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1
Hampel-Milagrosa, Aimée. Gender differentiated impact of investment climate reforms: A critical review of the "Doing business" report. Bonn: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 2008.
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2
International Fund for Agricultural Development and International Labour Office, eds. Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: Differentiated pathways out of poverty : status, trends and gaps. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010.
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3
Corner, Lorraine. Women, men and economics: The gender-differentiated impact of macroeconomics : with special reference to Asia and the Pacific. New York, NY: UNIFEM, 1996.
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4
Whitfield, James F. Calcium: Cell cycle driver, differentiator, and killer. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997.
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5
1942-, Harris Stephen E., and Mansson Per-Erik, eds. Cellular factors in development and differentiation: Embryos, teratocarcinomas, and differentiated tissues : proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Cellular Endocrinology, held at Lake Placid, New York, August 30-September 2, 1987. New York: Liss, 1988.
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6
Heise, Donna Marie Varga. Gender differentiated teacher training, The Toronto Normal School 1847-1902. 1987.
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7
Viveros Vigoya, Mara. Sex/Gender. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.42.
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This chapter examines the construction of the modern concept of “gender” and its distinct uses and formulations in relation to the categories “sex” and “sexuality.” It presents the main debates within international feminism concerning gender as a theoretical and political project. In particular, the article explores diverse ways in which gender has been differentiated from or opposed to sex; the meanings that “gender difference” came to bear during the 1960s and the 1970s; the place that men and masculinities have occupied in theories of gender; the borders that separate and link gender with sex and sexuality; diverse feminist challenges to gender binarism, attempts to universalize gender, and the discursive coloniality of hegemonic feminisms; and, the contributions of the feminisms of the global South to contemporary gender studies.
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Bardall, Gabrielle S. Violence, Politics, and Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.208.
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This article presents a conceptual orientation to the intersection of gender, politics, and violence. The first part of the article will introduce the subject by reviewing the primary conceptual framework and empirical knowledge on the topic to date and discussing the theoretical heritage of the concept. Establishing a key distinction between gender-motivated and gender differentiated violence, this article will discuss the gender dimensions of political violence and the political dimensions of gender-based violence. The latter half of the article reviews a number of the key questions driving research and dialogue in the field in the 21st century.
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Ghani, Ejaz, Ravi Kanbur, and Stephen D. O'Connell. Urbanization and Agglomeration Benefits: Gender Differentiated Impacts on Enterprise Creation in India's Informal Sector. The World Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6553.
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Deininger, Klaus, Fang Xia, and Stein Holden. Gender-Differentiated Impacts of Tenure Insecurity on Agricultural Performance in Malawi's Customary Tenure Systems. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7943.
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Khader, Serene J. Gender Role Eliminativism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664190.003.0006.
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This chapter asks whether postcolonial defenses of feminized power and criticisms of the incorporation of women into a gender-neutral public sphere can be understood as compatible with feminism. It argues that the tools of nonideal universalism can explain why many such postcolonial views are more compatible with feminism than is often thought. Three missionary-feminist confusions identified here—the idealization of the territorial public, the idealization of Western cultural forms, and the culturalist category error—impede Western feminist attempts to render accurate normative judgments about “other” women’s exercises of power. Normative guidelines for a transnational feminist position capable of avoiding these confusions will recognize that judgments about resistance concern justice enhancement rather than justice achievement, that resistance should be judged according to a historical baseline, that feminist normative ideals need not function as blueprints, and that information about imperialism and global structures is important when determining which strategies for resistance are likely to be effective. The chapter also discusses how these normative guidelines can be used to explain how Leila Ahmed’s defense of Muslim women’s homosociality and Nkiru Nzwgwu’s defense of a gender-differentiated public can be made compatible with feminism.
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Lesotho. Ministry of Labour and Employment., ed. Assessment of gender differentiated impacts of retrenchment on livelihoods in Lesotho: Retrenched workers from textile and mining industries. Maseru, Lesotho: Ministry of Employment and Labour, 2009.
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13
Phillips, Katharine A. Differentiating Body Dysmorphic Disorder from Normal Appearance Concerns and Other Mental Disorders. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0018.
