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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender differentials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Schwaab, Kalu Soraia, Vanessa Rabelo Dutra, Paulo Fernando Marschner, and Paulo Sergio Ceretta. "HOW MUCH HEAVIER IS A “HOE” FOR WOMEN? WAGE GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." Contextus – Revista Contemporânea de Economia e Gestão 17, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19094/contextus.v17i2.39969.

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This paper aims at analyzing the existence of wage differentials by genders in the agricultural labor market in the Brazilian rural area, with the purpose of verifying if the differentials are due to differences in explained characteristics or discriminatory. Equations were estimated and the wage differential detailed decomposition with microdata from the PNAD 2015 with the Heckman's correction. The method used was the decomposition of Oaxaca-Blinder. The main results show that the wage/hour of men is 157.62% higher than that of women, and the effect of discrimination is 108.38% this gap. The main conclusion indicates that the gender wage differential decreases with the formality of work and with the increase of hours worked by women. It is worth nothing that the results provide the visualization of gender discrimination in the rural labor market, adding contributions to the empirical studies on wage differentials.

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2

Yuden, Phuentsho. "Gender wage differential in the labour market of Bhutan (2009-2022)." International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 8, no. 1 (August 30, 2023): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5050.v8i1.4871.

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This study investigated striking gender wage differentials trend in Bhutan between 2009 and 2022. In order to decompose the gender wage differentials, we used household level micro-data of Labor Force Survey (LFS), which was conducted by then Ministry of Labor and Human Resources (MoLHR) and National Statistics Bureau (NSB). The methodology estimates the sources of gender wage differentials by segregating gender-specific factors and general wage structure factors. The explanatory variables like women’s labor market skills (education, work experience) and women’s choice into certain occupational and industrial groups; and treatment towards women employees by employers (i.e., discrimination) are categorized into gender-specific factors. Whereas, the sum of observed prices of labor market skills (education and work experience) and price of women’s segregation into certain occupational and industrial groups and unobserved prices were termed wage structure factors. The result shows that gap in education and women’s choice into low paying jobs increased gender wage differentials. However, increase in women’s work experience narrowed the gender wage differential. Therefore, the widening gender wage differentials resulted from gender-specific factors by huge margin. The findings from this study will help decision and policy makers in developing policies which helps narrowing education and skills gaps between men and women. In addition, it will also help in drafting policies which helps women in getting better paying jobs.

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3

Silva, Isaac Gonçalves da, Thatiana Araujo Maranhão, Taynara Lais Silva, George Jó Bezerra Sousa, José Claudio Garcia Lira Neto, and Maria Lúcia Duarte Pereira. "Gender differentials in suicide mortality." Rev Rene 22 (February 23, 2021): e61520. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20212261520.

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Objective: to identify gender differences in suicide mortality in Northeastern Brazil. Methods: the deaths from suicide recorded in the Mortality Information System were analyzed. The Chi-square (x2) for independence and odds ratio tests were used. The time trend was evaluated by the Joinpoint method. Results: in the period studied there were 27,101 suicide deaths in the Northeast, with a predominance of the male gender (79.5%). Adolescent women, with high schooling, widows, and divorcees are more prone to suicide than men. The male gender is more likely to use firearms and hanging, while the female gender uses more smoke, fire and flames and self-intoxication to commit the act. The most significant increase in mortality was among men (3.1%; p<0.05). Conclusion: there was a greater prevalence and tendency to increase suicide among men, as they use more lethal means to commit the act compared to women.

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4

Cheong, Jia Qi, and Suresh Narayanan. "Gender Income Differentials in Malaysia." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(109).

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Studies related to distribution of income is very important for national development as it is related to efforts also to reducing the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials still persist in Malaysia. As reducing the gender income differentials is one of the ingredients for sustained economic growth, this article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities therein Keywords: Differentials; Gender; Income; Labour, Malaysia

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Cheong, Jia Qi, and Suresh Narayanan. "Gender Income Differentials in Malaysia." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(5).

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Studies related to distribution of income is very important for national development as it is related to efforts also to reducing the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials still persist in Malaysia. As reducing the gender income differentials is one of the ingredients for sustained economic growth, this article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities therein Keywords: Differentials; Gender; Income; Labour, Malaysia

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6

Tanda, Paola, and Germana Bottone. "Children and Gender ? Wage Differentials." Labour 10, no. 3 (September 1996): 511–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1996.tb00098.x.

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7

Mifsud, Charles. "Gender differentials in the classroom." Research in Education 49, no. 1 (May 1993): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003452379304900102.

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8

Hotchkiss, Julie L., and Robert E. Moore. "Gender Compensation Differentials in Jamaica." Economic Development and Cultural Change 44, no. 3 (April 1996): 657–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452235.

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9

Johansson, Mats, Katarina Katz, and Håkan Nyman. "Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination." Acta Sociologica 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699305059946.

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10

Smith, N., and N. Westerg�rd-Nielsen. "Wage differentials due to gender." Journal of Population Economics 1, no. 2 (October 1988): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00163885.

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11

Singh, Abhishek, and Sangram Kishor Patel. "Gender differentials in feeding practices, health care utilization and nutritional status of children in Northern India." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 10, no. 5 (December 11, 2017): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-05-2017-0023.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the gender differentials in childhood feeding practices, health care utilization and nutritional status of children by birth order and sex composition of previous living children in Northern India. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, data were drawn from India’s 2006 National Family Health Survey. A variety of different analytic methods were used to look for gender differentials in childhood feeding practices, health care utilization and nutritional status of children. Bi-variate analysis was applied to examine the raw values of gender differentials in childhood feeding, health care and nutritional status of children. Besides, gender differentials at the different birth order and sex composition of previous living children have been measured through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Findings The raw values of gender differentials in childhood feeding, health care and nutritional status of children, regardless of child’s birth order, mother’s number of living sons and other characteristics of the child or mother, shows that the proportion of children who received any liquid, proportion of children receiving solid/semi-solid food and the proportion of fully immunized children vary by their gender significantly. The results of standardized gender differentials by birth order and sex composition of previous living children in the selected indicators of childhood feeding, immunization and health care and nutritional status of children based on multivariate binary logistic regression show that among children of birth order 3+ (3 and higher), male children were less likely to receive solid/semi-solid foods during 24 hours prior to the survey in families with no living son, but two times were more likely to receive any solid/semi-solid food than female children in families with 1+ living sons (p<0.0001). Male children aged 12-23 months born to mothers with no living son were more likely to be fully immunized than female children, while male children born to mothers with 1+ living sons were less likely to be fully immunized than female children (p<0.05) at birth order 3+. However, the analysis showed no significant gender differentials in the nutritional status of children. Research limitations/implications The authors observed a strong association between the extents of gender differentials and birth order of the index child and the sex composition of older living siblings. Strong evidence of sex bias against female children was found in families with no living sons and particularly at higher birth orders 2 and 3+ (3 and higher). Overall, the study demonstrates the need to focus on predominance of intra-household differential rather than inter-household differential. Originality/value This paper brings out the gender differentials in childhood feeding practices, health care utilization and nutritional status of children by birth order and sex composition of previous living children in Northern India.

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Sharif, Fatima, and Mussarrat Khadija Khan. "Socioeconomic Determinants of Wage Differential at Workplace: A Case Study of Pakistan." Research Journal for Societal Issues 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56976/rjsi.v5i2.158.

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This study examines three socioeconomic determinants of wage differentials at work among males and females, males only and females only. Secondary data from the Pakistan Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2018-19 and binary logistic regression techniques were used to assess the wage differential in Pakistan's workplace. Female respondents are more likely to suffer from low wages at work than male respondents. As a result, the wage differential exists according to gender. High-educated respondents are less likely to fall into lower salaries than those with primary education. Based on the study results, a wage differential at work is more likely to occur for unmarried respondents than for married respondents. There is a wage differential between respondents in managerial-related occupations and those in other fields. Even though all determinants of wage differential have their impact, personal attributes like education play a significant role in determining wage differentials at the workplace. Men who are married earn lower wages at work than unmarried men, according to the results. Wage differentials are affected by marital status. The wage differential persists as male education increases, with higher-educated men earning lower wages. Men who do not work in managerial occupations are more likely to face wage differentials than managers. It is less likely that rural males will face wage differentials. In addition, male respondents in Punjab are less likely to fall into lower income levels at work than respondents in other regions. This suggests that wage differentials are affected by various factors, including region, marital status, and education. However, more research is needed to understand the exact causes of wage differentials between men and women. It is also essential to recognize that wage differentials are not always based on gender alone. Other factors like race or ethnicity may also affect wage disparities.

