Academic literature on the topic 'Gender gap indexes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gender gap indexes"
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Chu, Doris C., Bill Hebenton, and Albert Toh. "Gender Equality and Female Offending: Evidence From International Data Sources." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 65, no. 13-14 (January 15, 2021): 1496–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x20986527.
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This paper examines the nature of female offending patterns in relationship to societal gender equality using cross-national analysis of 27 European countries for the year 2006. Importantly, our analysis uses a conceptually innovative indicator (the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index) to determine relative levels of gender equality. Results show that countries with a narrower gender gap in the Global Gender Gap indexes of political empowerment were likely to have a higher female prosecution rate, and that political empowerment was also significantly associated with female conviction rates as well as rates of property offending. The pattern of results generally supports the liberation thesis. Finally, limitations and suggestions for future study are addressed.
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Totakhiel, Najibullah. "GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION: THE CASE OF EASTERN & SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 6 (July 9, 2020): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i6.2020.487.
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This research aims to find the size of the gender gap in education in the ten provinces of the Eastern Region (ER) and the South-Eastern Region (SER) of Afghanistan. Based on the World Economic Forum (WEF) approach to the gender gap, the study measures the educational gender gap index (EGGI) at both the regional and provincial level.
The study found that the regional EGGI is 0.30. This means that 70% of the gender gap remains. The EGGI in the ER is 0.35, while in the SER it is 0.25, which means that 65% and 75% of the gender gap remains in the ER and the SER respectively. Thus, the gap is smaller in the ER than in the SER. At the provincial level, the best performing province is Nangarhar, where 42% of the gap has been closed. The worst performing province is Wardak, where only 15% of the gap has been closed.
Of the six sub-indexes of the EGGI which were calculated from the primary data, the largest gender disparity is in the enrolment in tertiary level education, which has a gap of 69%. The second largest gap is 55% for the number of male and female schools. Both middle school enrolment and teacher gender ratio have similar sized gaps of 53%. The gaps for enrolment in primary education and secondary education are lower, at 30% and 43% respectively. The gap between the male and female student-teacher ratios is 73.6%. Furthermore, there is a 67.7% gap in literacy rate between males and females across the country.
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Arnania-Kepuladze, Tamila. "DISPARITY IN THE EMPLOYMENT SPHERE: THE MEASUREMENT OF PAY GENDER DISPROPORTION." Problems of Management in the 21st Century 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2012): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/12.03.20.
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The labour price or the compensation for work as a fundamental basis of any working activity influences the labour market actors’ behaviour. The level and structure of pay along with labour costs are significant macro-economic indicators, which are widely used by different political, social and economic institutions to assess situation on the labour market and define labour market macroeconomic policy. A managerial theory and managerial practices considers the compensation for work as significant factor of job motivation. Today, when women play vital role in employment sphere the gender gap in the work reward still exists. The article considers the direct correlation between the gender pay disproportion and gender-gap-reasons-based disparity in the employment sphere. For the calculation and analysis of the pay gender disproportion the author introduces two indexes: the Index of Pay Gender Differentiation (PGD) and the Index of Pay Gender Gap (PGG). The Index of Pay Gender Differentiation (PGD) expresses not only the existing relation between men’s and women’s pay but defines the dynamics for their closing on. The using of the Pgd promotes to define the direction for attain of gender equality on the employment sphere and a priori assumes to overcome the source of gender inequality in the labour market. The Index of Pay Gender Gap (PGG) shows pay deviation from ideal gender pay equilibration. Key words: gender, labour market, labour price, pay disproportion, index of Pay Gender Differentiation (PGD), Index of Pay Gender Gap (PGG).
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Castellano, Rosalia, and Antonella Rocca. "Gender gap and labour market participation." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2012-0107.
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Purpose – The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. Findings – The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification. Research limitations/implications – In order to take into account the subjectivity of some choices in composite indicator construction and to test robustness of results, different aggregation techniques were applied. Practical implications – The authors hope that this new index will stimulate the release of a sort of best practices useful to close labour market gaps, starting from best countries’ scenarios, and the launching of pilot gender parity task forces, as it happened with the Global Gender Gap Index in some countries. Finally, relating gender gap indexes with country policies frameworks for gender inequalities and the connected policy outcomes, it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness and to identify the most adequate initiatives to undertake because policies reducing gender gaps can significantly improve economic growth and standard of living. Social implications – The analysis gives a contribution in the evaluation of the policies and regulations effectiveness at national level considering the existing welfare regimes and the associated gaps in labour market. It can help policy makers to understand the ramifications of gaps between women and men. The Gender Gap Labour Market Index is constrained by the need for international comparability, but limiting its analysis to European countries; it has been based on ad hoc indicators concerning developed economies and could be readily adapted for use at the national and local levels. Originality/value – In this paper the authors propose a new composite indicator index specifically focused on gender gap in labour market. Several papers analysed gender differences in wages, employment or segregation, but few of them consider them together, allowing to get a satisfactory informative picture on gender inequalities in labour market and studying in deep its multiple aspects, including discrimination indicators ad hoc calculated, giving to policy makers an useful tool to evaluate female employees conditions and put them in relation with the different input factors existing within each country.
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Couppié, Thomas, Arnaud Dupray, and Stéphanie Moullet. "Education-based occupational segregation and the gender wage gap: evidence from France." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 368–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-09-2012-0143.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether the gender wage gap at the beginning of the working life in France varies with the gender composition of occupations (male-dominated, female-dominated or mixed) and its main determinant (educational pre-sorting or labour market sorting). Design/methodology/approach – The first stage of the methodology is to decompose segregation indexes at occupation level into the two components of determination noted above. The occupations are then divided into five groups on the basis of their gender composition and the weight of the educational segregation. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions are then applied to each group. Findings – Among 54 strongly gendered occupations, the segregation in 26 stems mainly from educational pre-sorting. This context is favourable to reduction of the gender wage gap. However, a modest wage differential is not proof of convergence towards equity, as it may conceal the existence of a significant discrimination component, as in male occupations. Research limitations/implications – The results relate to a cohort of French youth. The earnings-equalizing impact of education-based occupational segregation should be tested in other national contexts. Social implications – Public authorities should put in place incentives to encourage women's participation in a greater range of education and training courses and to improve the matching between education and the skill content of jobs. Originality/value – The originality lies in the suggestion that a strong connection between education and skill requirements helps to narrow the occupational gender wage gap.
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Moreira, Josilene Aires, and Catarina Sales Oliveira. "Quantifying for Qualifying: A Framework for Assessing Gender Equality in Higher Education Institutions." Social Sciences 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100478.