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This chapter discusses differentiation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from disorders that may be misdiagnosed as BDD or that present differential diagnosis challenges: eating disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, illness anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, gender dysphoria, avoidant personality disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, and several other constructs. This chapter also discusses how to differentiate BDD from normal appearance concerns and from problematic preoccupation with obvious physical defects.BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as another mental disorder. Sometimes misdiagnosis occurs because patients are too embarrassed and ashamed to reveal their appearance concerns; in such cases, BDD symptoms that are more readily observable (such as social anxiety) may be assigned an incorrect diagnosis while BDD goes undetected. In other cases, BDD symptoms are recognized but are misdiagnosed as another disorder. BDD must be differentiated from other conditions so appropriate treatment can be instituted.
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Kantola, Johanna. State/Nation. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.45.
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This chapter discusses the feminist debates about state and nation, naming them “feminist theories of the state” and “gender and nation” debates. It shows how feminists have moved away from essentialist notions of women and men and state and nation. Instead of seeing state and nation being real essentialized objects, feminist theories tend to explore them as relational entities that perpetually need to be reproduced through discourses, practices, or material circuits. Feminist scholars explore the power relations behind these constructions, the femininities and masculinities they rely on and reproduce, and their differentiated gender impacts—concepts now theorized as highly context specific rather than universal. A cross-cutting theme in current feminist research is the manifold impacts of neoliberalism in states and nations, and in feminist engagements with them. Feminist scholars explore how neoliberalism is combined with other ideologies, such as conservatism, radical-right populism, or homonationalism, and the gendered outcomes of this.
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Rütten, Thomas. Early Modern Medicine. Edited by Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0004.
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This article focuses on Western medicine, which, in the form of learned medicine, represents one of the three higher faculties on the basis of a certain canon of Greek and Arabic texts. It presents that from a methodological perspective, women's studies, gender studies, and gender behavioural studies have contrasted the cruder forms of biologizing and ontologizing the feminine with differentiated societal models of constructing sexuality. This approach has led to a radical revision of early modern medical historiography. The history of early modern medicine is further complicated by an imposing diversity of methodological approaches and by growing caution about unsubstantiated generalizations. The past century of exploration into early modern medicine has dictated the various methodological approaches that have held their ground in the research landscape up to the present day.
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Da Costa, Dia. Ordinary Violence and Creative Economy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040603.003.0003.
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In this chapter, the global creative economy discursive regime is shown to be a spatially-differentiated and power-laden practice. Analyzing the ways in which heritage, creative economy and urban development have become inseparable concerns in India, Delhi and Ahmedabad, it shows that creative economy discourse relies upon and reinforces entrenched colonial capitalist structures of production and rule. Locating the emergence of hope and optimism, the chapter argues that creative economy practices replace, rebrand, and profit from rebranding older modes of governance and their ordinary violence located in class, caste, gender and religious relations. In so doing, creative economy practices aestheticize the profound and normal contradictions of contemporary capitalist development and democracy in India.
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Montoya, Celeste. Institutions. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.19.
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This chapter addresses “institutions” as a central component of feminist analysis. It provides an overview of the ways in which feminist scholars, informed by varied feminist traditions and approaches, and working across a range of disciplines, have used different conceptualizations of institutions to explore gender power dynamics. It differentiates between “institutions” and other key concepts, such as “structure” and “organizations” andexplores “gender as an institution,” “gender in institutions,” “gendered institutions,” and “institutions as producers of gender.” Furthermore, it addresses the limitations of uni-dimensional understandings and methodologies, and argues the importance of incorporating more dynamic, inclusive, and intersectional lenses in contemporary institutional analysis.
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Risman, Barbara J. Gender as a Social Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.003.0002.
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The chapter reviews the social scientific research on gender beginning with biological theories and then moving on to psychological ones. Attention then moves to sociological theories developed as alternatives to understanding gender as a personality trait. The chapter then covers the “doing gender” and structuralist theories developed in the 20th century. Risman suggests that integrative frameworks, including her own, emerged toward the end of the 20th century. In this chapter, Risman offers a revision to her framework conceptualizing gender as a social structure with consequences for individual selves, interactional expectations of others, and institutions and organizations. With this revision, Risman differentiates between the material and cultural elements of each level of the gender structure.
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Parks, Sharon Daloz. Faith Development. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.9.
