Dissertations / Theses: 'Gel dosimeters'

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Wong, Christopher James, and chrisjwong@yahoo com au. "High Resolution Polymer Gel Dosimetry for Small and Micro Field Dosimetry, and Development of Innovative Polymer Gel Dosimeters." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091002.161512.

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Current radiotherapy techniques are focused on delivering effective treatments while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. As a result, radiotherapy treatments are using narrower and more tightly conforming therapy techniques. For these treatments to be effective an accurate measure of the dose delivered by these very narrow radiotherapy beams, both in and around the target volume, is required. It is a challenging task for the conventional type dosimeters to determine dose distribution in such small fields. The best example of such fields is microbeam beam radiotherapy (MRT), a developing treatment technique that takes this requirement even further. MRT delivers an array of micrometre size radiotherapy beams to the target. MRT has been shown to be highly effective, but reliable dosimetry of MRT is challenging due to the micrometre scales involved. Attempts to determine the MRT dose distribution have been documented for using special type dosimeters such as radioch romic film and MOSFET detectors, as well as Monte Carlo simulations. This thesis investigates polymer gels as a dosimeter for dose distribution measurements of small radiotherapy fields and microbeams. Polymer gel dosimetry is a technique which uses a tissue-equivalent gel to act as both a three-dimensional dosimeter and a phantom at the same time. These gels polymerise when exposed to ionising radiation and the response is locally dose dependent linearly. This thesis investigates the use of polymer gels for the dosimetry of small sub-centimetre (down to 3 × 3 mm2) and micrometre radiotherapy fields. A high resolution imaging technique is also required for such small beam dosimetry. This work used special high strength MRI scanners to analyse polymer gels at high resolution. This work explores the feasibility of polymer gels irradiated by microbeams and analysed using Raman spectroscopy as a dosimeter for synchrotron generated microbeams. MRT is characterised by very high doses, and special high-dose resistive types of gel were developed as part of this work. It is shown that polymer gels imagined using Raman spectroscopy techniques are capable of measuring the dose distribution of microbeam radiation techniques. This thesis also investigates the use of polymer gels to measure dose perturbations caused by metallic artefacts. Metallic artefacts, such as a surgical aneurysm clip, can be left in a patient and cause dose perturbations during radiotherapy procedures. Polymer gels were used to determine the degree of dose enhancement induced by an aneurysm clip placed inside when irradiated with a typical stereotactic radiotherapy procedure. In addition, this thesis used gels in several other innovative applications. Photonuclear interactions generated in gel by high energy x-ray beams were measured via secondary neutrons. Special clear-type gels that do not change colour with irradiation were developed. Polymer gels were investigated for dosimetry of an extremely high dose rate capacitor type linear accelerator. And polymer gels were for measurement of a high energy proton beam.

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2

Trapp, Jamie Vincent. "Imaging and radiation interactions of polymer gel dosimeters." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15904/1/Jamie_Trapp_Thesis.pdf.

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Aim: The past two decades have seen a large body of work dedicated to the development of a three dimensional gel dosimetry system for the recording of radiation dose distributions in radiation therapy. The purpose of much of the work to date has been to improve methods by which the absorbed dose information is extracted. Current techniques include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical tomography, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. This work examines CT imaging as a method of evaluating polymer gel dosimeters. Apart from publications resulting from this work, there has been only two other journal articles to date reporting results of CT gel dosimetry. This indicates that there is still much work required to develop the technique. Therefore, the aim of this document is to develop CT gel dosimetry to the extent that it is of use to clinical and research physicists. Scope: Each chapter in this document describes an aspect of CT gel dosimetry which was examined; with Chapters 2 to 7 containing brief technical backgrounds for each aspect. Chapter 1 contains a brief review of gel dosimetry. The first step in the development of any method for reading a signal is to determine whether the signal can actually be obtained. However, before polymer gel dosimeters can be imaged using a CT scanner, imaging techniques are required which are employable to obtain reliable readings. Chapter 2 examines the various artifacts inherent in CT which interfere with the quantitative analysis of gel dosimeters and a method for their removal is developed. The method for artifact reduction is based on a subtraction technique employed previously in a feasibility study and a system is designed to greatly simplify the process. The simplification of the technique removes the requirement for accurate realignment of the phantom within the scanner and the imaging of calibration vials is enabled. Having established a method by which readings of polymer gel dosimeters can be obtained with CT, Chapter 3 examines the CT dose response. A number of formulations of polymer gel dosimeter are studied by varying the constituent chemicals and their concentrations. The results from this chapter can be employed to determine the concentration of chemicals when manufacturing a polymer gel dosimeter with a desired CT dose response. With the CT dose response characterised in Chapter 3, the macroscopic cause of the CT signal is examined in Chapter 4. To this end direct measurement of the linear attenuation coefficient is obtained with a collimated radiation source and detector. Density is measured by Archimedes' principle. Comparison of the two results shows that the cause of the CT signal is a density change and the implications for polymer gel dosimetry are discussed. The CT scanner is revisited in Chapter 5 to examine the CT imaging techniques required for optimal performance. The main limitation of the use of CT in gel dosimetry to date has been image noise. In Chapter 5 stochastic noise is investigated and reduced. The main source of non-stochastic noise in CT is found and imaging techniques are examined which can greatly reduce this residual noise. Predictions of computer simulations are verified experimentally. Although techniques for the reduction of noise are developed in Chapter 5, there may be situations where the noise must be further reduced. An image processing algorithm is designed in Chapter 6 which employs a combination of commonly available image filters. The algorithm and the filters are tested for their suitability in gel dosimetry through the use of a simulated dose distribution and by performing a pilot study on an irradiated polymer gel phantom. Having developed CT gel dosimetry to the point where a suitable image can be obtained, the final step is to investigate the uncertainty in the dose calibration. Methods used for calibration uncertainty in MRI gel dosimetry to date have either assumed a linear response up to a certain dose, or have removed the requirement for linearity but incorrectly ignored the reliability of the data and fit of the calibration function. In Chapter 7 a method for treatment of calibration data in CT gel dosimetry is proposed which allows for non-linearity of the calibration function, as well as the goodness of its fit to the data. Alternatively, it allows for the reversion to MRI techniques if linearity is assumed in a limited dose range. Conclusion: The combination of the techniques developed in this project and the newly formulated normoxic gels (not extensively studied here) means that gel dosimetry is close to becoming viable for use in the clinic. The only capital purchase required for a typical clinic is a suitable water tank, which is easily and inexpensively producible if the clinic has access to a workshop.

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3

Trapp, Jamie Vincent. "Imaging And Radiation Interactions Of Polymer Gel Dosimeters." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15904/.

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Aim: The past two decades have seen a large body of work dedicated to the development of a three dimensional gel dosimetry system for the recording of radiation dose distributions in radiation therapy. The purpose of much of the work to date has been to improve methods by which the absorbed dose information is extracted. Current techniques include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical tomography, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. This work examines CT imaging as a method of evaluating polymer gel dosimeters. Apart from publications resulting from this work, there has been only two other journal articles to date reporting results of CT gel dosimetry. This indicates that there is still much work required to develop the technique. Therefore, the aim of this document is to develop CT gel dosimetry to the extent that it is of use to clinical and research physicists. Scope: Each chapter in this document describes an aspect of CT gel dosimetry which was examined; with Chapters 2 to 7 containing brief technical backgrounds for each aspect. Chapter 1 contains a brief review of gel dosimetry. The first step in the development of any method for reading a signal is to determine whether the signal can actually be obtained. However, before polymer gel dosimeters can be imaged using a CT scanner, imaging techniques are required which are employable to obtain reliable readings. Chapter 2 examines the various artifacts inherent in CT which interfere with the quantitative analysis of gel dosimeters and a method for their removal is developed. The method for artifact reduction is based on a subtraction technique employed previously in a feasibility study and a system is designed to greatly simplify the process. The simplification of the technique removes the requirement for accurate realignment of the phantom within the scanner and the imaging of calibration vials is enabled. Having established a method by which readings of polymer gel dosimeters can be obtained with CT, Chapter 3 examines the CT dose response. A number of formulations of polymer gel dosimeter are studied by varying the constituent chemicals and their concentrations. The results from this chapter can be employed to determine the concentration of chemicals when manufacturing a polymer gel dosimeter with a desired CT dose response. With the CT dose response characterised in Chapter 3, the macroscopic cause of the CT signal is examined in Chapter 4. To this end direct measurement of the linear attenuation coefficient is obtained with a collimated radiation source and detector. Density is measured by Archimedes' principle. Comparison of the two results shows that the cause of the CT signal is a density change and the implications for polymer gel dosimetry are discussed. The CT scanner is revisited in Chapter 5 to examine the CT imaging techniques required for optimal performance. The main limitation of the use of CT in gel dosimetry to date has been image noise. In Chapter 5 stochastic noise is investigated and reduced. The main source of non-stochastic noise in CT is found and imaging techniques are examined which can greatly reduce this residual noise. Predictions of computer simulations are verified experimentally. Although techniques for the reduction of noise are developed in Chapter 5, there may be situations where the noise must be further reduced. An image processing algorithm is designed in Chapter 6 which employs a combination of commonly available image filters. The algorithm and the filters are tested for their suitability in gel dosimetry through the use of a simulated dose distribution and by performing a pilot study on an irradiated polymer gel phantom. Having developed CT gel dosimetry to the point where a suitable image can be obtained, the final step is to investigate the uncertainty in the dose calibration. Methods used for calibration uncertainty in MRI gel dosimetry to date have either assumed a linear response up to a certain dose, or have removed the requirement for linearity but incorrectly ignored the reliability of the data and fit of the calibration function. In Chapter 7 a method for treatment of calibration data in CT gel dosimetry is proposed which allows for non-linearity of the calibration function, as well as the goodness of its fit to the data. Alternatively, it allows for the reversion to MRI techniques if linearity is assumed in a limited dose range. Conclusion: The combination of the techniques developed in this project and the newly formulated normoxic gels (not extensively studied here) means that gel dosimetry is close to becoming viable for use in the clinic. The only capital purchase required for a typical clinic is a suitable water tank, which is easily and inexpensively producible if the clinic has access to a workshop.

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Sedaghat, Mahbod. "A study on radiochemical errors in polymer gel dosimeters." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6252.

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À ce jour, les seul dosimètres purement tridimensionnels (3D) sont basés sur la détection d’une propriété physique résultant d’une série de réactions chimiques radio-induites dans un volume de gel ou de plastique. Les études initiales ont généré beaucoup d’enthousiasme mais ces dosimètres 3D ne sont pas parvenus à une utilisation répandue dans les départements de radio-oncologie pour l’assurance-qualité 3D et la vérification de traitements complexes de radiothérapie moderne. Le temps et la complexité de la préparation de ces dosimètres 3D ne sont pas les raisons principales qui empêchent leur déploiement clinique. Ce sont plutôt leurs performances et la reproductibilité des mesures qui doivent être améliorées. Les plus étudiés et les plus utilisés parmi les différents types de dosimètres 3D sont les dosimètres à gels de polymère. De nombreuses compositions chimiques ont été proposées et testées pour la dosimétrie à gels de polymère. L’utilisation d’un antioxydant s’est révélée une découverte majeure dans le domaine puisque l’oxygène interfère avec le mécanisme de réponse des gels. Pourtant, un nombre croissant d’erreurs inexpliquées ont été rapportées dans les écrits et ont soulevé un doute sur la reproductibilité et la justesse des doses déterminées avec ces gels. Cette thèse a été entreprise pour étudier les sources radiochimiques d’erreurs dans les dosimètres à gels de polymère. Il était admis dans les écrits que l’utilisation d’un antioxydant permettait de contoumer tous les effets non-désirés de l’oxygène. Cette thèse démontre que cela était faux. Une méthodologie a été développée pour isoler l’effet de l’oxygène dans un gel de polymère contenant ou non un antioxydant. Les résultats ont révélé que la présence conjointe d’oxygène et d’antioxydant modifie la réponse du dosimètre. Indépendamment de la composition du dosimètre et de l’antioxydant, cet effet peut induire des erreurs dosimétriques significatives dans des mesures simples et dont les origines étaient difficilement appréciables en ignorant l’effet de l'oxygène et de l’antioxydant. Nos résultats nous permettent de postuler les réactions dominantes des antioxydants étudiés et leur devenir chimique au sein d’un gel de polymère sous irradiation. Puisque l’effet de l’oxygène et de l’antioxydant était négligé, plusieurs autres facteurs physico-chimiques faisaient l’objet d’hypothèse pour expliquer les erreurs observées. Ces facteurs incluent la compression des gels et des variations de propagation et de terminaison de la polymérisation reliées à la chaleur générée pendant la polymérisation. Des études détaillées de ces effets nous permettent de refuter ces hypothèses. Nos résultats nous permettent d’analyser, de catégoriser et de proposer des explications sur l’origine des erreurs dosimétriques recensées dans les écrits. Finalement, l’effet d’un antioxydant en particulier, le chlorure de tetrakis-(hydroxyméthyle) phosphonium (THPC), a été étudié en relation avec la structure du polymère formé dans un gel de polymère basé sur l’acrylamide. Le THPC est l’antioxydant le plus utilisé dans les différents dosimètres à gels de polymère. La spectroscopie FT-Raman et la microscopie électronique ont révélé que le THPC réagit avec les monomères pendant la polymérisation. Notre interprétation suggère un rôle important du THPC dans les variations de réponse à la dose dans les gels de polymère. La conclusion générale de cette thèse est que l’élimination chimique de l'oxygène par un antioxydant facilite grandement la préparation des dosimètres mais leur performance en est grandement altérée en comparaison avec des préparations dites anoxiques. L’oxygène demeure une source majeure d’erreur dans les dosimètres à gels de polymère.

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Hurley, Christopher Anthony. "The development of normoxic polymer gel dosimetry using high resolution MRI." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16442/1/Christopher_Hurley_Thesis.pdf.

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Dosimetry is a vital component of treatment planning in radiation therapy. Methods of radiation dosimetry currently include the use of: ionization chambers, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), solid-state detectors and radiographic film. However, these methods are inherently either 1D or 2D and their use involves the perturbation of the radiation beam. Although the dose distribution within tissues following radiation therapy treatments can be modeled using computerized treatment planning systems, a need exists for a dosimeter that can accurately measure dose distributions directly and produce 3D dose maps. Some radiation therapy and brachytherapy treatments require mapping the dose distributions in high-resolution (typically < 1 mm). A dosimetry technique that is capable of producing high resolution 3D dose maps of the absorbed dose distribution within tissues is required. Gel dosimetry is inherently a 3D integrating dosimeter that offers high spatial resolution, precision and accuracy. Polymer gel dosimetry is founded on the basis that monomers dissolved in the gel matrix polymerize due to the presence of free radicals produced by the radiolysis of water molecules. The amount of polymerization that occurs within a polymer gel dosimeter can be correlated to the absorbed dose. The gel matrix maintains the spatial integrity of the polymers and hence a dose distribution can be determined by imaging the irradiated polymer gel dosimeter using an imaging modality such as MRI, x-ray computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, optical CT or vibrational spectroscopy. Polymer gel dosimeters, however, suffer from oxygen contamination. Oxygen inhibits the polymerization reaction and hence polymer gel dosimeters must be manufactured, irradiated and scanned in hypoxic environments. Normoxic polymer gel dosimeters incorporate an anti-oxidant into the formulation that binds the oxygen present in the gel and allows the dosimeter to be made under normal atmospheric conditions. The first part of this study was to provide a comprehensive investigation into various formulations of polymer and normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. Several parameters were used to characterize and assess the performance of each formulation of polymer gel dosimeter including: spatial resolution and stability, temporal stability of the R2-dose response, optimal R2-dose response for changes in concentration of constituents and the effects of oxygen infiltration. This work enabled optimal formulations to be determined that would provide greater dose sensitivity. Further work was done to investigate the chemical kinetics that take place within normoxic polymer gel dosimeters from manufacture to post-irradiation. This study explored the functions that each of the constituent chemicals plays in a polymer gel dosimeter. Although normoxic polymer gel dosimeters exhibit very similar characteristics to polyacrylamide polymer gel dosimeters, one important difference between them was found to be a decrease in R2-dose sensitivity over time in the normoxic polymer gel dosimeter compared to an increase in the polyacrylamide polymer gel dosimeters. From an investigation into the function of anti-oxidants in normoxic polymer gel dosimeters, alternatives were proposed. Several alternative anti-oxidants were explored in this study that found that whilst some were reasonably effective, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) had the highest reaction rate. THPC was found not only to be an aggressive scavenger of oxygen, but also to increase the dose sensitivity of the gel. Hence, a formulation of normoxic polymer gel dosimeter was proposed, called MAGAT, that comprised: methacrylic acid, gelatin, hydroquinone and THPC. This formulation was examined in a similar fashion to the studies of the other formulations of polymer and normoxic polymer gel dosiemeters. The gel was found to exhibit spatial and temporal stability and an optimal formulation was proposed based on the R2-dose response. Applications such as IVBT require high-resolution dosimetry. Combined with high-resolution MRI, polymer gel dosimetry has potential as a high-resolution 3D integrated dosimeter. Thus, the second component of this study was to commission a micro-imaging MR spectrometer for use with normoxic polymer gel dosimeters and investigate artifacts related to imaging in high-resolutions. Using high-resolution MRI requires high gradient strengths that, combined with the Brownian motion of water molecules, was found to produce an attenuation of the MR signal and hence lead to a variation in the measured R2. The variation in measured R2 was found to be dependent on both the timing and amplitude of pulses in the pulse sequence used during scanning. Software was designed and coded that could accurately determine the amount of variation in measured R2 based on the pulse sequence applied to a phantom. Using this software, it is possible to correct for differences between scans using different imaging parameters or pulse sequences. A normoxic polymer gel dosimeter was irradiated using typical brachytherapy delivery and the resulting dose distributions compared with dose points predicted by the computerized treatment planning system.The R2-dose response was determined and used to convert the R2 maps of the phantoms to dose maps. The phantoms and calibration vials were imaged with an in-plane resolution of 0.1055 mm/pixel and a slice thickness of 2 mm. With such a relatively large slice thickness compared to the in-plane resolution, partial volume effects were significant, especially in the region immediately adjacent the source where high dose gradients typically exist. Estimates of the partial volume effects at various distances within the phantom were determined using a mathematical model based on dose points from the treatment planning system. The normalized and adjusted dose profiles showed very good agreement with the dose points predicted by the treatment planning system.

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6

Hurley, Christopher Anthony. "The development of normoxic polymer gel dosimetry using high resolution MRI." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16442/.

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Dosimetry is a vital component of treatment planning in radiation therapy. Methods of radiation dosimetry currently include the use of: ionization chambers, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), solid-state detectors and radiographic film. However, these methods are inherently either 1D or 2D and their use involves the perturbation of the radiation beam. Although the dose distribution within tissues following radiation therapy treatments can be modeled using computerized treatment planning systems, a need exists for a dosimeter that can accurately measure dose distributions directly and produce 3D dose maps. Some radiation therapy and brachytherapy treatments require mapping the dose distributions in high-resolution (typically < 1 mm). A dosimetry technique that is capable of producing high resolution 3D dose maps of the absorbed dose distribution within tissues is required. Gel dosimetry is inherently a 3D integrating dosimeter that offers high spatial resolution, precision and accuracy. Polymer gel dosimetry is founded on the basis that monomers dissolved in the gel matrix polymerize due to the presence of free radicals produced by the radiolysis of water molecules. The amount of polymerization that occurs within a polymer gel dosimeter can be correlated to the absorbed dose. The gel matrix maintains the spatial integrity of the polymers and hence a dose distribution can be determined by imaging the irradiated polymer gel dosimeter using an imaging modality such as MRI, x-ray computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, optical CT or vibrational spectroscopy. Polymer gel dosimeters, however, suffer from oxygen contamination. Oxygen inhibits the polymerization reaction and hence polymer gel dosimeters must be manufactured, irradiated and scanned in hypoxic environments. Normoxic polymer gel dosimeters incorporate an anti-oxidant into the formulation that binds the oxygen present in the gel and allows the dosimeter to be made under normal atmospheric conditions. The first part of this study was to provide a comprehensive investigation into various formulations of polymer and normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. Several parameters were used to characterize and assess the performance of each formulation of polymer gel dosimeter including: spatial resolution and stability, temporal stability of the R2-dose response, optimal R2-dose response for changes in concentration of constituents and the effects of oxygen infiltration. This work enabled optimal formulations to be determined that would provide greater dose sensitivity. Further work was done to investigate the chemical kinetics that take place within normoxic polymer gel dosimeters from manufacture to post-irradiation. This study explored the functions that each of the constituent chemicals plays in a polymer gel dosimeter. Although normoxic polymer gel dosimeters exhibit very similar characteristics to polyacrylamide polymer gel dosimeters, one important difference between them was found to be a decrease in R2-dose sensitivity over time in the normoxic polymer gel dosimeter compared to an increase in the polyacrylamide polymer gel dosimeters. From an investigation into the function of anti-oxidants in normoxic polymer gel dosimeters, alternatives were proposed. Several alternative anti-oxidants were explored in this study that found that whilst some were reasonably effective, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) had the highest reaction rate. THPC was found not only to be an aggressive scavenger of oxygen, but also to increase the dose sensitivity of the gel. Hence, a formulation of normoxic polymer gel dosimeter was proposed, called MAGAT, that comprised: methacrylic acid, gelatin, hydroquinone and THPC. This formulation was examined in a similar fashion to the studies of the other formulations of polymer and normoxic polymer gel dosiemeters. The gel was found to exhibit spatial and temporal stability and an optimal formulation was proposed based on the R2-dose response. Applications such as IVBT require high-resolution dosimetry. Combined with high-resolution MRI, polymer gel dosimetry has potential as a high-resolution 3D integrated dosimeter. Thus, the second component of this study was to commission a micro-imaging MR spectrometer for use with normoxic polymer gel dosimeters and investigate artifacts related to imaging in high-resolutions. Using high-resolution MRI requires high gradient strengths that, combined with the Brownian motion of water molecules, was found to produce an attenuation of the MR signal and hence lead to a variation in the measured R2. The variation in measured R2 was found to be dependent on both the timing and amplitude of pulses in the pulse sequence used during scanning. Software was designed and coded that could accurately determine the amount of variation in measured R2 based on the pulse sequence applied to a phantom. Using this software, it is possible to correct for differences between scans using different imaging parameters or pulse sequences. A normoxic polymer gel dosimeter was irradiated using typical brachytherapy delivery and the resulting dose distributions compared with dose points predicted by the computerized treatment planning system.The R2-dose response was determined and used to convert the R2 maps of the phantoms to dose maps. The phantoms and calibration vials were imaged with an in-plane resolution of 0.1055 mm/pixel and a slice thickness of 2 mm. With such a relatively large slice thickness compared to the in-plane resolution, partial volume effects were significant, especially in the region immediately adjacent the source where high dose gradients typically exist. Estimates of the partial volume effects at various distances within the phantom were determined using a mathematical model based on dose points from the treatment planning system. The normalized and adjusted dose profiles showed very good agreement with the dose points predicted by the treatment planning system.

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Tudela, Diego Renan Giglioti. "Estudo da luminescência de cristais de quartzo naturais e artificiais crescidos pelo método sol-gel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-08032019-090623/.

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Este trabalho foi dividido em duas grandes partes principais, a primeira relacionada ao estudo da luminescência de quatro espécimes de quartzo naturais brasileiros (verde, hialino, rosa e azul) e a segunda trata da confecção e caracterização de amostras sintéticas, baseadas na estrutura do SiO2, obtidas pelo método de sol-gel para fins de dosimetria das radiações ionizantes ambientais. Através da Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (AANI) e Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total (TXRF), foram determinadas as principais impurezas em concentrações maiores, menores e traços de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, respectivamente. Os espécimes verde e azul foram os que apresentaram as maiores quantidades de impurezas, incluindo metais e elementos terras raras, enquanto que o hialino e rosa são praticamente puros. Suas emissões de TL foram distintas, em termos de intensidade e posição dos picos. Testes de recuperação de dose por luminescência opticamente estimulada (LOE), através dos protocolos de alíquotas múltiplas (MAR) e única (SAR) com doses regenerativas, foram realizados e o espécime verde foi o único que apresentou resultados satisfatórios nesses testes, seguido do azul. Os cristais hialino e rosa apresentaram saturação e curva de crescimento fora da linearidade, onde o primeiro mostrou o efeito da fototransferência para a maioria das análises de SAR. Como os cristais verde e hialino apresentaram resultados opostos, em termos de quantidades de impurezas e emissões luminescentes, foi realizado um tratamento térmico em alta temperatura (1600 °C) para observar o efeito da mudança de fase (cristobalita) nas suas emissões luminescente. Ajustes teóricos das curvas de emissão de LOE contínua, linearmente modulada e TL mostraram que elas seguem o modelo teórico de cinéticas de ordens gerais. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, 32 amostras artificiais, do polimorfo de alta temperatura do quartzo, a cristobalita, foram sintetizadas com diferentes quantidades e tipos de dopantes, baseado nas impurezas determinadas no quartzo verde, utilizando duas rampas de aquecimento nas calcinações (3 e 15 °C/min). Essa parte do trabalho teve como finalidade o estudo do efeito do Fe na emissão luminescente das amostras sintéticas, a reprodução de uma das amostras naturais e produção e caracterização de dosímetros para radiações ionizantes ambientais. A utilização das duas rampas de aquecimento na emissão de TL, de forma geral, não desempenhou papel determinante na intensidade dos picos de altas temperaturas. Já na LOE foi observado que as amostras calcinadas com a rampa de maior temperatura apresentaram resposta à dose mais elevadas. O Fe como dopante em maior quantidade atuou como um inibidor de luminescência tanto na TL quanto na LOE. Uma amostra com características qualitativas semelhante ao quartzo verde, na fase da cristobalita, foi obtida com relativo sucesso utilizando como dopante todas as doze principais impurezas adquiridas para realização deste projeto. Quatro amostras foram sintetizadas com diferentes tipos e quantidades de dopantes para aplicação em dosimetria das radiações. Somente uma destas apresentou resposta linear às doses de radiação utilizando estimulação térmica (TL), cuja mínima dose de detecção (MDD) foi de 172 µGy. Utilizando estimulação óptica (LOE), duas amostras apresentaram comportamento linear com as doses de radiação, em que valores de MDD de ~440 µGy e 405 µGy foram obtidos.
This work was divided into two major parts, the first one related to the study of the luminescence of four Brazilian natural quartz specimens (green, hyaline, pink and blue) and the second one deals with the confection and characterization of synthetic samples, based on SiO2 structure, obtained by means of sol-gel method to environmental ionizing radiation dosimetry. Through Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF), the main impurities in major, minor and trace concentrations were determined quantitative and qualitatively respectively. The green and blue specimens presented the highest amounts of impurities, including metals and rare earth elements, whereas hyaline and pink are practically pure. Their TL emissions were distinct, in terms of intensity and peak position. OSL dose recovery tests, using multiple (MAR) and single aliquots regeneration (SAR) dose protocols were performed and the green specimen was the only one which presented satisfactory results in these tests, followed by blue. The hyaline and pink crystals showed saturation and growth curve out of linearity, where the first one showed the effect of phototransference for most SAR analysis. As green and hyaline crystals presented opposite results, in terms of impurities quantities and luminescent emissions, a high temperature (1600 °C) heat treatment was performed to observe the effect of the phase change (cristobalite) on its luminescent emissions. Theoretical adjustments of the CW-OSL, LM-OSL and TL emission curves showed that they follow the theoretical model of general order kinetics. In the second part of this work, 32 artificial samples of the high temperature polymorph of the quartz, cristobalite, were synthesized with different amounts and types of dopants, based on impurities determined in green quartz, making use of two heating rates in the calcinations (3 and 15 °C/min). This part of the work had as purpose the study of the effect of Fe in the luminescent emission of the synthetic samples, the reproduction of one of the natural samples and production and characterization of dosimeters for environmental ionizing radiation. The use of the two heating rates in TL emission, in general, did not play a determining role in the intensity of the high temperature peaks. In the OSL, it was observed that samples calcined with higher heating rate temperature showed higher response to dose. The Fe as a dopant in greater quantities acted as a quencher of luminescence both in TL and OSL. A sample with qualitative characteristics similar to the green quartz, in the cristobalite phase, was obtained with relative success using as dopants all the twelve main impurities acquired for this project. Four samples were synthesized with different types and amounts of dopants for application in ionizing radiation dosimetry. Only one of these showed a linear response to radiation doses using thermal stimulation (TL), with a minimum detectable dose (MDD) of 172 µGy. Using optical stimulation (OSL), two samples showed linear behavior with radiation doses, in which MDD values of ~440 µGy and 405 µGy were obtained.

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8

Mizuno, Erick Yukio. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização de um gel de alanina para aplicação na medida da distribuição da dose de radiação usando a técnica de espectrofotometria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-16052012-110041/.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo a composição e caracterização de um dosímetro à base de DL-Alanina e Ferro-ll em forma de gel para aplicações em dosimetría para campos de doses da radiação gama do Co-60 experimentadas em procedimentos de radioterapia. O aminoácido DL-Alanina é dissolvido em solução ácida contendo o Fe-ll e adicionado o gel. Procedeu-se a uma série de ensaios variando reagente a reagente e realizando procedimentos para avaliar o comportamento em função do tempo do gel dosimétrico obtido. Os espectros de absorção antes e após a irradiação apresentam máximos em 457 nm e 588 nm, respectivamente. Esses dois picos correspondem aos comprimentos de onda de absorção das espécies Fe-ll e Fe-lll, respectivamente; estando ambas as espécies em equilíbrio. Com a irradiação, ocorre a formação de radicais que oxidam o Fe-ll em Fe-lll, alterando com isso o balanço entre as duas espécies - daí o aumento da concentração de Fe-lll - fazendo com que mude a tonalidade do gel, sendo, portanto, possível de ser determinada a dose absorvida. Nas análises dos espectros e respectivas curvas dose-resposta observou-se que o gel dosimétrico apresenta linearidade no intervalo de doses entre 0,5 e 40 Gy. A partir dos resultados obtidos de linearidade, estabilidade e menor dose detectável - 0,3 Gy - conclui-se que o presente Gel Dosimétrico à base de DL-Alanina e Fe-ll apresenta excelente potencial para a finalidade que é proposto, qual seja a determinação do campo de doses em radioterapia e futura aplicação como padrão na determinação desses campos, em 3D, utilizando-se a técnica de Imagem por Ressonância Magnética - IRM.
The aim of this work is to develop a DL-Alanine, Fe-ll based gel dosimeter to be applied in the dosimetry of the Co-60 gamma-radiation fields in the dose range of radiation therapy procedures. The aminoacid DL-Alanine is dissolved in an acid solution containing the Fe-ll and added to the gel. A series of essays was performed with different chemicals and different procedures were made to evaluate the behavior of the obtained dosimetric gel as function of the time. The absorption spectra, before and after the irradiation, present maximum in 457 nm and 588 nm, respectively. These two peaks correspond to absorption wavelengths of the chemical species Fe-ll and Fe-lll, respectively, both species being in equilibrium. With the irradiation, the formation of the radicals that oxide the Fe-ll into Fe-lll occurs, altering the chemical balance of both species - hence the increase of the Fe-lll - and causing the gel to change its tonality, in such a way that it is possible to determine the absorved dose. In the analysis of the spectra and respective dose-response curves it was observed that the dosimetric gel shows linearity in dose range of 0.5 to 40 Gy. From the obtained linearity results, stability and lower detectable dose - 0,3 Gy - it is possible to conclude that the present DL-Alanine, Fe-ll based dosimetric gel presents an excellent potential to the application to which it is proposed, namely, the determination of the dose fields in radiation therapy and its future application as a standard in the determination of these fields, in 3D, using the Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

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CAPELETI, FELIPE F. "Dosimetria em tomografia computadorizada e avaliação do perfil de dose empregando dosímetro fricke gel e a técnica de imageamento por ressonância magnética." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11789.

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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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CAVINATO, CHRISTIANNE C. "Padronizacao do metodo de dosimetria fricke gel e avaliacao tridimensional de dose empregando a tecnica de imageamento por ressonancia magnetica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9406.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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MIZUNO, ERICK Y. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização de um gel alanima para aplicação na medida da distribuição da dose de radiação usando a técnica de espectrofotometria." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11571.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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12

Atkins, Timothy John. "Investigation of ultrasonic properties of MAGIC gels for pulse-echo gel dosimetry." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/371793/.

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This thesis describes investigations into the design and evaluation of novel ultrasonic methods for 3-dimensional ionising radiation dose verification. Pulse-echo ultrasound methods were investigated for the measurement and analysis of complex radiation therapy dose delivery. The physical properties of MAGIC (Methacrylic and Ascorbic acid in Gelatin Initiated by Copper) polymer gel dosimeters have been characterized. The variations of speed of sound, ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and density of MAGIC gel with radiation dose and temperature have been quantified. This extends work that has previously been reported for the properties of this gel to the effect of measurement temperature on the results. The facilities to perform these measurements were specified, constructed and evaluated as part of the project. The measurement of radiation dose using ultrasound back scatter from an interface between the polymer gel dosimeter and an inert reflector is demonstrated. To enable the measurement of radiation dose using pulse-echo ultrasound methods a novel inert material has been specified, manufactured and characterised. This material is matched to the acoustic impedance of MAGIC gel to produce the most dose-sensitive reflections. The reflections from the interface between the inert reflector and dose-dependent MAGIC gel have been analysed using both a single element transducer and a commercial ultrasound scanner. Both measurement systems demonstrate the same dose and temperature dependence of the ultrasonic reflection. A methodology has been developed to relate pixel values from the ultrasound scanner to the amplitude of the reflected ultrasound signal. A phantom consisting of an array of threads formed from the inert backscattering material has been designed and constructed and a method of extracting pixel data from images of the array acquired using a commercial ultrasound scanner has been developed, so that multiple imaging positions could be used to perform a 3-dimensional assessment of radiation dose distributions. It has been demonstrated that a pulse-echo technique using a commercial ultrasound scanner shows promise for radiation gel dosimetry. Further investigation and alternative polymer gel and inert reflector combinations may improve these techniques.

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Courter, Erik Joseph-Leonard. "Use of ClearView Gel Dosimeter for Quality Assurance and Testing of Stereotactic Radiosurgery." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1466417256.

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14

Jayasekera, Piyakeerthi Mangala. "Practical aspects of radiotherapy gel dosimetry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.

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15

Jardine, Paul. "Applications of gel based chemistry dosimetry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37183/1/37183_Jardine_1994.pdf.

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The transformation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ ions in ferrous sulphate-agarose-xylenol orange (FAX) gel due to irradiation results in a change of absorbance in the FAX gel, which can then be used for the dosimetry of the x-ray beam. The project's aim was to investigate the performance of a laser based system that determines the dose distribution of an x-ray field by measuring the change in absorbance of the FAX gel due to irradiation. Initially a one-dimensional laser scanning system was constructed to perform calibration tests on the FAX gel. Calibration curves were obtained at different x-ray energies (200 kVp, 300 kVp, 6 MV, 10 MV) for the FAX gel and were approximated by a second order polynomial. The difference in the curve equation coefficients for the four dose curves was approximately 2% and hence indicating that the response of the FAX gel was not energy dependent. From a linear approximation of the calibration curve a G value of 57.8 ± 3.1 was calculated for a dose range of 0-10 Gy. The reproducibility of the FAX gel was investigated through preparation and irradiation of a number of gel samples from a single batch. The standard deviations of absorbance measurements for both irradiated and unirradiated FAX gel samples were 1.2% and 1.1% respectively. These errors compare favourably with the standard deviation of 0.5-1 % in the conventional dosimeter (ion chamber) readings. The source of uncertainties in the FAX gel measurements is considered to be due to the continual thermal oxidation of ferrous ions in the FAX gel. Storage lifetime of the unirradiated FAX gel was investigated under a number of different storage enviroments. After 500 hours, the absorbance of the FAX gel stored under refrigeration increased by 25% whereas the absorbance of the FAX gel stored at room temperature and exposed to fluorescence light increased by 80%. The increase in the absorbance of the FAX gels led to a decrease in the dynamic range of the FAX gel response. A scanning system was constructed to perform two-dimensional scans of a collimated x-ray field, and physical and dynamic wedged fields. For all three fields, the relative dose obtained by the laser based system was found to be within 3% of data acquired using the current standard measurement device (ion chamber). An advantage of the laser based system over the ion chamber was shorter irradiation times were required for data acquisition. These findings demonstrate the potential use of FAX gel phantoms for the acquisition of two-dimensional dose distributions. An alternative scanning method for the FAX gels based on a video camera imaging system was also investigated. This system acquired a twodimensional dose distribution in a few minutes whereas the laser based system required up to 2 hours. To obtain any quantitative information using the video camera imaging system further investigations involving calibration of the system are required.

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Smith, Shaun T. "Development of gel dosimetry for radiotherapy." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102759/1/Shaun_Smith_Thesis.pdf.

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Gel dosimeters have the potential to track radiation beams, improving safety and treatment effectiveness for radiotherapy patients, however despite extensive research over the last three decades, gel dosimeters have yet to achieve widespread clinical acceptance. In this research, a new version of the ‘Fricke’ gel dosimeter was developed which is more clinically viable. The method performs chemical manipulations on the gel ingredients to eliminate the blurring effect of dose information, which is their primary drawback.

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Zhang, Qing Jane. "Dynamic mathematical modeling of a polyacrylamide gel dosimeter." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63396.pdf.

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Silveira, Michely Cristina da. "Distribuição da dose absorvida no tratamento da micose fungóide através da dosimetria Fricke Xilenol Gel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-04032011-155301/.

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A radioterapia utiliza a radiação ionizante para a destruição de células tumorais. O controle da dose absorvida de um tipo específico de radiação aplicada a um volume alvo (tumor) é feito através da dosimetria, (uso de sensores de radiação), que neste trabalho foram utilizados os dosímetros químicos Fricke e filme. Dentre os diversos tipos de câncer, indicados para tratamento, utilizando a radiação ionizante, têm-se também a neoplasia Micose Fungóide (MF), linfoma que se alastra na superfície e em profundidade na pele para o qual elétrons com alta energia são utilizados para seu tratamento, devido aos seus alcances. Neste trabalho o Fricke Xilenol Gel (FXG) foi utilizado para o planejamento do tratamento da MF, para averiguar a distribuição da dose absorvida proveniente das interações dos elétrons com os tecidos. Para tal, foram construídas cubetas especiais em acrílico (tomos) conformacionadas aos contornos do crânio e do abdômen, que uma vez preenchidas com o FXG serviram para avaliar as doses absorvidas num objeto simulador antropomórfico, o Rando Phantom. O simulador, completado com cubetas e filmes radiocrômicos, este último também conformacionado aos dois contornos de interesse, foi submetido à técnica de Stanford para irradiação do corpo total com elétrons de 6 MeV. Imagens CCD e de densidade radiográfica foram feitas e posteriormente avaliadas, através de perfis horizontais e verticais passando por seus centros. Estes a seguir foram analisados por programas computacionais: um desenvolvido no Matlab para as imagens do FXG e o outro pelo programa já conhecido, ImageJ, para as imagens do filme. Das medidas, pode-se inferir que o dosímetro FXG se presta, similarmente ao filme, para as avaliações da dose absorvida devida aos elétrons na superfície do paciente e no seu interior, devida à contaminação por raios-X.
Radioterapy uses ionizing radiation to destroy tumor cells. The absorbed dose control in a target volume is done through dosimetry, using radiation sensors, being the Fricke and film used in this study. Among several types of cancer indicated for treatment using ionizing radiation, there is also the Mycosis Fungoides (MF), lymphom that spreads on surface and depth in the skin, for which high-energy electrons are used for its treatment. In this work the Fricke Xylenol Gel (FXG) was used for MF treatment control, to obtain the absorbed dose distribution from electrons interaction with the tissues. For this scope cuvettes were manufactured of acrylic (slices), with the same contours of the skull and abdomen anthropomorphic simulator tomos. Once filled with the FXG, these cuvettes were used to infer the absorbed dose by the anthropomorphic simulator Rando Phantom. This simulator, completed with the cuvettes and radiochromic films, this last one also with the same contours similar to skull and abdomen were submitted to the Stanford technique, for 6 MeV electrons total body irradiation. CCD and radiographic density images were acquired and evaluated by horizontal and vertical profiles through theirs centers. These profiles were analyzed through a computer programs: one developed in Matlab for FXG images and the other by an already known program, ImageJ, for film images. From the results one can infer that the FXG dosimeter presents similarity with that of film, in the evaluation of the absorbed dose distribution on surface and also inside of the patient.

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Neto, Euclydes Borguezan. "Gel Turnbull Blue aplicado à dosimetria de radiação ultravioleta e visível." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-22122016-135858/.

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O gel radiocrômico Turnbull Blue (TBG) é sensível a raios gamma e x. Este composto tem sido utilizado em dosimetria de radiações ionizantes devido à sua capacidade de simular tecido biológico quando exposto à radiação de alta energia. Após sua irradiação, o TBG sofre uma mudança de cor: o aspecto amarelo torna-se azul devido à formação do corante Turnbull Blue. Essa alteração de cor produz uma larga banda de absorção na faixa espectral do visível, com pico localizado em 690 nm. A intensidade desta banda é proporcional à dose de radiação absorvida. Entretanto, o comportamento do TBG, quando exposto a radiações menos energéticas, como luz visível e ultravioleta, ainda não é conhecido. Considerando as recomendações de organizações internacionais sobre os riscos do uso de tais radiações, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar a resposta do TBG, quando irradiado por diferentes fontes ultravioletas e visíveis, tais como lâmpadas fluorescentes, LEDs e um simulador solar. O tempo entre a exposição do gel e a leitura de sua resposta foi estudado, assim como a influência da utilização de fontes com diferentes irradiâncias e diferentes temperaturas de irradiação. Um espectrômetro, operando na faixa espectral de 350 nm a 900 nm, foi utilizado para mensurar a mudança de cor no gel. Os resultados mostraram que o gel possui diferentes sensibilidades de acordo com a faixa espectral entregue pela fonte: a radiação UVC produziu a alteração de cor mais intensa, seguida pela UVB, UVA e visível, respectivamente. A temperatura de irradiação e a irradiância da fonte tiveram influência considerável na mudança de cor do TBG. Os resultados mostraram que é possível usar o gel TBG como um dosímetro de radiação óptica, desde que fatores de correção relacionados à irradiância da fonte e temperatura de irradiação sejam levados em consideração.
The radiochromic gel Turnbull Blue (TBG) is sensitive to gamma and x-rays. This compound has been utilized in ionizing radiation dosimetry, since it acts as biological tissue simulator when exposed to high-energy radiation. Subsequently to its radiation, TBG shows a color shift: the original yellow aspect becomes blue due to the production of the colorant Turnbull Blue. Such chromic shift yields a broad absorption band in the visible spectral range, with a peak located at 690 nm. The intensity of this band is proportional to the absorbed radiation dose. However, the behavior of TBG when exposed to less energetic radiation, e.g. ultraviolet and visible light, remains unclear. Considering the recommendations of international organizations regarding the risks of using such type of radiation, this research aimed to characterize the TBG response when irradiated by different ultraviolet and visible sources as well as to determine its sensitivity to the radiation in the UV-Visible spectral range. Furthermore, this investigation evaluated the viability of TBG as an optical dosimeter. During this study, the gel was exposed to different non-ionizing radiation sources, such as fluorescent lamps, LEDs and a sun simulator. The time between the gel exposition and the measurement of its response was studied, as well as the influence of different source irradiances and temperatures of irradiation. A spectrometer operating on the 350-900 nm spectral range has measured the gel color shift. The results showed different sensitivities according to the spectral range delivered by the source: UVC has produced the most intense change in color, followed by UVB, UVA and visible, respectively. The temperature of irradiation and the irradiance provided by the sources have shown considerable influence on the color shift. The results showed that it is possible to use the TBG gel as optical radiation dosimeter. The use of correction factors for temperature of irradiation and irradiance of the source are mandatory.

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Bäck, Sven Å J. "Implementation of MRI gel dosimetry in radiation therapy." Malmö : Lund : Malmö University Hospital ; Lund University, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68945079.html.

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21

Sánchez, Mirko Salomón Alva. "Verificação 3D da distribuição da dose em radiocirurgia estereotáxica através de simulação Monte Carlo e dosimetria por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-15052013-193530/.

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A radiocirugia estereotáxica é uma técnica que fornece altas doses de radiação utilizando campos pequenos para conformação da dose no volume alvo do tratamento. Devido à complexidade desta técnica torna-se necessária a verificação da distribuição de dose no volume de tratamento. Neste trabalho, as distribuições tridimensionais (3D) de doses de casos clínicos de neoplasias cranianas foram estudadas utilizando-se um objeto simulador de cabeça. A reconstrução das distribuições de doses nos volumes alvo e nas regiões adjacentes a estes foram avaliadas com o código de simulação PENELOPE, o dosímetro MAGIC-f gel e com o sistema de planejamento iPlan. Filmes radiocrômicos também foram empregados para a determinação das distribuições de dose em planos do tratamento. As respostas obtidas com as ferramentas dosimétricas utilizadas foram analisadas através de distribuições de índices gama, comparando-se os mapas centrais das distribuições de dose obtidas com as quatro ferramentas dosimétricas utilizadas. Usando-se critérios de tolerância de 3% e 3mm, a análise realizada na região da prescrição de dose (isodoses de 95%) mostrou-se equivalente para todas as ferramentas dosimétricas utilizadas; resultado diferente foi observado para isodoses menores, com uma equivalência máxima de 76,5%. As distribuições volumétricas, obtidas através do PENELOPE, MAGIC-f gel e o iPlan, foram comparadas, ainda, através dos histogramas dose-volume, para cada caso estudado, mostrando que 95% da dose absorvida relativa encontra-se dentro do volume alvo para todos os planos estudados. A probabilidade de controle tumoral, TCP, foi avaliada para os casos de radiocirurgia estudados, a partir das distribuições volumétricas de dose, resultando em uma probabilidade de controle tumoral máxima de 72%, para todos os casos, conforme o modelo matemático de TCP utilizado. Das comparações realizadas pode-se inferir que o dosímetro MAGIC-f gel e o código de simulação PENELOPE-Monte Carlo podem ser utilizados para determinar as distribuições de dose em 3D para a técnica de radiocirurgia estereotáxica. Essas ferramentas dosimétricas podem, dessa forma, auxiliar no comissionamento de unidades de terapia e em verificações 3D de doses do tratamento dos pacientes, permitindo avaliações dentro e ao redor do volume alvo e podendo se tornar ferramentais de rotina nos serviços de radioterapia.
Stereotactic radiosurgery is a technique which delivers high radiation doses using small fields to conform the absorbed dose into the target volume. Due to the complexity of this technique it is necessary to verify the dose distribution in the treatment volume. Thus, in this study the three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions of selected clinical cases of cranial tumors were obtained using a head phantom. The the dose distributions of target volumes and adjacent regions were evaluated with PENELOPE Monte Carlo simulation code, MAGIC-f dosimeter and iPlan® treatment planning system. Radiochromic films were also used to determine the dose distribution on selected plans of the treatment. The obtained results for the proposed dosimetric tools were analyzed by the gamma index distributions, comparing the maps of the central dose distributions obtained with the four dosimetric tools. Using the dose criteria of 3% in 3 mm, the gamma index test showed equivalence in the region of dose prescription (95% isodose) and a different result was observed for lower isodoses, with maximum accordance of 76.5%. The volumetric dose distributions obtained with PENELOPE, MAGIC-f and iPlan were also compared using the dose-volume histograms for each studied case, showing that 95% of the absorbed dose yield within the target volume. The tumor control probability, TCP, was evaluated for the studied radiosurgery cases, from the dose distributions-volumetric, resulting in a maximum probability of tumor control of 72% for all cases, for the used mathematical model of TCP. From the results it can be inferred that the MAGIC-f gel dosimeter and the PENELOPE Monte Carlo simulation code can be used to determine 3D dose distributions for stereotactic radiosurgery. These dosimetric tools can assist the commissioning of treatment units and 3D dose verifications of patients treatments, allowing assessments in and around the target volume and may become routine in radiotherapy services.

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Farvis, Francis. "Optical properties of polymer dosimeter gels." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13151.

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A Monte Carlo program to simulate the multiple scattering of light by the copolymer in irradiated Poly Acrylamide Gel (PAG) was developed, from published Mie single scattering programs and two donated random number generators. This was used to begin an investigation into the usefulness of the products of the number of scatterers in a particle size distribution and each corresponding total scattering cross-section, together with the sum and mean and maximum of these products. The result of this investigation was to find a means of establishing which particles within known size distributions are chiefly responsible for scattering a probing laser beam in a sample of PAG. The PAG will have been irradiated to such an extent that some polymerisation has occurred but the gel sample is still not completely turbid such that some part at least of the laser beam is able to traverse the gel unscattered.

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Oliveira, Lucas Nonato de. "Parâmetros dosimétricos e coeficiente de difusão para elétrons em campos pequenos, através do dosímetro Fricke Xilenol Gel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-06062008-173808/.

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A qualidade para o tratamento radioterápico depende essencialmente da capacidade de realizar medidas de dose absorvida no volume de tratamento, minimizando aquela nos tecidos vizinhos, para tal é necessária a determinação dos parâmetros dosimétricos como Porcentagem de Dose Profunda, Perfil de Campo e Fator de Campo que auxiliam a rotina da radioterapia. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: a determinação desses parâmetros para campos pequenos com feixes de elétrons, através dos dosímetro FXG e compará-los com os obtidos com uma câmara de ionização (CI), além de obter o coeficiente de difusão para o dosímetro FXG e sua energia de ativação. Dessa maneira, campos pequenos foram formados através de colimadores especiais dos quais os parâmetros puderam ser inferidos para ambos os dosímetros. O parâmetro dosimétrico Perfil de Campo foi utilizado também para as medidas do coeficiente de difusão, necessário para se corrigir a dose absorvida no tempo, o qual foi analisado através de uma metodologia inovadora das medidas das absorbâncias espaçostemporais e devido aos seus comportamentos comparados a funções gaussianas, o que possibilitou a sua determinação. O FXG apresentou resolução espacial suficiente para a determinação dos parâmetros dosimétricos, os coeficientes de difusão obtidos têm valores respectivos de 0,20 ± 0,03 e 0,40 ± 0,02 mm2/h, e destes a energia de ativação inferida foi de 0,3 ± 0,1 eV. Das análises dos resultados, pode-se concluir que o FXG pode ser utilizado na rotina de radioterapia também para campos pequenos.
Dosimetric parameters such as Percentage Depth Dose, Field Profile and Output Factor are necessary in radiotherapy routine, once they can help to improve the quality of the treatment and consequently of the absorbed dose delivered to the tumor. In this work the dosimetric parameters for electron beams of 8 and 10 MeV were measured with the chemical dosimeter Fricke Xylenol Gel for small field sizes (square and circular) and were compared with those obtained with an ionization chamber. The chemical dosimeter signal, given by the complex Fe+3 - Xylenol concentration, has a temporal dependency, to which its diffusion coefficient was determined together with the activation energy, necessary for the Fe+3 migrations in the gel. These two parameters were measured, for the first time, for the Fricke Xylenol Gel and for that a novel methodology was also created. The measured parameters, dosimetric ones together with the diffusion coefficient and activation energy corroborate, to present the chemical dosimeter, as an adequate one to be used in radiotherapy with electron beams for small field sizes.

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Hepworth, Stephen J. "Investigations into polymer gel dosimetry using magnetic resonance imaging." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/978/.

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Alrushoud, Abdullah A. "Polymer gel dosimetry in radiation therapy using computed tomography." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616921.

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There have been developments in radiation therapy treatment techiques, which lead to an increase in the complexity of these treatments. The aim is to deliver highly conformal three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions, such as stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Polymer gel dosimetry offers three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry techniques for dose verification of dose distributions. Nisopropyl- acrylamide (NIP AM) polymer gel was the latest to develop and can be prepared under a normal atmospheric environment and has lower toxicity compared with the highly toxic polymer gels used earlier. NIPAM polymer gel using X-ray computed tomography (CT) was experimentally investigated in terms of its X-ray CT dose response, sensitivity and dose resolution. The effect of radiation beam type, radiation beam energy and radiation beam dose rate on X-ray CT dose response have also been studied. The temporal stability of NIP AM polymer gel has been examined over several days post-irradiation. The change in the polymer gel dosimeter's physical and electron densities as a function of absorbed dose was also investigated. In ,this study two new prototype phantoms were designed and constructed for imaging and irradiation of polymer gel dosimeters to provide simplicity and practicality for clinical dosimetry. The dosimetric and water equivalence properties of four NIP AM based polymer gel dosimeter formulations have been studied by examining their physical properties, interaction probability, radiation transport parameters and performing Monte Carlo modelling of depth doses. NIP AM polymer gel dosimeter irradiated at different doses using 6 Me V photon beam and 400 MU min-1 dose rate were found to have higher CT dose response (up to 37.8% at 10 Gy dose point) than results reported in the literature for NIP AM gel using similar concentration. The CT dose sensitivity of NIPAM polymer gel was found to be 0.405±0.014 H Gi1 , which is 26.2% higher than the reported sensitivity of 0.32l±0.008 H Gy-l with similar NIPAM gel concentration. The maximum change in physical density as a function of absorbed dose for polymer gel dosimeters was found to be up to ~1.0% for an absorbed dose of 20 Gy. 111

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26

Khoei, Shadi. "Quantitative ultrasound computed tomography imaging of PAGAT radiation dosimetry gel." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63958/1/Shadi_Khoei_Thesis.pdf.

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This research developed and scientifically validated a new ultrasound transmission computed tomography system with the aim of quantitative assessment of a polymer gel dosimeter including dose response verification of ultrasonic parameters of attenuation, velocity and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA). This work was the first to investigate and report ultrasound frequency dependent attenuation in a gel dosimeter, demonstrating a dose dependence.

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Pavoni, Juliana Fernandes. "Dosimetria tridimensional por imagens de ressonância magnética com gel MAGIC modificado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-27042010-171038/.

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Os avanços nas técnicas de tratamento com radiação ionizante estão gerando distribuições de dose muito complexas que precisam ser verificadas antes da aplicação do tratamento no paciente. Diversos dosímetros já foram propostos para esta verificação, mas o que vem apresentando os melhores resultados são os géis poliméricos que permitem a visualização tridimensional da dose. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos um gel dosimétrico do tipo MAGIC com componentes nacionais, para baratear o custo e assim, facilitar a sua aplicação na rotina clínica. Nós adicionamos formaldeído ao gel para aumentar seu ponto de fusão e facilitar seu manuseio em temperatura ambiente. A avaliação das doses foi feita através da relaxometria em imagens de ressonância magnética nuclear (IRMN). Foi encontrada uma resposta linear para dose de até 15Gy e uma dependência energética significativa para feixes de baixa energia (kVp), enquanto que para alta energia (MV) a dependência encontrada foi pequena. A variação da resposta do dosímetro em função da taxa de dose da irradiação foi menor que 5% nas taxas de 100 a 600cGy/min. A adição de formaldeído não eliminou a dependência da resposta do dosímetro para variações na temperatura durante a aquisição das IRMN, já a integridade da distribuição de dose se manteve inalterada por um período de três meses na irradiação de um campo blindado ao meio. Medidas tridimensionais de distribuição de dose foram realizadas para dois planos de radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe o primeiro em um acelerador linear e o segundo em um equipamento de tomoterapia, grande semelhança entre a sobreposição das isodoses e dos perfis de dose das imagens medidas com o gel e esperadas pelo sistema de planejamento (TPS) foi encontrada. A avaliação realmente tridimensional foi feita com os histogramas dose-volume (DVH), sendo que uma sobreposição entre os DVHs calculados para o volume planejado e os esperados pelo TPS foi encontrada nos dois planejamentos. Por tudo o que foi estudado, pode-se concluir que a modificação realizada no gel MAGIC resultou em um dosímetro de fácil manuseio que pode ser aplicado para medidas tridimensionais.
Advances in the treatment techniques with ionizing radiation are resulting in complex dose distributions that need to be verified before the application of the treatment in the patient. Several dosimeters have been suggested for this application, but polymeric gel dosimeters are presenting the best results so far, since they allow three dimensional dose visualization, are tissue equivalent, don\'t have dependence with angular distribution of the incident radiation and have a high spatial resolution. In this work a polymeric gel dosimeter with national components, to reduce de costs and facilitate its introduction in the clinical practice was developed. Formaldehyde was added to the gel formulation to increase its melting temperature and facilitate its use in typical room temperatures found in our country. Dose response analysis was done using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. All the dosimetric characterization was done. We found a linear dose-response curve for doses until 15Gy and significant energy dependence for low energy beams (kVp), but for high energy beams (MV) this dependence is smaller. The response variation when varying the dose rate of irradiation was smaller than 5% in the dose rate range of clinical use in teletherapy (100-600cGy/min). The addition of formaldehyde did not eliminate the dosimeter dependence with variation of the scanning temperature; the integrity of dose distribution was unaltered at least for a tree month period of time in a half beam irradiation phantom. Tri-dimensional dose distributions were measured in two radiotherapy systems using intensity modulated beams, the first one in a linear accelerator and the second in a tomotherapy machine. A high similarity was found between the overlapping of isodoses and dose profiles of the dose distribution measured with the gel and expected by the treatment planning. The real tri- dimensional analysis was done with dose-volume histograms (DVH) and the DVHs measured for the planning volume and expected by the treatment planning were in good agreement. Our results show that the modification done in the gel formulation resulted in a dosimeter easy to handle and feasible for tri-dimensional measurements.

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Brodeur, Marylène. "Verification of IMRT beam delivery with a ferrous sulfate gel dosimeter and MRI." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78331.

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Intensity modulated photon beam radiation therapy often results in dynamically delivered beams with small field sizes and steep dose gradients. This defines a need for an integrating, tissue-equivalent, high resolution dosimeter. 3D ferrous sulfate gel based dosimetry involves the use of magnetic resonance (MR) images of radiosensitive paramagnetic gels. The goal of this work is to create a patient specific quality assurance (QA) procedure that links measured dosimetnc information to clinical goals.
The gel dosimeter system is tested through a set of simple experiments which characterize and confirm the system as a valid QA tool for conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy.
For this work, dynamic photon beams are created on a commercially available inverse treatment planning system and the treatment is delivered to a gel filled acrylic mold. Software has been developed to quantify dose from the QA MR images, and to register this information to the planning computed tomography (CT) scan. The software displays the measured dose on the planning CT, and calculates dose-volume histograms for the registered measured data and contoured patient structures. This work reveals good agreement between planned and measured dose distributions, with less than 5% difference in the mean doses of the contoured patient structures.

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Farajollahi, Ali Reza. "An investigation into the applications of polymer gel dosimetry in radiotherapy." Thesis, Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.284699.

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30

Valente, M. A. "Fricke gel dosimetry for 3D imaging of absorbed dose in radiotherapy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/41638.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to develop improvements for 3D dosimetry system, based on Fricke solution, in order to achieve accurate 3D absorbed dose distributions by means of visible light transmittance analysis. Such a system would represent a useful tool for 3D treatment planning verification. In particular, the main objectives were: To make a Fricke gel dosimeter selecting proper gelling substance and optimizing gel quantity according to the dosimeter response. To develop a Fricke gel dosimeter preparation protocol in order to establish an optimal elaboration process. To evaluate the characteristics of the Fricke gel dosimeter for dose distribution measurements. To reduce the uncertainties in dose distribution determination using Fricke gel dosimeters. To study the diffusion properties of the Fricke gel dosimeter, allowing a comparison with alternative non-diffusive polymer gel.

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Resende, Thiago Dias. "Um estudo para otimização da formulação do dosímetro gel MAGIC-f e avaliação da sua reutilização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-07072017-123749/.

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A radioterapia é um procedimento que utiliza radiação ionizante de alta energia direcionado ao tumor, para destruir suas células. O objetivo é provocar o maior dano nas células tumorais enquanto se poupa o tecido sadio ao redor, para maximizar este resultado. Devido a alta complexidade dos feixes usados nestes tratamentos, um dosímetro tridimensional é desejado para garantir que a dose esteja sendo entregue da forma como foi planejada, sendo a dosimetria gel polimérica com leitura da dose em Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN), uma opção para esta medida. Esse trabalho utiliza o dosímetro gel polimérico MAGIC-f como referência e tem como objetivo otimizar sua formulação, substituindo inicialmente os seus agentes antioxidantes (sulfato de cobre e ácido ascórbico) por um antioxidante mais potente, o cloreto de tetrakishidroximetilfosfônio (THPC), e, em seguida, variar as concentrações dos demais componentes do dosímetro a fim de obter a menor concentração de cada um deles que resulte em um dosímetro com sensibilidade adequada para uso em radioterapia.Foram feitas análises sobre a estabilidade térmica do dosímetro com THPC e estudos sobre as concentrações ideais de THPC (2mM, 5mM, 8mM, 10mM ou 20mM); Ácido Metacrílico (2%, 2,5%, 3%, 3,5% ou 4%); Gelatina (4%, 6%, 8% ou 10%). Após todas as modificações, a formulação otimizada contendo 88,96% Água MiliQ; 3% Ácido Metacrílico; 8% Gelatina; 0,04% THPC (5mM de concentração), apresentou uma sensibilidade próxima a 1,03 Gy-1s-1 e um ponto de fusão de aproximadamente 50C, utilizando as menores quantidades possíveis dos reagentes químicos e a sequência de leitura das IRMN implementada para esta dosimetria. O dosímetro otimizado obtido teve uma redução de 40% no seu custo, em comparação com o dosímetro MAGIC-f, e uma resolução de dose de 0,18 Gy. Obteve linearidade de resposta a dosede 0 a 10 Gy. Uma variação máxima na sensibilidade do dosímetro de 8,5% foi encontrada ao se variar a taxa de dose de 300 500 cGy/min.Também foi avaliada a integridade da distribuição de dose para esse dosímetro através da avaliação de uma irradiação com meio campo blindado. E, sua a maior variação em um teste de repetitividade foi de 15%. Um outro objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a reutilização do dosímetro gel, sendo que um dosímetro previamente irradiado com uma dose de 2Gy foi reutilizado após seu derretimento a 50C em um forno com controle digital de temperatura, seguido por uma nova gelificação.Para garantir sua resposta, foi necessária a readição de agentes antioxidantes à formulação reutilizada. Dessa forma, para o gel MAGAT com 1mM de THPC foi obtida uma sensibilidade 30% menor que a original para o dosímetro reutilizado e 15% para o mesmo dosímetro, com 2mM de THPC
Radiotherapy is a procedure that uses high energy ionizing radiation directed to the tumor to destroy its cells. The objective is to obtain tumoral cells more damaged avoiding the healthy cells around it and increase this result. Due to the high complexity of the energy beams used on these treatments, a three-dimensional dosimeter is demanded to assure that the dose is focused as planned, being the polymeric gel dosimetry using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI) for dose scanning an option to this measurement. This work uses MAGIC-f gel as reference and its objective is to optimize the dosimeter formulation, by initiallyreplacing the antioxidants agents (Copper Sulfate and Ascorbic Acid) by a more power rating antioxidant, Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC), and then, variatingthe others dosimeter´s components concentration in order to obtain the smallest concentration of each one that result in an adequate dosimeter´ssensitivity for radiotherapy application. Studies were made to check the thermal stability of the gel containing THPC and studies were carried out about the ideals concentrations of THPC (2mM, 5mM, 8mM, 10mM or 20mM); Methacrylic Acid (2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% or 4%); Gelatin (4%, 6%, 8% or 10%). After the modifications, the optimized formulation containing 88.96% of mili-Q water; 3% of methacrylic acid; 8% of gelatine; 0.04% of THPC (5mM) showed a sensitivity of approximately 1.03 Gy-1s-1 and a melting point approximately of 50°C, using the smallest possible chemical compounds concentrations and the NMRI scanning sequence implemented for this dosimetry. The optimized dosimeter obtained presents a 40% cost reduction, comparing with the dosimeter MAGIC-f, and a dose resolution of 0.18 Gy. The dosimeter responds linearlywith doses from 0 to 10 Gy. A maximal sensitivity variation of 8.5% was found when varing the dose rate from 300 to 500 cGy/min. Its dose integrity was checked by a half beam blocked irradiation. And its largestsensitivity variation at a repeatability test was 15%. The second objective of this work was the development of a methodology for reusing the dosimeter.The dosimeter previously irradiated with 2Gy was reused after being melted in a digitaltemperature control oven at 50°C, followed by the re-addition of THPC and a new gelation. The reused MAGAT gel dosimeter with 1mM of THPC presented 30% sensitivity reductioin when compared to the the same dosimeter before the reusing process, while the MAGAT gel with 2mMof THPC presented a reduction of only 15%

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Baldock, Clive. "Aspects of dosimetry using radiation sensitive gels." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249297.

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Asena, Andre. "Dosimetry in the vicinity of high-density materials in radiotherapy." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103983/1/Andre_Asena_Thesis.pdf.

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The success of radiation therapy treatments is largely dependent on the ability to accurately deliver the prescribed dose to a patient within a narrow tolerance. However, the human body consists of many components, which vary in density and can cause treatment complications. In this research, a methodology is established whereby the effects of high-density medical implants on radiotherapy treatments can be quantified accurately and efficiently. A better understanding of the impact of these medical implants on radiotherapy dose distributions means more accurate treatments can be delivered with increased confidence, resulting in improved patient outcomes.

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Amin, Md Nurul. "Polymer gel dosimetry applied to β particles, electrons and 300 kV X-rays." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29451.

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Polymer gels were used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure three-dimensional absorbed dose distributions for beta particles, electron and x-rays beams that are used in radiotherapy. The manufacturing processes and calibration procedures for two dosimeters (hypoxic PAG and normoxic MAGIC gels) were investigated. The response of both gels was energy independent over a range of electron and photon energies commonly used for radiotherapy. However, dose response of both gels was dependent on the temperature at the time of MR scanning, while MAGIC was also dependent on the temperature at the time of irradiation, which had not been previously reported. Results suggest that MAGIC gel is superior to PAG, since it is easier to manufacture and unaffected by oxygen diffusion through wall materials. The potential usefulness of both types of gel in different areas of radiotherapy was studied, including vascular brachytherapy. Results were compared with doses measured using radio- chromic film, confirming that dose distributions for vascular brachytherapy sources with a high dose gradient can be measured using PAG. However, because of the disadvantages of the gel manufacturing process and the need for access to a high-resolution scanner, it was concluded that radio-chromic film would be the method of choice for routine quality assurance in brachytherapy. PAG and MAGIC gels were also used for dosimetry across the junction of 6MV photon and 12MeV electron fields that are often used in radiotherapy. Different photon field configurations were studied, and dose profiles were measured. For each configuration either significant "hot" or "cold spots" were measured, with good agreement between the MAGIC and PAG and radio- chromic film. This work has confirmed the usefulness of gel dosimetry in radiotherapy in general, and in beta and electron dosimetry in particular. In addition, these studies have quantified the advantages of normoxic gels over the hypoxic PAG.

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Sakuraba, Roberto Kenji. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de verificação dosimétrica tridimensional utilizando Solução Fricke gel na aplicação para a verificação da Radioterapia em Arco Modulado Volumétrico (VMAT) nos tratamentos com movimentação do alvo pela respiração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-03032016-091027/.

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A Radioterapia em arco modulado volumétrico (VMAT) é uma das modalidades mais avançadas em teleterapia para o tratamento de câncer. Os diversos avanços tecnológicos, bem como a evolução das técnicas de tratamento tornaram o VMAT como uma das modalidades de estado da arte para o tratamento de alguns cânceres. Parte deste avanço é creditada à melhoria na acurácia e na prescrição de dose absorvida recomendada ao paciente ao longo dos anos. Este avanço permite que atualmente seja possível realizar os cálculos dosimétricos, por meio de sistemas de planejamento computadorizado, considerando as heterogeneidades dos pacientes, tais como: tecidos e órgãos com composições diferentes da água (meio de referência em radioterapia), contorno do paciente individualizado e o movimento dos tumores com a respiração. Tais avanços demandam o controle de qualidade destas ferramentas, com objetivo de assegurar que todo o processo de tratamento seja satisfatório e acurado. A comunidade dispõe poucos sistemas experimentais capazes de avaliar, considerando os níveis de incerteza, se os sistemas de planejamento computadorizados são aptos a considerar a movimentação dos alvos nos tratamentos com VMAT. Neste trabalho serão apresentados os resultados obtidos empregando um objeto simulador Fricke Xylenol Gel, com capacidade de mensurar as diferenças introduzidas pela movimentação, utilizando Imagem por Ressonância Magnética - MRI e comparando qualitativamente e quantitativamente os resultados. São discutidas as principais etapas de desenvolvimento deste objeto simulador, seus resultados experimentais, conclusões.
Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is one of the methods most commonly used in teletherapy to treat cancer. The various technological advances and the evolution of treatment techniques made the VMAT as one of the state of the art methods for the treatment of some cancers. Part of this improvement is credited to improvements in accuracy and prescription dose absorbed recommended to the patient over the years. This advance allows currently is possible to perform dosimetric calculations by means of the computerized planning system, considering the heterogeneity of patients, such as tissues and organs with different water compositions medium (reference radiation), and individual patient contour the movement of tumors breathing. Such advances require quality control of these tools, in order to ensure that the entire treatment process is satisfactory and accurate. Up to now, the community lacks an experimental system capable of evaluating, considering the uncertainty levels if the computerized planning systems are able to consider the movement of targets in the treatments with VMAT. In this paper, will be presented the results obtained with the phantom Fricke Xylenol Gel, capable of measuring the differences introduced by movement using the Magnetic Resonance Image - MRI and compared qualitatively and quantitatively. The main stages of the phantom development, their experimental results, conclusions and comparisons with other systems are discussed.

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Gear, Jonathan. "Polymer gels for dosimetry in targeted radionuclide therapy." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 2009. http://publications.icr.ac.uk/10124/.

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This thesis Presents an investigation into the use of polymer gel dosimeters for analysis in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). The project aims to establish viability, technical issues, and potential uses of polymer gel dosimetry when incorporating radioisotopes. The thesis begins by outlining the current status of TRT and the need for accurate dosimetry. The inaccuracies of the dosimetry methods being employed are highlighted, as is the requirement of a "gold standard" method for dosimetry quality assurance. Polymer gel dosimeters are porposed as a possible means of achieving this. As a research topic in its own right an introduction into polymer gel dosimeters is given with a detailed description of their development and current uses in external beam radiotherapy. In the thesis polymer gel dosimeters are used in conjunction with MR and a detailed description of the MR techniques used is also given. Monte Carlo simulations are currently considered the best method to determine absorbed dose from a known activity distribution. A Monte Carlo user code written for EGSnrc has been developed to verify and validate polymer gel dosimetry. Details of the Monte Carlo code are given and comparisons made with published data. The accuracy of poymer gel dosimetry is susceptible to many factors and use with internal isotopes may introduce further technical issues. These are investigated in a number of small experiments and comparison made with external beam irradiation. A method for using polymer gel dosimeters with internal isotopes is developed and verified by comparing dose measurements and distributions with that calculated using the Monte Carlo code. Comparisons with various SPECT based dosimetry techniques have been made for geometrical phantoms of both uniform and non-uniform distributions. Methods for comparing and analysing 3D dose maps have also been investigated and the results from these experiments discussed. The thesis concludes with a case study, whereby polymer gel dosimeters are used for analysis of a specific patient situation. A patient synopsis is given with details of an anatomical phantom based on that patient. Polymer gel and SPECT based dosimetry is performed and the clinical significance of the findings discussed.

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Heathcote, Alan D. "The dual development of an optical tomographic scanner and three dimensional gel dosimeter for complex radiotherapy verification." Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:764.

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The state-of-the-art radiotherapy delivery treatments available today require that the intended dose distributions delivered are verified by volumetric gel dosimetry. The development of tissue equivalent gel dosimeters that provide an integrated assessment of the dynamic treatments, are primarily imaged with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This thesis describes the dual development and assessment of an optical tomographic scanner and normoxic gel dosimeter. MRI centers are currently limited in both time and resources in providing the routine imaging necessary for treatment verification. An alternative bench top imaging modality has been designed, built and developed to provide both complementary and comparable observations to MRI. It is hoped that this cost effective optical imaging system could alleviate this technological reliance. The optical tomography scanner is evaluated from a series of investigations into the capabilities and limitations of optical tomographic imaging used in conjunction with gel dosimetry. Previously, the manufacture of gel dosimeters required anoxic environments in which the presence of oxygen in the dosimeter is limited. This requirement limited the production of gel dosimeters to chemistry laboratories that possessed the required technical expertise. MRI and optical imaging have been used to investigate the properties, dose response and the batch-to-batch reproducibility of a normoxic MAGIC gel dosimeter. The results obtained are encouraging having shown successfully reconstructed optical images obtained from various dose distributions delivered to the MAGIC gel dosimeter.

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MANGUEIRA, THYAGO F. "Avaliacao dosimetrica da solucao fricke gel usando a tecnica de espectrofotometria para aplicacao na dosimetria de eletrons e neutrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9447.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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39

Crescenti, Remo Andrea. "Backscatter ultrasound readout of radiation-sensitive gels for radiation dosimetry." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511163.

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40

Venning, Anthony James. "Investigation of radiation sensitive normoxic polymer gels for radiotherapy dosimetry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16257/1/Anthony_Venning_Thesis.pdf.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop and characterise new normoxic polymer gel formulations for evaluation of complex 3-D treatment volumes for application in radiotherapy dosimetry. Throughout this thesis, the essential characteristics of normoxic polymer gels have been extensively investigated. Studies were performed on the chemical components of the MAGIC gel and an improved formulation was proposed. Various anti-oxidants were studied and different versions of the MAGIC gel with fewer chemicals were developed and named MAGAS and MAGAT gel dosimeters. The ascorbic acid anti-oxidant was found to have a slow oxygen scavenging rate and therefore a delay period between manufacture and irradiation of the MAGAS gel was necessary before the gel became radiation sensitive. Vacuum pumping on the MAGAS gel solution to remove dissolved oxygen was shown to initially increase the R2-dose response and sensitivity of the dosimeter, reducing the time between manufacture and irradiation. Studies of the MAGAS gel for measurement of depth dose showed that MAGAS gel has potential as a clinical radiotherapy dosimetry tool. The radiological properties of MAGIC, MAGAS and MAGAT gels were investigated. Due to their high gelatine and monomer concentration, differences with water were observed for the cross-section ratios for attenuation, energy absorption and collision stopping power coefficient ratios through the therapeutic energy range. It was determined that when using and developing normoxic polymer gels the most important consideration for radiological water equivalence are the mass and relative electron densities. A preliminary study was performed with the hypoxic PAG gel dosimeter combined with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride anti-oxidant to form a normoxic PAG gel dosimeter named PAGAT gel. It was found PAGAT gel compared favourably with previous studies of the hypoxic PAG gel. An extensive study was subsequently undertaken in which PAGAT gel was investigated for a number of essential characteristics. The PAGAT gel formulation showed potential as a normoxic polymer gel for clinical radiotherapy dosimetry, which has a significantly reduced manufacturing time and procedure compared with the hypoxic PAG gel dosimeter. The radiological attenuation properties of the PAGAT and MAGAT gels were investigated as a feasibility study for using x-ray computerised tomography (CT) as an evaluation technique of normoxic polymer gels. CT was shown to have potential as an evaluation tool for measuring the dose response of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. An investigation was performed on the CT diagnostic dose response of normoxic polymer gels. Normoxic polymer gels were found to have potential for use as a specialised tool in measuring computerised tomography dose index (CTDI) for acceptance testing and quality assurance of CT scanners in diagnostic radiology. These findings provide a significant contribution toward the development and successful implementation of normoxic polymer gel dosimetry to clinical radiotherapy.

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41

Venning, Anthony James. "Investigation of radiation sensitive normoxic polymer gels for radiotherapy dosimetry." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16257/.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop and characterise new normoxic polymer gel formulations for evaluation of complex 3-D treatment volumes for application in radiotherapy dosimetry. Throughout this thesis, the essential characteristics of normoxic polymer gels have been extensively investigated. Studies were performed on the chemical components of the MAGIC gel and an improved formulation was proposed. Various anti-oxidants were studied and different versions of the MAGIC gel with fewer chemicals were developed and named MAGAS and MAGAT gel dosimeters. The ascorbic acid anti-oxidant was found to have a slow oxygen scavenging rate and therefore a delay period between manufacture and irradiation of the MAGAS gel was necessary before the gel became radiation sensitive. Vacuum pumping on the MAGAS gel solution to remove dissolved oxygen was shown to initially increase the R2-dose response and sensitivity of the dosimeter, reducing the time between manufacture and irradiation. Studies of the MAGAS gel for measurement of depth dose showed that MAGAS gel has potential as a clinical radiotherapy dosimetry tool. The radiological properties of MAGIC, MAGAS and MAGAT gels were investigated. Due to their high gelatine and monomer concentration, differences with water were observed for the cross-section ratios for attenuation, energy absorption and collision stopping power coefficient ratios through the therapeutic energy range. It was determined that when using and developing normoxic polymer gels the most important consideration for radiological water equivalence are the mass and relative electron densities. A preliminary study was performed with the hypoxic PAG gel dosimeter combined with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride anti-oxidant to form a normoxic PAG gel dosimeter named PAGAT gel. It was found PAGAT gel compared favourably with previous studies of the hypoxic PAG gel. An extensive study was subsequently undertaken in which PAGAT gel was investigated for a number of essential characteristics. The PAGAT gel formulation showed potential as a normoxic polymer gel for clinical radiotherapy dosimetry, which has a significantly reduced manufacturing time and procedure compared with the hypoxic PAG gel dosimeter. The radiological attenuation properties of the PAGAT and MAGAT gels were investigated as a feasibility study for using x-ray computerised tomography (CT) as an evaluation technique of normoxic polymer gels. CT was shown to have potential as an evaluation tool for measuring the dose response of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. An investigation was performed on the CT diagnostic dose response of normoxic polymer gels. Normoxic polymer gels were found to have potential for use as a specialised tool in measuring computerised tomography dose index (CTDI) for acceptance testing and quality assurance of CT scanners in diagnostic radiology. These findings provide a significant contribution toward the development and successful implementation of normoxic polymer gel dosimetry to clinical radiotherapy.

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42

Sandwall, Peter A. II. "Spatial Dosimetry with Violet Diode Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Water-Equivalent Radio-Fluorogenic Gels." Thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3625827.

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The following work describes investigations of spatial dosimetry using laser-induced fluorescence of a radio-fluorogenic detector embedded within water-equivalent media. The chemical composition of a gelatin-based coumarin-3-carboxylic acid detector was investigated and dose response characterized. Violet diode (405nm) excitation sources were explored and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) employed to obtain the pattern of fluorescent emission yielding images of the integrated spatial dose distribution. The design of a three-dimensional reader is proposed to provide a foundation for future work.

Radio-fluorogenic processes create fluorescent products in response to ionizing radiation. Water radiolysis produced by ionizing radiation yields hydroxyl free radicals that readily hydroxylate coumarin-3-carboxylic acid to 7-hydroxy-coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, a derivative of umbelliferone. Umbelliferone is a known fluorophore, exhibiting peak excitation in the UV to near UV range of 365-405nm with a visible 445nm blue emission. Coumarin-3-carboxlyic acid has been studied in an aqueous gelatin matrix.

The radio-fluorogenic coumarin-gelatin detector has been shown to respond to an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation in a measureable manner. The detector was studied with respect to concentration of gelatin and coumarin in the presence of pH buffers. Dose response of the detector was investigated with regard to ionizing radiation type, energy, and rate of irradiation. Results demonstrate a functional detector.

Patterns of energy deposition were formed in response to ionizing radiation produced by a sealed-source of radioactive Ir-192 embedded in the gelatin matrix of the detector. Spatial distributions of absorbed dose were recorded and analyzed as a function of fluorescent emission. The distribution of energy deposition was imaged with LIF excitation by a divergent beam of 405nm light and determined by analysis of digital image pixel intensity values displaying the 445nm fluorescent emission. Results demonstrate spatial dosimetry proof of principle.

A basic dedicated reader system was fabricated employing LIF. Images of fluorescent emission excitation profiles were obtained in multiple aqueous samples and processed to obtain a dose response. Design of an optical reader system for the radio-fluorogenic detector is explained and a three-dimensional dosimetry system proposed. Three-dimensional imaging principles with LIF have been illuminated.

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43

Meesat, Ridthee. "Evaluation of the radiosensitizing or radioprotective/antioxidant potential of some selected compounds by polyacrylamide gel dosimetry and Fricke dosimeter, and utilization of the femtosecond infrared laser pulse filamentation as a novel, powerful beam for cancer radiotherapy." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6246.

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In radiation treatment, a sufficiently high radiation dose must be delivered to the tissue volumes containing the tumor cells while the lowest possible dose should be deposited in surrounding healthy tissue. We developed an original approach that is fast and easy to implement for the early assessment of the efficiency of radiation sensitizers and protectors. In addition, we characterized a new femtosecond laser pulse irradiation technique. We are able to deposit a considerable dose with a very high dose rate inside a well-controlled macroscopic volume without deposition of energy in front or behind the target volume. The radioprotective efficiency was measured by irradiation of the Fricke solution incorporating a compound under study and measuring the corresponding production of ferric ions G (Fe3+ ). The production of ferric ions is most sensitive to the radical species produced in the radiolysis of water. We studied experimentally and simulated with a full Monte-Carlo computer code the radiation-induced chemistry of Fricke/cystamine solutions. Results clearly indicate that the protective effect of cystamine originates from its radical-capturing ability, which allows this compound to compete with the ferrous ions for the various fre radicals - especially · OH radicals and H· atoms - formed during irradiation of the surrounding water. The sensitizing capacity of radiation sensitizers was measured by irradiation of a polyacrylamide gel (PAG) dosimeter incorporating a compound under study and measuring the corresponding increase in the gradient between spin-spin relaxation rate (R2 ) and absorbed dose. We measured an irradiation energy-dependent increase in R 2 -dose sensitivity for halogenated compounds or a decrease for radioprotectors. Finally, we studied a novel laser irradiation method called "filamentation". We showed that this phenomenon results in an unprecedented deposition of energy and the dose rate thus achieved exceeds by orders of magnitude values previously reported for the most intense clinical radiotherapy systems. Moreover, the length of the dose-fre entrance region was adjusted by selecting the duration of femtosecond laser pulses. In addition, we provided evidence that the biological damage caused by this irradiation was similar to other ionizing radiation sources. [symboles non conformes]

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Pastorello, Bruno Fraccini. "Montagem e caracterização de um fantoma para utilização em radioterapia utilizando imagens convencionais por ressonância magnética e contraste por transferência de magnetização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-11092007-160124/.

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A dosimetria 3D utilizando gel à base de monômeros é uma importante ferramenta utilizada em casos de Radioterapia, em que há necessidade de uma alta resolução da distribuição espacial de dose. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um gel à base de monômeros do acido metacrilico, denominado MAGIC®, com a finalidade de avaliar a distribuição espacial de dose em simulações de tratamento de radioterapia, utilizando duas técnicas de imagens por ressonância magnética, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): a relaxometria (RT) e a transferência de magnetização (Magnetization Transfer, MT). Para tal, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas. Na primeira, desenvolvemos fantomas para serem irradiados com radiação ? e x, sobre os quais imagens de ressonância foram obtidas e analisadas. Desenvolvemos também um software, escrito em Matlab®, para analisar as imagens e traçar curvas de isodose dos fantomas irradiados. Em seguida, aperfeiçoamos o preparo, a composição, e as maneiras de adquirir e processar as imagens do gel irradiado. Nessa etapa incorporamos o formaldeido ao gel MAGIC, aumentando sua sensibilidade em 15%. Por fim, simulamos cinco configurações de tratamento de radioterapia e avaliamos as isodoses adquiridas, comparando-as com aquelas obtidas pelo software de planejamento radioterápico virtual, TPS®. As avaliações feitas com a técnica de relaxometria corresponderam às nossas expectativas. Com ela foi possível caracterizar o gel MAGIC, com alguns testes dosimétricos, bem como avaliar as 5 simulações de tratamentos radioterápicos propostas. O gel se mostrou linear até 20 Gy, mas não apresentou níveis aceitáveis de reprodutibilidade, necessitando de uma curva de calibração em cada teste. O gel possui número atômico efetivo próximo ao da água não necessitando de fatores de correções. Na maioria dos casos simulados, as isodoses das simulações feitas com o gel MAGIC reproduziram as simulações virtuais. Infelizmente, não obtivemos, por enquanto, o mesmo sucesso com a avaliação por MT. As imagens de MT não se mostraram confiáveis e por esse motivo as simulações com o gel só foram feitas com a técnica de RT.
The 3D monomeric gel dosimetry is an important tool in radiation therapy cases which needs high spatial dose resolution. In this work we developed a methacrilic acid monomeric gel called MAGIC® to evaluate spatial dose distributions in simulations of radiation therapy treatments. We used two Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques, the relaxometry (RT) and the magnetization transfer (MT). The work was developed in three stages. First of all, the phantoms were created to be irradiated using and x radiations, the MRI were acquired and analyzed. We also developed a software, programmed in Matlab®, to analyze the images and to draw isodoses curves of irradiated phantoms. Following it, we improved the way the gel was prepared and its composition, as well the image acquisition and processing. In this part we added formaldehyde to the gel, improving its sensibility in 15%. Finally, we simulated 5 different radiation therapy treatments and compared the isodoses measured with the isodoses of the radiation therapy treatment planning software (TPS®). The results of the RT technique corresponded to our expectations. Using the RT we characterized the gel with dosimetric tests and evaluated five different radiation therapy treatments. The gel showed a linear relation with the dose until 20 Gy, but the results of the tests were not reproducibles, because of that we made a calibration curve for each test. The effective atomic number of the gel is close to the water, so it was not necessary any correction. In most of the simulated cases, the isodoses measured with the gel reproduced the virtual simulations. Unfortunately, until now, we didn\' t have the same success using the MT technique. The MT images were not reliable and because of that the simulations were only made with the RT technique.

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Zahmatkesh, Mohammed. "Dosimetry of ionising radiation with ferrous and xylenol orange infused gels." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.

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46

Mather, Melissa Louise. "Ultrasound evaluation of radiation sensitive polymer gels." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003.

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Camargo, Shiva do Valle. "Confecção e caracterização de dosímetros luminescentes de cerâmicas de BaTiO3 nanoestruturadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-11072014-093623/.

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Conforme pesquisas realizadas na literatura, o estudo do Titanato de Bário (BTO) na dosimetria é inédito, este material foi escolhido porque exibe propriedades luminescentes, demonstradas em experimentos de medidas de espectros de emissão. Para a confecção do BTO fez-se o uso da técnica química Sol-Gel, foi produzido amostras de BTO Puro, BTO dopado e co-dopado com diversas terras-raras. Todas as amostras produzidas sofreram calcinações com temperaturas definidas em 800, 1000 e 1200°C. As dopagens foram realizadas com os seguintes elementos terras-raras: Nd, Tb, Eu, Yb, Er, Pr, e as amostras co-dopadas foram com Tb/Eu e Yb/Er; no total foram confeccionadas trinta e uma amostras. No estudo de redução de massa foi constatada uma redução de metade das massas das amostras durante o processo de calcinação. Nas análises de Termoluminescência (TL) pelo menos uns dos tipos de calcinações apresentaram picos TL, com exceção das amostras co-dopadas com Tb/Eu. As amostras dopadas com Eu e Tb se destacaram nas análises das respostas termoluminescentes. A amostra com Tb e calcinada a 1200°C forneceu pico TL entre 90 a 200°C, e a dopada com Eu (1mol%) e calcinado a 1000°C apresentou picos TL em 110°C e 370°C. A mínima dose detectável para o pico de 110°C foi de 119 mGy e para o pico de 370°C foi de 143 mGy. As análises de MEV mostraram que as micrografias das amostras de BTO dopado tanto com Tb, quanto com Eu apresentaram superfícies porosas, diferentemente das Puras, que apresentaram superfície mais lisa. As análises de DRX indicaram uma fase tetragonal para as amostras Pura e dopadas com Eu (1 mol%), ambas calcinadas a 1000°C.
According to the literature, the study of Barium Titanate (BTO) for dosimetry is unpublished yet, this material was chosen because it exhibits luminescent properties, demonstrated in emission spectra experiments. To make the BTO samples the chemical sol-gel technique was used. Samples of BTO Pure, doped and co-doped with different rare earths were made. All produced samples were calcinated with temperatures at 800, 1000 and 1200°C. The doping was performed with the following rare earths: Nd, Tb, Eu, Yb, Er, Pr, and some samples were co-doped with Tb / Eu and Yb / Er; in total were made thirty-one samples. In the study of weight reduction, a reduction, by half of the mass of raw material, was observed during the calcination process. In the TL analysis, at least one of the types (temperature) of calcinations provides TL peaks formation, except for the samples co-doped with Tb / Eu. The BTO: Eu and Tb provided the best TL response. The BTO: Tb and calcined at 1200°C showed TL peak at 90 to 200°C and the one doped with Eu (1mol%) and calcined at 1000°C supplied peaks at 110°C and 370°C. The minimum detectable dose to the TL peak at 110°C was 119 mGy and for TL peak at 370°C was 143 mGy. SEM analyzes showed that the micrographs of BTO samples doped with both Tb and Eu supplied porous surfaces, unlike the pure sample, that showed smoother surface. XRD analyzes indicated a tetragonal phase to pure sample and the one doped with Eu (1 mol%), both calcined at 1000°C.

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Paudel, Nava R. "Nanoparticle-aided Radiation Therapy: Micro-dosimetry and Evaluation of the Mediators Producing Biological Damage." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1403142628.

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Zaias, Herofen. "Desenvolvimento de um novo gel e otimização de leitor para dosimetria química." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-30092010-110923/.

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O interesse científico em se conhecer os efeitos provocados pelo uso da radiação ionizante nos sistemas biológicos, fez com que a área da dosimetria merecesse uma atenção especial na busca de sensores que pudessem traduzir respostas equivalentes às dos tecidos humanos. O presente trabalho mostra a caracterização preliminar e a aplicação de um novo dosímetro químico (FXGA), derivado do FXG, que se diferencia do anterior pela substituição da gelatina de pele de porco \"300 Bloom\" por uma nacional. As leituras de dose absorvida por esse dosímetro são baseadas na absorção ótica e para tal foi desenvolvido um protótipo portátil (RADIARE III), que se mostrou prático e acessível economicamente em relação a um espectrofotômetro. A partir das medidas realizadas pode-se inferir que o dosímetro FXGA possui comportamento linear com a dose absorvida no intervalo de 0,5 à 35 Gy para fótons do 60Co, e de 1 à 7 Gy para elétrons com energias de 5, 8 e 10 MeV. Também a dependência energética para fótons e elétrons foram obtidas e seus comportamentos são coerentes com o esperado. Aplicações na radioterapia foram obtidas, como: perfil, fator de campo e percentual de dose profunda para fótons do 60Co. Dos resultados obtidos da caracterização para fótons e elétrons, bem como dos parâmetros físicos para o equipamento 60Co, o sistema dosimétrico \"gel FXGA + protótipo RADIARE III\" mostrou-se promissor para ser utilizado no controle de qualidade de um serviço de radioterapia.
Researchs with radiation dosimeters look for materials that presents similar response to radiation as biological systems. This work presents preliminar characterization and radiotherapy application from a new chemical dosimeter (FXGA), derived from the FXG with a difference due to the gelatin used (pork skin \"300 Bloom\" for FXG and national gelatin for FXGA). The FXGA absorbed dose reading are based on the optic absorption, and for this reason a reader (RADIARE III) was developed, which is portable and economically accessible when compared with an spectrophotometer. From the measurements done, it can be inferred that FXGA dosimeter possess linear response with the absorbed dose from 0.5 up to 35 Gy for 60Co photons and from up 1 up to 7 Gy for 5, 8 and 10 MeV. The energy dependence for photons and electrons were obtained and their response are coherent those expected. FXGA radiotherapy applications had been done as field factor, profile and percentage depth dose for 60Co photons. From the characterization results for photons and electrons, as well from physical parameters for the 60Co , one can figure out that the dosimetric system \"FXGA gel + RADIARE III reader\" can be an attractive tool for the quality control in a radiotherapy service.

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Ventieri, Alexandre. "Síntese e caracterização de aluminatos de cálcio e lítio dopados com terras-raras para uso como detectores de radiações ionizantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-19122016-142840/.

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Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades dosimétricas de aluminatos de cálcio e lítio sintetizados pela técnica sol-gel e codopados/dopados com os terras-raras európio e térbio. No aluminato de cálcio as caracterizações morfológicas apresentaram fase predominante do Ca12Al14O33 com grãos variando entre 150 - 270 μm, sistema poroso de 200 - 290 nm. As incorporações dos dopantes foram observadas com a formação dos compostos de CaEuAl3O7 e CaTbAl3O7 para as calcinações em 1100 °C e apresentaram os melhores resultados luminescentes. A caracterização luminescente revelou alta intensidade LOE para a amostra codopada com 0,8 mol% de Eu,Tb e baixa intensidade TL-UV que não pode ser correlacionado com a LOE na faixa de doses estudadas (irradiações-? de 0,08 - 16 Gy). Foram reportados três picos na TL-VIS, 92, 216 e 310 °C para o aluminato puro e 92, 135 e 216 °C para o codopado. Usando a técnica de LOE, a mínima dose detectável (MDD) obtida foi de 16 mGy com a amostra codopada e o menor fading foi de 5% do pico de 216 °C para TL-Vis do puro. Pelos estudos de Tm-Tstop e deconvoluções (CGCD) foi possível ajustar as curvas TL-VIS com 6 picos de cinética de ordem geral e 4 componentes CW-LOE com 2.ª ordem. Pela LM-LOE foram obtidos elevados valores de seções de choque de fotoionização, o que justificou a alta sensibilidade óptica deste material. No aluminato de lítio (calcinação a 900 °C) a caracterização morfológica revelou grãos com dispersão de 25 - 70 µm, fase predominando de γ- LiAlO2. Após a incorporação dos dopantes de Tb houve a formação dos compostos Al2Tb4O9 e TbAlO3 e de estruturas longitudinais de ~500 nm nas superfícies dos grãos. As amostras apresentaram um sistema luminescente altamente complexo, com sobreposição de 6 picos na TL-VIS do aluminato puro (65, 100, 140, 203, 304 e 370 °C), 7 picos na TL-VIS do dopado (70, 100, 140, 184, 211, 295 e 340 °C). A MDD obtida foi de 5 mGy pela técnica LOE e de 2,2 mGy do pico de 211 °C da TL-VIS do aluminato de lítio dopado com Tb. O menor fading obtido foi 1,5 % do pico de 140 °C do aluminato puro na TL-VIS. Pelos estudos de Tm-Tstop e CGCD, as curvas TL-VIS foram ajustadas utilizando 9 picos e as de TL-UV com 8 e 7 picos para as amostras pura e dopada, respectivamente. Neste aluminato também foram observados fenômenos inéditos de ganho de luminescência de até 2 vezes a intensidade LOE inicial oriundos das transferências energéticas mediante estimulação térmica e óptica pós irradiação. Um modelo fenomenológico de bandas simplificado utilizando duas armadilhas profundas de competição está sendo proposto neste trabalho. O aluminato de lítio dopado apresentou elevada intensidade LOE e estabilidade térmica mesmo após 300 °C de tratamento térmico, entretanto, demonstrou alta sensibilidade à exposição óptica. As curvas de LM-LOE foram ajustadas com 4 componentes de elevadas seções de choque de fotoionização o que confere com a alta sensibilidade óptica reportada.
In this work dosimetric proprieties of calcium and lithium aluminates synthetized by solgel technique and codoped/doped with rare earth europium and terbium were studied. Morphological characterization showed Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7) as a predominant phase, with grains size distribution between 150 -270 μm and a porous system between 200-290 nm for the sample calcined at 1100 °C. This calcination revealed the greatest luminescence results. The dopant incorporation phases, observed by XRD patterns, matches to CaEuAl3O7 and CaTbAl3O7 compounds. Luminescence characterization showed intense OSL signal when the samples were codoped with the concentration of 0,8 mol% of Eu,Tb. However, due to low TL-UV intensity, OSL signal could not be correlated with TL-UV glow curve of this aluminate. TL-VIS detection showed peaks at, 92, 216 and 310 °C for pure calcium aluminate and at 92, 135 and 216 °C for the codoped one. The lowest minimum detectable dose (MDD) obtained was 16 mGy in OSL detection from codoped calcium aluminate and the lowest fading was 5% from aluminate for 216 °C TL peak in VIS region. By Tm-Tstop studies and CGCD deconvolution TL-VIS glow curve could be fitted using 6 peaks, with general order kinetic, and CW-OSL decay curve was fitted with 4 components of second order. LMOSL experiments resulted in high photo-ionization cross-sections, which explains the optical response of this sample. For lithium aluminate, morphological characterization showed grains size dispersion between 25- 70 μm, with predominant phase of γ-LiAlO2 for pure sample, as well Al2Tb4O9 and TbAlO3 for Tb to doped one. Furthermore, SEM images showed long and longitudinal structures (500 nm) emerging from grain surface after Tb doping process. Luminescence characterization showed intense OSL, TL-UV and TL-VIS signals for sample doped with 0,2 mol% and calcined at 900 °C, which comprehends a complex luminescence system, with overlapping of 6 peaks in TL-VIS for pure aluminate (65, 100, 140, 203, 304 and 370 °C), 7 peaks for TL-VIS of doped one (70, 100, 140, 184, 211, 295 and 340 °C). The MDD obtained was 5 mGy for OSL and 2,2 mGy for 211 °C for TL-VIS peak, both for 0,2 mol% of Tb. The lowest fading was 1,5% for pure lithium aluminate of the 140 °C TL-VIS peak . By Tm-Tstop studies and CGCD deconvolution, TL-VIS glow curves were fitted using 9 peaks and for TLUV region, 8 and 7 peaks for pure and doped samples, respectively. Strictly, lithium aluminate revealed several energetic transfers evolving two possible depth trap explain by a simplified model of luminescence bands. The energetic transfer increments the final luminescence of the sample up to 2 times the initial OSL signal. Besides, even after 300 °C of thermal treatment, OSL signal keep its intense luminescence. However, the samples are highly sensitize by optical stimulation. In LM-OSL deconvolution, 4 components with elevated photo-ionization cross-sections were determined and fitted the experimental curve, which explains the highly optical sensitization.

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