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The objective of this study is to present the development of a framework for assessing gender inequality in higher education institutions (HEIs) which reveals how this academic environment is progressing in terms of gender balance. It proposes a multi-dimension-based index comprised by five dimensions—Empowerment, Education, Health, Violence, and Time. The mathematical model used enables the user to assign a weight value to each dimension, customizing the results according to the institution addressed. The paper is based on a post-doctoral research project which analyzed six globally recognized indexes (Gender Inequality Index; Global Gender Gap Index; Women, Business, and Law Index; Gender Equality Index; Social Institutions Global Index; Women Empowerment Principles) to construct a new framework for gender inequality evaluation tailored for HEIs. It used a Laplace–Gauss-based scale. The research included an experiment of concrete application to two instiutions, one in Europe and the other in South America. While the first one had a Gender Equality Plan, the second had not. The analysis was successfully conducted in both institutions. The two institutions presented general results above 60%. These results need to be read in the specific context of each university. The Gender Equality in Higher Education Institutions Index (GEHEI) provides a user-friendly way of checking the existence of gender inequality, summarized into a single number but able to be detailed in several levels and to provide insight into progression over time. The handling of the GEHEI tool is also very straightforward. The proposal is designed to be used in different HEIs; it is recommended that researchers customize the weights of the dimensions according to their relevance in the specific organization. This paper provides a new methodological model to measure gender inequality in HEIs based on easy-to-obtain data, distinguishing itself from global indexes by its ease of application and interpretation.
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Ganna, Kharlamova, Stavytskyy Andriy, and Naumova Mariia. "Gender Matters for the Entrepreneurial Activity: Case of European States." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0059.
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Abstract The gender inequality is the hot topic for most countries in the world. However, sometimes the talks about the risks and threats are more dramatic than the reality is. The paper aims to test the gender gap in the selected states and to consider the hypothesis that gender matters in entrepreneurial activity. The methodology of the regression and statistical analyses is proposed to access the main hypothesis and to trace the dynamics of the gender indexes and ranks. The preliminary results show that gender affects the level of entrepreneurial activity; besides government support programs and socio-cultural factors have a significant impact as well. The valid results for all states represented positive correlation and dependence between Entrepreneurial Motivation for TEA and Female/Male ratio for all analysed states. We can conclude that the change in the ratio of women and men engaged in entrepreneurial activity in the state (i.e. Poland) will affect the level of business innovation. For example, when the gender structure of entrepreneurs in Poland changes towards the number of women compared to men, the level of innovation of products and services will increase, or vice versa.
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NGWAKWE COLLINS, C. "Gender equality and extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.04.056.
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This article assesses the link between the four pillars of gender equality and extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, the objective of the paper is to empirically examine whether the four pillars of gender equality, namely women’s health, women education, political participation of women and economic participation facilitate extreme poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Data were collected from the World Bank development indicators and World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index for 25 sub-Saharan African countries whose data appear on both indexes for three years into the SDGs era. Th e paper applied a quantitative approach with secondary data on poverty gap index drawn from the World Economic Forum Poverty Gap Index for sub-Saharan Africa. Data for twenty-fi ve sub-Saharan African countries were analysed using the fi xed-eff ect panel data regression approach using the Hauseman model selection test. Findings from the analysis indicate that, ceteris paribus, an increase in the threegender equity variables namely economic participation of women, education of women and political participation and leadership of women in sub-Saharan Africa has a signifi cant potential to reduce extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa within the sample of study. Since the fi ndings of this study have shown that extreme poverty can be reduced through increased women participation in economic activity, education and leadership, the SDG of poverty alleviation can be improved in sub-Saharan Africa through better government provision of economic, educational and leadership opportunities for women such as providing women with free-interest small business start-up funds, free education for women and supporting women to ascend and survive in political and leadership positions in sub-Saharan Africa through a balanced quota for female leadership positions. Given that the women’s health variable did not prove to be signifi cant on extreme poverty, further research is recommended to separate the health variable into rural health and urban health variables in order to examine the possibility that either of the health clusters might contribute signifi cantly to reducing extreme poverty. Th is paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical evidence to show that gender equality in sub-Saharan Africa is a viable policy strategy for achieving the SDGs 2030 Agenda of extreme poverty eradication in sub-Saharan Africa; the paper also provides empirical model for future study.
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Suzuki Him, Miki. "A Comparative Analysis of Familialist Modernisation and Gender Inequality: Turkey and Japan." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Womens Studies 20, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v20i1.54.
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Turkey and Japan are among the lowest-ranked countries in various gender gap indexes despite their economic achievement. To understand the phenomena, this study explores a question how the experiences of Turkey and Japan converge and diverge in the early struggles for modernisation and a new gender order through an interpretive comparative historical analysis. This study shows that notwithstanding geographical distance, cultural variances and different courses of industrialisation, Turkey and Japan have a number of common historical backgrounds which makes a comparative study interesting. Both countries played a leading role in its region in terms of modernisation, industrialisation and women’s emancipation between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Yet in both countries women were emancipated but unliberated; they gained civil rights but their empowerment was controlled judicially and ideologically. The two countries also share a socio-demographically similar experience of “semicompressed modernity” which made them opt for familialism as a welfare model today. This familialism is both part of their neoliberalisation programme of social policy and their self-Orientalist response to global capitalist economy. This study argues that it is questionable if familialism secures the family. It is also questionable if women’s labour force participation in flexible employment contributes gender equality. Apart from the similarities in state policies, Turkey’s experience diverts from that of Japan. One of the most significant variances is that more women in Turkey tend to postpone labour force participation rather than childbirth while it is the opposite in case of Japan. In face of neoliberalising global economy, both Turkey and Japan have carried out drastic reforms since the 1980s yet again without liberating women.
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Ding, Zhikun, Fungfai Ng, and Jiayuan Wang. "Testing trust scale measurement invariance in project teams." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 12, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-04-2012-0017.
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Purpose – An important assumption in testing theoretical models is measurement invariance. However, little research in construction project management investigates the issue of measurement invariance. To bridge the gap, the current paper aims at: first, testing trust measurement invariance in project teams across gender; second, delineating various measurement invariance tests and demonstrating them with Amos; and last but not least, increasing researchers' awareness about measurement invariance issue in the construction project management field. Design/methodology/approach – The measurement invariance of trust across gender is investigated using survey data collected from architects in project design teams of A-level architectural design institutes in China. Multisample confirmatory factor analysis is conducted with Amos to test configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, factor covariance and variance invariance, error variance invariance, latent mean invariance of the Chinese version of McAllister's two-dimension trust scale. Findings – All the test results of the above invariances are supportive. Goodness-of-fit indexes such as CFI deserve more empirical studies to verify. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that the trust structure of male and female architects is equivalent. In other words, male and female architect data of trust research in construction project management could be aggregated. Practical implications – It is recommended that test of measurement invariance should be conducted while new measurement scales are under construction. Originality/value – Since all the invariance tests are rarely conducted within a single study, the current research is the first paper to investigate the measurement invariance issue in the construction industry.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gender gap indexes"
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CALIGARIS, SILVIA. "A Causal Graphs - based approach for assessing gender disparities: an application to child health & nutrition in China." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/83241.