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This chapter describes the emergence, critiques, and some of the key implications of faith development theory as pioneered by James W. Fowler and informed by W. C. Smith, H. Richard Niebuhr, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Robert Selman, Robert Kegan, Carol Gilligan, and others. Faith (differentiated from belief) is described as meaning-making in its most comprehensive dimensions. Constructive-developmental psychology, the role of imagination (content), and the social field all contribute to a multi-faceted understanding of the development of faith across the lifespan. Critiques and expansions of Fowler’s work are explored including gender perspectives, the linearity of stages, and the positing of an emerging adult stage. It addresses the need for the formation of mature adult faith as integral to the practice of self-critical community and citizenship and points toward a reassessment of the purposes of education and religion in a changing world.
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Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.
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Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.
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Barrett, Rusty. From Drag Queens to Leathermen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390179.001.0001.
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This book analyzes gendered forms of language use in several different gay male subcultures. The subcultures considered include drag queens, radical faeries, bears, circuit boys, barebackers, and leathermen. The chapters include ethnographic-based studies of language use in each of these subcultures, giving special attention to the ways in which linguistic patterns index forms of masculinity and femininity. In each case, speakers combine linguistic forms in ways that challenge normative assumptions about gender and sexuality. In an extension of prior work, Barrett discusses the intersections of race, gender, and social class in performances by African American drag queens in the 1990s. An analysis of sacred music among radical faeries considers the ways in which expressions of gender are embedded in a broader neo-pagan religious identity. The formation of bear as an identity category (for heavyset and hairy men) in the late 1980s involve the appropriation of linguistic stereotypes of rural Southern masculinity. Among regular attendees of circuit parties (similar to raves), language serves to differentiate gay and straight forms of masculinity. In the early 2000s, barebackers (gay men who eschew condoms) used language to position themselves as rational risk takers with a natural innate desire for semen. For participants in the International Mr. Leather contest, a disciplined, militaristic masculinity links expressions of patriotism with BDSM sexual practice. In all of these groups, the construction of gendered identity involves combining linguistic forms that would usually not co-occur. These unexpected combinations serve as the foundation for the emergence of unique subcultural expressions of gay male identity.
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Whitfield, James F. Calcium: Cell Cycle Driver, Differentiator, Killer (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit). Chapman & Hall, 1997.
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Whitfield, James F. Calcium: Cell Cycle Driver, Differentiator and Killer (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit). Landes Bioscience, 1997.
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24
Risman, Barbara J. Where the Millennials Will Take Us. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.001.0001.
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In this book Barbara J. Risman uses her gender structure theory to tackle the question about whether today’s young people, Millennials, are pushing forward the gender revolution or backing away from it. In the first part of the book, Risman revises her theoretical argument to differentiate more clearly between culture and material aspects of each level of gender as a social structure. She then uses previous research to explain that today’s young people spend years in a new life stage where they are emerging as adults. The new research presented here offers a typology of how today’s young people wrestle with gender during the years of emerging adulthood. How do they experience gender at the individual level? What are the expectations they face because of their sex? What are their ideological beliefs and organizational constraints based on their gender category? Risman suggests there is great variety within this generation. She identifies four strategies used by young people: true believers in gender difference, innovators who want to push boundaries in feminist directions, straddlers who are simply confused, and rebels who sometimes identify as genderqueer and reject gender categories all together. The final chapter offers a utopian vision that would ease the struggles of all these groups, a fourth wave of feminism that rejects the gender structure itself. Risman envisions a world where the sex ascribed at birth matters has few consequences beyond reproduction.
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Gill, Denise. Boundaries of Embodiment in Sounded Melancholy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190495008.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 grounds claims about musicians’ melancholic modalities in a multifaceted study of embodiment in Turkish classical musicking. After an investigation of how musicians describe the sensations of bodily melancholy to explain sonic melancholy, the chapter studies the way that melancholic affective practices differentiate specific kinds of boundaries: boundaries demarcating gender difference, weeping and tears and elucidating bodily boundaries, and theologies of listening that demarcate boundaries between the spiritual and the mundane. The chapter concludes that the musicians’ experiences suggest that the boundaries are meant to be crossed, because it is the very labor of crossing that makes individuals who they are.
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Cellular factors in development and differentiation: Embryos, teratocarcinomas, and differentiated tissues : Proceedings of the Third International Symposium ... in clinical and biological research). Liss, 1988.
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27
Jefferson, Philip N. Poverty: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198716471.001.0001.
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Millions of people worldwide live in poverty. Why is that? What has been done about it in the past? And what is being done about it now? Poverty: A Very Short Introduction explores how the answers to these questions lie in the social, political, economic, educational, and technological processes that impact all of us throughout our lives—from the circumstances of birth and gender to access to clean water and whether it is wartime or peacetime. The degree of vulnerability is all that differentiates us. This VSI looks at the history of poverty, the practical and analytical efforts made to eradicate it, and the prospects for further poverty alleviation in the future.
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Bégin, Camille. Sensing Food in the New Deal Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040252.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter examines taste as a symbolic, cultural, affective, and as economic currency always in circulation, and that, once mobilized, allows eaters to identify and differentiate themselves along race, class, gender, and ethnic lines. The concept of sensory economies is a plural one and allows exploring sensory experiences of food as the result of social, cultural, and financial exchanges always remade. The chapter looks at the cultural, social, and sensory history of New Deal food writing: the multisensory culinary material produced by employees of the Federal Writers's Project (FWP). Throughout, workers produced comforting snapshot pictures aimed at providing cultural confidence to a country in the midst of one of the worst economic depression of its history and giving legitimacy to the new political, social, and economic order of the liberal New Deal state.
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Walsh, D. M. Challenges to Evolutionary Theory. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.14.
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Evolutionary theory has long been influenced by modern synthesis thinking, which focuses on the theoretical primacy of genes and the fractionation of evolution into four discrete, quasi-independent processes: (i) inheritance, (ii) development, (iii) mutation, and (iv) natural selection. Recent challenges to modern synthesis orthodoxy, leveled at the fractionation of evolution and the attendant theoretical privilege accorded to genes, are driven by empirical advances in the understanding of inheritance and development. This article argues that inheritance holism, the idea that the contribution of genes to the pattern of inheritance cannot generally be differentiated from the contribution of extragenetic causes, invalidates the modern synthesis conception of inheritance as the transmission of replicants. Moreover, recent empirical understandings of development erode the fractionated view of evolution, which has misconstrued the role of natural selection. Development not only involves inheritance and the generation of novelties but is the source of the adaptive bias in evolution.
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Duffy, Brooke Erin. Production Tensions. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037962.003.0004.
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This chapter examines how convergence-related transformations are redefining what it means to be a magazine producer and how this differentiates those who work in magazine production from other individuals, organizations, and industries involved in the production of culture. It considers how these changes are leading to increased demands on workers, interorganizational tensions, and a professional culture that tends to favor certain types of people. It also explores whether this emergent professional culture has the potential to reproduce gender hierarchies and other social inequalities. The chapter suggests that the concurrent trends of multi-skilled labor and consumer co-creative practices in the digital age have resulted in a further deprofessionalization of roles and positions within women's magazines. However, the effects of this deprofessionalization are being felt unevenly across the industry, and decision-making power is firmly locked into traditional organizational hierarchies.
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Pieper, Lindsay Parks. “One of the Most Horrid Misuses of a Scientific Method”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040221.003.0007.
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Although the International Olympic Committee (IOC) sought to differentiate women from men, the methods employed repeatedly illustrated the difficulty in determining the exact composition of womanhood. This chapter argues that rather than showing a clear-cut biological divide, the policy highlighted a range of chromosomal varieties and DNA diversity. The IOC disregarded these well-documented variations and continued testing. Officials never discovered a man posing as a woman; however, several female athletes with biological differences were barred from competition. Eventually, protests by medical authorities and athletes in the 1980s encouraged the IOC to abandon all gender verification practices. For the 1992 Albertville Winter and Barcelona Summer Olympics, the IOC replaced the chromatin exam with PCR testing. Because many people believed that substituting one scientific method with another did not solve the practical nor ethical problems of verification, those who were opposed to laboratory testing continued to fight for the IOC to terminate the practice.
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Miklitsch, Robert. Periodizing Classic Noir. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038594.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter traces the history of classic noir by reflecting on the way in which the genre has been discursively constituted through its beginnings and endings, an act of periodization that typically entails nominating particular films as the first and last noir in order to differentiate the intervening films from, respectively, proto- and neo-noir. While the recent interest in Stranger on the Third Floor (1940) is one sign that Boris Ingster's film has supplanted The Maltese Falcon (1941) as the first, titular American noir, recent transnational readings of the genre have problematized the reflexive determination of classic noir as a strictly American phenomenon. In fact, the impact of Odds against Tomorrow (1959) on transnational neo-noir indicates that the end or terminus of the classical era is just as provisional—just as open to interpretation and therefore, revision—as its origin.
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Borgwardt, Elizabeth, Christopher McKnight Nichols, and Andrew Preston, eds. Rethinking American Grand Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695668.001.0001.
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What is grand strategy? What does it aim to achieve? And what differentiates it from normal strategic thought—what, in other words, makes it “grand”? In answering these questions, most scholars have focused on diplomacy and warfare, so much so that “grand strategy” has become almost an equivalent of “military history.” The traditional attention paid to military affairs is understandable, but in today's world it leaves out much else that could be considered political, and therefore strategic. It is in fact possible to consider, and even reach, a more capacious understanding of grand strategy, one that still includes the battlefield and the negotiating table but can also expand beyond them. Just as contemporary world politics is driven by a wide range of non-military issues, the most thorough considerations of grand strategy must consider the bases of peace and security as broadly as possible. A theory that bears little resemblance to the reality around us every day—in which gender, race, the environment, and a wide range of cultural, social, political, and economic issues are salient—can be only so useful. This book examines America's place in the world. The chapters reexamine familiar figures, such as John Quincy Adams and Henry Kissinger, while also revealing the forgotten episodes and hidden voices of American grand strategy. They expand the scope of diplomatic and military history by placing the grand strategies of public health, race, gender, humanitarianism, and the law alongside military and diplomatic affairs to reveal hidden strategists as well as strategies.
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Divan, Aysha, and Janice A. Royds. 5. Molecular interactions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0005.
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Every nucleated diploid cell in the body, with the exception of B and T cells of the immune system, has the same genome as its originating single fertilized egg. During development, this single cell differentiates into a complex multicellular organism composed of various cells and tissues each carrying out specialized functions. Although each cell contains a genome of data it needs to select the relevant information from this genetic blueprint to fulfil its own specific function. ‘Molecular interactions’ shows that proteins must be produced in the right place and at the right time. This requires regulation of gene expression in conjunction with a myriad of bio-molecular interactions to coordinate this.
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Perelman, Elisheva A. American Evangelists and Tuberculosis in Modern Japan. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528141.001.0001.
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The tuberculosis epidemic of Meiji and Taishō helped to define the relationship between Japan’s government and the foreign, Protestant nondenominational evangelist organizations and individuals who had recently arrived on the archipelago. For those willing to undertake medical missionary work, particularly concerning public health issues that the government chose to ignore, tuberculosis could have provided an arena in which to prove both utility to the nation and enthusiasm for Japan’s industrial modernization, a moral enterprise. Yet theirs was also a utilitarian mission—more converts would mean more funds for the mission, either from the pockets of the recently converted or from foreign supporters who were bolstered by promising statistics. The victims of the tuberculosis epidemic were pawns in the interactions between the Japanese government and foreign evangelists, as their existence (physical and spiritual) was often used to mediate the relationship between their government and their caretakers. These potential caretakers included the Y.M.C.A., The Salvation Army, and individuals who formerly fell under the auspices of each. These organizations, and the Japanese government, at whose behest they often worked, parsed and differentiate the value of human life medically, politically, culturally, and in terms of gender, labor, and utility.
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de Vlam, Kurt. Overview of psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0004.
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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis occurring in patients with psoriasis. Some consider it as part of the heterogeneous group of diseases unified in the concept of spondyloarthritis (SpA). At least some subtypes, such as the oligoarticular and axial subtypes, can be classified as SpA. The aetiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. An enthesitis-based model was proposed to unify skin and joint manifestation and to differentiate PsA from other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The development of PsA results from the interplay of genes, the immune response, and interaction with environmental factors. The fact that more than 80% of patients with PsA have precedent or simultaneous psoriasis suggests that the skin disease is almost a ‘condicio sine qua non’ for the development of PsA.
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Bichet, Daniel G. Approach to the patient with polyuria. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0032.
