Journal articles: 'Gender and trade'

1

Izraeli, Dafna N., and Elizabeth Lawrence. "Gender and Trade Unions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524922.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Busse, Matthias, and Christian Spielmann. "Gender Inequality and Trade*." Review of International Economics 14, no. 3 (August 2006): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Bowen, Harry P., and Jennifer Pédussel Wu. "Immigrant gender and international trade." Mondes en développement 184, no. 4 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/med.184.0015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Kaur, Ramanpreet, and Raminder Pal Singh. "Trade policy & gender equality." South Asian Journal of Marketing & Management Research 9, no. 12 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-877x.2019.00052.3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Daphne, Jeremy. "Gender in the Trade Unions." Agenda, no. 24 (1995): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065900.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Van Staveren, Irene. "Monitoring Gender Impacts of Trade." European Journal of Development Research 15, no. 1 (June 2003): 126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810312331287405.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi, and Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. "Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.269.

Full text

Abstract:

We consider a model where firms differ in their productivity and workers are differentiated by skill and gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New technologies involve computerized production processes and lower the need for physically demanding skills. As a result, the relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We empirically confirm these theoretical predictions using a panel of Mexican establishments and the tariff reductions associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Johannesson, Louise, and Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås. "Services Trade: The Great Gender Equaliser?" Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 3 (May 25, 2021): 341–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00157325211011845.

Full text

Abstract:

Standing at 24% in 2018, India’s female labour force participation is only half of the global average (48%). At the same time, India has one of the widest gender wage gaps in the world and women are less likely to be employed in the formal sector compared to men. This article focuses on how international trade affects relative wages and formal employment between men and women in India. Using the Revealed Symmetrical Comparative Advantage index, sectors of comparative advantage and disadvantage are identified and matched to Indian labour force surveys that contain information on sectoral employment and earnings. We find that sectors of comparative advantage in services have the lowest gender wage gap, with women earning 24% less than their male counterparts, while women in manufacturing earned on average 40% less than male workers. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, we find that the total gender wage gap in sectors of comparative advantage in services are minor while it is quite substantial in manufacturing, regardless of comparative advantage status. The article concludes that services trade goes hand in hand with a smaller gender wage gap as women leverage their skills better in services than in manufacturing. JEL Codes: F16, F14

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Dillingham, Alan E., Marianne A. Ferber, and Daniel S. Hamermesh. "Gender Discrimination by Gender: Voting in a Professional Society." ILR Review 47, no. 4 (July 1994): 622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700407.

Full text

Abstract:

Although most economic theories of discrimination hypothesize that discrimination stems from people's discriminatory tastes, no empirical study of the labor market has examined tastes for discrimination directly or considered people's willingness to trade off other preferences to indulge their tastes for discrimination. The authors study this trade-off using a set of data on votes for officers in a professional association in 1989 and 1990. They find that female voters were much more likely to vote for female than for male candidates, and that other affinities between them and a candidate had little effect on their choices. Male voters, in contrast, were indifferent to the candidates' gender, and their choices were easily altered by other affinities to a candidate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Rice, Julie Steinkopf. "Free trade, fair trade and gender inequality in less developed countries." Sustainable Development 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2009): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.407.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Warnecke, Tonia. "Trading Stories: Experiences with Gender and Trade." Review of Social Economy 71, no. 1 (March 2013): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.632327.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Calveley, Moira. "Book Review: Gender Democracy in Trade Unions." Journal of Industrial Relations 44, no. 2 (June 2002): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1472-9296.00050.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Siddiqui, Rizwana. "Modeling Gender Effects of Pakistan's Trade Liberalization." Feminist Economics 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 287–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700902964295.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Wichterich, Christa. "Trading Stories. Experiences with Gender and Trade." Gender & Development 18, no. 3 (November 2010): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2010.521995.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

RICHARDS, WENDY. "Gender, Diversity and Trade Unions: International Perspectives." Gender, Work & Organization 10, no. 4 (August 2003): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00208_3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Acheson, Ray. "Gender-Based Violence and the Arms Trade." Global Responsibility to Protect 12, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-01202002.

Full text

Abstract:

This article explains gender-based violence (gbv) and the relationship between gbv and the international arms trade. It examines how governments and activists worked together to ensure that the Arms Trade Treaty included a legally binding provision to prevent gbv, and how this provision has been used—or not used—since the Treaty’s adoption in 2013. It also encourages states, arms producers, lawyers, and activists to work to ensure that human lives and wellbeing are prioritised over profits as an imperative to realising the att’s objective and purpose, and to ensuring respect for the rule of law and international law.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Papyrakis, Elissaios, Arlette Covarrubias, and Arjan Verschoor. "Gender and Trade Aspects of Labour Markets." Journal of Development Studies 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.561324.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Kennedy, Jessica, and Laura Kray. "Gender and Taboo Trade-offs in Organizations." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 10759. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.10759abstract.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Tjandraningsih, Indrasari. "Rethinking Strategy for Gender Equality in Trade Unions." Jurnal Perempuan 26, no. 1 (August 13, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v26i1.540.

Full text

Abstract:

<p class="p1">The non-strategic role and position of women workers in trade union organization, even in the women-dominated sector, is hardly changed even though the number of women members of trade unions is increasing. Various programs have been carried out to increase the strategic role of women in trade union organizations but so far have not shown significant results. Based on interviews with officers of gender equality programs for trade unions, union leaders and women and men members and literature studies this paper offers an idea of the need for a non-exclusive approach and actively and proportionally involving men in awareness-raising and gender equality programs for trade unions. This idea is based on the fact that in trade unions gender-related program is always left to or only involves women. The strategy in the gender equality awareness and improvement program that only involves women causes the program’s effectiveness to be low because half of the causes of the problem is not involved.</p>

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Benson, John, and Gerry Griffin. "Gender Differences in Union Attitudes, Participation and Priorities." Journal of Industrial Relations 30, no. 2 (June 1988): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568803000201.

Full text

Abstract:

Much of the literature on the relationship between trade union members and their union assumes that the gender of the member influences this relationship in a number of ways. Using survey data of members of one white-collar union, we test this proposition, focusing specifically on the impact of gender on attitudes towards trade unionism. participation in trade union activities, and priorities for trade union action. We conclude that, with the exception of relative weightings of priorities, gender is not a significant influence on these variables.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Thystrup, Amalie Giødesen. "Gender-Inclusive Governance for E-Commerce." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 595–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340185.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Gender equality is front and centre in the United Nations’ 2030 Sustainable Development Goals’ SDG 5. We are yet to understand how electronic commerce can incorporate gender equality considering this aspiration. The article offers a way. It presents a framework for understanding the multiplicity of gender gaps in e-commerce and provides an analysis of key regulatory and policy challenges women face in e-commerce. The article examines the legal-political implications of different approaches to incorporating gender into trade policy and then advances a multi-level approach to incorporating gender-inclusive e-commerce regulation into trade policy. On this basis, the article formulates policy recommendations for how to incorporate gender-inclusive e-commerce regulation into trade policy that works for development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Fishman, Laura T. "Treacherous Trysts, Tender Trade:." Women & Criminal Justice 2, no. 2 (May 7, 1991): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v02n02_04.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Livani, Talajeh, and Jennifer Solotaroff. "Promoting Women’s Participation in Cross-border Trade in South Asia." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 4, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719832208.

Full text

Abstract:

Historically, practitioners and policymakers have overlooked gender issues in the trade space; however, research in recent decades strongly suggests that trade is not gender neutral. Cross-border trade produces changes in employment and prices, and these changes have different effects on women and men. Moreover, because women and men do not have equal access to education, networks, transportation and productive resources, their ability to seize trade-related opportunities differs. General trade barriers, such as deficient infrastructure and cumbersome regulatory and documentary requirements, also have gender-differentiated impacts. Drawing from the global literature, this article proposes policy recommendations to expand the benefits of trade to women in South Asia. The recommendations range from strengthening female-dominated export sectors and implementing trade facilitation measures to increasing women’s access to training, productive resources, information, transportation and trade networks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Struthers, Karen, and Glenda Strachan. "Attracting women into male-dominated trades: Views of young women in Australia." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.6.1.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Context: The persistent low female participation in male-dominated trades is not attracting a high level of public attention and policy action. There are determined, yet adhoc actions by advocates in response to evidence that economic benefits will be derived for industry and women through increased female participation in the male-dominated trades. Occupational segregation of the trades remains resistant to change. Methods: To better understand the barriers limiting female participation in the male-dominated trades from the perspective of young women, this PhD study features interviews with female secondary students, complemented by interviews with industry stakeholders and a quantitative analysis of VET and trade participation data. The three primary research questions are: 1) What is the extent of gender segregation in vocational education and training (VET) and typically male-dominated trades in Australia, and how does this compare internationally? 2) Why do very few female students choose male-dominated trades as their job pathway? 3) What can be done, particularly in the education and training sectors, to increase female interest in, and take-up of, the male-dominated trades? Findings: The results of this research showed that the composition of trade-qualified females in male-dominated trades is persistently low at 2-3%. The views of young women affirmed the evidence showing system-wide barriers limit female interest in these trades. Most influential is that gender stereotypes of work are set by Year 10 and that female enrolment in Maths (a pre-requisite for male-dominated careers) is low; these trades are seen as “jobs for the boys who don’t do academic,” and the fear of intimidation and harassment deters young women. Low enrolment of female students in male-dominated trade courses indicates that this entrenched occupational segregation of the trades will remain resistant to change for some time to come. Conclusion: The findings indicate that ad hoc responses to overcome gender segregation of the trades is not effective. Influenced by systems theory and a social ecological model (SEM) of change, the researchers promote the need for sustained, nation-wide awareness and action involving VET and school sectors, industry, government and trade unions to attract more women into male-dominated trades.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Pérez, Reyna Elizabeth Rodríguez, and David Castro Lugo. "Trade Liberalization and Gender Wage Gap in Mexico." Modern Economy 08, no. 10 (2017): 1167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2017.810081.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Ledwith, Sue. "Feminist praxis in a trade union gender project." Industrial Relations Journal 37, no. 4 (July 2006): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2006.00410.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Bronfenbrenner, Kate, and Dorian Warren. "RACE, GENDER, AND THE REBIRTH OF TRADE UNIONISM." New Labor Forum 16, no. 3 (June 2007): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10957960701636760.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Domínguez-Villalobos, Lilia, and Flor Brown-Grossman. "Trade Liberalization and Gender Wage Inequality in Mexico." Feminist Economics 16, no. 4 (October 2010): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.530582.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