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Most of gender statistical measures proposed in the last decades are in fact composite indicators,
i.e. weighted linear combinations of basic statistics such as ratios, percentages etc. Composite indicators then
involves several arbitrary choices -for instance the weighting/aggregating system, variables selection,
standardization affecting both indexes transparency and interpretation. Furthermore gender inequality is a
complex latent phenomenon, a collection of disparate and inter-linked issues that can be hardly caught in a
single indicator. The development of statistical tools and ad hoc models is then required.
The aim of this work is to explore the potential of graphical models as a language able to clearly represent the
complex relationships among variables involved in the statistical measuring the gender disparities. In particular
we will focus on causal graphs allowing to deep and interpret the causal mechanism that may originate gender
gaps as well as to explore the effects of gender tailored policies. Causal models indeed provide transparent
mathematical tools to formulate the assumptions underlying all causal inference, to translate them in term of
joint distribution and to read off the conditional independences using the d-separation criterion (Pearl 2000). It
is thus possible deriving causal effects in non-experimental studies, representing policies’ effects and
interventions through the do operator, controlling confounders and interpreting counterfactuals.
We show the potential of such models through an application to real data from China Health and Nutrition
Survey 2011 ; in particular we explore the eventual existence of gender discrimination in children’ nutrition and
health as possible indicator of preference for sons. The analysis takes in exam socio-demographic, economical
as well as biological variables. Resorting to the PC algorithm and the IDA algorithm, we aim to learn the
underlying causal structure and to estimate causal effect of siblings on children’ nutrition from observational
data.
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Sörlin, Ann. "Health and the elusive gender equality : Can the impact of gender equality on health be measured?" Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-46298.
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Background: All over the world men and women show different health patterns, and therecan be many and various reasons for these differences. This thesis therefore evaluates theimpact of gender equality on health. To do this, we must be able to measure gender equality.In this thesis, we develop two new measurements of gender equality and evaluate the relationshipbetween gender equality and health. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies, one register-based and one survey study, are used tocompare different measurements of gender equality and different measurements of health,and the relationship between them. Differences between men and women in relation to healthoutcome are also discussed in the thesis. The register study, comprising 1 097 202 individuals,is based on public registers and includes information on workplace, income, sickness absence,full-time/part-time work, level of education, parental leave and temporary parental leave.A gender equality measurement, the Organizational Gender Gap Index or OGGI, was constructedand 123 companies in two sectors were ranked using the index. Employees in 21 of the mostand least gender-equal companies were invited to participate in a survey. A second genderequality index was constructed based on respondents’ own reports regarding gender equalityin their partner relationship. The variables measured were income, full-time/part-time work,educational level, and responsibilities for and sharing of household duties and parental leave.Both indices were evaluated using the single question: How gender equal is your workplace/your relationship with your partner? The four measurements were dichotomized and testedfor a relationship to health. Health was measured by three different measurements: registerbasedsickness absence, self-reported sickness absence in the past year, and self-rated health. Results: The thesis has produced two new measurements of gender equality, described above.On gender equality in the partner relationship, we found a difference between men and women.Men perceive higher gender equality than they report, while women report more gender equalitythan they perceive. When it comes to gender equality at work, we found that employees perceivetheir company to be more gender equal than the OGGI index shows. This thesis confirms thefindings that men have better health than women regardless of measurement. However, inthis study we also found that increased gender equality decreases these differences. If employeesperceive their company to be gender equal, they have higher odds of rating their health asgood, and this is especially so for women. Conclusion: This thesis supports the hypothesis that differences in health between men andwomen can be related to a lack of gender equality. When men and women have differentpossibilities and power to shape society and their own lives, their health will be affected throughembodiment of both biological and sociological determinants in accordance with the eco-socialtheory. Increased gender equality will decrease the differences in health between men andwomen through convergence. The theory of convergence explains why men and women areaffected differently by greater gender equality. Greater gender equality will also decrease thesocial injustice between men and women and improve justice in accordance with the theoryof justice to gender.The differences found between the indices and the single question on perceived genderequality make clear the need for “hard facts” as an complement to people’s own views on gender equality.
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Blasco-Burriel, Pilar, Isabel Brusca-Alijarde, Luisa Esteban-Salvador, and Margarita Labrador-Barrafón. "La satisfacción de las mujeres empresarias: Factores determinantes." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114742.
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The aim of this paper is to make a satisfaction model of women entrepreneurs assuming that the level of satisfaction will make their companies more successful. We carried out a survey of women entrepreneurs and analyzed the satisfaction level using a structural equation model. Results showed that, in general, women entrepreneurs are quite satisfied with their job. Furthermore, these results led us to conclude that to achieve greater success, women entrepreneurs should build a business in which they are trained, in a sector where they have expertise and wherethey find good business opportunities, a market niche with competitive advantages.El objetivo de este estudio es construir un modelo de análisis de la satisfacción de las mujeres empresarias asumiendo que esta satisfacción repercutirá en mayores niveles de éxito de sus empresas. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se ha realizado una encuesta a mujeres empresarias y se han aplicado técnicas estadísticas de modelización mediante Sistemas de Ecuaciones Estructurales. Los resultados indican que, en general, las empresarias se encuentran bastante satisfechas con su actividad. Asimismo, dichos resultados nos permiten concluir que, para alcanzar un mayor éxito, las empresarias deberían crear un negocio en el que tengan una formación adecuada, en un sector en el que tengan experiencia y en el que existan buenas oportunidades de negocio, buscando un nicho de mercado en el que tengan ventajas competitivas.
O objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo para analisar a satisfação das mulheres empresárias, assumindo que esta satisfação representará um maior sucesso das suas empresas. Para o estudo, foi aplicado um questionário às mulheres empresárias utilizando a técnica da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que, em geral, as empresárias estão bastante satisfeitas com suas atividades. Além disso, estes resultados permitem concluir que, para alcançar maior sucesso, as empresárias deveriam montar um negócio no qual elas tenham uma formação adequada, em um setor no qual tenham experiência e com boas oportunidades de negócio, procurando um nicho de mercado com vantagens competitivas.
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Brandão, Maria Madalena da Silva Valente. "Causes of gender pay gap in Europe : a panel analysis." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/34800.