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In a polyuric patient, first exclude osmotic diuresis, then differentiate between primary polydipsia, central, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, with clinical characteristics, simple blood and urine tests, and hypothalamic magnetic resonance imaging. Mammals are osmoregulators and osmolality is perceived by central and peripheral osmotic receptors and influencing thirst perception and vasopressin secretion. In congenital polyuric states it is useful to distinguish ‘pure’ polyuric states, that is, loss of water only but normal conservation of sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium, from complex (water + sodium + calcium) polyuric states. For the latter, the triad polyuria/polyhydramnios/prematurity is a tell-tale sign of Bartter syndrome. We recommend sequencing of the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and Bartter genes in all the affected congenital and hereditary polyuric patients. Acquired central and nephrogenic polyuric states are simpler to evaluate.
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Boucher, David. Understanding Hobbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817215.003.0003.
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Oakeshott and Skinner both emphasize the importance of context in the interpretation of Hobbes. Skinner wishes to deny any special character to political philosophy that differentiates it from written interventions of other genres. They are, in his view, all ideological, and require the reconstruction of political debates, such as those surrounding the Engagement Controversy. The immediate historical context is the most important context if we are to achieve an adequate understanding of what Hobbes was doing in writing his tracts of political philosophy. Their character as works of political philosophy is irrelevant to such an endeavour. Political interventions are nevertheless, in Oakeshott’s view, incidental to philosophy, which is an enterprise released from considerations of conduct and has no practical bearing when it is consistent with its character as philosophy. Philosophy operates at a different and higher level of discourse from ideology and requires a more inclusive context for its elucidation.
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Richardson, John. The Neosurrealist Musical and Tsai Ming-Liang’s the Wayward Cloud. Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0034.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter theorizes an important new development in auteur cinema, the neosurrealist metamusical, through Jan Assman’s idea of “figures of memory,” which are aspects of cultural memory that are differentiated from everyday experiences by their ritualized and temporally displaced nature. Musical numbers in this view become figures of memory that highlight reflectivity. Tsai Ming-Liang’sThe Wayward Cloud (Tian bian yi duo yun, 2005) is a classic example of a neosurrealist metamusical, a surrealist sensibility manifesting itself in the film’s collage-like assemblage of genres-art house cinema, film musicals, and hard-core pornography-combined with an element of absurdism. The use of vintage popular songs as found objects is central in negotiating cultural meanings, including tensions between local Taiwanese culture and mainland China, the mediatized West and the local everyday. Although the film contains potent critical messages, its dominant modality is playful camp aestheticism, which is theorized by means of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s idea of “reparative reading.”
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Publicover, Laurence. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806813.003.0001.
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The Introduction lays out the argument of the book, in part through discussion of critical responses to the geography of Shakespeare’s The Tempest. Situating the book’s critical approach within the several scholarly fields it engages, including theatre history, theories of genre, Mediterranean studies, and theories of intertextuality, it then outlines the contribution Dramatic Geography makes to existing discussions of early modern Mediterranean plays. The Introduction goes on to offer an overview and analysis of how early modern drama stages space and location, working through episodes from plays including Henry V, Hamlet, and Antony and Cleopatra. Finally, it differentiates early modern ways of staging space from those employed in the Restoration theatres, stressing the greater flexibility and complexity of early modern methods, and makes a case for the importance of understanding dramatic geography if we are better to comprehend the ways in which drama creates meaning.
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Bettinson, Gary, and Daniel Martin. Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0001.
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This introduction to Hong Kong Horror Cinema introduces Hong Kong horror from a variety of perspectives, charting the history and development of the genre and citing key films and filmmakers; it puts Hong Kong horror in the context of East Asian horror more broadly, discussing some of the cultural specificities of Hong Kong horror that differentiate it from the popular and historical horror cycles from Japan, South Korea, Thailand and China; it provides a brief overview of horror studies within the field of academic theory, and suggests ways in which Hong Kong horror films can contribute new perspectives to these well-rehearsed arguments. A brief survey of literature covers the major related works from the fields of Hong Kong cinema and horror film history, and in doing so, makes a case for the importance, timeliness and originality of this anthology. The introduction also includes a chapter-by-chapter breakdown of Hong Kong Horror Cinema, explaining the division of chapters into sections and drawing pertinent connections between the varied studies that follow.
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(Editor), T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger (Editor), and K. Mizumura (Editor), eds. The Polymodal Receptor - A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science, 1996.
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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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