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13

Yap, Margaret, and Alison M. Konrad. "Gender and Racial Differentials in Promotions." Articles 64, no. 4 (January 14, 2010): 593–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038875ar.

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Summary Using a proprietary dataset containing personnel records on over 22,000 full-time, non-unionized employees from a large Canadian firm with nationwide operations from 1996 to 2000, this paper explores the incidence of promotion for women and racial minorities. The findings show that women and racial minorities are less likely than their white male counterparts to be promoted. For both white women and minority women, the disadvantage is most severe at the lower rungs of the organizational hierarchy, lending support to the “sticky floor” hypothesis. Significant promotion disadvantages occur for white women, visible minority women, and visible minority men at the middle ranks of the organization, and visible minority men continue to experience a promotion disadvantage at the highest organizational levels.

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14

Mahlomaholo, Sechaba MG. "Gender differentials and sustainable learning environments." South African Journal of Education 31, no. 3 (August 26, 2011): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15700/saje.v31n3a535.

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15

Nezlek, George, and Gerald DeHondt. "Gender Wage Differentials in Information Systems." International Journal of Social and Organizational Dynamics in IT 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsodit.2011010102.

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This paper investigates trends and changes in the gender earnings gap for individuals employed in clerical and professional level information systems positions in the U.S. labor market for the period of 1991 through 2008. It examines changes in the earnings gap for IS workers, specifically considering changes relative to the so-called “Internet bubble” observed primarily during the late 1990s. Quantitative analysis of changes in the wage gap, adjusted for key determinants, is based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Examination of these data suggests that the gender earnings gap is persistent despite frequent claims to the contrary from industry surveys and that the gap is narrower for professional level positions. Furthermore, the data suggest that female IS workers, particularly in professional level occupations, may have experienced a beneficial effect from the internet bubble, but it is unclear whether or not that beneficial effect may be fading in the post-bubble internet bust of the early 21st century.

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16

Monks, James, and Kimmarie McGoldrick. "Gender Earnings Differentials Among College Administrators." Industrial Relations 43, no. 4 (October 2004): 742–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2004.00360.x.

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17

Sakellariou, Chris. "Gender-earnings differentials using quantile regressions." Journal of Labor Research 25, no. 3 (September 2004): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-004-1024-7.

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18

Blandford, John M. "The Nexus of Sexual Orientation and Gender in the Determination of Earnings." ILR Review 56, no. 4 (July 2003): 622–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390305600405.

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This analysis of 1989–96 General Social Survey data reveals how sexual orientation and gender jointly influence earnings outcomes. Gay and bisexual men experienced a 30–32% income disadvantage relative to heterosexual peers, while lesbian and bisexual women enjoyed a wage premium of 17–23%. The disparate earnings effects of sexual orientation across genders suggest that workplace discrimination may be only one factor accounting for measured wage differentials associated with sexual orientation. These findings qualify pioneering work on the subject that indicated that wage differentials were attributable largely to employer bias. A further analysis that distinguishes the separate effects of gender, marital status, and sexual orientation suggests that differentials long attributed to marital status may in part reflect previously unobserved effects of sexual orientation.

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19

Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena, and Rajeev Pydayya. "Gender wage differential in private and public sector employment." Gender in Management: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 222–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-08-2014-0071.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the magnitude of the gender wage disparity in the public and private sectors in Mauritius across both mean differentials and overall wage distribution. The paper then decomposed the gender wage differential using the Oaxaca and Blinder (1973) decomposition technique. Design/methodology/approach The study uses cross-sectional data from the Continuous Multi-Purpose Household Budget Survey (CMPHS), from 2006 to 2013. The sample size on average is around 12,000 households surveyed per year. Findings The results reveal that that gender wage differentials are prevalent in both economic sectors; however, the disparity is more pronounced in the private sector. In addition, the differences in wages are larger at the bottom compared to the top end of the wage distribution, suggesting the presence of sticky floors. Lastly, it was observed that the unexplained wage gap (discrimination) is higher in the private sector than in public sector across the years. Originality/value The literature on the gender wage gap in Africa is limited. This paper adds to the existing literature on gender wage differential with an analysis of the gender wage disparity across the public and private sectors in Mauritius.

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20

Oluyemisi, Adepoju Abimbola, Obialo Chibueze, and Ibitola Oluwakemi Racheal. "Gender Differentials in Educational Attainment in Rural Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Studies 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v10i3.19642.

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Education, identified as the substratum of any serious nation’s growth and development, is regarded as an instrument for social change, as well as the process of preparing an individual to become a functional and acceptable member of society. It also ensures the character and moral development of the young learners and the development of sound attitudes for both genders. This study examined gender differentials in educational attainment in rural Nigeria, employing the t-test, analysis of variance and the ordinary least squares regression model for analysis. The main factor which had negative effects on educational attainment of female-headed households was the cost of schooling while factors such as the organization running the school and means of transportation had positive effects on the educational attainment of female households. On the other hand, while age and occupation of the household head had negative effects on male educational attainment, factors such as the value of asset, the organization running the school and means of transportation had positive effects. The approval and implementation of necessary legislation and policies on education targeted at rural dwellers is of utmost importance. This could center on the provision of more nearby government-owned schools as well as awareness creation on the essence of educating both genders, especially the girl child, with a focus of achieving gender balance in educational attainment.

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21

Blau, Francine D., and Andrea H. Beller. "Trends in Earnings Differentials by Gender, 1971–1981." ILR Review 41, no. 4 (July 1988): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398804100402.

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Using data from the Current Population Surveys, the authors examine earnings differentials by gender for 1971 and 1981. Most observers, focusing on the median annual earnings of year-round, full-time workers, have concluded that the earnings differential did not change over that decade. Using a different method to adjust for gender differences in hours and weeks worked, the authors find, on the contrary, that the female-male earnings ratio significantly increased during the 1970s. The results suggest that declining gender role specialization and declining discrimination (as conventionally measured) contributed to the observed trend. Two factors that worked in the opposite direction, though to smaller effect, were declines in women's relative returns to education and to employment in male jobs and integrated jobs.

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Shannawaz, Mohd. "Gender Differentials in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in India." Journal of Integrated Community Health 07, no. 01 (April 30, 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2319.9113.201803.

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23

Cheong, Jia Qi, and Suresh Narayanan. "Income Inequality by Gender in Malaysia." GATR Journal of Accounting and Finance Review (GATR-AFR) Vol. 8 (4) January - March 2024 8, no. 4 (March 30, 2024): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/afr.2024.8.4(1).

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Objective - Studies related to the distribution of income are very important for national development as they are related to efforts to reduce the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials persist in Malaysia. Methodology/Technique —Reducing gender income differentials is one ingredient for sustained economic growth. This article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives to reduce income disparities therein. The data used here were drawn from the Department of Statistics and cover the 10-year period from 2010 to 2019. Findings - Data show evidence that there exists gender earning disparity in Malaysia along the lines of education, specifically tertiary education, and ethnicity, specifically in Indian and Chinese communities. Novelty - This paper proposed a few policy recommendations with the hope that they will aid in the effort of reducing gender income differentials, which are a critical share of the country's human capital development. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: M41. M49, Keywords: Differentials, Gender, Income, Labour, Malaysia. Reference to this paper should be referred to as follows: Cheong, J.Q; Narayanan, S. (2024). Income Inequality by Gender in Malaysia, Acc. Fin. Review, 8(4), 01 – 10. https://doi.org/10.35609/afr.2024.8.4(1)

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Evans, Rhiannon, Jonathan Scourfield, and Graham Moore. "Gender, Relationship Breakdown, and Suicide Risk." Journal of Family Issues 37, no. 16 (July 10, 2016): 2239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14562608.

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An association between divorce and suicide risk has been noted in numerous studies, but the gender profile of this risk has not been clearly established. This article reviews the evidence on gender differentials in suicide risk following the breakdown of an intimate relationship (including divorce and separation). Nineteen published articles that included individual-level data were identified. Twelve reported a greater risk of suicide in men following relationship breakdown, two indicated a greater risk in women, and a further five showed no clear gender differential. Although there are possible indications of increased risk for men, no definitive conclusion about gender differential can be drawn. Furthermore, research is required that directly compares men with women for suicide risk following relationship breakdown.

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25

Sakamoto, Arthur. "Gender Differentials in Poverty-Mortality Well-Being." Sociological Perspectives 33, no. 4 (December 1990): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389165.

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Conti, S., G. Farchi, M. Masocco, G. Minelli, V. Toccaceli, and M. Vichi. "Gender differentials in life expectancy in Italy." European Journal of Epidemiology 18, no. 2 (February 2002): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1023029618044.

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27

Watkins, John F. "Gender and Race Differentials in Elderly Migration." Research on Aging 11, no. 1 (March 1989): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027589111002.

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28

Chan, Angelique, Zachary Zimmer, and Yasuhiko Saito. "Gender Differentials in Disability and Mortality Transitions." Journal of Aging and Health 23, no. 8 (June 8, 2011): 1285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264311408417.

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29

Palme, Marten O., and Robert E. Wright. "Gender discrimination and compensating differentials in Sweden." Applied Economics 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849200000045.

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30

Pollard, Prudence, Maxine Taylor, and Noha Daher. "Gender-Based Wage Differentials Among Registered Dietitians." Health Care Manager 26, no. 1 (January 2007): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126450-200701000-00007.

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31

Rani, Rita, Raj Pathania, and Shubhangna Sharma. "Gender Differentials in Reading Behaviour Among Children." Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 2 (March 2006): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2006.11978379.

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32

Addabbo, Tindara, and Donata Favaro. "Gender wage differentials by education in Italy." Applied Economics 43, no. 29 (December 2011): 4589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.491475.

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33

Papapetrou, Evangelia. "Evidence on gender wage differentials in Greece." Economic Change and Restructuring 41, no. 2 (June 2008): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10644-008-9046-4.

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34

Lewis, Donald E., and Brett Shorten. "Earnings differentials and occupational segregation by gender." Economics Letters 21, no. 2 (January 1986): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(86)90065-0.

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Cheong, Jia-Qi, Suresh Narayanan, and Jacqueline Lisa Fernandez. "Re-examining Gender Earning Differentials in Malaysian Manufacturing." Asian Economic Papers 21, no. 1 (2022): 64–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00845.

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Abstract The manufacturing sector is a major avenue for female employment in the urban labor market in Malaysia. Only two studies, both published more than two decades ago, have examined gender earning differentials in this sector. Since then, the percentage of women being educated has increased, along with their participation rate, and several laws protecting their rights have also been passed, making it timely to re-examine the earnings gap. We do this by drawing on more recent data from a larger representative survey of manufacturing employees. The Blinder-Oaxaca technique, utilized in the previous two studies, was used to estimate the existing earnings gap and to decompose it to differences attributable to endowments, coefficients (traditionally viewed as subsuming discrimination), and the interaction between the two. We found a smaller gap than previously reported, with better female endowments helping to narrow the gap, and unexplained differences in coefficients being responsible for the remaining gap. The interaction effect was not statistically significant. Contrary to the earlier studies, the differential treatment of women in the manufacturing sector, rather than endowment differences, is hampering the equalization of earnings. This calls for newer approaches to closing the earnings gap.

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36

Chauvin, Keith W., and Ronald A. Ash. "Gender Earnings Differentials in Total Pay, Base Pay, and Contingent Pay." ILR Review 47, no. 4 (July 1994): 634–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700408.