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The main goal of this dissertation is to understand how the unadjusted gender pay gap index (UGPGI) evolved in the member states of the European Union (EU), from 2008 until 2018, and what factors can explain in the most part that evolution. Firstly, it was presented in a dashboard all the relevant information concerning the data collected – which includes family, cultural and labour market related information – from multiple open access sources. One of the most relevant conclusions retrieved was the possible existence of discrimination due to the presence of glass-ceiling effects, in aggregational terms of the EU. Despite the positive trend registered in the labour market participation and the greater investment of women in their education, the occupation of managerial positions does not present such evolution. Given the unadjusted nature of the explained variable, a panel analysis was performed through the implementation of a linear and an exponential regression, in order to try to explain such disparities. Note that the lack of information in the accessed databases limited the explanatory variables included in the regression. However, in this case, the most important finding was that cultural variables are relevant in the explanation of the UGPGI, specifically the main religion and legal origin of a country, as well as its characterization through some of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Regarding originality, a panel analysis is not very common in the research of the gender pay gap, mainly concerning the European Union, nor is the development of a dashboard to present all the data. Also, almost every cultural variable considered has not yet been included in the study of the UGPGI. The remaining attributes have been considered in other studies of this kind but had not been comprised together in one.A presente dissertação pretende perceber como é que o índice de disparidade de ganhos entre géneros (IDGG) não ajustado evoluiu nos estados-membros da União Europeia (UE), de 2008 a 2018, e o que melhor pode explicar essa evolução. Inicialmente, os dados recolhidos a partir de várias fontes de acesso livre, sobre família, cultura e mercado de trabalho, foram apresentados numa dashboard. Constatou-se a partir da mesma a existência de uma possível discriminação devido à presença de efeitos de “tetos de vidro”, em termos agregados da UE. Apesar de haver uma tendência positiva na participação no mercado de trabalho e de, em média, as mulheres investirem mais na sua educação, a ocupação de altos cargos hierárquicos de gestão não regista tal evolução. Dada a natureza não ajustada da variável explicada, foi estimada uma regressão linear e exponencial com uma amostra em painel, na tentativa de explicar tais disparidades. Denote-se que a falta de informação nas bases de dados acedidas limitou a inclusão das variáveis explicativas na regressão. Porém, neste caso, o resultado mais importante é que as variáveis culturais são essenciais na explicação do IDGG, nomeadamente a religião predominante e a origem legal de um país, assim como a sua caracterização segundo algumas das dimensões de Hofstede. Quanto à originalidade, a análise em painel não é muito comum no estudo da disparidade de ganhos entre géneros, nomeadamente sobre a UE, tal como a elaboração de uma dashboard para apresentar os dados recolhidos. Ademais, quase todas as variáveis culturais consideradas ainda não foram integradas no estudo do IDGG e as restantes ainda não tinham sido incluídas de forma conjunta.
Books on the topic "Gender gap indexes"
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Jack, Jordynn. Inventing Gender. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038372.003.0006.
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This chapter studies how individuals may invent alternative gendered identities from available gender topoi. Memoirs by Donna Williams and Dawn Prince-Hughes, along with blogs and online forum posts, reveal that autistic individuals offer alternative understandings of gender, using and combining disidentificatory or idiosyncratic terms such as nongendered and third gender or combining terms such as trans, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and androgyne. Indeed, when autistic individuals write about feeling nongendered or ungendered, they contest hegemonic genders and develop new types of gendered characters with which to present themselves and their experiences. Thus, genders can be invented using available terms, in that some autistic individuals employ a gender copia, or multiplicity of gendered topoi, to understand themselves and their roles in the world.
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Lowe, Hannah, Nuran Urkmezturk, and Iysha Arun. SUPPORTING GENDER EQUALITY: Examples from Politics, Business and Academia in the UK. Dialogue Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/nubs7155.
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The Dialogue Society supports the Equality Act 2010 (Government Equalities Office 2015). We believe we have a duty to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations within our organisation. Furthermore, Dialogue Society aims to reflect its values in accordance with the Equality Act 2010 within society. Whether it is direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment or victimisation, any form of discrimination must be condemned in any area of social life. Society will be in its fully developed form when all forms of discrimination are eliminated. The Equality Act 2010 includes legislation against many forms of discrimination. Sex discrimination is one of the areas covered by the Equality Act 2010. Sex discrimination is the unfair treatment of one as a result of their gender identity, i.e., if they are a man or a woman. Although sex discrimination can be towards both genders, women experience it many times more than men do. Additionally, although many countries have achieved significant milestones towards gender parity across education, health, economic and political systems, there remains much to be done. According to The Global Gender Gap Index 2018 report, there is a gender disparity in political empowerment, which today maintains a gap of 77.1%, and an economic participation and opportunity gap, which is the second-largest gender disparity at 41.9% globally (World Economy Forum 2019). The data illustrates that sex discrimination is one of many problems in the contemporary world. It operates negatively on a number of societal and economic levels: it divides the community, causes a lack of opportunity and representation for women, and excludes women from participation in many aspects of social life. Equal contribution opportunities for women and men are critical for our community's economic and societal development. The Dialogue Society aims to build dynamic and inclusive economies and societies that provide a future of opportunities for all. In order to achieve this best form of society, we believe women’s empowerment is a necessity. Women’s empowerment includes promoting professional development for women, implementing practices that empower women in the workplace, and promoting equality through community initiatives. The women’s empowerment process focuses on shaping frameworks for closing economic gender gaps, fostering diversity, and promoting women's inclusion and equality. Furthermore, the Dialogue Society aims to increase women's participation in the workforce, help more women advance into leadership, and close the gender gap. To this end, the Dialogue Society organised many projects, research, and panel discussions on women’s empowerment. This report aims to inspire ongoing efforts and further action to accelerate the achievement of full gender equality via promoting women’s empowerment, recommending and implementing direct top-level policies for gender equality, and ensuring that existing policies are gender-sensitive and practices are safe from gender-based discrimination. Finally, this report is to engage and illustrate the importance of allyship, awareness, and policy implementations that improve the lives of millions of women. We call upon every reader of this report to join the efforts of the Dialogue Society in promoting women’s empowerment for an equal society.
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Barrett, Rusty. From Drag Queens to Leathermen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390179.001.0001.
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This book analyzes gendered forms of language use in several different gay male subcultures. The subcultures considered include drag queens, radical faeries, bears, circuit boys, barebackers, and leathermen. The chapters include ethnographic-based studies of language use in each of these subcultures, giving special attention to the ways in which linguistic patterns index forms of masculinity and femininity. In each case, speakers combine linguistic forms in ways that challenge normative assumptions about gender and sexuality. In an extension of prior work, Barrett discusses the intersections of race, gender, and social class in performances by African American drag queens in the 1990s. An analysis of sacred music among radical faeries considers the ways in which expressions of gender are embedded in a broader neo-pagan religious identity. The formation of bear as an identity category (for heavyset and hairy men) in the late 1980s involve the appropriation of linguistic stereotypes of rural Southern masculinity. Among regular attendees of circuit parties (similar to raves), language serves to differentiate gay and straight forms of masculinity. In the early 2000s, barebackers (gay men who eschew condoms) used language to position themselves as rational risk takers with a natural innate desire for semen. For participants in the International Mr. Leather contest, a disciplined, militaristic masculinity links expressions of patriotism with BDSM sexual practice. In all of these groups, the construction of gendered identity involves combining linguistic forms that would usually not co-occur. These unexpected combinations serve as the foundation for the emergence of unique subcultural expressions of gay male identity.
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Barrett, Rusty. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390179.003.0008.
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This chapter draws conclusions from the analyses presented in From Drag Queens to Leathermen: Language, Gender, and Gay Male Subcultures. After a short summary of the content in the previous chapters of the book, the implications for understanding of indexicality and gender are discussed. Particular attention is given to the indexical disjuncture, in which signs with opposing indexical associations are linked to simultaneously index conflicting or contradictory meanings. It is argued that although indexical disjuncture is not unique to gay male culture, it is a common hallmark of gay male style. The chapter then discusses the ways in which language use highlights differences in understandings of gay community and issues related to social acceptance and social change.
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Knoll, Benjamin R., and Cammie Jo Bolin. She Preached the Word. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882365.001.0001.
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She Preached the Word is a landmark study on women’s ordination in contemporary American religious congregations. In this groundbreaking work, Benjamin Knoll and Cammie Jo Bolin draw upon a novel collection of survey data and personal narrative interviews to answer several important questions, including: Who supports women’s ordination in their congregations? What are the most common reasons for and against women’s ordination? What effect do female clergy have on young women and girls, particularly in terms of their psychological, economic, and religious empowerment later in life? How do women clergy affect levels of congregational attendance and engagement among members? What explains the persistent gender gap in America’s clergy? The authors find that female clergy indeed matter, but not always in the ways that might be expected. They show, for example, that while female clergy have important effects on women in the pews, they have stronger effects on theological and political liberals. Throughout this book, Knoll and Bolin discuss how the persistent gender gap in the wider economic, social, and political spheres will likely continue so long as women are underrepresented in America’s pulpits. Accessible to scholars and general readers alike, She Preached the Word is a timely and important contribution to our understanding of the intersection of gender, religion, and politics in contemporary American society.
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Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.
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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.
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Wirba, Ebenezer Lemven, Fiennasah Annif' Akem, and Francis Menjo Baye. Scrutinizing the sticky floor/glass ceiling phenomena in the informal labour market in Cameroon: An unconditional quantile regression analysis. 13th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/947-1.
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Cameroon’s informal labour market largely harbours female workers, engaged mainly in low-productivity and low-paying jobs. We investigate the sticky floor and glass ceiling phenomena in the informal labour market as a whole and across its segments. We use the 2010 Cameroon labour market survey, employing the recentred influence function and blending the Oaxaca-Ransom and Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods. The resulting framework enables us to account for selectivity bias at the mean, resolve the index number problem of the standard decomposition, and examine earnings differentials across the unconditional earnings distribution. We find compelling evidence of a sticky floor phenomenon in the informal labour market manifested essentially among wage earners. Returns to experience mitigate the gender earnings gap at the mean, and 10th and 50th percentiles of the unconditional earnings distribution. Female workers have an unambiguous human-capital-based advantage over their male counterparts at the mean, lower tail, and median of the distribution.
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Vijeyarasa, Ramona. The Woman President. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848918.001.0001.
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Abstract Too much attention is paid to the absence of women leaders around the world rather than their presence, leaving a gap in our understanding of the difference women leaders make on the lives of fellow women. With women leaders an under-studied group and with the law profoundly important in advancing women’s rights, The Woman President brings together these two domains to become the first-ever comparative study of women’s leadership and the law. It offers the legal and political science scholarship new ways for understanding the impact of female presidential leadership on women’s everyday lives by analysing the legal legacies of four women presidents: Corazon Aquino (1986–1992), Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010), Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001–2004) and Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (1994–2005). The book relies on aninnovative methodology, which includes the use of new the Gender Legislative Index. The findings challenge and expand our understanding of what constitutes a woman’s issue, bringing within its analysis labour law reform, democracy, anti-corruption, poverty-alleviation and pro-peace interventions, alongside more oft-considered terrain such as gender-based violence, reproductive rights, gender equality quotas and women’s rights at work. This book also offers important insights into the institutional and social mechanisms that enable women leaders to lead for women, including women’s movements, women legislators, women bureaucrats and global networks of women presidents and prime ministers. The Woman President offers new tools and sharpens old ones to provide an essential comparative contribution to our knowledge about the dynamics and impact of female presidencies, drawing from the realities of the Asia region.
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Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis, and Emma Samman. Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.003.0009.
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The chapter reviews progress across countries on human development over forty years in many dimensions. As shown earlier, there was general progress on basic human development, measured by the Human Development Index. This chapter also shows progress on many other dimensions, including a rising number of countries with broadly democratic political systems, a decline in crime in many countries, and a fall in gender gaps in education and earnings. Despite a recent upsurge of violent conflict, this was mostly on a downward trend at a global level. There was a more mixed situation in some other dimensions—for example, homicides and inequalities rose while trust fell in many countries. The most pervasive failure was on environmental sustainability. The chapter concludes with a discussion of areas that the human development approach has not adequately incorporated, including social institutions, macroeconomics, and above all environmental conditions which may threaten long-term achievements on human development.
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Simpson, Paul, Paul Reynolds, and Trish Hafford-Letchfield, eds. Desexualisation in Later Life. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447355465.001.0001.
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This multi-disciplinary volume brings together international scholarship from across cultural studies, humanities and social sciences. It involves critical review of a comparatively neglected issue – the desexualization of older people – that itself forms part of an emerging field of knowledge that relates to older people’s sexuality and intimacy. Funnelling down from more general to more particular experiences (often related to identity difference), the volume explores the various ways that older people encounter constraints on their sexual and intimate self-expression. Indeed, risk and surveillance can be seen as structuring conditions of ageing sexualities and the issues addressed concern difficulties in relation to consent, relating and relatives erotic aesthetics, gendered ageing sexuality (menopause), disabilities, dementia, care homes and their residents, sex and older lesbian, gay bisexual, trans and intersex people, and care services and ageing sexuality. As well as providing an overview of broader themes to which chapter point, the final chapter also outlines a research agenda that itself points towards creative forms of resexualization of diverse older selves. Although the volume’s focus is on desexualization, resexualization is to some extent acknowledged in each chapter.
