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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gender difference'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Chandler, LeAnn. "Gender difference and test anxiety." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=631.

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2

Milevska, Suzana. "Gender difference in the Balkans." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2005. http://research.gold.ac.uk/12702/.

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This dissertation deals with the issue of gender difference in the Balkans. In order to evade the many assumptions and presumptions that posit gender difference in the Balkan region as being necessarily subsumed to established orders and regimes of representation, this dissertation focuses on an array of visual materials. This singular material consists of nineteenth and twentieth century photographs, and a series of contemporary art works (objects, installations, videos, etc.) This material draws attention to overlooked images of women (some of them taken by women) that resist the logic and rhetoric of the patriarchal order and emphasises the ambiguous rhetoric of gender difference within the field of representation in visual culture. The aim of this dissertation and of this collated visual material is to challenge and deconstruct the problematic understanding of institutional archives as places dedicated to guarding and preserving the truth of written documents and visual imagery. Instead of focusing on the archive as the repository of truth (e. g. about national identity), I attempt to "perform" an archive of the act of becoming a different gender as a result of a way of acquiring knowledge and making art that is specific to the Balkans. The main argument is that gender difference is the product of a discourse that is not necessarily constituted out of a negative differentiation of the subject. This act of becoming one's gender through difference can stem from other patterns and relationships towards the state and the dominant regimes of representation that infiltrate art and visual culture. The relationship between a conventional understanding of gender difference and a discourse stemming from the acquisition of gender difference is what I call the "becoming of gender difference" The overarching concept put forward to support this argument is the neither. This concept, explored throughout this dissertation, enables the deconstruction of pre-existing discursive figures of alterity already used in non-western cultures and an up dated discussion of the specificities of gender difference in the Balkans.
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3

Macklem, Timothy. "Where difference matters : understanding gender discrimination." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296374.

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4

Mckenna, Peter. "Gender and programming : a difference in style?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288116.

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5

White, Candace C. "Gender difference in the Supreme Court of Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38554.pdf.

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6

Howard, Julia. "Kitchen Justice: Gender Difference in Building Common Ground." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/381.

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In my thesis I interviewed female chefs and asked them to share their pathway to becoming a professional chef and/or restaurateur. I found in my research that women's experiences within the domestic kitchen have been documented and recorded, as they are seen as the gatekeepers of that space within the home. However, though women have moved into working in commercial kitchens the stories that the media highlights and records are of women and cooking within the domestic kitchen. I want to begin to build a second volume of stories, of women’s lives, work and experience around cooking within the professional sphere. In my project I explored and investigated why female chefs believed commercial kitchens are still dominated by men, and how these women who I interviewed believe their gender has hindered or helped them achieving their executive position in their restaurant. I argue that the lack of personal accounts and publications highlighting women’s accomplishments within the professional sphere are causing commercial kitchens to remain to be structured within a patriarchal framework. By collecting these stories, and documenting the unique pathways these women took to holding executive jobs in the restaurant industry I hope that the stories will begin to dismantle the patriarchal framework that dominates the commercial kitchen by adding a feminine narrative to the discourse.
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7

Manuzzi, Sabrina. "Work and low back pain : gender makes a difference /." Basel, 2008. http://www.public-health-edu.ch/new/Abstracts/MS_07.04.08.pdf.

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8

Boroko, Ntike Jan. "Learners taking technical drawing does gender make a difference? /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11122007-135440.

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9

Tarr, Carrie. "Articulating difference : gender, sexuality and ethnicity in French cinema." Thesis, Kingston University, 2004. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20736/.

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This portfolio of published work consists of a selection of articles and book chapters representing the originality, breadth and coherence of my research into the ways in which gender, sexuality and ethnicity are mediated and articulated in French cinema. It is prefaced by an introductory section which discusses the unifying themes running through the work presented, placing it in the context of existing work within the field and also relating it to my research career to date. The portfolio opens with an early article on two white male-authored British films of the late 1950s/early 1960s, which establishes many of the concerns that have since informed my work: it analyses the films' discursive strategies within the particular context of their moment of production and reception, and assesses the extent to which they invite the spectator to accept or resist dominant ideologies of sexual and/or racial difference. The rest of the portfolio focuses not just on the deconstruction of gender, sexuality and ethnicity in white male-authored French cinema, but also on the challenges to dominant ideologies to be found in films by women and by ethnic minorities in France. The articles are grouped into three independent but interlocking sections: “Gender and Sexuality” addresses selected white, male-authored French films of the 1940s and 1990s, “Women's Filmmaking” focuses on films directed by French women directors in the 1980s and 1990s, and “Ethnicity, Identity and Ethnic Minority Filmmaking” looks at the construction of ethnicity and difference in both white and ethnic minority films in France, also in the 1980s and 1990s. The work presented provides both a comprehensive overview of women's filmmaking and postcolonial cinema in France in the 1980s and 1990s, drawing on extensive filmographies, and also detailed analyses of individual film texts (from the 1940s to the 1990s). Unified by a common concern with the changing hegemonic and counter-hegemonic representations of difference and identity within particular socio-historic contexts, it establishes the importance of the work of women and minority directors in offering new strategies of identification and cultural contestation.
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10

石井, 秀宗, 和央 安永, ヌヌ カイ, Hidetoki ISHII, Kazuhiro YASUNAGA, and Nu Nu KHAING. "The role of gender, age, and ethnicity in spatial test performance of Myanmar middle school students." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19522.

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11

Johnson, Ann. "PRESCRIBING DIFFERENCE: MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY AT CROSSFIT." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1737.

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Most institutional structures are organized along the lines of gender, including the economy, state, law, religion, politics (Lorber 1994) and sport, where they were historically and are presently dominated and defined by men. With that being said, we have not yet achieved gender equality. In a time, where there has been both progress and challenges to the conventional gender order, how do men and women construct their own gendered identities, manage their performances of gender, and understand masculinity and femininity in society?
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12

Wegrzyn, Eva. "Gender Mainstreaming." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-221283.

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Gender Mainstreaming ist eine gleichstellungspolitische Strategie, die daraufhin ausgerichtet ist, sämtliche Entscheidungen in einer Organisation kritisch auf ihre Auswirkungen auf die von geschlechterbezogenen Ungleichheiten unterschiedlich geprägte Lebensrealität von Frauen und Männern zu überprüfen und diesbezüglich bestehende Differenzen abzubauen. Kritik wird u. a. aufgrund der voraussetzungsreichen Umsetzung und der Gefahr, stereotype Geschlechterbilder zu verfestigen, geübt.
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13

Sullivan, Erin T. "A Communication Approach to Mimesis and Gender Performance: What Difference does Difference make in the NBA?" Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SullivanET2004.pdf.

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14

Berggren, Jonas, and Gonzalez Romualdo. "Gender difference in financial decision making : A quantitative study of risk aversion and overconfidence between the genders." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34733.

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15

Westling, Erika Helen. "Timing of pubertal maturation and substance use gender differences in family, peer, and individual difference factors /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1495962311&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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16

Daigle, Leah Elizabeth. "Gender difference in juvenile misconduct revisiting the generality-specificity debate /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1113498338.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 14, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Delinquency; Gender; Juvenile; Feminist Perspective; Life-Course Perspective; Strain Theory; Social Bond Theory; Peers; Substance Use. Includes bibliographical references.
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17

DAIGLE, LEAH ELIZABETH. "GENDER DIFFERENCE IN JUVENILE MISCONDUCT: REVISITING THE GENERALITY-SPECIFICITY DEBATE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1113498338.

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18

Han, Shuang. "A Study on Chinese Teachers’ Experiences and Perceptions of Gender Roles and How it Affects Work, Family and Students." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-57405.

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This research is a case study focusing on a group of Chinese teachers working in a senior high school in northern China. It seeks to explore their experiences and perceptions of gender roles, both in the workplace and at home. It aims to discover the impact of cultural values and beliefs on them as well as on their teaching practice, and to explore how they deal with the potential contradictions. There are three questions being addressed in this research: (1) In what way do male and female teachers experience and perceive gender (in)equality at the workplace? (2) In what way do male and female teachers experience and perceive gender (in)equality at home? (3) How do their experiences and perceptions of gender roles influence their teaching practice? The results show that both modernization and communism have positive influences on gender equality. However, tradition and stereotype impose men and women with specific roles and qualities. They influence participants’ domestic life to different extents: decision-making, housework division, attitudes toward marriage, premarital sex and gender preference of their children. Whether caring or paternalistic, parents play a very important role in the family. It also can be seen that women are trying to take an active role in household finance management. At the workplace, the ongoing work-family conflict and stereotype about gender roles hinder women’s career development. The participation and the percentage of female representation in management positions are rather low, even though they are encouraged to take an active role. When seeking employment, women face more frustration than men. In the classroom setting, gender difference can be seen when teachers give criticism and assign legwork. Students are expected to develop different qualities: male students with “male characteristics” and female students with “female characteristics”, as a result of social pressure.
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19

Drew, Jacqueline M. "Why Police Leave? An Examination of Turnover By Gender and Career Stage." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366787.

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The program of research presented in this thesis focuses on the construct of employee turnover. It is argued, despite the intense interest that employee turnover has attracted (Cotton & Tuttle, 1986; Griffeth, Hom & Gaertner, 2000), that turnover theory and research suffers from a number of notable shortcomings. These shortcomings primarily stem from the development and study of employee turnover models that attempt to make predictions for all individuals, at all times and across all places (Lee & Mowday, 1987). It is proposed that three shortcomings need to be addressed, specifically the need to develop employee turnover models that are organisationally specific, including predictors that are particularly relevant to the context under study and consideraton of the impact of career stage and gender on this process. Given the argument that employee turnover models need to be developed according to organisational context, a specific organisational population was identified for study in this research program. The current research program focused on a sample population of police officers employed in an Australian police organisation. This population was chosen due the paucity of research that has investigated turnover and turnover intention processes within the policing context and in light of the practical implications, specifically the significant financial cost, associated with police turnover. In addition to addressing the three key shortcomings of employee turnover theory and literature as identified above, the current program of research also addressed a number of limitations that are specifically relevant to police turnover research. This research represents an important contribution to the existing body of police specific turnover research due to the limited attention that the study of employee turnover within the policing context has attracted. Furthermore, the current research program studied large sample populations of Australian police officers given that previous police turnover research has been limited by the use of relatively small sample sizes and have focused primarily on the study of officers employed in United States police organisations. This research, in contrast to existing police turnover research, utilised statistical techniques that allowed multi-variable process models of turnover intention to be developed and tested. Lastly, this research clearly articulated the type of turnover being examined. This is particularly important given that many studies of police turnover have failed to specify the specific form of turnover that is under study. This research has contributed to current understanding of voluntary resignation and voluntary turnover intention processes. Three studies comprised the empirical component of the current program of research. The series of studies that were conducted were founded on a career development sequence. Each study contributed to the overarching aims of the research program, namely to examine turnover and turnover intention processes of male and female police officers at distinct phases of the employment relationship. Study One examined turnover at the earliest stage of the employment relationship, the recruitment phase. This study tested the hypothesis that personality is predictive of voluntary resignation of male and female police officers. Using logistic regression analysis, the results of this study indicated that male and female police officers (N = 560) who voluntary resign from the police organisation compared to those who remain, are more affected by feelings than emotionally stable, are more tender-minded than tough-minded and are more venturesome than shy. No evidence was found to suggest that differential predictive relationships exist between personality and turnover as a function of gender. Study Two examined the turnover intention processes of police recruits (Time One: N = 253; Time Two: N = 253; Time Three: N = 216) engaged in their first year of employment with the police organisation. Using multiple group structural equation modelling (multiple group SEM), it was concluded that socialisation stage and gender impacts on the relevance of predictors contained within turnover intention models and gender affects the strength of predictor relationships. Moreover, this study provided evidence to suggest that turnover intention process models should include variables that are particularly relevant to the organisational context being studied. This study found that two variables identified as particularly relevant to police organisations, namely person-organisation and person-job fit, play key roles in police specific turnover intention processes. Study Three examined the turnover intention processes of male and female police officers (N = 996) across the career span. Using multiple group SEM, it was concluded that career stage impacts on the relevance of turnover predictors and in some instances, career stage and gender impacts on the strength of predictor relationships. More specifically, it was concluded that a single model largely captures the process of turnover intention for officers in early and middle career stages while a slightly altered model is needed for officers in the late career stage group. Furthermore, this study suggested that organisationally relevant predictors of turnover intention, in this instance, police specific stress, organisational stress and health status, should be included in police specific process models of turnover intention. Based on the three studies conducted under the auspices of the current program of research a number of important conclusions were drawn. It was concluded that organisational context should be considered when developing and applying models of turnover and turnover intention to Australian police organisations. In particular, an analysis of the organisational environment should be undertaken in order to identify factors that may be specifically relevant to understanding turnover and turnover intention in the context under study. Moreover, understanding of employee turnover and turnover intention is enhanced through the development of models that are tailored to specific points within the career span. Lastly, it was concluded that separate models developed according to gender are not warranted however the differential strength of predictive relationships as a function of gender should be considered.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
School of Applied Psychology (Health)
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20

Wegrzyn, Eva. "Gender Mainstreaming." Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15450.

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Gender Mainstreaming ist eine gleichstellungspolitische Strategie, die daraufhin ausgerichtet ist, sämtliche Entscheidungen in einer Organisation kritisch auf ihre Auswirkungen auf die von geschlechterbezogenen Ungleichheiten unterschiedlich geprägte Lebensrealität von Frauen und Männern zu überprüfen und diesbezüglich bestehende Differenzen abzubauen. Kritik wird u. a. aufgrund der voraussetzungsreichen Umsetzung und der Gefahr, stereotype Geschlechterbilder zu verfestigen, geübt.
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21

Wahlström, Robert. "Känner vi mera för en kvinna än en man? : Två studier om könets betydelse för graden av upplevd empati." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10316.

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I två studier undersöktes skillnader I empati beroende på målpersons kön. I

studie 1 fick 72 psykologistudenter läsa fyra berättelser där målpersonerna

befann sig i besvärliga situationer och upplevde känslorna ilska, skam,

rädsla och sorg. Därefter fick deltagarna skatta sin empati. Resultatet

öppnade för möjligheten att sorg medförde mer empati för männen och ilska

mer empati för kvinnorna. I studie 2 fick därför 101 psykologistudenter läsa

en berättelse där målpersonen upplevde ilska eller sorg i en svår situation

och därefter skatta sin empati. Resultatet visade en stark tendens att män

som känner sorg väcker mer empati än kvinnor och att kvinnor som känner

ilska väcker mer empati än kvinnor som känner sorg. Majoriteten av

deltagarna var kvinnor. Målpersonens kön, känsloupplevelse och grad av

empati verkar ha ett samband då en känsla kan medföra skillnader i empati

mellan kön och olika känslor medföra skillnader i empati för kvinnor.


In two studies differences in empathy depending on target person’s gender

was examined. In study 1 72 psychology students read four stories

describing target persons in troublesome situations who experienced anger,

shame, fear and sadness. Thereafter participants estimate their empathy. The

results opened for the possibilities that sadness evoke more empathy for men

and anger more empathy for women. Therefore in study 2 101 psychology

students read a story where a target person experienced sadness or anger in a

difficult situation and thereafter estimate their empathy. The result showed

strong tendency that men who experiencing sadness evoke more empathy

than women and women experiencing anger evoke more empathy than

women experiencing sadness. The majority of participants where female.

Target persons, gender, emotion and degree of empathy seem to be related

when an emotion can bring difference in empathy between gender and

different emotions can bring difference in empathy for women.

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22

McIver, Victoria. "Psychoanalytic feminism: a systematic literature review of gender." AUT University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/905.

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Using a modified, systematic literature review I will examine issues of subjectivity, gender, and differnce in relation to psychoanalytic feminist theory. Psychoanalytic feminism evolved out of a reaction to classical psychoanalytic theory. In particular, the works of Chodorow (1978), Kristeva, (1977, 1989) and Benjamin (1988) were used. The literature revew will discuss the development of these theoretical perspectives and the understanding of subjectivity, gender and difference in psychoanalytic feminism and the implication this has for clinical practice.
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23

Westheuser, Linus. "Doing gender." Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A17018.

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Doing Gender gilt als Zentralbegriff der interaktionistischen Geschlechterforschung. Er fokussiert, wie Menschen im Alltag Geschlecht inszenieren, beobachten und relevant machen. Statt Geschlecht als Eigenschaft von Individuen zu begreifen oder den beiden Großgruppen ‚Männer’ und ‚Frauen’ zuzurechnen, wird Geschlecht mithilfe der Doing Gender-Perspektive als Ergebnis einer Vielzahl alltäglicher, situationsspezifischer Unterscheidungen aufgefasst und untersucht.
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24

Baltrunaite, Audinga. "Political Economics of Special Interests and Gender." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128246.

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Political Finance Reform and Public Procurement:  Evidence from Lithuania. Can political donations buy influence? This paper studies whether firms trade political contributions for public procurement contracts. To answer this question, I focus on the Lithuanian political economy. Combining data on a large number of government tenders, the universe of corporate donors and firm characteristics, I examine how a ban on corporate donations affects the awarding of procurement contracts to companies that donated in the past. Consistent with political favoritism, contributing firms’ probability of winning goes down by five percentage points as compared to that of non-donor firms after the ban. Among different mechanisms, the hypothesis that corporate donors get confidential information on competing bids prevails. The empirical results are in line with predictions from a first-price sealed-bid auction model with one informed bidder. Evidence on firm bidding and victory margins suggests that contributing firms adjust their bids in order to secure contracts at a maximum revenue. I assess that tax payers save almost one percent of GDP thanks to the reform. Gender Quotas and the Quality of Politicians. We analyze the effects of the introduction of gender quotas in candidate lists on the quality of elected politicians, as measured by the average number of years of education. We consider an Italian law which introduced gender quotas in local elections in 1993, and was abolished in 1995. As not all municipalities went through elections during this period, we identify two groups of municipalities and use a difference-in-differences estimation. We find that gender quotas are associated with an increase in the quality of elected politicians, with the effect ranging from 0.12 to 0.24 years of education. This effect is due not only to the higher number of elected women, who are on average more educated than men, but also to the lower number of low-educated elected men. The positive effect on quality is confirmed when we measure the latter with alternative indicators, it persists in the long run and it is robust to controlling for political ideology and political competition. Affirmative Action and the Power of the Elderly. There is evidence that age matters in politics. In this article we study whether implementation of affirmative action policies on gender can generate additional effects on an alternative dimension of representation, namely, the age of politicians. We consider an Italian law which introduced gender quotas in candidate lists for local elections in 1993, and was abolished in 1995. As not all municipalities went through elections during this period, we can identify two groups of municipalities and use a difference-in-differences estimation to analyze the effect of gender quotas on the age of elected politicians. We find that gender quotas are associated with election of politicians that are younger by more than one year. The effect occurs mainly due to the reduction in age of elected male politicians and is consistent with the optimizing behavior of parties or of voters. Let the Voters Choose Women. Female under-representation in politics can be the result of parties' selection of candidates and/or of voters’ electoral preferences. To assess the impact of these two channels, we exploit the introduction of Italian Law 215/2013, which prescribes both gender quotas on candidate lists and double preference voting conditioned on gender. Using a regression discontinuity design, we estimate that the law increases the share of elected female politicians by 22 percentage points. The result is driven by the increase in preference votes cast for female candidates, suggesting a salient role of double preference voting in promoting female empowerment in politics.
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Cheng, Xueyu. "Risk in human capital investment and gender difference in adult college enrollment." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1187077285.

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26

Sam-Abbenyi, Juliana. "Gender in African women's writing : (re)constructing identity, sexuality, and difference." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41764.

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This thesis offers a feminist analysis of women and gender in the novels of Buchi Emecheta, Ama Ata Aidoo, Tsitsi Dangarembga, Delphine Zanga Tsogo, Calixthe Beyala, Werewere Liking, Mariama Ba, Miriam Tlali and Bessie Head. My analyses appropriate and rethink western feminist theories of gender and post-colonial literary theory. I maintain that the texts analyzed are also theoretical, since feminist theory is embedded in the polysemy of the texts themselves. The study demonstrates that identity and sexuality are not static sites of oppression for women. They are contesting terrains where the subversion of difference, and the construction of identity, subjectivity and sexuality, are interlocking issues. Women's positional perspectives and varying subject positions are shown to be their strengths.
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27

Ly, Kicki, and Liyu Hu. "Gender Difference Influence on Attitude toward Social Media among Chinese Consumers." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-1117.

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Social media is developing rapidly and China has become the largest market of social media usage. Due to numerous international social media platforms being unavailable in China, Chinese consumers have different usage and attitude of social media from those in other countries. According to previous studies, consumers’ usage and attitude of social media can be different due to their gender. Due to these two factors, it is interesting to study gender differences in attitudes toward social media in a Chinese context. By using questionnaires, data are collected from students in Shanghai, China. By applying SPSS, analysis of the results shows that Chinese online consumers basically have positive attitude toward using social media and positively think social media influence them. Most of Chinese respondents spend more than 1 hour on social media daily. Generally speaking, Chinese consumers use social media in order to communicate with others and search for different events. As to gender difference, Chinese women are more likely to follow a famous person by using social media than men. Both men and women use Wechat and Weibo the most frequently.
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28

Reid, Susan Alice. "Masculinities in the novels of D.H. Lawrence : gender difference or transcendence." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2008. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2963/.

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While literary critics have tended to focus on episodes of alleged masculinism or homoeroticism in D.H. Lawrence’s fiction, this thesis examines a greater complexity of masculinities running throughout his novels, manifested in the tension between an insistence on gender difference and a desire to transcend gender altogether. It does this in two principal ways. Firstly, masculinities in the novels are historicized via discussion of the crisis of Victorian masculinities and fin de siècle anxieties about gender. Secondly, Lawrence’s depictions of masculinity are scrutinized in light of theories of otherness, particularly the conflicting critiques of Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray. Over five chapters, which deal chronologically with Lawrence’s major novels, this thesis traces his response to the damaging legacy of a gendered mind-body split, often explored through a developing trope of the Lady of Shalott, which simultaneously circumscribes and challenges the perceived duality of gender. A third theme thus emerges from this dual line of enquiry, as anxieties about masculinity focus around the ambivalent figure of the angel, which represents both a seductive ideal of transcendence (the sexless angel) and the more elusive goal of reuniting mind and body (Irigaray’s carnal angel). Although notions of masculinity are always relational to images of femininity, this is particularly the case in Lawrence’s fiction, in which the relationship between men and women is probably the central concern. Accordingly, this thesis engages with masculinities from within a broader context of gender roles. Indeed, Lawrence’s men experience great difficulties in separating themselves from the women around them, while it is the women who begin to insist on the separateness of men and the idea of love as a “third thing” that allows a union of two subjects rather than a reduction to Platonic one-ness. This nascent ethics of gender difference is then taken forward by Rupert Birkin and his male successors, as Lawrence explores a new vision of divine manhood, culminating in the evocation of Oliver Mellors as a “pure masculine angel”
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29

Lopez, Cristina S. "Difference and gender in evolutionary biology : a feminist rhetoric of science /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488204276534442.

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30

Greer, S. "Staging difference : queer theory and gender in British performance, 1968-1998." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.651800.

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This thesis proposes a relationship between Queer Theory and the development of performance conventions in British theatre in the period 1968 to 1998. The basis of that relationship is a theoretical account of subjectivity, rooted in feminist and psychoanalytic critiques of the relationship between sex, gender and sexuality – primarily in the works of Judith Butler and Elizabeth Grosz. That account challenges the essential construction of gendered identity and seeks to detail the ways in which certain subjectivities are rendered legitimate or illegitimate, marked or unmarked. The notion of conditional subjectivities is first explored through a critical analysis of camp performance as a form of parody which reflexively invokes that which it challenges. Round the Horne is discussed as an example of the mainstream acceptance and use of camp, noting in particular the problematic presence of “polari”, a form of gay slang. The consequent issues of self-identification raised by camp leads to a discussion of the work of the Gay Sweatshop who sought to control and redefine the representation of gay subjects in mainstream theatre and television. This issue of authentic representation as political necessity is then pursued through the work of Tony Kushner and Ron Athey, considering performative responses to the AIDS crisis. The potential impasse created by Queer Theory’s account of the maternal body is explored through a discussion of unmarked race and desire in Caryl Churchill and Joint Stock’s production of the play Cloud Nine, and in the representation of lesbian identity in the work of Jill Posener, Jackie Kay and Michelene Wandor. Finally, issues of representation and legitimacy are explored through the evolution of Pride from protest march to carnival celebration to offer a potential model of queer performance not as a radical alternative operating “outside” of normative cultural discourse, but a process of working the weaknesses within that norm.
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Saltus-Blackwood, Roiyah Solange. "Colonial Bermuda : hierarchies of difference, articulations of power." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298595.

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Nurminen, Piritta. "Lika barn leka bäst : Etnicitetens, likhetens, ålderns och könets betydelse för empati." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10105.

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Upplevd likhet med målpersonen har ansetts vara viktig för empati och viss forskning har visat att empatin ökar med upplevd etnisk sam-hörighet. Denna studies primära syfte var att experimentellt undersöka om svenska och icke-svenska deltagare kände olika mycket empati beroende på målpersonens etnicitet samt upplevd likhet med mål-personen. Majoriteten av de 160 deltagarna rekryterades från Mälar-dalens högskola, varav 102 var svenska och 84 var kvinnliga. Resultatet visade två signifikanta disordinala interaktioner där svenska deltagare kände signifikant mer empati och upplevd likhet med en svensk än icke-svensk målperson, medan icke-svenska inte visade signifikant mer empati eller upplevd likhet med en icke-svensk än svensk målperson. Ingen signifikant skillnad i empati fanns mellan äldre och yngre deltagare. Män uppvisade signifikant lägre empati än kvinnor och inget av könen väckte mer empati. Orsaken till de disordinala interaktionerna diskuterades i termer av social kategorisering. Vidare forskning med en annan definition av begreppet etnicitet föreslogs.

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Eicker, Jannis. "Gender-Pay-Gap." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-223783.

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Der Gender-Pay-Gap ist eine statistische Kennzahl zur Messung der Ungleichheit zwischen Männern* und Frauen* beim Verdienst. Es gibt zwei Versionen: einen "unbereinigten" und einen "bereinigten". Der "unbereinigte" Gender-Pay-Gap berechnet den geschlechtsspezifischen Verdienstunterschied auf Basis der Bruttostundenlöhne aller Männer* und Frauen* der Grundgesamtheit. Beim "bereinigten" Wert hingegen werden je nach Studie verschiedene Faktoren wie Branche, Position und Berufserfahrung herausgerechnet. Neben dem Gender-Pay-Gap gibt es noch weitere Kennzahlen von Einkommensdiskriminierung wie dem Gender-Pension- oder auch dem Racial-Pay-Gap.
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Liu, Jie. "Gender differences in mandibular bone mineral distribution with aging." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365458821.

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35

Uzun, Ozer Bilge R. "Academic Procrastination: Prevalence, Self-reported Reasons, Gender Difference And It&#039." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606307/index.pdf.

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The purpose of the present study was mainly fourfold
1) to examine the undergraduate students&rsquo
level of academic procrastination in relation to gender
2) to investigate the undergraduate students&rsquo
prevalence of procrastination in relation to gender in six areas of academic functioning namely
writing a term paper, studying for an exam, keeping up reading weekly assignments, performing academic administrative tasks, attendance tasks, and school activities in general
3) to find out the relationship between academic procrastination score and academic achievement of undergraduate students
and 4) to reveal the self-reported reasons of academic procrastination in relation to gender. The Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students (PASS) was translated and adapted into Turkish and used as the data collection instrument. The data was gathered from 784 undergraduate students from different grades and 37 departments of Middle East Technical University. The results of the study revealed that 52% of METU students procrastinate on their academic tasks and the findings revealed that male students procrastinate more than female students. Moreover, the results of the prevalent analysis showed that the students nearly always or always engage in procrastination on the areas of studying for an exam, writing a term paper, and reading weekly reading assignments more than the other three areas namely
academic administrative tasks, attendance tasks and the tasks related to school activities in general. In addition, the results regarding the relationship between academic procrastination and academic achievement revealed a significant negative relationship between the two variables. Finally, factor analysis was conducted to find out the self-reported reasons of academic procrastination and four factors were found as excuses of students namely
fear of failure, risk taking, laziness, and rebellion against control.
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Hemström, Örjan. "Male susceptibility and female emancipation : studies on the gender difference in mortality." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-62873.

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37

Xue, Lulu. "Gender difference in daily activity patterns, urban form, and intra-household interactions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69527.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-103).
One notable issue to deal with when capturing the individualism of travel behaviors is the gender difference. An extensive body of research has widely acknowledged that women and men exhibit quite different travel and activity patterns. For example, findings have suggested that women tend to invest more time to family-sustaining activities and that women make more family-sustaining trips yet fewer recreational trips. The primary focus of this study is to account for gender difference in travel behaviors. Particularly, the study attempts to understand how micro-level household dynamics and meso-level urban form may affect the activity patterns of women and men differently. To test the hypotheses and the prototype model, the city of Santiago de Chile is chosen. Although the empirical results from this study do not conclusively confirm that either household dynamics or urban from constitute solid reasons for the gender differences in activity patterns, increasing females' bargaining powers and improving accessibility still remain a viable approach to empower women in Santiago de Chile. Moreover, it is found that traditional travel demand models without incorporating the power relation are less responsive to the change in household dynamics between spouses and thus tend to underestimate the travel demand of a transitional society. This underestimation of travel demand would possibly affect the accessibility and mobility of the society adversely.
by Lulu Xue.
S.M.
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38

Obadina, Adeola. "Solid waste management livelihood on Lagos dumpsite : analysis of gender and social difference." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21827.

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Increasing urbanisation has increased waste generation. This has led to an increase in waste being left uncollected in certain areas of low-income countries. With the inability of municipal authorities to provide the required collection services, there has been the emergence of private sector initiatives in waste management. Nonetheless, this does not offer a complete solution as waste still adorns many of these streets. This however, provides sources of livelihood for the urban poor, both men and women. They can be found in virtually all cities in low-income countries occupied in collecting, recovering, sorting, and recycling waste materials. Their activity not only creates a means of livelihood for them but also ensures sustainability in solid waste management. In most low-income countries, women still enjoy fewer rights and access to assets and resources than men. Accordingly in Nigeria, women are highly represented in low paid employment. The emphasis in development on issues of equity and inclusion, and women s autonomy and empowerment shows that women still count among the most vulnerable and excluded social groups. This doctoral study examines the issue of women in solid waste livelihoods in Lagos, Nigeria. The focus of the study is to identify gender and other socially-related constraints to participation by men and women in solid waste livelihoods in five Lagos dumpsites. It also analyses how these constraints affect their income levels. The research draws on a feminist approach using mixed methods of participant observation, questionnaire survey and interviews. The fieldwork commenced with identification of waste workers activities on the five dumpsites through participant observation. This was followed by the questionnaire survey which was piloted, refined and administered face to face to 305 dumpsite workers. Findings from the questionnaire survey revealed gender differences amongst waste scavengers, waste buyers and waste merchants according to the following criteria: age, marital status, other income-earning household members, hours worked daily, years spent working, education level, and number of dependent children. These factors also further reinforce gender differences in income generation. Further enquiry through qualitative interviews highlighted gender differences in tool usage and the types of waste resources handled. Inequality was also evident in terms of social equality, political power and decision making. The results also highlight childcare as one of the most important challenges that women alone face. Other findings include the impact of current modernisation policies on women s financial security, autonomy, and well-being. The waste livelihood activities observed offer positive economic benefits, and incomes higher than the minimum wage. However, it is important for those engaged in modernisation policy to understand the potential impact of these measures on the livelihood of waste workers, and to ensure their commitment to change will not reinforce inequality.
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39

Tomsová, Tereza. "Česká společnost 21. století z pohledu genderové statistiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162878.

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The Czech Republic has subscribed to fulfil the conclusions of the Fourth World Conference about Women held in Beijing in 1995. The state therefore took upon itself the obligations to address and resolve issues of equality between men and women. During the period of the 21st century gender equality has became one of the major issues being in the centre of attention of the Government, ministries and other state organs. The data and information divided by gender are collected, analyzed and presented by the Czech Statistical Office in gender statistics. The main objective of this thesis is, by using the available data statistics, to compare the status of men and women in selected areas, and with help of the concerned economic and social indicators, to map the situation and developments in the Czech society in the 21st century. In other word to find out where and to what extent the gender differences mainly occur. The analytical part of the thesis then investigates whether there have been any more significant after-shift, change, or development of selected indicators of gender statistics during the 21 century and, if so, in which analyzed area, what gender and to what extent.
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40

Goodrich, Jean Nowakowski. "Emergent Discourses of Difference in Spenser's Faerie Queene." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1119%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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41

Nurminen, Piritta, and Maria Svedlin. "Empati gentemot människor med olika etniciteter." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-7795.

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Kvinnor har visats vara mer empatiska än män vid självskattning samt att vita och svarta barn känner mer empati för en målperson med samma hudfärg. Denna studies syfte var att undersöka om män och kvinnor kände olika mycket empati beroende på målpersonens etni-citet, om det fanns några könsskillnader i empati samt om något av könen väckte mer empati. Deltagarna var 208 män och kvinnor med svensk och invandrarbakgrund, majoriteten studerade på Mälardalens högskola. Resultatet visade en signifikant disordinal interaktion där svenska deltagare visade högre empati för en svensk målperson än vad de gjorde för en invandrad och invandrardeltagare visade högre empati för en invandrad målperson än vad de gjorde för en svensk. Ingen huvudeffekt för empati och deltagarnas etnicitet fanns. Män uppvisade signifikant lägre empati än kvinnor. Inget av könen väckte signifikant mer empati. Vikten av upplevd likhet mellan målperson och empatisör diskuterades och vidare forskning med äldre deltagare föreslogs.

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42

Reed, Delanna. "Don’t Ask Don’t Tell: Stories about Difference." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1284.

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43

Podmore, Julie. "St. Lawrence Blvd. as third city, place, gender and difference along Montreal's Main." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0035/NQ64645.pdf.

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44

Podmore, Julie. "St. Lawrence Blvd. as third city : place, gender and difference along Montréal's 'Main'." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36682.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, St. Lawrence Boulevard, popularly known as 'the Main', attained mythical status in Montreal. Due to its particular location in the social and cultural geography of Montreal, the Main, which symbolically divides the working-class Francophone east and the Anglophone bourgeois west, has developed as a mixed-use commercial artery, an eclectic border zone of a bilingual, multi-ethnic city. The heterogeneous character of the Main is reflected in its material landscape---with its old and now largely re-used garment sweat-shops and labour halls, theatres of the red-light district, cafes, and the shops and restaurants of the mid-twentieth century immigrant shopping corridor. Shaped by the diversity of the populations that came to live, work, protest, shop or be entertained in these sites, it is an example of the social and cultural diversity of the metropolis. Such heterogeneous sites have often been interpreted as liminal spaces, but this research demonstrates that the construction and experience of the Main as a border zone have rarely been gender neutral. While physical, social and cultural heterogeneity are components of this landscape, these sites also attest to the importance of gender relations in the experience of the Main as a place of work and social life and, ultimately, as a space of representation. Its border status has often been represented through discourses and images of 'marginal' womanhood, articulated in terms of social, occupational, political, sexual and/or ethnic identity. Many of its locales, moreover, have been sites where women entered urban public life in contentious and distinctive ways.
As a place that highlights the social and cultural heterogeneity of a supposedly 'divided' city, the Main is an ideal site from which to explore how ethnicity, language, class, occupation and sexual identity intersect with gender in the experience and representation of urban life. This thesis examines how a multiplicity of female gender identities have been defined and contested along the Main over the past century. It contributes to a broad literature on geographies of gender, difference and urban public cultures through an analysis of the relationships between feminist spatial metaphors and the material production of urban space. Through a series of events that move through time and sections of St. Lawrence, I examine how portions of the landscape of this boulevard have been marked by the enactment of specific sets of gender relations and forms of representation that became central to civic debates regarding gender. I argue that the construction and experience of the Main as a border zone has involved the production of specific relations of gender, alterity and space.
A variety of qualitative methods and archival sources are used to illustrate the importance of representations of gender to the production of this place and to illustrate how women have experienced and made use of material sites to express their specific occupational, cultural, religious, social or sexual identities. This thesis demonstrates the crucial role played by the border zones of urban public cultures in the construction of female identities that depart from dominant gender norms in the expression of social, cultural and sexual differences.
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45

Mushtaq, Fatima. "MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENTS AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN AFGHANISTAN : Gender Difference In Math Achievements." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31339.

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This is a study of gender difference within the field of mathematics between 857 twelfth grade students (355 boys and 502 girls). The data sample contains a small group of students within two of the 34 provinces in Afghanistan. Ten of the schools were girls’ only, and twelve were boy schools. In this study the data collected was analyzed by comparing the results of test scores of 12th grade math high school students. The question to be answered within this research: To what extent differences are in mathematics achievements between male and female students at the high school level? The results show that math achievements in grade 12th were different among female and male students. Females’ achievements were lower than males. Teachers’ teaching experience had no significant influence on the average scores. In regards to students’ exam scores in relation to teachers' education level. The average score of students taught by teachers with grade 16 and grade 14 was not significant different, thus a very small difference. Additionally, this study concentrated more on factors that affect girls’ math achievements. It also pointed to parental support, self-confidence, students’ interest to math, and cultural issues. As teachers were asked about ability of learning math, it does not relate to student s’ sex. The teachers added those learners who make more efforts have better achievements in mathematics. The research is based on a small sample which does not cover the whole country. To get a clearer understanding of females achievements in high school math classes, a full country study with thousands of scores to compare, would perhaps bring this small study to the eyes of Ministry of Education and large donors. It would seem that good teaching methodology in math may have better result for females test scores.
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46

Burns, Ann. "Gender equality in Liverpool schools : making a difference through TVEI: a case study." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310642.

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47

Sanger, Tamara Jane. "Desiring difference? : transpeople's intimate partnerships and the cultural construction of gender and sexuality." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479334.

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48

Ghanam, Boushra. "Toward an integrated process model of consumer grudgeholding : does gender make any difference?" Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14502.

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As consumers or customers, when we go into a shop and buy a product or, these days, when we buy something online, we expect not only the product itself to be fit for purpose but we also expect that we, the customers, get good customer service. If we get good or excellent customer service, we leave the shop feeling satisfied and positive in some way. How do shops, online or otherwise, or any other organisations, such as banks, hospitals or universities help to ensure that their employees deliver the appropriate customer service? It is still the main challenge. Thus, there are instances when a customer does not get the service that they deserve, or believe that they deserve. A happy, satisfied customer may perhaps tell others and thus encourage others to buy or go to that particular shop or organisation thus benefiting the business (new customers, who will spend money). However, there is evidence that an angry, upset dissatisfied customer will almost certainly tell five, or perhaps more, people of their bad experience. This is, clearly, bad for the business in question. No wonder, then, that businesses want, and need, to ensure that they have happy, satisfied customers and not dissatisfied or grudgeholders. Given the importance of customer satisfaction to businesses/organisations, the literature in this area demonstrates that there is still much to further understand about not only customer satisfaction but, importantly, customer dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction can be short and easily forgotten and it might be argued that this might not negatively affect a business/organisation too much in terms of future business. However, if a customer experiences or believes that they have suffered a great deal of negative emotions such as anger, fear, disappointment, betrayal and/or disgust, as well as perhaps telling many people, potential future customers about their bad experience they may well, also, take more direct action in the form of either making a formal complaint to the business/organisation, or perhaps retaliating in some way either immediately or at the nearest opportunity. Such a customer may hold a grudge against the business/organisation which is not only bad for the customer for their mental health (holding a grudge is negative) but is also bad for the business/organisation, too. Unfortunately, despite vital advances in dissatisfaction and complaining behaviour research, the psychological cognitive-emotive process underlying consumers’ coping behaviour have been neglected in the literature, as major work on this issue did not take into account the different negative emotions responsible for grudge and their impact on the grudgeholding coping responses. Dealing with those customers who are more than dissatisfied is time consuming for a business/organisation. Time is money. It is therefore important that, if businesses/organisations are to better understand their customers’ feeling and thinking to be able to predict their behaviours in order to make them happy returners instead of angry revengers. Therefore, it is essential to understand the experiences of grudgeholding customers through a process model and to look closely at issues related to grudgeholding, including the wide range of retaliatory behaviours. These might well vary according to factors such as the cost of the product (dissatisfaction might be greater for a goods or service costing a lot of money compared to something costing very little) but it may also vary according to individual characteristics of the customers themselves. Gender also plays its part, perhaps, that is, men and women may possibly think, feel and behave differently when it comes to holding grudge or retaliating as always controversial disputes exist in terms of gender differences. For example, females complain and spread the word more aligning with their communal stereotypical nature, and males like bargains and shop to win according to their agentic stereotypical nature. There is a need to further explore the consumer grudgeholding behaviour and why emotion is an important factor when talking about grudgeholding, the behaviours undertaken by those who hold a grudge and the impact of grudges on businesses/organisations if businesses/organisations are to better deal with their customers. Therefore, a cognitive-emotive process model is developed based mainly on cognitive appraisal theory to better understand consumers grudgeholding through deeper insight on their cognitions and emotions. The model is designed due to the lack of attention to the role of emotion in the dissatisfying marketplace experience. The model presents cognitive appraisal as the key element in the evaluation of grudgeholding consumer stress and aggression. Stressful appraisal outcomes are posited to elicit emotive reactions that, in combination with cognitive appraisal, impact the type of coping strategy used by the grudgeholder. Two coping strategies (problem focused and emotion focused) are recognized and discussed. Key propositions are presented to answer some questions about consumer grudgeholding behaviours such as (causes of grudge, product or service involved, the cost, the emotions generated, the coping behaviours like complaining and word-of-mouth, the corrective actions, the current emotions, the purchase intentions and future behaviours). To achieve the aims of this study, the research described in this thesis adopts the positivist research, quantitative research approach. According to the exploratory nature of this research, self-administered questionnaires are used for data generation. Closed and open-ended questions (specifically propping questions) were both used in the research as a way of motivating the respondent’s memory to retrieve a previous experience and recall actions and behaviours. Using both closed and open-ended questions provides the research with expected and unexpected answers. The research used non-probability sampling; namely, convenience sampling consisted of 786 responses to undergraduates and postgraduates British students whose age groups range from 18 to 39.The survey data were subsequently edited, coded and entered in SPSS 20 for analysis. The ultimate contribution of this study stems from explaining the consumer grudgeholding phenomenon by designing a cognitive-emotive process model that takes the role of consumer’s emotion into account. The findings revealed that emotion made a critical difference, especially anger. Gender gap was relatively small between the young British males and females. Angry females shared their negative experiences with others more than angry males. Besides, females shop to love and males shop to win.
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49

Tsai, Wei-nao, and 蔡玟懋. "Gender Difference in Asset Allocation." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49570744710593278413.

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50

LAIW, WI-SHAIW, and 廖惟秀. "GENDER DIFFERENCE IN CASH CARD." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37679606838088749554.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
社會學系
93
This research attempts to distinguish the gender differences of cash card using. A very recent phenomena yet arous many controversial discussions,cash card has emerging as the newest version of plastic money. In contrast to the traditional credit card, which aimed at consume now,pay later, cash card possesses the function of obtaining money (cash) to purchase other commodities. I hypothesize that since women have different values ( and ideas) about money, they will have distinctive ways of applying and using cash card. Adopting content analysis and in-depth interview, this study indicates, that there does exist gender differences concering the cash card phenomena. Applying pattern, credit line, spending, payment plan, and the value of cash card all have different meanings to women (and men).Analysis alse confirm some of Simmel’s ideas (as in “The Philosophy of Money”) and Baudrillard’s claim that people and “things” have very different relationships in the post modern era. In all, we find, in this paper, that women and man are brought up in distinct ways. Be that the socialization on what money means, how to spend, why, and what was the purposes of using money (mainly to exchange things) are all gender specific. As a result, both sexes demonstrate their own ways in applying, using, spending, paying and relating to cash card. And all these, ultimately are because that women and men have different values on money.
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