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Using data from a 1988 survey of business school graduates, the authors analyze gender differentials in earnings by form of pay—total pay, base pay, and contingent pay—with controls for human capital, occupation, job level, and individual characteristics. The results indicate that within narrowly defined occupations and jobs, most of the unexplained difference in total pay between the men and women in the sample was due to gender differences in the portion of pay that was contingent on job performance. The greater importance of contingent pay in the earnings of the men than of the women may reflect differential treatment of men and women by firms, gender differences in performance, gender differences in risk preferences, or some other sorting mechanism.

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37

Neuman, Shoshana, and Jacob Weisberg. "Gender wage differentials and discrimination among Israeli managers." International Journal of Manpower 19, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437729810216676.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate wage differentials and wage discrimination among 9,035 male and female Israeli managers. In our sample, female managers earn on average 64 per cent of their male counterparts. Using a statistical method originally developed by Ronald Oaxaca, we found that out of 36 per cent wage difference, 7.2 per cent were “legitimate”, stemming from differences in human capital characteristics, while 28.8 per cent were “illegitimate”, due to wage discrimination, in the form of different rates of return to the various characteristics. As wage differentials stem mainly from discrimination, affirmative action and comparable worth can serve as a partial remedy.

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Brown, Cynthia J., Jose A. Pagan, and Eduardo Rodriguez-Oreggia. "Occupational Attainment and Gender Earnings Differentials in Mexico." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53, no. 1 (October 1999): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696165.

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39

Blau, Francine D., and Andrea H. Beller. "Trends in Earnings Differentials by Gender, 1971-1981." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 41, no. 4 (July 1988): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523587.

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40

Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524915.

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41

남일성. "Gender Differentials in Depression among Korean Older Adults." Korean Journal of Social Welfare 66, no. 2 (May 2014): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20970/kasw.2014.66.2.002.

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42

Arocena, Pablo, and Imanol Nuñez. "Depression affecting work performance: gender differentials across occupations." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2014-0090.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the incidence of depression affecting work (DAW) performance and estimates gender differences across occupations. Design/methodology/approach – Using Labor Force Survey data from the UK in 2007, the authors first decompose the differential on the aggregate incidence rate of DAW between men and women into two components: the gender effect and the occupational effect. Then, the authors identify the stressors of DAW by means of a logit regression analysis. Findings – The empirical results show that gender is not a significant explanatory variable of DAW. Further, when differences are analyzed for each gender separately, results show that the effect of occupations is stronger within females than within males. Originality/value – Most of previous studies focus on occupational causes of depression. By contrast, this paper investigates the effect of depression on work performance.

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Popli, Gurleen K. "Gender wage differentials in Mexico: a distributional approach." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 176, no. 2 (March 7, 2012): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2011.01031.x.

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Wilson, Barbara L., Matthew J. Butler, Richard J. Butler, and William G. Johnson. "Nursing Gender Pay Differentials in the New Millennium." Journal of Nursing Scholarship 50, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12356.

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Yi, Zeng, Liu Yuzhi, and Linda K. George. "Gender Differentials of the Oldest Old in China." Research on Aging 25, no. 1 (January 2003): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027502238343.

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Light, Audrey, and Manuelita Ureta. "Early-Career Work Experience and Gender Wage Differentials." Journal of Labor Economics 13, no. 1 (January 1995): 121–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298370.

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Drolet, Marie. "Can the Workplace Explain Canadian Gender Pay Differentials?" Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 28 (May 2002): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552343.

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Courey, Gabriel. "Gender and Racial Wage Differentials in Nonprofit Hospitals*." LABOUR 34, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/labr.12185.

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Takyi, B. K., and Y. Oheneba-Sakyi. "Gender Differentials in Family Size Among Ghanaian Couples." Journal of Asian and African Studies 32, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1997): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190969703200308.

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Regassa, Nigatu, and Ansha Yusufe. "Gender Differentials in Migration Impacts in Southern Ethiopia." Anthropologist 11, no. 2 (April 2009): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2009.11891092.

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