Book chapters on the topic "Gender gap indexes"
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Lahelma, Elina. "Controversies and Challenges in the History of Gender Discourses in Education in Finland." In Finland’s Famous Education System, 257–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8241-5_16.
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AbstractFinland is famous for high scores in PISA league tables as well as for high scores in gender equality indexes. Sometimes these two championships seem to be competing. Since the first PISA tests, an old concern for boys’ underachievement has received new emphasis and the gender gap in results has detracted from national pride in the excellent overall results, as well as hiding a growing social and ethnic gap. In the 1980s concern about underachieving boys in Finland was matched by efforts towards gender equality in education following global declarations and resolutions of gender equality after the United Nations’ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1979. Supported by the first equality projects, gender research in Finnish education took the first steps in the late 1980s. Since that time, gender researchers in education have collaborated in carrying out gender equality administration and projects. A constant task has been to challenge the simple juxtaposition of girls and boys that is sometimes evident in the concerns about boys’ achievements. In this chapter, I describe and analyse the interlinked histories of gender equality work, feminist studies in education, and the boy discourse, with reflections on changes and sustainability in Finnish education policies. The bodies of data include documents associated with gender equality projects, national PISA reports, reviews of research articles and PhD studies that draw on feminist research in education. I also use my own experience as an actor in the field since the early 1980s.
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Šestić, Munira, Zijada Rahimić, Mirha Bičo Ćar, and Dženana Hodžić. "Global Gender Gap Index: Is It Time to Measure Technology Access Gap Also?" In New Technologies, Development and Application III, 924–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46817-0_104.
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Campos, Esmeralda, Claudia Lizette Garay-Rondero, Patricia Caratozzolo, Angeles Dominguez, and Genaro Zavala. "Women Retention in STEM Higher Education: Systematic Mapping of Gender Issues." In Women in STEM in Higher Education, 127–42. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1552-9_7.
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AbstractScience, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Higher Education (HE) helps foster students’ motivation to continue studying and cultivates students’ regard for the role of science and technology in society. The gender gap in STEM HE can reduce through institutional efforts; however, the underrepresentation of women is prevalent. There have been efforts to research and implement strategies to increase the number of people attending STEM fields with a specific action to attract and retain women in these areas. Hence, the purpose of this research work is to carry out and show the results of a Systematic Mapping (SM) related to how HE institutions aim to address the gender gap in STEM education through research and educational innovation. The SM focused on published work from 2011 to 2021 indexed in Web of Science or Scopus. Findings show the state of knowledge for an essential topic: reducing the gender gap through guidance and retention strategies to attain completion. Furthermore, descriptive results give a general overview of the area, relevant trends, and other analytical evidence that provides an in-depth understanding of HE institutions’ needs. We conclude that the retention of women studying STEM HE has become an essential issue worldwide universities have addressed increasingly during the last decade.
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Marks, Katriel, and Rhonda Phillips. "Analysing non-legal barriers to land ownership by women." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 100–112. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0009.
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Abstract This chapter explores barriers to women's land ownership. It investigates the potential factors behind why women's rights to own land are often ignored despite laws permitting women to own and inherit land. Measures of gender equality are correlated, as presented in the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index 2020 (economic participation and equality, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment) to percentages of land held by women in a nation. Commonalities between case studies on women's land ownership around the world are discussed as well.
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Minelgaite, Inga, Svala Guðmundsdóttir, Árelía E. Guðmundsdóttir, and Olga Stangej. "Gender and Leadership in Iceland: The Journey to the Top of the Global Gender Gap Index." In Contributions to Management Science, 81–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96044-9_9.
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Drago, Carlo, and Andrea Gatto. "A Robust Approach to Composite Indicators Exploiting Interval Data: The Interval-Valued Global Gender Gap Index (IGGGI)." In Advances in Gender and Cultural Research in Business and Economics, 103–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00335-7_7.
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Coffin, Jack. "Plateaus and Afterglows: Theorizing the Afterlives of Gayborhoods as Post-Places." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 371–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_16.
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AbstractA number of commentators have acknowledged the decline of gayborhoods and the concomitant emergence of non-heteronormative diasporas in societies where sexual and gender diversity is normalized (Ghaziani 2015; Nash and Gorman-Murray 2017; Bitterman 2020). Academic studies tend to focus on the new lives that are being led beyond the gayborhood and the diminished distinctiveness of the territories left behind (e.g. Ghaziani 2014). In contrast, this chapter explores the possibility that gayborhoods can continue to influence sociospatial dynamics, even after their physical presence has diminished or disappeared altogether. Individuals and collectives may still be inspired by the memories, representations, and imaginaries previously provided by these erstwhile places. Indeed, the metaphor of a non-heteronormative diaspora relies on an ‘origin’ from which a cultural network has dispersed. In this sense gayborhoods can continue to function as post-places, as symbolic anchors of identity that operate even if they no longer exist in a material form, even if they are used simply as markers of ‘how far the diaspora has come’. The proposition that gayborhoods are becoming post-places could be more fully theorized in a number of ways, but the approach here is to adapt Deleuze and Guattari’s (1987: 22) notion of plateaus, which denote a “region of intensities whose development avoids any orientation towards a culmination point or external end”. From this perspective gayborhoods are not spatial phenomena that reach a climax of concentration and then disappear through dissipation. Instead, they can be described as becoming more intense and concrete in the latter half of the twentieth century before gradually fading after the new millennium as they disperse gradually into a diaspora as memories, habits, and so forth. Put another way, non-climactic gayborhoods leave ‘afterglows’, affects that continue to exert geographical effects in the present and near future. This conceptualization is consequential for theory, practice, and political activism, and ends the main body of this edited volume on a more ambitious note.
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"Gender Gap Index." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2441. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_101536.
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"Gender Inequality and Sustainable Development." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 132–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0969-2.ch007.
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The chapter argues that inequality between men and women has led to the gap in income and poverty for women. Gender inequality and women's empowerment have, therefore, become one of the 17 pillars of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. This chapter, therefore, examines the global performances on gender inequality index (GII) and the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030, regional performance and the Sustainable Development Goals, the top best performers on gender gap parity versus the worst performers on gender gap parity, and sub-national performances and global rankings. Also, this chapter examines the challenges of achieving gender equality by 2030 along with policy options for achieving gender equality in the year 2030.
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R. Sharma, Radha, Sonam Chawla, and Charlotte M. Karam. "Global Gender Gap Index: World Economic Forum perspective." In Handbook on Diversity and Inclusion Indices, 150–63. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788975728.00017.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Gender gap indexes"
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Bonella, Francesco, Hegedüs Balasz, Eva Gottstein, Dirk Theegarten, Ulrich Costabel, and Christian Taube. "The Gender-Age-Physiology (GAP) Index enhanced with KL-6 serum level for predicting disease progression in interstitial lung diseases (ILD)." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.801.
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Markopoulos, Evangelos, Marlena Schmitz, and Baiba Ziga. "An ESG aligned Global Gender Equity Model for creating equitable corporate and government organisations." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001524.
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Living in the 21st century does not necessarily mean that men and women are treated fairly and respectfully regarding their respective needs and thus in a gender equitable way. On the one hand, women still do three times the amount of unpaid care work, earn 18% less for the same work, make up the minority of C-Suite Level leaders with only 22% compared to 78% of men (which has become even worse due to the Covid-19 Pandemic) and have to deal with issues such as the glass ceiling or glass cliff which prevent their careers from flourishing, to name a few issues. On the other hand, studies by experts conducted in the field of gender equity have shown that women were rated as more effective leaders during and before a crisis, that female participation in the workforce could add between 12-18 trillion dollars to global GDP and increase profits of companies whilst reducing turnover rates and improving productivity as well as employee satisfaction, therefore potentially benefitting society as a whole. To understand why the world has not become gender equitable yet despite the many benefits it would provide, the research conducted in this paper includes academic primary and secondary research, an international literature review, 13 individual interviews with top level managers and/or diversity, equity and inclusion experts (DEI) as well as a global survey with 66 respondents. The results led to the conclusion that there is a need for a shift away from the patriarchal system towards a gender equitable society, which can be achieved with the help of the Global Gender Equity Model (GGEM). The GGEM is a new conceptual model for understanding and describing the implementation of the factors that create gender equitable nations. It is based on four socioeconomic pillars (People, Economy, Education, Governance) aligned with ESG (Environment, Social Governance) criteria adopted by private and public organizations. The four pillars of the GGEM model blend the traditional corporate and government systems of global nations with the current need for individual and collective accountability, collaboration as well as transparency and free flow of information. These pillars were found to be associated with equitable environments and can be seen as both interdependent and positively reinforcing of each other. This means the relative strength of any one pillar has the potential to either positively or negatively influence national gender equity. The GGEM uses the principles behind these pillars to develop and deliver an assessment tool and guidelines that are holistic in their approach to help transform nations from their current inequitable state. The model has been developed to benefit any organization by enacting some or all of these principles no matter their location or the path selected to achieving true gender equity. The integration of the GGEM model with the ESG index has been designed to incentivise the adaptation of the model towards achieving faster and higher organizational ESG scoring. The paper also presents the limitations of the model at its current stage and areas of further research which can support it with technologies and processes that can give adaptation efficiency and implementation consistency.
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Öngel, Volkan, İlyas Sözen, and Ahmet Alkan Çelik. "An Evaluation of Human Development Index in Central Asian Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00377.
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Economic development and growth had been the most important target among all goverments throughout the history. In this respect, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in Middle Asian Region had chosen development as primary target in 20 years time after their independence. Human capital is the leading factor to maintain economic development and growth.
Development and growth terms over which different meanings and concepts were imposed in time, necessitated several political economic alterations. Before 1970’s, increase in income had been sufficient criterion for the development of a government. But nowadays economic development incorporates factors such as life expectancy at birth, school enrolment ratio, literancy rate, gender discrimination, poverty alleviation, equal distribution of income beyond economic growth. Herewith this change political preference and priorities has started to differentiate.
The aim of this study is to discuss human development index (HDI) data of 5 Middle Asian countries in 2010 and changes in HDI in years after their independence. Comparisan between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and HDI rates are also performed within this analysis. This study consists of data of 5 Middle Asian countries between years 1990-2010. Basic, retrospective, illustrative library method is used as the study method.
In conclusion, we find that increase in GDP did not reflect over HDI in Middle Asian Countries within 20-years period.
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Wong, Timothy T. K., and Yee Wan Kwan. "A STUDY ON USING GAME-BASED METHOD TO IMPROVE LEARNING EFFICIENCY OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end017.
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Game-based approaches aim at improving participants’ engagement and satisfaction, they might have great advantages in solving the issues of students demotivated and uninvolved in learning activities. However, there are few studies on using games elements in education and examining to what extent game-based educational approaches enhance learning. To bridge this research gap, the objective of this study is to examine whether game-based method improves students’ academic performance in the school subject Life and Society. A total of four classes of Grade Seven students and two teachers participated in the study in Hong Kong. Three classes (n= 75) were assigned to the experimental groups and one class (n=30) were assigned to the control group. The experimental group participated in class sessions where they learned the timeline, major events, and factors affecting economic development of Hong Kong by a group-based card game, while the control group were taught by lecture-based method. Using a pre- & post-tests design, data were collected by a tailor-made survey including 9 fact-based questions to assess the learning outcomes. The contents of the survey were judged two experienced teachers and one panel head. Paired samples t-tests and two-way ANOVA were used to compare the possible changes, group differences and interaction effects. Results showed that both the experimental group and control group significantly increased their academic performance in the post-tests, indeed the average post-test scores of experimental groups were higher than that of the control group. Only one among three classes in the experimental group showed a significant increase in post-test scores, indicating a possibility of teacher difference. Boys in the experimental groups significantly improved in the post-test while girls did not differ significantly from pre-test scores. Both students with low and middle ability levels improved significantly in their post-test scores, while students with high ability level did not reach statistical significance. The interaction effect between gender and student ability level was statistically significant, indicating that the influence of student ability level on pre-test scores depended on their gender. Finally recommendations, implications, and limitations to the study are discussed.
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Onyewuchi, Francis A., Michael A. Adewusi, Peter Okebukola, Tokunbo Odekeye, Olasunkanmi Gbeleyi, and Fred Awaah. "Breaking the Backbone of Difficult Concepts in the New Secondary School Physics Curriculum in Africa." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28n3p7.
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The new senior secondary school physics curriculum for Anglophone West African countries came into use in 2015. Since the beginning of its implementation, even though, the performance of the candidates has not been high, yet reported empirical studies on the difficulty level of the content, and specifically the topics or concepts have been scant. Moreover, there have never been any published studies which conducted an in-depth probe into the aspects of the topics students find difficult in physics and science in general, beyond mere cataloguing of such topics, nor have there been any, in which students were qualitatively engaged in making inputs towards the amelioration of the topic difficulty. This is a huge gap in literature which this study determined to fill. The effort is significant to the extent that understanding the areas of difficulties of the topics as perceived by the students is good pointer towards remedy by teachers and stakeholders. The study therefore undertook five missions: (a) to find out the topics in the new physics curriculum that secondary school students find difficult (b) undertake in-depth probe of the specific aspects of the topics for which students have learning difficulty. (c) probe the possible causes of or factors responsible for these difficulties (d) determine if school location, school ownership and students’ gender have impacts on students’ perception of physics topics difficulty; and (e) deriving from students’ views, suggest how physics can be made easy to learn. A sample of 1,105 students was drawn from 21 secondary schools in Nigeria and Ghana. These schools comprised 12 private and nine public schools randomly selected from rural and urban areas. 75% of the schools were urban while about 25% were rural. Randomly selected 10 students and five teachers were interviewed for qualitative data, while all the participants were involved in responding to the questionnaire. From data gathered, five top most difficult topics were refractive index, electromagnetism, radioactivity, curved lenses and sound: production, propagation and modulation. Rich qualitative data unique for this study, was reported. There was marked difference between urban and rural, private and public, but not in gender. Recommendations were made for better teaching and meaningful learning. Keywords: Backbone of difficult topics; meaningful learning of physics
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Kleinstern, Geffen, Daniel R. O’Brien, Brian F. Kabat, Kari G. Chaffee, Aaron D. Norman, Timothy G. Call, Sameer A. Parikh, et al. "Abstract 4466: Somatic mutations within chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) putative driver genes are associated with outcomes beyond the CLL international prognostic index (CLL-IPI)." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-4466.
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Kleinstern, Geffen, Daniel R. O’Brien, Brian F. Kabat, Kari G. Chaffee, Aaron D. Norman, Timothy G. Call, Sameer A. Parikh, et al. "Abstract 4466: Somatic mutations within chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) putative driver genes are associated with outcomes beyond the CLL international prognostic index (CLL-IPI)." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4466.
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Barros, Eduarda Pereira de, Fábio Lima Baggio, Bruna Giaretta Ventorin, Amanda Raminelli Morceli, and Diogo Fraxino de Almeida. "Pompe disease: case report in siblings." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.270.
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Introduction: Pompe disease (PD) affects lysosomal digestion due to absence or low action of the enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA), with accumulation of glycogen, causing overflow of enzymes and autophagy, which affects striated muscle. PD is divided into infantile, juvenile, and adult clinical forms, with severity determined by amount of residual GAA activity. Case: P1) 45-year-old man admitted with acute respiratory failure (RF), starts mechanical ventilation. History of weakness, dyspnea, dysphagia. He had decreased proximal muscle strength at lower limbs (LL). Sequencing of GAA gene: autosomal recessive deficiency of two variants. Apnea-hypopnea-index (AHI):10.5. GAA enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was requested. Judicially denied by disease progression. P2) 40-year-old man presented with loss of muscle strength at LL for 15 years, associated with snoring, daytime somnolence. Brother with similar complaints. He had proximal muscle weakness at LL. Positive genetic panel for PD. AHI:23.5. Judicially released ERT treatment and reported improvement. Discussion: Adult form of PD manifests itself with mild phenotype, with presence of residual GAA activity, which causes different clinical expressions. Main manifestations are symmetric proximal muscle weakness in LL and Gowers’ sign. Frequent death cause in late form is RF, which occurs early, unlike other neuromuscular diseases. In Brazil, PD is underdiagnosed, with approximately 2500 cases. Treatment is performed with Myozyme®, an ERT, not available in SUS, which makes treatment difficult. Conclusion: PD is a serious condition, with high underdiagnosis because of its similarity to other myopathies, which allows disease progression. Furthermore, the variability of GAA mutations allows for distinct phenotypes
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Kolhe, Ravindra, Pankaj Ahluwalia, Saleh Heneidi, Sudha Ananth, Vamsi Kota, and Ashis Mondal. "Abstract LB-227: Guideline adherent clinical validation of a comprehensive DNA/RNA panel (523 genes-TruSight Oncology 500) for determination of single nucleotide variants (SNV’s), small insertions or deletions (Indels), copy number variations (CNV’s), splice variations (SV’s), gene fusions (GF’s), tumor mutation burden (TMB) and micro-satellite instability (MSI) on anext-generation sequencing (NGS)platform in a CLIA setting." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-lb-227.
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Kolhe, Ravindra, Pankaj Ahluwalia, Saleh Heneidi, Sudha Ananth, Vamsi Kota, and Ashis Mondal. "Abstract LB-227: Guideline adherent clinical validation of a comprehensive DNA/RNA panel (523 genes-TruSight Oncology 500) for determination of single nucleotide variants (SNV’s), small insertions or deletions (Indels), copy number variations (CNV’s), splice variations (SV’s), gene fusions (GF’s), tumor mutation burden (TMB) and micro-satellite instability (MSI) on anext-generation sequencing (NGS)platform in a CLIA setting." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-lb-227.
Full textReports on the topic "Gender gap indexes"
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Connor, Helene. Thesis Review: Dis/identifications and Dis/articulations: Young Women and Feminism in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Unitec ePress, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/thes.revw12015.
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In this thoroughly researched, skillfully written thesis, the author explores young women’s dis/identifications with feminism, and dis/articulations of feminism, within contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand. The premise of the research is that whilst many young women value the work of the early feminists in terms of gender equality and individual freedom for themselves, only a small number position themselves as feminist. Indeed, the author identified research with young women in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Canada which supported this premise. Comparative research on young women’s identifications with feminism in Aotearoa/New Zealand, was, however, absent within the literature and this thesis set out to address this gap. Overall, the thesis addresses the New Zealand context with considerable scholarly integrity and depth, demonstrating originality and a well-considered analytical response to the data.
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Connor, Helene. Thesis Review: Dis/identifications and Dis/articulations: Young Women and Feminism in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Unitec ePress, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/thes.revw2400.
Full textAbstract:
In this thoroughly researched, skillfully written thesis, the author explores young women’s dis/identifications with feminism, and dis/articulations of feminism, within contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand. The premise of the research is that whilst many young women value the work of the early feminists in terms of gender equality and individual freedom for themselves, only a small number position themselves as feminist. Indeed, the author identified research with young women in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Canada which supported this premise. Comparative research on young women’s identifications with feminism in Aotearoa/New Zealand, was, however, absent within the literature and this thesis set out to address this gap. Overall, the thesis addresses the New Zealand context with considerable scholarly integrity and depth, demonstrating originality and a well-considered analytical response to the data.
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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.
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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.
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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao, and Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.