scale on patient-relationship anxiety and through the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Questionnaire (GAD-7).Results5 (3F, 2 M) participants over 20 had a GAD-7 score ≥ 10. Female gender, in comparison to Male, was associated with higher perceived patient relationship anxiety (p = 0.002) and lower HRV (p-adj = 0.022). The gender Male, although being associated with lower level of self-reported anxiety (p = 0.002), showed an equal number of subjects with a GAD-7 score ≥ 10 (p = 0.371). No interaction between gender and EDA was found, nor an effect of GAD score on EDA, HRV and HR values. Higher values of EDA were found during sleep time; a difference between sleep time and working time EDA (p = 0.037) and a difference between sleep time and daytime (p = 0.0045). A different HR between sleep and all daytime (p < 0.001) was also highlighted.Conclusion25% of dentists fell within generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis, compared to a maximum of 8.6% in the general population. A possible general biomarker of excessive stress response was measured: a shift of circadian sympathetic activity was found in dentists; a higher activity during sleep in comparison to working time and daytime. The Female gender was associated with higher perceived patient-approach anxiety, lower parasympathetic activity, and a comparable sympathetic activity to the Male gender, thus fostering a possible vulnerability to excessive stress. This study underlines the need to empower the psychological approach to stress and patient-relationship in dentistry.
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Lerchenmueller, Marc J., Olav Sorenson, and Anupam B. Jena. "Gender differences in how scientists present the importance of their research: observational study." BMJ, December 16, 2019, l6573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6573.
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AbstractObjectivesWomen remain underrepresented on faculties of medicine and the life sciences more broadly. Whether gender differences in self presentation of clinical research exist and may contribute to this gender gap has been challenging to explore empirically. The objective of this study was to analyze whether men and women differ in how positively they frame their research findings and to analyze whether the positive framing of research is associated with higher downstream citations.DesignRetrospective observational study.Data sourcesTitles and abstracts from 101 720 clinical research articles and approximately 6.2 million general life science articles indexed in PubMed and published between 2002 and 2017.Main outcome measuresAnalysis of article titles and abstracts to determine whether men and women differ in how positively they present their research through use of terms such as “novel” or “excellent.” For a set of 25 positive terms, we estimated the relative probability of positive framing as a function of the gender composition of the first and last authors, adjusting for scientific journal, year of publication, journal impact, and scientific field.ResultsArticles in which both the first and last author were women used at least one of the 25 positive terms in 10.9% of titles or abstracts versus 12.2% for articles involving a male first or last author, corresponding to a 12.3% relative difference (95% CI 5.7% to 18.9%). Gender differences in positive presentation were greatest in high impact clinical journals (impact factor >10), in which women were 21.4% less likely to present research positively. Across all clinical journals, positive presentation was associated with 9.4% (6.6% to 12.2%) higher subsequent citations, and in high impact clinical journals 13.0% (9.5% to 16.5%) higher citations. Results were similar when broadened to general life science articles published in journals indexed by PubMed, suggesting that gender differences in positive word use generalize to broader samples.ConclusionsClinical articles involving a male first or last author were more likely to present research findings positively in titles and abstracts compared with articles in which both the first and last author were women, particularly in the highest impact journals. Positive presentation of research findings was associated with higher downstream citations.
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Heatley, Heath, Trung N. Tran, Arnaud Bourdin, Andrew Menzies-Gow, David J. Jackson, Ekaterina Maslova, Jatin Chapaneri, et al. "Observational UK cohort study to describe intermittent oral corticosteroid prescribing patterns and their association with adverse outcomes in asthma." Thorax, December 27, 2022, thorax—2022–219642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2022-219642.
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IntroductionOral corticosteroids (OCS) for asthma are associated with increased risks of developing adverse outcomes (adverse outcomes); no previous study has focused exclusively on intermittent OCS use.MethodsThis historical (2008–2019) UK cohort study using primary care medical records from two anonymised, real-life databases (OPCRD and CPRD) included patients aged≥4 years with asthma receiving only intermittent OCS. Patients were indexed on their first recorded intermittent OCS prescription for asthma and categorised by OCS prescribing patterns: one-off (single), less frequent (≥90 day gap) and frequent (<90 day gap). Non-OCS patients matched 1:1 on gender, age and index date served as controls. The association of OCS prescribing patterns with OCS-related AO risk was studied, stratified by age, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2020 treatment step, and pre index inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) prescriptions using a multivariable Cox-proportional hazard model.FindingsOf 476 167 eligible patients, 41.7%, 26.8% and 31.6% had one-off, less frequent and frequent intermittent OCS prescribing patterns, respectively. Risk of any AO increased with increasingly frequent patterns of intermittent OCS versus non-OCS (HR; 95% CI: one-off 1.19 (1.18 to 1.20), less frequent 1.35 (1.34 to 1.36), frequent 1.42 (1.42 to 1.43)), and was consistent across age, GINA treatment step and ICS and SABA subgroups. The highest risks of individual OCS-related adverse outcomes with increasingly frequent OCS were for pneumonia and sleep apnoea.ConclusionA considerable proportion of patients with asthma receiving intermittent OCS experienced a frequent prescribing pattern. Increasingly frequent OCS prescribing patterns were associated with higher risk of OCS-related adverse outcomes. Mitigation strategies are needed to minimise intermittent OCS prescription in primary care.