O'Connor, Aislin. "Does Gender Matter in Cap-and-Trade Legislation?" Peace Review 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2011.548265.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Ben Yahmed, Sarra, and Pamela Bombarda. "Gender, Informal Employment and Trade Liberalization in Mexico." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy020.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper studies how import liberalization affects formal employment across gender. The theory offers a mechanism to explain how male and female formal employment shares can respond differently to trade liberalization through labor reallocation across tradable and nontradable sectors. Using Mexican data over the period 1993–2001, we find that Mexican tariff cuts increase the probability of working formally for both men and women within four-digit manufacturing industries. The formalization of jobs within tradable sectors is driven by large firms. Constructing a regional tariff measure, we find that regional exposure to import liberalization increases the probability of working formally in the manufacturing sector for both men and women, and especially for men. However in the service sectors, the probability of working formally decreases for low-skilled women.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Vijaya, Ramya. "Trade, Job Losses and Gender: A Policy Perspective." Forum for Social Economics 36, no. 2 (January 2007): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12143-007-9000-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Seager, Joni, Rob Parry-Jones, and Tamara Léger. "Gender and illegal wildlife trade: overlooked and underestimated." Oryx 55, no. 5 (September 2021): 653–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605321000922.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

McNamara, Judy, and Jo Pyke. "CBT — Demarcation by Gender?" Australian Journal of Career Development 2, no. 3 (September 1993): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629300200311.

Full text

Abstract:

The reform of the Australian vocational educational and training system promises to overhaul the traditional apprenticeship system and address the major inefficiencies and inequities that have become well entrenched over this century. An issue which is often marginalised in training reform debates, however, is that women's access to trade and technical training has been extremely limited. Women's participation in all apprenticeships, excluding hairdressing, is still around 6 per cent — a participation rate which maintains Australia's record as having one of the most gender segregated workforces of all OECD countries. The following article raises a range of issues about women's exclusion from trade and technical training and questions whether training reform will address gender equity as a key feature of inefficiency in Australian industry. The article suggests that the strategies are available. What is required is a sustained commitment by industry to implementing the necessary strategies to ensure that women are included in the new and developing training structures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Lsaza Castro, Jairo Guillermo. "Trade liberalization and gender effects: a literature review for Colombia." Equidad y Desarrollo, no. 5 (February 20, 2006): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/ed.360.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents a literature review about thegender effects of trade liberalization with emphasisin Colombia. In addition, it reviews sorne theoreticalapproaches about trade and its interrelations withgender, poverty, inequality and labour markets.Based on the existing literature about the socialeffects of trade in Colombia, it concludes with sorneconsiderations for empirical research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Kucera, David, and William Milberg. "Gender Segregation and Gender Bias in Manufacturing Trade Expansion: Revisiting the “Wood Asymmetry”." World Development 28, no. 7 (July 2000): 1191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00020-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Trade liberalization and gender inequality: role of social norms." Indian Growth and Development Review 11, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-07-2017-0051.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of trade liberalization on gender earning differentials and female labour force participation by considering the interaction between changes in relative wages, intra-household bargaining power and social norms. Design/methodology/approach A three-sector general equilibrium model is developed where female labour supply is determined as a collective household decision and depends on male and female wages and intra-household power distribution. On the other hand, the effect of power distribution on female labour supply depends on social norms. Findings Comparative static analysis shows that a tariff cut may reduce female labour force participation and widen gender earning inequality if (i) the agricultural sector is more male labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman from household work is higher than that of the man or (ii) the agricultural sector is more female labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman. Policies to raise the empowerment of women might lead to favourable labour market outcomes for women if the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman irrespective of the factor intensity condition. Research limitations/implications The results signify that the effect of trade liberalization hinges on both factor intensity conditions and the relative work preferences of women vis-à-vis men, which in turn is shaped by social norms. Originality/value The paper contributes to the scant theoretical literature on labour market consequences of trade liberalization by considering the gender equality implications of trade liberalization from a supply side perspective. The results of the model are used to explain the recent gendered labour market consequences in India in the aftermath of trade liberalization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Gowon, Ahule. "Gender and Development: Mainstreaming the Female Gender in Trade Union Leadership Structure in Nigeria." IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science 12, no. 4 (2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1243540.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Stone, Ruth. "The Trade-Off." Feminist Studies 25, no. 3 (1999): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3178663.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Wamboye, Evelyn F., and Stephanie Seguino. "Gender Effects of Trade Openness in Sub-Saharan Africa." Feminist Economics 21, no. 3 (June 20, 2014): 82–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2014.927583.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Pandey, Binda. "Nepal Trade Union Committee for Gender Equality and Promotion." Gender, Technology and Development 6, no. 3 (November 2002): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097185240200600312.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Das, Ranjana. "Gender in Practices of Fair Trade and Decent Work." Gender, Technology and Development 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097185241101500105.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Marsh, Lauren, Marva A. Phillips, and Judith Wedderburn. "Gender and Trade Union Development in the Anglophone Caribbean." Caribbean Quarterly 60, no. 3 (September 2014): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2014.11672525.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Guisinger, Alexandra. "Information, Gender, and Differences in Individual Preferences for Trade." Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 37, no. 4 (July 6, 2016): 538–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2016.1192428.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Izraeli, Dafna N. "Book Review: Labor-Management Relations: Gender and Trade Unions." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900114.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Pandey, Binda. "Nepal Trade Union Committee for Gender Equality and Promotion." Gender, Technology and Development 6, no. 3 (January 2002): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2002.11910057.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Wichterich, Christa. "The Re-Discovery of Gender Inequality: EU–China trade." Development 50, no. 3 (August 28, 2007): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100412.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi, and Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. "Men, women, and machines: How trade impacts gender inequality." Journal of Development Economics 106 (January 2014): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.09.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Cáceres, Luis René. "Gender, Employment, and Domestic and External Savings in Guatemala." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n6p165.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this paper is to analize the role, for the case of Guatemala, that the ratio of female to male employment plays in the mobilization of internal savings, in the trade deficit, as well as in the economic growth constrained by the balance of payments model. The results indicate that said ratio increases savings, reduces the deficit in the trade account and eases the balance of payments constraint on economic growth. It is recommended that Guatemalan authorities undertake extraordinary measures to encourage female participation. The originality of the paper resides in being the first one to highlight the role of the ratio of female to male employment on the reduction of the deficit in the trade account and in showing that this ratio can constitute a constraint to economic growth. The paper concludes stressing the importance of promoting female participation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Mujaheed, Nooreen, and Azeema Begum. "An Assessment Of Trade Openness On Gender Inequality: An ARDL To Co-Integration Approach (A Case Study Of Pakistan)." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.131.

Full text

Abstract:

The impacts of trade policies are ambiguous for male and females due to difference in social status, economic opportunity and control over resources in developing countries. Unfortunately, trade policies are gender blind and overlook female’s concern and objectives. It is fact that trade openness promotes economic development but it is still unclear its impact on females. The study investigates the impact of trade openness on gender inequality in case of Pakistan from the period of 1985 to 2015. We have taken gender inequality index generated by Ahmed and Bukhari (2007), foreign direct investment, trade openness, Female labour force participation, enrolment ratio of females, and government spending on health and education sector. After applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to co-integration and Vector Error Correction Estimation (VECM) technique, the results demonstrate the sign of stationary of time series variables, and short run as well as of long-run equilibrium relation among variables. However, trade liberalization polices will be beneficial if its help to increase the export sector. Export sectors of Pakistan are on textile, clothing and mostly on agriculture products where mostly female are employed. Increasing share of government spending in health and education will indirectly affect the women health ability in order to enhance their social status and access over the economic recourses which can reduce the gender inequality in Pakistan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Bennett, Anthony. "Gender, Diversity and Trade Unions: International Perspectives20081Edited by Fiona Colgan and Sue Ledwith. Gender, Diversity and Trade Unions: International Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge 2002." Equal Opportunities International 27, no. 8 (November 7, 2008): 715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02610150810916776.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Gender and trade'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles