Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gender-based discrimination

Academic literature on the topic 'Gender-based discrimination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Gender-based discrimination.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Gender-based discrimination"

1

GANIGER, Dr SUNITHA V. "Gender Based Selective Family Responsibility Discrimination in A Urban Society." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/march2014/123.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ndlovu, Sambulo. "Automobile-based gender discrimination in Zimbabwe." South African Journal of African Languages 34, sup1 (May 20, 2014): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2014.896533.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Alteri, Ashley M. "Gender-Based Discrimination in the Workplace." Review of Public Personnel Administration 36, no. 3 (August 2, 2016): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x15587979.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

FARADILLA, ANDINTYA. "THE EFFORTS OF FEMALE CHARACTERS FIGHT AGAINST GENDER DISCRIMINATION REVEALED IN HIDDEN FIGURES MOVIE." Dinamika Bahasa dan Budaya 15, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35315/bb.v15i2.8182.

Full text
Abstract:
ABSTRAK This study reveals kinds of gender discrimination experienced by female characters and their efforts against gender discrimination in Hidden Figures movie by Theodore Melfi. The purpose of this study is to find kinds of gender discrimination happen towards female characters and their effort to against gender discrimination based on power feminism which applied in this problem to show that they are strong female character. In analyzing the movie the researcher applied qualitative method and applies feminism approach especially liberal feminism theory by Naomi Wolf (1997). The data were collected by reading the movie script comprehensively and identify the utterances based on the problems. After that the data were analyzed by applying Wolf’s theory. The results show that the female characters experience gender discrimination in work and gender discrimination in education because their gender as woman. Meanwhile although the female characters experience gender discriminations, the female characters in Hidden Figures movie also shows their power to have equal rights such as rejecting the help of man and proving themselves to be capable of man’s work, making direct verbal objection and protest toward male character, explaining about the importance of woman in work place, and also taking legal solution to fight for the fairness in education. The efforts apply power feminism concepts as Wolf suggest. Key words: Gender discrimination, liberal feminism, power feminism
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Kim, ChangHwan, and Byeongdon Oh. "Taste-based gender discrimination in South Korea." Social Science Research 104 (May 2022): 102671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102671.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Lesner, Rune V. "Testing for Statistical Discrimination Based on Gender." LABOUR 32, no. 2 (November 28, 2017): 141–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/labr.12120.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Trégouët, Thomas. "Gender-based price discrimination in matching markets." International Journal of Industrial Organization 42 (September 2015): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2015.05.007.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Detre, László, and Endre Orbán. "Names beyond Gender-Based Borders." ICL Journal 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2020-0036.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract The Constitutional Court of Hungary held that the lack of regulation which provides a name changing procedure for lawfully settled non-Hungarian citizens violated the right to human dignity and the prohibition of discrimination.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Geng, Xicheng. "Research on Gender Discrimination in Chinese Workplace Based on Social Gender Theory." SHS Web of Conferences 148 (2022): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803012.

Full text
Abstract:
Gender discrimination in the workplace is a really important problem right now. Based on this backdrop, the purpose of this paper is to investigate this topic and establish the research subject, which will be China’s workplace gender discrimination, with the hope of exploring certain common legislation from the perspective of human resource administration. Through the use of the literature, this study discovered that in the process of China’s human resource management force, the definition of sex discrimination has its own unique meaning, the form has pay with different payment, single gender recruitment, female mating birth is limited by contract, and so on, investigate its reason, women’s natural responsibility under the premise of unit of choose and employ persons does not undertake the cost, and so on. In order to address this issue, the government should reinforce policy support and guidance, better male supported baby rearing, and increase employers’ awareness of their social responsibilities, according to the research published in this journal. The authors of this work hope that this research will serve as a resource for resolving or relieving this situation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Furxhi, Gentisa, Sonela Stillo, and Enslemvera Zake (Furxhi. "Job Discrimination and Ethics in the Workplace." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p138-145.

Full text
Abstract:
Every society wants to have an ethical community. Although, that every citizen wants to be treated as equal, studies show that discrimination and gender inequality in employment relationships are present in every society, at any time. Discrimination is: treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc . Job discrimination is when institutional decisions, policies, or procedures are at least partially based on illegitimate forms of discrimination that benefit or harm certain groups of people. Developed societies have a lower rate of job discrimination than developing societies have. Although, it is unclear why in these societies with economic civilization and culture development, job discrimination still exists, when the right of employment is sanctioned and guaranteed by Labor Code and by specific laws. The most common forms of job discriminations are discriminations based on gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, age. New forms are based on disability, sexual orientation, genetics and lifestyle. Not all discrimination is intentional or conscious. Sometimes people favor some groups of people over others as a matter of personal preference, or unconsciously accept stereotypes. Whatever, job discrimination is intentional or it is conscious, it is always immoral. Job discriminations violates utilitarian, rights and justice principles of ethics. Our study is focused to see how much job discriminations is widespread in Albanian society. We will analyze forms of discriminations to have a clear view which are the most common job discriminations types in Albania. Also, we will figure out if employees who have been discriminated in the workplace, have reported this unethical behavior to their supervisor or at the relevant state bodies. At the end, we will see if there has been any punishment to those who use discrimination to the employees.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gender-based discrimination"

1

Hisarciklilar, Mehtap. "Gender based discrimination in the Turkish labour market." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404036.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kivelä, A. (Anna). "Investigating gender equality and gender-based discrimination in software development:case study in a Finnish IT company." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201904051431.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. The underrepresentation of women in the IT field has been a constant global challenge for decades. IT companies are struggling to achieve a better gender diversity situation, since the number of women studying the STEM fields remains low. Recruiting is not the only challenge for the companies in the gender diversity issue, as also many women working in IT decide to leave for a work on another field. Gender-based discrimination has been suggested as one possible reason for the low retention of women. This thesis study focuses on the discrimination by investigating the experiences and perceptions of software development employees with survey and interview methods. The aim in this qualitative study was to provide more information about the actual existence and nature of the gender-based discrimination. The topics related to discrimination were divided into two groups in the analysis, the ones which are related to formal discrimination and the other to informal discrimination. Formal referring to topics which affect pay and career advancement, and informal referring to the social environment at the workplace. The findings suggested that both the formal and informal types of gender-based discrimination towards women do still exist in software development. They both seemed to affect the experience of gender equality and possibly also the retention of women. The active roles of scholars and practitioners are important in order to make a change; therefore, this study provides also suggestions for action based on the current literature.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Campbell, Meghan. "Gender-based poverty and CEDAW : a study on the relationship between gender-based poverty and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eb32f593-70ed-4691-96f2-aaba05911a80.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis makes a unique contribution in exploring the relationship between international legal commitments and women's poverty. Three normative arguments underpin this thesis. First, that poverty is a gender-based phenomenon. Second, that gender-based poverty is a obstacle to human rights. Third, if the promise of human rights is to be realised for all people it is necessary to move gender-based poverty into the realm of international human rights law. The ideal place to theorise on the relationship between human rights and gender-based poverty is CEDAW. Notwithstanding that CEDAW addresses civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and negative cultural attitudes on women, there is no substantive provision in CEDAW requiring State to ameliorate gender-based poverty. The first part of my thesis argues that this gap can be overcome by an evolutionary interpretation of CEDAW. I make the argument, that equality and non-discrimination, two norms that permeate all of CEDAW, can be interpreted to incorporate the harms of gender-based poverty comprehensively into the treaty framework. I use public international law interpretative framework and the Committee's own work to demonstrate that the commitment to eliminating discrimination against women and achieving gender equality in CEDAW necessarily requires State to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of women in poverty. The second part of thesis shifts to examine how this interpretation can be integrated into the work of the Committee. To ensure a coherent and comprehensive approach to gender-based poverty that is consistent with my proposed interpretation of CEDAW in I propose: (i) modifications to the State reporting guidelines and (ii) a comprehensive General Recommendation on women and poverty. This thesis lays the necessary theoretical and practical groundwork so that the Committee and other relevant national and international actors can hold States accountable for women in poverty's human rights.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Kufahl, Katie M. "Discrimination Based on Marital Status, Gender, and Sexual Orientation| Implications for Employment Hiring Decisions." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1558103.

Full text
Abstract:

Marital status and sexual orientation discrimination has been largely under-researched and has not been researched using working professionals, or with the incorporation sexual orientation, marital status, and gender interactions. Past studies have found that marital status bias hiring decisions for men and women differently (Hammer, 1993; Jordan, College & Zitek, 2012; Renwick & Tosi,1978). Additionally, with the growing acceptance of gay (LGBT) relationships, marriages, and partnerships, the interaction of marital status (i.e., applicants with or without a spouse) and sexual orientation bias in the workplace needs to be examined. Our study examined the interview process testing for gender, marital status, and sexual orientation bias affecting simulations of hiring decisions. A significant three-way interaction was found such that single lesbian women received significantly higher ratings when compared to married lesbian women, and heterosexual women received significantly higher ratings when married in comparison to when they were single. The study revealed that sexual orientation interacted with marital status in women's ratings but not for men. This research updates current knowledge about discrimination in employment settings and provides updated information on a topic where the existing research has been largely outdated and under-researched.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Pecháčková, Monika. "Gender Based Inequalities in Labor Market Outcomes." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192460.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis focuses on gender based differences in occupational allocation in Central-European countries, i.e. in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The main goal is to find out how much of the gender differences is related to women being equipped with higher/lower human capital in comparison to men. This thesis uses data from 2010 Life in Transition Survey provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Focus will be placed on white/blue collar occupations split. For the empirical analysis an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition for binary dependent variable model provided by Fairlie (2005) will be used.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Oehmen, Nicole Marie. "A woman's place: negative binomial analysis of sex-based discrimination complaints by gender composition of state workforce." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1711.

Full text
Abstract:
Continued research on sex-based discrimination is necessary given the pervasiveness of the problem and well-documented adverse outcomes for those who experience it. One widely studied contributor to sex-based discrimination in the workplace is gender composition. While a litany of studies have predicted a linear relationship between the proportion of men in a workforce and the incidence of sex discrimination, newer research has indicated a curvilinear relationship. As the state workforce represents both an aggregation of its institutions and the broader environment in which these institutions exist, state-level analysis is needed to resolve this discrepancy. However, past studies have largely been conducted at the institutional or work-group level and no research to date has explored the effect the gender composition of a state's workforce may have on sex-based discrimination filings. Using a unique dataset compiled from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and United States Census Bureau for the years 2009-2012, I find that the state is indeed an important locus of inquiry with regard to sex discrimination outcomes. Negative binomial analysis of state sex-based discrimination filings on gender composition of state's employed population reveals a curvilinear relationship, with the least filings in the most balanced and the most male-dominated state workforces, net of all controls.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Torres, Trucios Elvia Ernestina <1972&gt. "Ni una más. International cooperation against gender-based discrimination: the femicide case in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/735/.

Full text
Abstract:
The femicide in Ciudad Juárez is a story made of extreme violence against women for different reasons, by different actors, under different circumstances, and following different behavioural patterns. All within a gender discrimination frame based on the idea that women are inferior, interchangeable and disposable according to the patriarchal hierarchy still present in Mexico, but strongly reinforced by a sort of conspiracy of silence provoked either by the high impunity rate, the governmental incompetence to solve the crimes, or the general indifference of the population. It is the story of hundreds of kidnapped, raped, in many cases tortured, and murdered young women in the border between Mexico and the United States. The murders first came into light in 1993 and up to now young women continue to “disappear” without any hope of bringing the perpetrators to justice, stopping impunity, convicting the assassins, and bringing justice to the families of the deceased girls and women. The main questions about femicide in Ciudad Juárez seem to be: why were they brutally assassinated?, why most of the crimes have not been solved yet?, why and how is Ciudad Juárez different from other border cities with the same characteristics?, which powers are behind those crimes in a city that implies mainly women as its labor force, and which has the lowest unemployment rate in the whole country? But there are also many other questions dealing more with the context, the Juarences’ lifestyles, the eventual hidden powers behind the crimes, the possible murderers’ reasons, the response of the local civil society, or the international community actions to fight against femicide there, among many other things, that are still waiting for an answer and that this paper will ‘narrate’ in order to provide a holistic panorama for the readers. But above all there is the need to remember that every single woman or girl assassinated there had a name, an identity, a family, a story to be told time after time and as many times as necessary, in order to avoid accepting these crimes just as statistics, as cold numbers that might make us forget the human tragedy that has been flagellating the city since 1993. We must remember as well that their deaths express gender oppression, the inequality of the relations between what is male and what is female, a manifestation of domination, terror, social extermination, patriarchal hegemony, social class and impunity. The city is the perfect mirror where all the contradictions of globalization get reflected. It is there where all the globalization evils are present and survive by sucking their women’s blood. It is a city where some concepts such as gender, migration and power are closely related with a negative connotation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Trilsch, Mirja A. "Gender-based persecution and the 'particular social group' category : an analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31176.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis addresses the problems related to the assessment of gender-based claims of persecution under the international definition of 'refugee'. The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees does not list 'gender' as one of the persecution grounds that entitle a person to seek refuge. In attempting to solve this apparent dilemma, the 'membership of a particular social group' category was long considered to be the appropriate assessment framework.
While nowadays the other four enumerated Convention grounds---race, religion, nationality, and political opinion---have increasingly received regard, the approach to gender-based persecution has so far been neither systematic, nor consistent. Moreover, the most critical interpretative hurdles continue to arise in the context of the 'membership of a particular social group' category,
This study therefore examines the link between the two concepts of gender-based persecution and the 'membership of a particular social group' category. For this purpose, both concepts are first considered independently (Parts II and III). Following this, the larger part of the analysis is assigned to the examination of the international case law concerning gender-based claims (Part IV) which shall determine if and how gender-based persecution can appropriately be accommodated under the 'membership of a particular social group' category,
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Walker, Erin M. "Interracial couples the impact of race and gender on one's experience of discrimination based on the race of the partner /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2556.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Family Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Näsman, Lacey Leathers, and Malin Olsson. "Gender inequalities in accounting and auditing businesses - A quantitative study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149714.

Full text
Abstract:
This quantitative study conducted by two students at Umeå University, studies if there are gender differences when it comes to salary and top positions in the accounting and auditing industry in Sweden. Previous studies have found that these differences, or gaps can relate to the glass ceiling theory. This theory is considered a phenomenon and a metephor wherein women can see through the glass to those top levels of the career ladder, but are unable to reach them as there is a ceiling, a gap, to prevent that from happening. Sweden is one of the most gender balanced countries in the world, but despite that the wage equality for similar work in Sweden is 74%. Since women with children work more often than men part-time, this leads to a less positive career, wage development and a poor pension for women. We analyzed previous studies to understand that the glass ceiling theory involved not only salary but also position inequalities based on gender. This information was used to create surveys which we sent electronically (via email) to auditors and accountants all over Sweden. This thesis is based on analysis of the survey and annual reports from 2017. Our results show that there are differences between gender when it comes to wages throughout the career ladder. Men have higher wages than women in the same positions. This applies to both office-level and up to executive positions. Differences in salaries between men and women also apply to both authorized and approved auditors when men have the higher average salary. That is also the same among those who had other leadership positions and among those who had a support function. We could not show major differences in top positions between genders. Most positions are gender balanced, which means that they are between 40-60%, except for at the CEO and partner level which is mostly men and the accounting manager position which is represented only by women. Our results show that there is gender-based inequality in salary but not in position; therefore, the glass ceiling theory is not currently in effect. This is important research as it not only expands knowledge of glass ceiling theory but also into the accounting and auditing fields. It found areas for improvement for both theoretical and practical use. We finish the thesis by referring to recommendations for future studies, such as focusing on lower levels and more accounting economics, authorised consultants, etc.

With consideration to logit regressions for the binary leader variable:Even though Cotter's 4 criteria leader and Leader model 2 did not have the highest adjusted R2 with ols regression, it is important to see that in a logit regression, which is a more appropriate regression type since the leader variable is binary, that gender was not significant. Therefore, the conclusions remain the same.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Gender-based discrimination"

1

Bernard, Désirée. Confronting gender-based violence in the Caribbean. Mona, Jamaica: Centre for Gender and Development Studies, Mona Unit, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

University of the West Indies (Mona, Jamaica). Centre for Gender and Development Studies., ed. Confronting gender-based violence in the Caribbean. Mona, Jamaica: Centre for Gender and Development Studies, Mona Unit, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Rico, Nieves. Gender-based violence: A human rights issue. Santiago, Chile: United Nations, Women and Development Unit, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Rico, Nieves. Gender-based violence: A human rights issue. Santiago, Chile: United Nations, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Canada, Canada Status of Women. Gender-based analysis: A guide for policy-making. Ottawa: Status of Women Canada, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Program, Gender Equity. Gender-based violence in Pakistan: A scoping study. Islamabad: Gender Equity Program, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Fields, Jacqueline P. Work-based gender equity: Case study of University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Wellesley, Mass: Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Fields, Jacqueline P. Work-based gender equity: Case study of University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Wellesley, Mass: Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Fields, Jacqueline P. Work-based gender equity: Case study of University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Wellesley, Mass: Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Monalisa, Kileo, and World Vision Tanzania, eds. Finding a way forward: Gender-based violence in Tanzania. Arusha [Tanzania]: World Vision Tanzania, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Gender-based discrimination"

1

Henn, Elisabeth Veronika. "Measures Against Gender-Based Violence." In International Human Rights Law and Structural Discrimination, 145–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58677-8_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Brown, Christia Spears, and Michelle J. Tam. "Gender-Based Discrimination in Childhood and Adolescence." In Gender and Sexuality Development, 277–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Özdemir Sarıgil, Burcu. "Combating Gender-Based Discrimination Against Women in Turkey: Achievements and the Challenges Ahead." In Non-Discrimination in Turkey, 59–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08399-0_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Dasgupta, Aparajita. "Gender-Based Discrimination in Health: Evidence From Cross-Country." In Handbook on Economics of Discrimination and Affirmative Action, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4016-9_12-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

McLean, Sheila A. M. "The Legal Relevance of Gender: Some Aspects of Sex-Based Discrimination." In The Legal Relevance of Gender, 1–15. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19353-0_1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Argren, Rigmor, Marco Evola, Thomas Giegerich, and Ivana Krstić. "The Evolving Recognition of Gender in International and European Law." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 261–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_8.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis chapter explains the development of international and European law from a gender perspective and describes how the process from a gender-neutral to a gender-sensitive approach was developed.Since 1945 and the adoption of the UN Charter, the idea of achieving greater gender equality was merged into many international documents, including the first catalog of women’s rights—Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Many principal and subsidiary bodies were established, contributing to the elimination of gender discrimination and to awareness-raising on some critical issues which were an impediment to achieving gender equality. Twenty years ago, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was adopted, due to a global effort to establish a platform as a foundation to national and international policies to ensure greater protection of women and girls, during and after, armed conflicts. International Humanitarian Law, enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, also has rules that specifically seek to protect women during armed conflicts. Also, International Criminal Law has been developed to recognize extreme forms of sexual violence as international crimes.On the European level, under the auspices of the Council of Europe, several international conventions were adopted to achieve gender equality. One of the main instruments, the European Convention on Human Rights, provides broad protection from discrimination based on gender, established in a comprehensive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The EU has a set of primary and secondary sources on anti-discrimination, which provides comprehensive protection from gender discrimination and serves as an inspiring model to States candidates and other European countries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Stahl, Bernd Carsten, Doris Schroeder, and Rowena Rodrigues. "Unfair and Illegal Discrimination." In Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, 9–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17040-9_2.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThere is much debate about the ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) systems can include and perpetuate biases and lead to unfair and often illegal discrimination against individuals on the basis of protected characteristics, such as age, race, gender and disability. This chapter describes three cases of such discrimination. It starts with an account of the use of AI in hiring decisions that led to discrimination based on gender. The second case explores the way in which AI can lead to discrimination when applied in law enforcement. The final example looks at implications of bias in the detection of skin colour. The chapter then discusses why these cases are considered to be ethical issues and how this ethics debate relates to well-established legislation around discrimination. The chapter proposes two ways of raising awareness of possible discriminatory characteristics of AI systems and ways of dealing with them: AI impact assessments and ethics by design.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Padrón, Thais Guerrero, Ljubinka Kovačević, and Mª Isabel Ribes Moreno. "Labour Law and Gender." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 583–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_17.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of key labour law institutions, aiming at discussing the importance of the gender perspective in labour law. Therefore, the introductory section of the chapter will put this issue into the context of historical and conceptual framework genesis of regulating employment relationships. These issues are connected with the legal subordination and economic dependence of employees, which produce the need to create and implement norms that protect employees, as a weaker party to the employment relationship. This includes the limitation of employers’ (managerial, normative and disciplinary) prerogatives, in order to create the conditions for effective enjoyment of the right of jobseekers and employees for protection against gender-based discrimination. The labour law is, in this regard, traditionally conceived according to the model of a male worker, who is employed on the basis of a standard employment contract (open-ended full time employment contract). This then results in a failure to recognise or provide sufficient consideration of the specific needs that women have as participants in the labour market. The use of the feminist method, which included the understanding of gender as an analytical category in the field of labour law, opened up a new set of labour law issues. For example, in easing the ban on women working in physically demanding jobs, and the conceptualisation of the need to reconcile the professional and family duties of employees.. On the other hand, contemporary labour law, when creating conditions for achieving gender equality, is aimed primarily at women’s empowerment in the world of work. Persisting with this approach can lead to an oversimplified understanding of the principle of gender equality, ignoring the special needs of men in the world of work, as well as ignoring the importance of their role for consistent implementation of the principle of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The second section of the chapter will provide analysis of gender-based discrimination during the hiring process. Other sections will cover the risk of gender-based discrimination regarding rights, obligations and duties deriving from employment relationship, labour law measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health, work-life balance for parents and caregivers, sexual harassment at work and promotion of gender equality in collective labour law.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Evola, Marco, Julia Jungfleisch, and Tanasije Marinković. "Human Rights Law Through the Lens of the Gender Perspective." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 217–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_7.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis chapter will provide an overview on several aspects of the gender perspective in Human Rights Law. The chapter will therefore look at the civil and political rights from a gender perspective, as well as social, economic and cultural rights of women, non-binary and LGBTIQA+ persons. The aim is to increase the students’ awareness for the gender perspective in international human rights protection, by providing an overview of currently discussed issues in this area. Such issues include the prohibition of gender-based violence, contemporary forms of slavery and trafficking in persons, the freedom of religion, the right to private life, access to justice for women, women’s (political) empowerment, the prohibition of economic and social discrimination, and women’s right to education.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Patkar, Archana. "Policy and Practice Pathways to Addressing Menstrual Stigma and Discrimination." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 485–509. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_38.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Patkar traces the efforts in various countries to break the silence and stigma surrounding menstruation and to develop national policies on menstrual hygiene. She argues that changes in social norms, institutions, and behaviors linked to taboo topics are best facilitated by simple, evidence-based policies anchored in voice and participation. She asserts that men are willing and essential agents of change for gender equality when presented with pragmatic problems and implementable solutions. Basic noncontroversial and essential services and infrastructure, such as taps and toilets, serve as powerful entry points to articulating, exploring, and addressing wider gender and exclusion issues. Drawing on her experiences working with governments in Africa and Asia and reflecting on her journey over the past decades, Patkar outlines a methodology and pathway to transform the silence around menstruation into policy and action.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Gender-based discrimination"

1

Xiangfei Nie, Jun Guo, Zhen Yang, Chunguang Li, Jian Wang, and Weihong Deng. "EMD Based Face Gender Discrimination." In 2006 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2006.1713141.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Gaias, Larissa. "Early Elementary Educators' Responses to Race- and Gender-Based Discrimination." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1587821.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

"DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A ROACH GENE REGULATION PROFILE BASED GENDER DISCRIMINATION METHOD." In International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Information Retrieval. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002275302630269.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

pal, Moumita, Swapan Bhattacharyya, and Tresata Sarkar. "Euler number based feature extraction technique for gender discrimination from offline Hindi signature using SVM & BPNN classifier." In 2018 Emerging Trends in Electronic Devices and Computational Techniques (EDCT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edct.2018.8405084.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Trinh, Loc, and Yan Liu. "An Examination of Fairness of AI Models for Deepfake Detection." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/79.

Full text
Abstract:
Recent studies have demonstrated that deep learning models can discriminate based on protected classes like race and gender. In this work, we evaluate bias present in deepfake datasets and detection models across protected subgroups. Using facial datasets balanced by race and gender, we examine three popular deepfake detectors and find large disparities in predictive performances across races, with up to 10.7% difference in error rate between subgroups. A closer look reveals that the widely used FaceForensics++ dataset is overwhelmingly composed of Caucasian subjects, with the majority being female Caucasians. Our investigation of the racial distribution of deepfakes reveals that the methods used to create deepfakes as positive training signals tend to produce ``irregular" faces - when a person’s face is swapped onto another person of a different race or gender. This causes detectors to learn spurious correlations between the foreground faces and fakeness. Moreover, when detectors are trained with the Blended Image (BI) dataset from Face X-Rays, we find that those detectors develop systematic discrimination towards certain racial subgroups, primarily female Asians.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Marcucci, Olivia. "A Case Study in Private Education: Interrogating How a Private School Enables or Disrupts Race, Gender, and Class-Based Discrimination." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1882436.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Lu, Lifeng, and Yifen Du. "The Status Quo and Cause Analysis of Hidden Discrimination Under the Employment Protection Policy for Women—Based on the Perspective of Social Gender Theory." In 7th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210519.126.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Yordanov, Sasho, Petyr Yordanov, and Ivaylo Zdravkov. "MODERN PRACTICE AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATION THROUGH GOLF." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/12.

Full text
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Summary: Introduction: Modern developed and civilized society is based on the principles of democracy, humanism, and pluralism. In his social center stands the person - the person with individual rights, duties, and responsibilities. People are born different, unique, with individual desires, opportunities, dreams, and interests, but with equal rights in society. Equality and the absence of any discrimination is a fundamental principle in advanced civil societies and social systems. Methodology: In the research process, we have applied: informational research, document analysis, and historical analysis, conclusions, based on personal experience, monitoring, synthesis, and theoretical analysis. Results: Based on this pilot study have been created practical recommendation for integration through golf. Discussion: The results obtained suggest that golf can successfully enhance integration processes in society, as well as improve the social inclusion of all social groups at risk. Golf has immense potential for combating youth unemployment, provoking and developing the various social knowledge, skills, and competences that everyone needs, regardless of their social status, gender, race, or ethnicity. Conclusion: It is of the utmost importance for society to continue to work on the topic by promoting and guaranteeing greater impact on problems and solutions in this area, promoting good practices for integration and social inclusion.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Mohacsi, Paulette, Lorraine Piccorelli, Kathryn Watroba, Daniel Weiss, Parisa Saboori, and Lisa Toscano. "Study of a Woman Athlete’s Knee to Prevent Valgus." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71964.

Full text
Abstract:
After the introduction of Title IX, a federal law prohibiting discrimination based on gender, the number of women involved in high school and collegiate level sports has significantly increased. Increasing the number of female athletes has a direct correlation with the amount of injuries experienced by these women. One of the most common injuries to female athletes is a sprain or a tear in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) located in the knee. The ACL is one of the main components in the stabilization of the knee. A strain or tear to the ACL causes everyday life to be impacted significantly. ACL injuries are not only debilitating, but are expensive and have long term effects including arthritis. Women have an increased chance of injuring their ACL for three main reasons: anatomical, hormonal, and biomedical. Statistically, women have wider hips and weaker inner thigh muscles than men. Additionally, women experience changes in hormonal imbalance which contributes to their cyclic changes in ligament strength. Lastly, knees can experience a bio-medical condition known as valgus. The presence of extreme valgus typically indicates a high risk of future ACL injury due to the increased stress on the ligament. Due to these factors, this study involved designing three prophylactic braces to be used as part of a training program to help strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Chen, Duo, Jun Cheng, and Dacheng Tao. "Clustering-based discriminative locality alignment for face gender recognition." In 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2012.6385793.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Gender-based discrimination"

1

Idris, Iffat. Documentation of Survivors of Gender-based Violence (GBV). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.103.

Full text
Abstract:
This review is largely based on grey literature, in particular policy documents and reports by international development organizations. While there was substantial literature on approaches and principles to GBV documentation, there was less on remote service delivery such as helplines – much of this only in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, very little was found on actual examples of GBV documentation in developing contexts. By definition, gender featured strongly in the available literature; the particular needs of persons with disabilities were also addressed in discussions of overall GBV responses, but far less in GBV documentation. GBV documentation refers to the recording of data on individual GBV incidents in order to provide/refer survivors with/to appropriate support, and the collection of data of GBV incidents for analysis and to improve GBV responses. The literature notes that there are significant risks associated with GBV documentation, in relation to data protection. Failure to ensure information security can expose survivors, in particular, to harm, e.g. reprisal attacks by perpetrators, stigma, and ostracism by their families/ communities. This means that GBV documentation must be carried out with great care. A number of principles should always be applied when documenting GBV cases in order to protect survivors and prevent potential negative effects: do no harm, survivor-centered approach, survivor autonomy, informed consent, non-discrimination, confidentiality, and data protection (information security).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Shammo, Turkiya, Diana Amin Saleh, and Nassima Khalaf. Displaced Yazidi Women in Iraq: Persecution and Discrimination Based on Gender, Religion, Ethnic Identity and Displacement. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.010.

Full text
Abstract:
This CREID Policy Briefing provides recommendations to address the marginalisation, discrimination and exclusion faced by displaced Yazidi women in Iraq. Throughout the history of their presence in Iraq, the Yazidis have experienced harassment, persecution, killing and displacement. Most recently, they have been exposed to genocide from the Islamic State (ISIS) group after they took control of Sinjar district and the cities of Bahzani and Bashiqa in the Nineveh Plain in 2014, destroying Yazidi homes, schools, businesses and places of worship. Yazidi people were killed or forced to convert to Islam. Over 6,000 were kidnapped, including over 3,500 women and girls, many of whom were forced into sexual slavery. Men and boys were murdered or forced to become soldiers. Any remaining citizens were displaced. Seven years later, more than 2,000 Yazidi women and children were still missing or in captivity, more than 100,000 Yazidis had migrated abroad, and over 200,000 Yazidi people were still displaced, living in camps.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Carter, Becky. Impact of Social Inequalities and Discrimination on Vulnerability to Crises. Institute of Development Studies, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.049.

Full text
Abstract:
This rapid literature review summarises the key evidence on the impact of social inequalities and discrimination on vulnerability to crises. The review focuses on inequalities among groups in society arising from the discrimination of people based on their gender; age; disability; sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, and sex characteristics; and religious belief. It has looked for evidence on whether – and how – these inequalities and associated discriminatory norms and practices affect people’s experiences of a severe humanitarian crisis. The review looks mainly at the impact on individuals, with a final section briefly summarising key points on the impact of social inequalities and discrimination on collective vulnerability to crises. The scope of this rapid review is limited to providing some illustrative examples of the evidence relevant to this broad query. It is not a comprehensive mapping of all the available evidence; the review has been undertaken through nine days of research, through online searching of publicly available and English language materials, and input from a few experts.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Tadros, Mariz. Violence and Discrimination against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.003.

Full text
Abstract:
The theme of this special collection of papers, the lived experiences of women who belong to religious minorities, has been a blind spot both in international development policy engagement and in much of the international scholarship on women, security and peace. Women who belong to religious minorities, who are socioeconomically excluded and are vulnerable to multiple sources of gender-based violence in Pakistan seem to have fallen through the cracks of the ‘leave no one behind’ agenda. The aim of this volume is to shed light on the day-to-day experiences of women and their families who belong to the Ahmadiyya, Christian, Hindu and Hazara Shia religious minorities in Pakistan. Each of the papers in this collection exposes the complexity of the intersections of gender, class and religious marginality in shaping the realities for women from these religious minorities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

Full text
Abstract:
This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Suleman, Naumana. Experiences of Intersecting Inequalities for Christian Women and Girls in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.013.

Full text
Abstract:
In Pakistan, where gender-based discrimination is already rampant, women and girls belonging to religious minority or belief communities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination over and above those faced by an average Pakistani woman and girl. This policy briefing shares findings from a study on the situation of socioeconomically excluded Christian women and girls in Pakistan. During the research, they discussed their experiences of different forms of discrimination, which predominantly took place within their workplace (largely sanitary, domestic and factory work) and educational institutes, particularly in government schools. They described being restricted in their mobility by their families and communities who are fearful of the threats of forced conversion, and both poor and affluent women relayed experiences of harassment at healthcare and education facilities once their religious identity is revealed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Sarhan, Faiza Diab. Sabean-Mandaean Women’s Experiences: The Intersectional Impact of Religious and Ideological Conflict in Iraqi Society. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.007.

Full text
Abstract:
This CREID Policy Briefing provides recommendations to address the marginalisation, discrimination and exclusion faced by Sabean-Mandaean women in Iraq. Within the Sabean-Mandaean community, women are traditionally seen to have great value. Inheritance is split equally between women and men, and children have a religious name as well as a lay name that traces the lineage of their mother. However, Sabean-Mandaean women in Iraq today face a range of inequalities and discrimination based on the intersection of their religious identity and gender. The US occupation of Iraq in 2003, the following sectarian wars, and the 2014 ISIS invasion had a profound impact on the lives of all Sabean-Mandaean people in Iraq. As a religious minority, Sabean-Mandaeans continue to find themselves subject to oppression, discrimination and exile.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Thompson, Stephen, Brigitte Rohwerder, and Clement Arockiasamy. Freedom of Religious Belief and People with Disabilities: A Case Study of People with Disabilities from Religious Minorities in Chennai, India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.003.

Full text
Abstract:
India has a unique and complex religious history, with faith and spirituality playing an important role in everyday life. Hinduism is the majority religion, and there are many minority religions. India also has a complicated class system and entrenched gender structures. Disability is another important identity. Many of these factors determine people’s experiences of social inclusion or exclusion. This paper explores how these intersecting identities influence the experience of inequality and marginalisation, with a particular focus on people with disabilities from minority religious backgrounds. A participatory qualitative methodology was employed in Chennai, to gather case studies that describe in-depth experiences of participants. Our findings show that many factors that make up a person’s identity intersect in India and impact how someone is included or excluded by society, with religious minority affiliation, caste, disability status, and gender all having the potential to add layers of marginalisation. These various identity factors, and how individuals and society react to them, impact on how people experience their social existence. Identity factors that form the basis for discrimination can be either visible or invisible, and discrimination may be explicit or implicit. Despite various legal and human rights frameworks at the national and international level that aim to prevent marginalisation, discrimination based on these factors is still prevalent in India. While some tokenistic interventions and schemes are in place to overcome marginalisation, such initiatives often only focus on one factor of identity, rather than considering intersecting factors. People with disabilities continue to experience exclusion in all aspects of their lives. Discrimination can exist both between, as well as within, religious communities, and is particularly prevalent in formal environments. Caste-based exclusion continues to be a major problem in India. The current socioeconomic environment and political climate can be seen to perpetuate marginalisation based on these factors. However, when people are included in society, regardless of belonging to a religious minority, having a disability, or being a certain caste, the impact on their life can be very positive.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Carter, Becky, and Luke Kelly. Social Inequalities and Famine and Severe Food Insecurity Risk. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.097.

Full text
Abstract:
This rapid review summarises the evidence on the ways in which social inequalities and discrimination affect the risk of famine or severe food insecurity. Looking at the risk at the national and sub-national level, gender and other horizontal inequities can affect a society’s risk of violent conflict and therefore food insecurity, while fragile livelihoods associated with ethnic marginalisation can impact regional food security. At the individual and household level, there is a lack of disaggregated data on people’s social characteristics and famines. There is a broader literature on the impact of systemic discrimination (based on gender, age, disability, sexuality, and ethnic identity) on individuals’ and households’ livelihoods and assets, thereby increasing their vulnerability to food insecurity. A key finding from the literature is the gender gap, with women more at risk of being food insecure than men. Also, some ethnic groups are highly vulnerable particularly in conflict-related famines; starvation is used as a warfare tactic in political and ethnic conflicts. There is evidence of how social inequalities heighten individuals’ risks during food crises and famines, including through exposure to protection threats, while limiting their access to essential services and humanitarian assistance. A broad range of measures seeks to address the multi-dimensional ways in which social inequalities affect vulnerability and resilience to food insecurity.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Sultan, Sadiqa, Maryam Kanwer, and Jaffer Mirza. A Multi-layered Minority: Hazara Shia Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.011.

Full text
Abstract:
Shia account for approximately 10–15 per cent of the Muslim population in Pakistan, which has a largely Sunni Muslim population. Anti-Shia violence, led by extremist militant groups, dates to 1979 and has resulted in thousands killed and injured in terrorist attacks over the years. Hazara Shia, who are both an ethnic and a religious minority, make an easy target for extremist groups as they are physically distinctive. The majority live in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan in central Pakistan, where they have become largely ghettoised into two areas as result of ongoing attacks. Studies on the Hazara Shia persecution have mostly focused on the killings of Hazara men and paid little attention to the nature and impact of religious persecution of Shias on Hazara women. Poor Hazara women in particular face multi-layered marginalisation, due to the intersection of their gender, religious-ethnic affiliation and class, and face limited opportunities in education and jobs, restricted mobility, mental and psychological health issues, and gender-based discrimination.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Gender-based discrimination' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography