Journal articles on the topic 'GEIRD'
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de Marco, R., S. Accordini, L. Antonicelli, V. Bellia, M. D. Bettin, C. Bombieri, F. Bonifazi, et al. "The Gene-Environment Interactions in Respiratory Diseases (GEIRD) Project." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 152, no. 3 (2010): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000283034.
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Marchetti, Pierpaolo, Giancarlo Pesce, Simona Villani, Leonardo Antonicelli, Renato Ariano, Francesco Attena, Roberto Bono, et al. "Pollen concentrations and prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Italy: Evidence from the GEIRD study." Science of The Total Environment 584-585 (April 2017): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.168.
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Mattioli, Veronica, Maria Elisabetta Zanolin, Lucia Cazzoletti, Roberto Bono, Isa Cerveri, Marcello Ferrari, Pietro Pirina, and Vanessa Garcia-Larsen. "Dietary flavonoids and respiratory diseases: a population-based multi-case–control study in Italian adults." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 14 (January 30, 2020): 2548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019003562.
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AbstractObjective:To analyse the associations between chronic respiratory diseases and intakes of total flavonoids and their major subclasses (flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, polymers and proanthocyanidins).Design:Multi-case–control study.Setting:The analysis was conducted in the frame of the Genes Environment Interaction in Respiratory Diseases (GEIRD) study. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition FFQ was used to ascertain dietary intake. Multinomial regression models adjusting for age, sex, centre, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol intake, education, total energy intake, vitamin C intake and total fruit intake were used to examine the associations between dietary exposures and the relative risk ratio (RRR) of being a case.Participants:Individuals (n 990) hierarchically defined as follows: cases with asthma (current, n 159; past, n 78), chronic bronchitis (n 47), rhinitis (allergic rhinitis, n 167; non-allergic rhinitis, n 142) and controls (n 97).Results:An increase of 1 sd in flavanones was associated with a reduced risk of non-allergic rhinitis (adjusted RRR = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·97); a similar result was found comparing the highest v. lowest quartile of flavanones intake (adjusted RRR = 0·24, 95 % CI 0·10, 0·59).Conclusions:Flavonoids contained in fruits and vegetables, especially flavanones, might reduce the risk of non-allergic rhinitis. No associations were found between other flavonoids and the considered outcomes.
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Tocco Tussardi, Ilaria, Ahmad Tfaily, Francesca Locatelli, Leonardo Antonicelli, Salvatore Battaglia, Roberto Bono, Angelo G. Corsico, et al. "The Association of Self-Reported Birthweight with Lung Function and Respiratory Diseases: Results from a Multi-Centre, Multi-Case Control Study in Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215062.
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Early life conditions are associated with lung function and the development of respiratory and non-respiratory illnesses. The relationship with birthweight (BW,) however, is conflicting. We examined associations of self-reported BW with lung function and the development of respiratory and also non-respiratory diseases within the GEIRD (Gene–Environment Interaction in Respiratory Diseases) project, an Italian multi-centre, multi-case control study involving cases of COPD, asthma, allergic rhinitis and controls. Multinomial logistic regression was performed with case/control status as response variable; BW as main determinant; and sex, age and smoking status were adjusted for. Of the 2287 participants reporting BW, 6.4% (n = 147) had low BW (<2500 g), and this proportion was greater in women than men (7.8% vs. 5.1%; p = 0.006). Both men and women with low BW were shorter than those with normal BW (mean ± SD: 160.2 ± 5.5 vs. 162.6 ± 6.5 cm in women, p = 0.009; 172.4 ± 6.1 vs. 174.8 ± 7.2 cm in men, p < 0.001). Although FEV1 and FVC were reduced in individuals with low BW, this was explained by associations with sex and height. In multivariable analysis, BW was not associated with respiratory diseases in adulthood. However, those with low BW had a higher risk of self-reported hospitalisation for lung disease before the age of two (10.3% vs. 4.1%; p < 0.001), severe respiratory infection before the age of five (16.9% vs. 8.8%; p = 0.001) and hypertension in adulthood (29.9% vs. 23.7%; p = 0.001); however, they had a lower risk of arrhythmia (2.7% vs. 5.8%; p = 0.027).
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Chamitava, Liliya, Lucia Cazzoletti, Marcello Ferrari, Vanessa Garcia-Larsen, Aneza Jalil, Paolo Degan, Alessandro G. Fois, et al. "Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Chronic Airway Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 4339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124339.
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Introduction: The global burden of chronic airway diseases represents an important public health concern. The role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of these diseases is well known. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of both inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with chronic bronchitis, current asthma and past asthma in the frame of a population-based study. Methods: For this purpose, data collected from the Gene Environment Interactions in Respiratory Diseases (GEIRD) Study, an Italian multicentre, multicase-control study, was evaluated. Cases and controls were identified through a two-stage screening process of individuals aged 20-65 years from the general population. Out of 16,569 subjects selected from the general population in the first stage of the survey, 2259 participated in the clinical evaluation. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), 8-isoprostane and glutathione and inflammatory biomarkers such as Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FENO) and white blood cells were evaluated in 1878 subjects. Results: Current asthmatics presented higher levels of FENO (23.05 ppm), leucocytes (6770 n/µL), basophils (30.75 n/µL) and eosinophils (177.80 n/µL), while subjects with chronic bronchitis showed higher levels of GSH (0.29 mg/mL) and lymphocytes (2101.6 n/µL). The multivariable multinomial logistic regression confirmed high levels of leucocytes (RRR = 1.33), basophils (RRR = 1.48), eosinophils (RRR = 2.39), lymphocytes (RRR = 1.26) and FENO (RRR = 1.42) in subjects with current asthma. Subjects with past asthma had a statistically significant higher level of eosinophils (RRR = 1.78) with respect to controls. Subjects with chronic bronchitis were characterized by increased levels of eosinophils (RRR = 2.15), lymphocytes (RRR = 1.58), GSH (RRR = 2.23) and 8-isoprostane (RRR = 1.23). Conclusion: In our study, current asthmatics show a greater expression of the inflammatory profile compared to subjects who have had asthma in the past and chronic bronchitis. On the other hand, chronic bronchitis subjects showed a higher rate of expression of oxidative stress biomarkers compared to asthmatic subjects. In particular, inflammatory markers such as circulating inflammatory cells and FENO seem to be more specific for current asthma, while oxidative stress biomarkers such as glutathione and 8-isoprostane appear to be more specific and applicable to patients with chronic bronchitis.
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Gerda Langley, Madeline, Thijs Bouman, and Linda Steg. "De waarden achter klimaatgedrag : Hoe persoonlijke waarden en waargenomen groepswaarden klimaatgedrag motiveren en versterken1." Mens en maatschappij 95, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mem2020.3.002.gerd.
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Abstract The values behind climate action: How personal values and perceived group values can motivate and promote climate actionTo reach global climate targets, it is key that individuals support and undertake climate action. What motivates such actions? We discuss how climate actions are rooted in ‐ and motivated by ‐ values, which reflect stable and general life goals that guide individuals’ behaviours. We focus on the often-studied personal values, as well as on the relatively new perceived group values, and discuss how these can motivate, and be used to promote, climate action. We highlight the importance of biospheric values (i.e., caring about the environment), and the key role perceived group values play in promoting climate action, particularly among less personally motivated individuals.
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Tokashiki, Ryoji, Hiroyuki Hiramatsu, and Mamoru Suzuki. "Voice Disorders Caused by GERD." Koutou (THE LARYNX JAPAN) 19, no. 2 (2007): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5426/larynx1989.19.2_47.
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Kosinowski, Michael. "Obituary - Gerd Lüttig (1926-2010)." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2011/0009.
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Suyu, He, Yijun Liu, Xu Jianyu, Guiquan Luo, Lipeng Cao, and Xiaoqi Long. "Prevalence and Predictors of Silent Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Hypertension." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7242917.
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Background. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) without symptoms or silent GERD can be easily missed in patients with hypertension. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of GERD, specifically the prevalence of silent GERD in hypertensive patients, and to explore its possible predictors. Methods. Consecutive patients with hypertension referred to the cardiovascular clinic of Suining Central Hospital in 2016 were screened for this study. A Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) and an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were employed for the evaluation of silent GERD. Included patients were divided into silent-GERD group and non-GERD control group. The demographic characteristics and antihypertensive agent prescriptions were collected and compared between the two groups. Results. The prevalence of silent GERD and GERD in patients with hypertension was 15.1% and 31.4%, respectively. 66 patients were included in the silent-GERD group, and 298 patients were included in the non-GERD control group. Abdominal obesity and untreated hypertension were positive predictors, while controlled hypertension was a negative predictor for silent GERD. The prescription of calcium channel blockers was not a predictor for it. Conclusions. High prevalence of GERD, specifically silent GERD, could be found in patients with hypertension. Abdominal obesity and untreated hypertension were positive predictors for silent GERD, while controlled hypertension was a negative predictor for it.
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Holtmann, Gerald. "GERD." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 41, Supplement 2 (July 2007): S204—S208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0b013e3180437dc9.
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Glassman, Nancy R. "GERD." Journal of Consumer Health On the Internet 14, no. 2 (May 19, 2010): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15398281003784810.
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Hunt, Richard H., Yuhong Yuan, and Mohammad Yaghoobi. "GERD." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 41, Supplement 2 (July 2007): S72—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0b013e31803238d6.
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Bigatao, Amilcar M., Fernando A. M. Herbella, Leonardo M. Del Grande, Oliver A. Nascimento, Jose R. Jardim, and Marco G. Patti. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations Are Influenced by Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." American Surgeon 84, no. 1 (January 2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400122.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with different pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Whether GERD is contributory to COPD severity remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of GERD to the clinical manifestation of COPD based on ventilatory parameters and yearly clinical exacerbations. We studied 48 patients (56% females, age 66 years) with COPD. All patients underwent high-resolution manometry and esophageal pH monitoring. The patients were separated into two groups according to the presence of GERD. GERD was present in 21 (44%) patients. GERD + and GERD – groups did not differ in regard to gender, age, and body mass index. Pulmonary parameters were not different in the absence or presence of GERD. The number of yearly exacerbations was higher in patients GERD1. The severity of GERD (as measured by DeMeester score) correlated with the number of exacerbations. Our results show the following: 1) GERD does not influence pulmonary parameters and 2) GERD is associated with a higher number of annual clinical exacerbations. We believe GERD must be objectively tested in patients with COPD because the prevalence of GERD in these patients is underestimated when only symptoms are considered. GERD treatment might decrease the frequency of episodes of exacerbation.
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Ionova, T. I., T. P. Nikitina, E. A. Mayevskaya, N. V. Cheremushkina, R. I. Shaburov, Yu A. Kucheryavyy, and I. V. Maev. "Development of the Russian version of quality of life questionnaire in patients with GERD – GERD-HRQL." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 92, no. 8 (September 3, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.08.000658.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common chronic disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract with long course of the disease and followed by different symptoms significantly reducing quality of life (QoL) in pts. Assessment of QoL in pts with GERD may be of value for comprehensive evaluation of treatment effect as well as for monitoring of pts during treatment course in a real clinical practice.
Aim. Development of the Russian version of GERD-HRQL questionnaire to assess symptomatic outcomes of GERD in research and real clinical practice.
Materials and methods. GERD-HRQL questionnaire (V. Velanovich, USA) consists of 11 items: 10 items for assessment of the most frequent symptoms/problems related with QoL in pts with GERD and 1 item for assessment of patient-reported global satisfaction with health condition.
Results. In accordance with international guidelines, the new language version of the tool may be used in research and clinical practice after cross cultural adaptation, linguistic validation and psychometric testing. This paper presents the results of cross-cultural adaptation and linguistic validation of the Russian version of GERD-HRQL. The following steps of linguistic and cultural adaptation of GERD-HRQL for Russia were conducted after the permission from the author of GERD-HRQL was obtained: forward translation with creation of two forward translations of GERD-HRQL in Russian, reconciliation and expert evaluation of translations of GERD-HRQL in Russian and creation of the preliminary version of GERD-HRQL in Russian, back translation, harmonization, creation of the first test-version of GERD-HRQL in Russian, cognitive debriefing and decentering, creation of the second test-version of GERD-HRQL in Russian, final expert evaluation and development of the final test-version of GERD-HRQL in Russian. Satisfactory face validity of the Russian test-version of GERD-HRQL was shown: face validity indices were 0.98, 0.95, 0.92, and 0.97.
Conclusion. As the result of translation, cross cultural adaptation and linguistic validation, the Russian version of GERD-HRQL for the use in pts with GERD in Russia was developed. The Russian version of GERD-HRQL may be used in research studies and clinical practice after testing its psychometric properties.
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Pelczar, Patricia L., and Peter Setlow. "Localization of the Germination Protein GerD to the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 16 (June 13, 2008): 5635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00670-08.
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ABSTRACT GerD of Bacillus subtilis is a protein essential for normal spore germination with either l-alanine or a mixture of l-asparagine, d-glucose, d-fructose, and potassium ions. GerD's amino acid sequence suggests that it may be a lipoprotein, indicating a likely location in a membrane. Location in the spore's outer membrane seems unlikely, since removal of this membrane does not result in a gerD spore germination phenotype, suggesting that GerD is likely in the spore's inner membrane. In order to localize GerD within spores, FLAG-tagged GerD constructs were made, found to be functional in spore germination, and detected in immunoblots of spore extracts as not only monomers but also dimers and trimers. Upon fractionation of spore extracts, GerD-FLAG was found in the inner membrane fraction from dormant spores and was present at ∼2,000 molecules/spore. GerD-FLAG in the inner membrane fraction was solubilized by Triton X-100, suggesting that GerD is a lipoprotein, and the protein was also solubilized by 0.5 M NaCl. GerD-FLAG was not processed proteolytically in a B. subtilis strain lacking gerF (lgt), which encodes prelipoprotein diacylglycerol transferase (Lgt), indicating that when GerD does not have a diacylglycerol moiety, signal sequence processing does not occur. However, unprocessed GerD-FLAG still gave bands corresponding to monomers and dimers of slightly higher molecular weight than that of GerD-FLAG from a strain with Lgt, further suggesting that GerD is a lipoprotein. Upon spore germination, much GerD became soluble and then appeared to be degraded as the germinated spores outgrew and initiated vegetative growth. All of these results suggest that GerD is a lipoprotein associated with the dormant spore's inner membrane that may be released in some fashion from this membrane upon spore germination.
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IM, Nu-Ri, Byoungjae Kim, Kwang-Yoon Jung, Tae Hoon Kim, and Seung-Kuk Baek. "Non-surgical animal model of gastroesophageal reflux disease by overeating induced in mice." Journal of Investigative Medicine 69, no. 6 (April 16, 2021): 1208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2020-001691.
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Previous animal models of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were not physiological and required a variety of surgical procedures. Therefore, the animal model developed by conditions that are similar to the pathogenesis of GERD is necessary. The aim is to establish a non-surgical animal model with GERD caused by overeating induced in mice. To induce mice to overeat, we designed dietary control protocols including repetitive fasting and feeding. The esophageal tissues were evaluated with GERD markers to prove the establishment of a GERD animal model. Mice fasted every other day (group 2) showed more pronounced overeating feature and demonstrated evident changes similar to the macroscopic and microscopic findings of GERD, the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and substance P were stronger. The higher frequency of fasting and overeating could cause GERD effectively. The dietary control can make mice overeat, which elicits the change of lower esophageal mucosa similar to GERD. Thus, the overeating-induced mouse may be used as a GERD mouse model.
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Filimonova, E. E., E. L. Sorokin, L. V. Pavlyushchenko, and M. A. Esina. "Gastroesophageal reflux disease and correction of its manifestations in patients before ophthalmic surgery." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-2-228-235.
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Purpose. Evaluation of the frequency of extraesophageal manifestations in the structure of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients admitted for ophthalmic surgery. Material and methods. The preoperative state of 76 patients with extraesophageal manifestations of GERD was analyzed. The assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of drug therapy, algorithms for diagnosing extraesophageal manifestations of GERD is given, our own clinical case is presented to illustrate the complexity of diagnosing extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. Results. A group of 76 people with extraesophageal manifestations of GERD (21 %) out of 363 patients with GERD admitted for treatment in 2019 was studied. In 25 people (33 %), the extraesophageal form of GERD was not diagnosed before admission to the hospital. Of these, in 17 people GERD proceeded under the guise of cardiological pathology, in 8 people - under the guise of bronchopulmonary pathology. Conclusion. GERD occupies a leading position among diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract (more than 30 %). About 21 % are atypical manifestations of GERD. Modern etiopathogenetic treatment of GERD makes it possible to effectively stop the symptoms of the disease, avoid polypharmacy, undesirable drug interactions and unreasonable refusal of planned surgical treatment for patients with ophthalmic diseases. Keywords: gastroesophageal reflux disease, extraesophageal manifestations, cardiological and bronchopulmonary “masks”, ophthalmic surgery.
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Nahata, Miwa, Yayoi Saegusa, Yumi Harada, Naoko Tsuchiya, Tomohisa Hattori, and Hiroshi Takeda. "Changes in Ghrelin-Related Factors in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Rats." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/504816.
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To examine gastrointestinal hormone profiles and functional changes in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), blood levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin were measured in rats with experimentally induced GERD. During the experiment, plasma acyl ghrelin levels in GERD rats were higher than those in sham-operated rats, although food intake was reduced in GERD rats. Although plasma levels of the appetite-suppressing hormone leptin were significantly decreased in GERD rats, no changes were observed in cholecystokinin levels. Repeated administration of rat ghrelin to GERD rats had no effect on the reduction in body weight or food intake. Therefore, these results suggest that aberrantly increased secretion of peripheral ghrelin and decreased ghrelin responsiveness may occur in GERD rats. Neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of GERD rats was significantly increased, whereas proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression was significantly decreased compared to that in sham-operated rats. However, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and prepro-orexin mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of GERD rats was similar to that in sham-operated rats. These results suggest that although GERD rats have higher plasma ghrelin levels, ghrelin signaling in GERD rats may be suppressed due to reduced MCH and/or orexin synthesis in the hypothalamus.
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Ionova, T. I., A. V. Zinkovskaya, E. A. Mayevskaya, T. P. Nikitina, N. M. Porfirieva, N. V. Cheremushkina, R. I. Shaburov, Yu A. Kucheryavyy, and I. V. Maev. "Testing and validation of the Russian version of quality of life questionnaire in patients with GERD – GERD-HRQL." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 92, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.12.200434.
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Aim.This study aimed to test the Russian version of GERD-HRQL in the focus group of patients with GERD, as well as to evaluate its psychometric properties reliability, validity and sensitivity.
Materials and methods.The total of 57 patients with GERD (mean age 45.812.4 years, 72% women, 68% patients with not erosive reflux disease, 84% had esophageal manifestations of GERD) were enrolled into the study. All the patients filled out the Russian version of GERD-HRQL and generic quality of life questionnaire RAND SF-36 during the routine visit to the gastroenterologist. According to the results of testing of GERD-HRQL, it was clear and easy to complete for patients and reflected the main concerns specific for GERD patients. The most frequent and bothersome symptoms/problems which interfered with quality of life in GERD patients were heartburn (100% of patients) and bloating (84% of patients). During the validation procedure, the high reliability and validity of the Russian version of GERD-HRQL were demonstrated. It was shown that the tool was sensitive both to changes over time and to clinically determined differences in patients status.
Results.The Total GERD-HRQL Score was significantly higher (worse quality of life) in the following groups: a) patients who had esophageal manifestations of GERB vs those without esophageal manifestations of GERB; b) patients with GERD complications vs those without GERD complications, c) patients with comorbidities of upper gastrointestinal tract vs without those comorbidities; d) patients with erosive esophagitis vs with non-erosive reflux disease (p0.05).
Conclusion.The developed Russian version of the GERD-HRQL questionnaire proved to have high psychometric properties and may be used in the Russian population of GERD patients both in research studies and in a real clinical practice.
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Picos, Andrei, Mândra Eugenia Badea, and Dan Lucian Dumitrascu. "DENTAL EROSION IN GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 91, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-1017.
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The growing interest reflected in the studies on dental erosion is justified by the severe health problems it entails, i.e. esthetic, phonetic, masticatory disturbances and pulp complications. Most studies investigate the prevalence of dental erosion in adults and children, the severity of lesions and etiopathogenetic factors.Background and aim. Dental erosions (DE) are one of the extraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). An increasing amount of papers shed light on this topic. We carried out a systematic review on the association between GERD and DE.Methods. We studied the association between DE and GERD in adults and children. The search for published studies was performed in PubMed using search terms “dental erosion” and “gastro-esophageal reflux disease”. References published since 2007 were included and a systematic review was carried out. Articles not assessing DE in GERD patients were excluded, and also case presentations and articles in languages of limited circulation. The prevalence of DE in patients with GERD, extrinsic and intrinsic etiological factors of DE and the severity of dental erosion lesions were analyzed.Results. A total of 273 articles were found, 10 studies being retained for analysis. Correlations between DE and GERD, namely the prevalence and severity of dental erosion in GERD patients, were investigated. DE prevalence was between 10.6% - 42%, median 25.5%. Mean values of DE prevalence were 48.81% in GERD patients, compared to 20.48% in non-GERD controls. Comparative values of DE frequency in adults with GERD was 38.96%, compared to 98.1% in children with GERD.Conclusions. DE is a condition associated with GERD. DE prevalence is higher in GERD patients. Intrinsic pathogenetic factors with direct action on the hard dental tissues are GERD, while extrinsic factors are represented by diet. Among the patients diagnosed with GERD, youth under the age of 18 had a higher frequency compared to adults.
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Suwita, Christopher S., Benny Benny, Daniel R. Mulyono, Selti Rosani, Yuni Astria, Felix F. Widjaja, and Ari F. Syam. "Gastro-esophageal reflux disease among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in a rural area." Medical Journal of Indonesia 24, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 43–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v24i1.1164.
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Background: One of the most neglected complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) is gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) which arises from autonomic neuropathy and diabetic gastropathy related to the extent of DM. This study was done to find prevalence of GERD in DM patients with GERD-questionnaire (GERDQ), dietary factor proportion, and their association with other GERD risk factor in rural area. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Puskesmas Pelaihari from August to September 2013. Subjects with DM aged ≥ 18 were selected consecutively from both newly and previously diagnosed patients with exclusion criteria: pregnancy, in proton-pump inhibitor therapy, and had other metabolic disease(s). DM was diagnosed with ADA criteria, while GERD was diagnosed in patients with score of ≥ 8 of Indonesian GERDQ. Results: There were 30 subjects (29.7%) with GERD among 101 patients with DM and dietary factors found in GERD patients were spicy diet (90%), high-fat food (90%), irritative beverages (87%), and irritative diet (23%). Only female gender was associated with GERD vs non-GERD in DM patients (87% vs 68%, p = 0.048). Meanwhile, duration of DM (2 [0-13] vs 2 [0-19], p = 0.976), obesity (37% vs 38%, p = 0.897), age (53.2±10.5 vs 54.7 ± 9.3, p = 0.481), and uncontrolled diabetes (90% vs 94%, p = 0.421) were not associated with the GERD among DM patients.Conclusion: Prevalence of GERD in DM is somewhat high in this study. Female group with DM needs to be screened for GERD as early as possible.
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Gosal, Darren, Rachman Edi Santoso, and Yohanes Firmansyah. "Association between gastroesophageal reflux disease-questionnaire factors and gastroesophageal reflux disease incidence at Kardinah general hospital inpatient wards." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20210260.
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Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where an acid reflux into the esophagus with can resulted some symptoms. GERD is one of the most common disease in around the world. The most common symptom is heartburn, with its various risk factors. Diagnosing GERD based on the clinical examination or more advanced examination. One simple tool to help diagnosing is GERD questionnaire (GERD-Q). This study aims to find out the association of GERD-Q factors to GERD incidence at Kardinah inpatient wards. Methods: This study is cross sectional design, with the subjects are all patients in the inpatient wards, and asked with the Indonesian version of GERD-Q plus other questions. All data will be assessed with chi Square test. Results: Total of 84 respondents are in this study, where the relationship of each factors with GERD incidence are: gender (p value: 0.191), surgery (p value: 0.428), spicy foods consumption (p value: 0.920), fatty foods consumption (p value: 0.916), sour foods consumption (p value: 0.557), and irregular eating habit (p value: 0.023).Conclusions: Irregular eating habit is significantly associated with GERD incidence.
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Jie, Wu, Xu Qinghong, and Chen Zhitao. "Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastroesophageal reflux disease." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518809871.
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Objective Many studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori ( Hp) is negatively correlated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Moreover, some studies deny that eradication of Hp increases the incidence of GERD. Therefore, we investigated the association of Hp infection with GERD. Methods In this retrospective analysis, patients with peptic ulcers were used as a blank control group. We used logistic regression to analyze the relationship between Hp infection and GERD. We analyzed 953 patients with peptic ulcers, 180 patients with both peptic ulcers and GERD, and 298 patients with GERD. Results Among the patients with GERD, 75.6% (136/180) and 36.2% (108/298) of those with and without peptic ulcers, respectively, had Hp infection, and the difference was statistically significant. Among patients with peptic ulcers, 75.6% (136/180) and 67.4% (642/953) of those with and without GERD, respectively, had Hp infection. The incidence of GERD in patients with Hp-positive and -negative peptic ulcers was 17.5% (136/778) and 12.4% (44/355), respectively. These differences were also statistically significant. Conclusion In the analysis of patients with GERD, the prevalence of Hp infection was higher among patients with than without peptic ulcers.
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Vaezi, Michael F. ""Refractory GERD": Acid, Nonacid, or Not GERD?" American Journal of Gastroenterology 99, no. 6 (June 2004): 989–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04166.x.
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Bhatia, J., and A. Parish. "GERD or not GERD: the fussy infant." Journal of Perinatology 29, S2 (April 28, 2009): S7—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.27.
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Hartoyo, Farrell ZR, Kevin Tandarto, Veronika Sidharta, and Riki Tenggara. "The Correlation Between Coffee Consumption and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy 23, no. 1 (May 15, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24871/231202211-16.
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Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease or commonly known as GERD is a condition when the stomach’s contents rise into the esophagus This condition causes symptoms and complications. It was found that 57.6% of the Indonesian population had GERD. Coffee is the most popular beverage in the world. Coffee consumption is suspected of having a close relationship with GERD incidence. This study aims to determine the correlation between coffee consumption and the incidence gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach to conduct observational analytics research. This study sample consisted of every person aged 18 – 65 years in Jakarta. Study data were obtained through the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GERD-Q) in Indonesian languange. The Chi-square of independence test was used to determine the correlation between coffee consumption and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Results: From 105 respondents, 26 respondents experience GERD. Eighty-four point six percent of respondents that experience GERD consumed coffee in moderate to high levels of frequency, and 15.3% of respondents that experience GERD consumed coffee in none to fewer levels of frequency. Chi-square test results showed a significant correlation between coffee consumption and GERD in every Jakartan’s people aged 18 – 65 years (p = 0,006).Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between coffee consumption and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in people aged 18 – 65 years old that live in Jakarta.
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Li, Xin, Hitesh Singh Chaouhan, Yao-Ming Wang, I.-Kuan Wang, Cheng-Li Lin, Te-Chun Shen, Chi-Yuan Li, and Kuo-Ting Sun. "Risk of Periodontitis in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study." Biomedicines 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 2980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112980.
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Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common digestive clinical problem worldwide that affects approximately 20% of the adult populations in Western countries. Poor oral hygiene has been reported to be associated with GERD as an atypical clinical complication. However, evidence showing the relationship between GERD and the risk of periodontitis is less clear. The present study aimed to use a retrospective cohort study design to further clarify the association between GERD and the subsequent risk of periodontitis. Methods: The risk of periodontitis in patients with GERD was investigated by analyzing epidemiological data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2008 to 2018. We selected 20,125 participants with a minimum age of 40 years in the GERD group and 1:1 propensity-matched these with non-GERD individuals by sex, age, and comorbidities. The incidence of periodontitis was determined at the end of 2018. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the risk of periodontitis in patients with GERD. Results: The overall incidence rate of the periodontitis risk was 1.38-fold higher (30.0 vs. 21.7/1000 person years, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28–1.45) in patients with GERD than in those without GERD. After stratified analyses for sex, age, and comorbidity, patients with GERD had a higher risk of periodontitis for age (aHR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.20–1.42 for 40–54 years and aHR = 1.42, 95% CI =1.28–1.57 for 55–69 years), sex (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.28–1.54 for men and aHR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.23–1.45 for women), and presence (aHR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.27–1.45) and absence (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.21–1.62) of comorbidity than those without GERD. Among the GERD cohort, the risk for periodontitis was increased with an increasing number of emergency room visits (≥ 1 vs. <1, aHR = 5.19, 95% CI = 2.16–12.5). Conclusions: Our results revealed that patients with GERD have a higher risk of periodontitis development than those without GERD. Clinicians should pay more attention to identifying and managing periodontitis in patients with GERD.
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Oparin, A. G., N. V. Semenova, and T. N. Oparina. "Features of the quality of life in patients with a non-erosive form of gastroesophageal reflux disease with concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young people." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2021, no. 2 (2021): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2021.02.099.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is most commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). There are practically no studies of the quality of life in young patients. The aim of our study is to study the characteristics of the quality of life of young patients with the combined course of GERD and COPD. We took two groups of patients. The first group with the presence of non-erosive GERD in combination with COPD I-II degree. The second group with isolated non-erosive GERD. The control group included practically healthy individuals. The quality of life of the subjects was determined using international standardized questionnaires GERD-Q, GIQLI, WHOQOL —BREF. It was found, that patients with GERD with concomitant COPD showed a significant decrease in the quality of life in comparison with patients with GERD without concomitant pathology and with the control group. Patients with GERD in combination with COPD mostly had a decrease in the quality of life in the physical and emotional spheres. Patients with isolated GERD had gastroenterological disorders dominate. Decrease in the quality of life in social spheres was significantly observed in both groups. The combined course of GERD and COPD have a degrade influence on quality of life.
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Sun, Huihui, Lisha Yi, Ping Wu, Yingjie Li, Bin Luo, and Shuchang Xu. "Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Type II Diabetes Mellitus." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/601571.
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Background/Aims. Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) were known to have higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the Western countries, but data on the impact of GERD on DM patients in our country are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of GERD in type II DM patients in Shanghai, China, and to explore its possible risk factors.Methods. 775 type II DM cases were randomly collected. Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) was used to check the presence of GERD. Patients’ characteristics, laboratory data, face-to-face interview, nerve conduction study, and needle electromyogram (EMG) test were analyzed.Results. 16% patients were found with typical GERD symptoms. Pathophysiological factors such as peripheral neuropathy, metabolism syndrome, and obesity were found to have no significant differences between GERD and non-GERD type II DM patients in the present study.Conclusion. The prevalence of GERD in type II DM patients is higher than that in adult inhabitants in Shanghai, China. No difference in pathophysiological factors, such as peripheral neuropathy, and metabolism syndrome was found in DM-GERD patients, suggesting that further study and efforts are needed to explore deeper the potential risk factors for the high prevalence rate of GERD in DM patients.
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Maeda, Tetsuya, Ken Nagata, Yuichi Satoh, Takashi Yamazaki, and Daiki Takano. "High Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Parkinson’s Disease: A Questionnaire-Based Study." Parkinson's Disease 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/742128.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency and clinical features of gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Consecutively recruited PD patients and controls were questioned about heartburn and GERD with a questionnaire. In PD patients, disease duration and severity, quality of life, and nonmotor symptoms were also examined and then the clinical features of GERD were analyzed. A total of 102 patients and 49 controls were enrolled and 21 patients and 4 controls had heartburn, significantly frequent in PD. The prevalence rate of GERD was 26.5% in PD and the odds ratio was 4.05. Heartburn, bent forward flexion, and wearing-off phenomenon were frequent, and scores of UPDRS, total and part II, PD questionnaire-39, and nonmotor symptom scale were significantly higher in PD patients with GERD than without GERD. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed statistical significance in UPDRS part II and nonmotor symptom scale. This study suggests that GERD is prevalent in PD. Deterioration of daily living activities and other nonmotor symptoms can imply the presence of GERD. Because clinical symptoms of GERD are usually treatable, the management can improve the patient’s quality of life. Increased attention should be given to detect GERD in PD.
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Athalia Nofera Kurniawan, Riki Tenggara, and Lucky Hartati Moehario. "Deteksi Antigen Helicobacter pylori Pada Pasien GERD dan Non-GERD di Rumah Sakit Atma Jaya." Journal Of The Indonesian Medical Association 69, no. 8 (March 16, 2020): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47830/jinma-vol.69.8-2019-185.
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Pendahuluan: Helicobacter pylori adalah salah satu bakteri flora normal lambung dan sering diasosiasikan dengan dispepsia, tetapi keterkaitannya terhadap Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) masih kontroversial. Diagnosis H. pylori paling sering ditegakkan melalui pemeriksaan histopatologi, tes urease yang invasif, dan urea breath test (UBT) yang relatif mahal. Salah satu uji serologi adalah stool antigen test (SAT) yang lebih murah, non-invasif dan lebih mudah pengerjannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi adanya antigen H. pylori pada pasien GERD dan non-GERD di Rumah Sakit Atma Jaya (RSAJ). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi potong lintang yang bersifat deskriptif. Inklusi penelitian mencakup pasien dewasa yang dirawat inap pada bulan Agustus 2018 – November 2018 di RSAJ. Peserta diwawancara dengan kuesioner GERDQ. Sampel feses diperiksa menggunakan SAT (Biocare®). Hasil: Sebanyak 30 responden yang terdiri 22 perempuan dan 8 laki-laki, dengan usia terbanyak adalah kelompok usia dewasa (35–64 tahun). Sebanyak 40% responden termasuk kelompok GERD dengan 75% perempuan. Hasil uji SAT positif pada kelompok GERD 16,67%, non-GERD 11,11% dan hasil uji SAT negatif pada kelompok GERD 91,67%, non-GERD 77,78%. Kesimpulan: Keberadaan antigen H. pylori lebih banyak ditemukan pada perempuan, pada usia dewasa dan tidak ditemukan perbedaan antigen H. pylori pada pasien GERD dan non-GERD di RS Atma Jaya.
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Alhazmi, Khalid, Abdualrahman Kabli, Salah Bakry, Suhayb Bakry, and Muhannad Talal Hamdi. "Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease among Health Specialist Students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia." Saudi Medical Horizons Journal 2, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54293/smhj.v2i1.22.
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Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is considered one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in adults. It is defined as a condition in which a reflux of gastric content causes symptoms and/or complications. The classical symptoms of GERD are heartburn, regurgitation, sore throat, and cough. Objectives: The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of GERD and determine the associated risk factors among health specialist students at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered survey distributed to students in health-related disciplines at UQU. The survey was disseminated via social-media platforms and 365 responses were received. The survey contained 23 different questions to assess the prevalence of GERD and ascertain if the disease is associated with multiple factors. Results: A total of 365 students participated in this study. The mean age of participants was 21.6 years, and among the 365 participants, 116 (31.8%) were diagnosed with GERD based on the gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERDQ) score. Other findings included that 24 (52.2%) students diagnosed with GERD were smokers (P>0.05), 50 (40.0%) went to sleep one hour after dinner (P>0.05), and 52 (44.4%) had a family history of GERD (P>0.05). Discussion: Multiple studies have been conducted regarding the prevalence of GERD in Saudi Arabia. One study in Riyadh found that 23% of the sample had GERD, while another one conducted in the south of the country found 40% with GERD. Conclusion: There is an increased prevalence of GERD observed in this study. The main risk factors identified were smoking, family history of GERD, sleeping one hour after dinner, skipping breakfast, and inadequate sleep. There was no apparent association between GERD and different types of food and drinks.
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Basova, Elena Aleksandrovna, and Ivan Sergeevich Manyakin. "The prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in the general medical network, taking into account concomitant pathology." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2110-04.
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The aim of this work is to assess the prevalence and risk factors of depression in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and patients with GERD and hypothyroidism. The survey was conducted in 124 adult patients. The Beck and Spielberger-Khanin scales were used to diagnose depression and anxiety. The prevalence of current depression was 29.4 % in patients with GERD and 60.0 % in patients with GERD and hypothyroidism. In the group of patients with GERD, personal anxiety is more pronounced, whereas in the group of patients with GERD and hypothyroidism, personal anxiety is less pronounced than situational anxiety.
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Buntara, Ivan, Yohanes Firmansyah, Hendsun Hendsun, and Ernawati Su. "PERBANDINGAN HASIL KUESIONER GERD-Q DAN GEJALA GERD PADA KELOMPOK YANG MENJALANKAN PUASA RAMADHAN DAN TIDAK." Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan 4, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmstkik.v4i2.7998.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a form of gastrointestinal motility disorder, where stomach contents reenter the esophagus and oral cavity, causing symptoms and complications. GERD is a condition that is quite often experienced, where the prevalence estimated at 8 - 33% worldwide. One of the suspected cause of GERD is Ramadan fasting, which has been routinely carried out by Muslim groups. This study aims to prove whether Ramadan fasting triggers GERD. A cross-sectional study (survey) conducted online via Google form on the last three days of the fasting month (21 May 2020 - 23 May 2020). The variables in this study were respondents who fasted Ramadan and those who did not fast, also the total value of the GERD-Q questionnaire along with the final conclusions. Statistical analysis using Chi square with Yates Correction and Independent T-test with Mann Whitney Alternative Test. 311 respondents met the inclusion criteria. The results of Mann Whitney statistical test found that there was no difference in the mean value of the total GERD-Q questionnaire between the fasting and non-fasting groups (p-value: 0.313). Pearson Chi Square with Yates Correction results found no significant relationship between fasting and incidence of GERD (p-value: 0.552), although clinically there was a possibility of fasting had a risk of 1,228 (95% CI: 0.772 -2,088) times to trigger GERD incident.as Conclusion, Ramadan fasting has not been shown to improve GERD symptoms. Further research needs to be done through longitudinal studies. Keywords: GERD; digestion; Ramadan fastingABSTRAKGastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) merupakan suatu bentuk gangguan motilitas saluran cerna, dimana isi lambung masuk kembali ke dalam esofagus dan rongga mulut, sehingga menyebabkan gejala dan komplikasi. GERD merupakan kondisi yang cukup sering dialami, dimana prevalensinya diperkirakan mencapai 8 – 33% di seluruh dunia. Salah satu faktor yang diperkirakan sebagai penyebab GERD adalah puasa Ramadhan yang selama ini rutin dijalankan oleh kelompok Muslim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan apakah puasa Ramadhan mencetuskan kejadian GERD. Penelitian potong lintang (survei) yang dilaksanakan secara online melalui google form pada tiga hari terakhir bulan puasa Ramadhan 2020 (21 Mei 2020 – 23 Mei 2020). Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah responden yang berpuasa Ramadhan maupun yang tidak berpuasa Ramadhan dan nilai total kuesioner GERD-Q beserta kesimpulan akhir dari kuesioner GERD-Q. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji statistik Chi square with Yates Correction dan Independent T-test dengan Uji Alternatif Mann Whitney. 311 responden memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil uji statistik Mann Whitney tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata nilai total kuesioner GERD-Q antara kelompok yang berpuasa dan tidak berpuasa (p-value : 0,313). Hasil uji statistik Pearson Chi Square with Yates Correction didapatkan hubungan yang tidak bermakna antara berpuasa dengan kejadian GERD (p-value : 0,552), walaupun secara klinis ditemukan adanya kemungkinan yang berpuasa lebih berisiko 1,228 (CI 95% : 0,772 -2,088) kali untuk mencetuskan kejadian GERD. Sebagai kesimpulan, Puasa Ramadhan tidak terbukti meningkatkan gejala-gejala GERD. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut melalui studi longitudinal untuk tindak lanjut hasil penelitian ini.
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Soricelli, Emanuele, Enrico Facchiano, Giovanni Casella, Alfredo Genco, and Marcello Lucchese. "Which is the best algorithm for evaluating a patient’s candidate to sleeve with suspected reflux or hiatal hernia: is manometry or reflux assessment always necessary." Mini-invasive Surgery 6 (2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2022.32.
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Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has reached wide popularity during the last 15 years, owing to limited morbidity and mortality rates, very successful weight loss results, and impact on comorbidities. However, the postoperative development or worsening of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most important drawbacks of this surgical procedure. To date, there is great heterogeneity concerning the definition of GERD, the indication for SG in patients with GERD, and the standardization of pre and postoperative diagnostic pathways. In patients with severe obesity, a strictly symptom-based diagnosis of GERD is unreliable. In fact, a high rate of silent GERD (s-GERD, asymptomatic patients despite objective evidence of GERD) has been reported. Moreover, patients with preoperative s-GERD have a significantly higher risk of experiencing GERD symptoms after SG. For these reasons, the reflux burden and the competence of the anti-reflux barrier should be carefully assessed during the preoperative work-up of patients undergoing SG. Ambulatory pH monitoring (APM) and high-resolution manometry (HRM) are useful diagnostic tools that could provide valuable evidence in the guidance of surgical strategy. In this review, we evaluate the current literature concerning the use of APM and HRM in the diagnostic pathway before SG, as well as their predictive value for the evolution of GERD in the postoperative course. Moreover, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for preoperative GERD assessment, which includes validated symptom questionnaires, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, APM, and HRM.
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Siahaan, Billy, Arles Arles, and Wirhan Azhari. "Relationship Between GERD-Q Score with Esophagitis Findings in Endoscopy." Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy 21, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24871/2132020177-181.
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Background: Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a disease that is commonly found in daily practice and affecting the patients’ quality of life negatively. GERD-Q is a tool in the form of validated questionnaire that is quite useful and easy to use in daily practice to diagnose GERD by symptoms and signs especially in primary care that do not have endoscopy facilities. This study was built to assess the correlation between GERD-Q score and esophagitis finding in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Pekanbaru. Method: This was a prospective cross-sectional study with sample groups of GERD-Q score ≥8 (high GERD-Q score) and GERD-Q score 8 (low GERD-Q score) which underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to assess reflux esophagitis. GERD-Q score data were obtained by direct interview.Results: This study was participated by 65 subjects with reflux esophagitis and 51 non-esophagitis patients that had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure. The 65 subjects with reflux esophagitis were divided into groups based on severity (LA Classification), Grade A 29 subjects (45%), Grade B 23 subjects (35%), Grade C 11 subjects (16%), and Grade D 2 subjects (3%). The result of this study showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between GERD-Q score category with esophagitis findings from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (p 0.05, PR = 2.6)Conclusion: There is a statistically significant correlation between GERD-Q score and esophagitis findings from endoscopy but no relevance in esophagitis severity.
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McLoughlin, Vanessa ZY, Noor HA Suaini, Kewin Siah, Evelyn XL Loo, Wei Wei Pang, Yap Seng Chong, Keith M. Godfrey, et al. "Prevalence, risk factors and parental perceptions of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asian infants in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 51, no. 5 (May 27, 2022): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021411.
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Introduction: Infant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant cause of concern to parents. This study seeks to describe GERD prevalence in infants, evaluate possible risk factors and assess common beliefs influencing management of GERD among Asian parents. Methods: Mother-infant dyads in the Singapore PREconception Study of long-Term maternal and child Outcomes (S-PRESTO) cohort were prospectively followed from preconception to 12 months post-delivery. GERD diagnosis was ascertained through the revised Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (I-GERQ-R) administered at 4 time points during infancy. Data on parental perceptions and lifestyle modifications were also collected. Results: The prevalence of infant GERD peaked at 26.5% at age 6 weeks, decreasing to 1.1% by 12 months. Infants exclusively breastfed at 3 weeks of life had reduced odds of GERD by 1 year (adjusted odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.97, P=0.04). Elimination of “cold or heaty food” and “gas producing” vegetables, massaging the infant’s abdomen and application of medicated oil to the infant’s abdomen were quoted as major lifestyle modifications in response to GERD symptoms. Conclusion: Prevalence of GERD in infants is highest in the first 3 months of life, and the majority outgrow it by 1 year of age. Infants exclusively breastfed at 3 weeks had reduced odds of GERD. Cultural-based changes such as elimination of “heaty or cold” food influence parental perceptions in GERD, which are unique to the Asian population. Understanding the cultural basis for parental perceptions and health-seeking behaviours is crucial in tailoring patient education appropriately for optimal management of infant GERD. Keywords: Gastroenterology, gastrointestinal disorders, GERD, infant feeding, parental beliefs
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Hong, Su Jin, and Sang Woo Kim. "Helicobacter pyloriInfection in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Asian Countries." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/985249.
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Helicobacter pyloriinfection, a common infection in many countries, is related to the clinical course of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common esophageal disease in Western countries and its prevalence is increasing in Asian countries. The pathophysiology of GERD is multifactorial. Although no single factor has been isolated as the cause of GERD, a negative association between the prevalence ofH. pyloriand the severity of GERD, including Barrett’s esophagus, has been demonstrated in epidemiological studies. The high prevalence ofH. pyloriinfection affects the incidence of GERD in Asian countries. In the subjects with East Asian CagA-positive strains, acid injury may be minimized by hypochlorhydria from pangastritis and gastric atrophy. Additionally, host genetic factors may affect the development of GERD. The interactions between genetic factors and the virulence ofH. pyloriinfection may be the reason for the low prevalence of GERD in Asian countries.H. pylorieradication is not considered pivotal in GERD exacerbation based on evidence from Western studies. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that eradication therapy ofH. pyloriwas related to a higher risk of developingde novoGERD in Asian studies.H. pyloriinfection remains an inconclusive and important issue in GERD in Asian countries.
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DEL GRANDE, Leonardo M., Fernando A. M. HERBELLA, Rafael C. KATAYAMA, Francisco SCHLOTTMANN, and Marco G. PATTI. "THE ROLE OF THE TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC PRESSURE GRADIENT IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 55, suppl 1 (August 6, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-39.
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ABSTRACT Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the Western world. GERD pathophysiology is multifactorial. Different mechanisms may contribute to GERD including an increase in the transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient (TPG). The pathophysiology of GERD linked to TPG is not entirely understood. This review shows that TPG is an important contributor to GERD even when an intact esophagogastric barrier is present in the setting of obesity and pulmonary diseases.
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Dats-Opoka, Marta, and Halyna Makukh. "Clinical features of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children with different genotypes of C825T polymorphic loci of GNB3 gene." Journal of Medical Science 86, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/jms.2017.248.
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Introduction. Considering the steady growth of the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children in recent decades, the difficulty of GERD diagnosing in children, the variety of GERD clinical and morphological features as well as the factors that cause it, including genetic predisposition, a detailed analysis of each of them remains relevant.Aim. To analyze the peculiarities of nutritional status in children with GERD and its correlation with the different genotypes of C825T polymorphic loci of GNB3 gene as well as its association with different GERD clinical manifestations.Material and Methods. The analysis of GERD clinical features was carried out and the nutritional status in 100 children of school age was estimated. Molecular and genetic research of C825T loci of GNB3 gene using PCR method (rs5443) was carried out in the studied group (100 children) and in 40 healthy children that formed the control group.Results. The distribution of the genotypes of C825T polymorphic loci of the GNB3 gene in children with GERD and healthy children in the control group did not have any statistically significant difference (χ2 = 0.27, р = 0.87). Among more than a half of the children in both groups, the GNB3 825ST heterozygous genotype were detected (54.0% of the experimental group and 57.5% of the control group), according to de Vries et al. data is a factor of GERD increased risk. The association between the genotype of C825T locus of GNB3 gene and the data of intragastric endoscopy with pH monitoring was found: in patients with hyperacidic GERD the genotype 825CT was predominantly revealed, and in children with normal and hypoacidic GERD a higher frequency of the 825TT genotype was found. In children with GERD having a lack of the nutritional status (61%), the genotype 825CT (61.82%, p = 0.013) and 825TT (100%, p = 0.005) of the GNB3 gene were detected significantly more often.Conclusions. The distribution of the genotypes of C825T polymorphic loci of the GNB3 gene in children with GERD was determined. Differences in GERD development depending on the different GNB3 genotypes were not detected. The distribution of the genotypes of C825T loci of the GNB3 gene remained unchanged at different GERD clinical manifestations. The presence of 825CT and 825TT genotypes of GNB3 gene in patients with GERD is associated with a decrease in physical development signs. The association between genotype of C825T loci of GNB3 gene and pH intragastric endoscopy data was identified: in patients with hyperacidity GERD 825CC genotype was usually found, and in children with normal- and hypoacidity GERD 825TT genotype was usually found.
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Chernyavskaya, G. M., E. I. Beloborodova, Ye V. Plekhanova, and S. D. Degtyaryov. "Clinical and endoscopic peculiarities of gastroesophageal reflux disease during bronchial asthma combined with chronic opisthorchosis." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2003): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2003-4-30-34.
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The results of the study of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) clinico-endoscopic peculiarities in 318 patients with bronchial asthma (BA) of different severity degree, combined with chronic opisthorchosis or without it, have been cited in the present article. It has been revealed an often incidence of GERD in BA patients and GERD frequency increased as the disease severer. At that the GERD clinical manifestation have been observed more frequently than the reflux-esophagitis had been discovered by endoscopic ways. GERD structure during BA has been presented. More frequent GERD with BA combined with chronic opisthorchosis has been discovered than in patients without associated parasitic invasion.
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Tantoro, Aurel Feodora, Alwi Shahab, Syarif Husin, Ratna Maila Dewi Anggraini, and Liniyanti D. Oswari. "Association Between Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Gerd-Q Scores: A Cross-Sectional Study." Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal 2, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/nasetjournal.v2i1.14.
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The prevalence of GERD has continued to increase in Asian countries in recent decades. The incidence of overweight and obesity continues to increase. Many studies have revealed that obesity in general or abdominal obesity causes a significant increase in the risk of GERD symptoms. The research objective was to determine the relationship between BMI and waist circumference with the incidence of GERD in the adult population of Palembang city.An analytic observational with a cross-sectional design. The population were all adults(≥20 years) of Palembang. The number of samples were 400 people. Data were taken from a self-completed questionnaire, distributed through various social media, then analyzed using logistic regression analysis.Among 400 subjects in the study, there were 81 subjects (20.3%) diagnosed with GERD, 43 subjects (10.8%) were overweight, 79 subjects (19.8%) were obese, and 160 subjects(40%) have had abdominal obesity. There was a significant relationship between obesity and diagnosis of GERD (p=0,001; OR =2,799; CI95% = 1,545-5,069). In contrast, there were no significant relationship between overweight and diagnosis of GERD. There were also no significant relationship between abdominal obesity and diagnosis of GERD. Obesity has a significant association with the diagnosis of GERD, but the absence of an association between overweight and diagnosis of GERD implies that increased BMI is not an independent risk factor in diagnosis of GERD.
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Mazumder, Avijit, Naveen Kumar, and Saumya Das. "Medical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and the Challenges: A Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 02 (June 25, 2022): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.2.77.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a disorder in the digestive system of the body. GERD in the acute stage is controlled by changing lifestyle. Medicines like antacids, mucosal protective, and prokinetic agents reduce acute GERD by reducing acidity and increasing the motility of the stomach. Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) are the primary choice of medication for treating GERD, but it is an ineffective number of gastric hypersecretory and other disorders. Ilaprazole, and tenatoprazole are currently under trial in humans and reported to have a longer duration of action. Histamine2 receptors remove some of the PPIs side effects. Tegoprazan is a potent γ-amino butyric acid agonist to treat GERD but has central nervous system side effects, which could be removed as adjunct drugs. Raseglurant and mavogluran have a potential effect in treating GERD, but a major challenge is reducing hepatotoxicity. Dronabinol is the only approved medication for cannabinoid receptors with better efficacy in treating GERD. Challenges that arise during GERD are minimized by using a better combination of drugs. Mylanta, omeprazole, and sustained released baclofen, domperidone, omeprazole, esomeprazole, and rebamipide are more effective and have been used recently in combination for treating GERD patients. Combinations therapy is more effective than monotherapy and also decreases therapeutic challenges which arise by using monotherapy of these drugs in GERD patients.
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Souza, Rhonda F., Tisha Lunsford, Ruben D. Ramirez, Xi Zhang, Edward L. Lee, Yuenan Shen, Charles Owen, Jerry W. Shay, Carmela Morales, and Stuart Jon Spechler. "GERD is associated with shortened telomeres in the squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 1 (July 2007): G19—G24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2007.
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Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres are shortened by repeated cell divisions and by oxidative DNA damage, and cells with critically shortened telomeres cannot divide. We hypothesized that chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-induced injury of the esophageal squamous epithelium results in progressive telomeric shortening that eventually might interfere with mucosal healing. To address our hypothesis, we compared telomere length and telomerase activity in biopsy specimens of esophageal squamous epithelium from GERD patients and control patients. Endoscopic biopsies were taken from the esophageal squamous epithelium of 38 patients with GERD [10 long-segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE), 15 short-segment (SSBE), 13 GERD without Barrett's esophagus] and 16 control patients without GERD. Telomere length was assessed using the terminal restriction fragment assay, and telomerase activity was studied by the PCR-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Patients with GERD had significantly shorter telomeres in the distal esophagus than controls [8.3 ± 0.5 vs. 10.9 ± 1.5 (SE) Kbp, P = 0.043]. Among the patients with GERD, telomere length in the distal esophagus did not differ significantly in those with and without Barrett's esophagus (LSBE 7.9 ± 0.8, SSBE 8.6 ± 0.9, GERD without BE 8.7 ± 1.0 Kbp). No significant differences in telomerase activity in the distal esophagus were noted between patients with GERD and controls (4.0 ± 0.39 vs. 5.2 ± 0.53 RIUs). Telomeres in the squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus of patients who have GERD, with and without Barrett's esophagus, are significantly shorter than those of patients without GERD despite similar levels of telomerase activity.
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Sosna, Barbara, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Grzegorz Cieślar, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka, and Wojciech Latos. "New endoscopic treatment methods for PPI-resistant GERD." European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 19, no. 4 (2021): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2021.4.6.
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Introduction. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease with the highest prevalence in North America. Up to 40% of patients report persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Aim. The aim of this article is to complete discuss the GERD characterized by heartburn and/or regurgitation symptoms. Material and methods. We discuss here the evidence for medical therapy for PPI nonresponsive GERD. Analysis of the literature. GERD may present with a variety of other symptoms, including water brash, chest pain or discomfort, dysphagia, belching, epigastric pain, nausea, and bloating. In addition, patients may experience extraesophageal symptoms like cough, hoarseness, throat clearing, throat pain or burning, wheezing, and sleep disturbances. Conclusion. There has been an increase in GERD prevalence. GERD is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders managed by gastroenterologists and primary care physicians.
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Voulgaris, Theodoros, Vasileios Lekakis, Afroditi Orfanidou, Jiannis Vlachogiannakos, Dimitrios Kamberoglou, George Papatheodoridis, and George Karamanolis. "The Lyon Consensus Criteria for GERD Diagnosis in a Greek Population: The Clinical Impact and Changes in GERD Diagnosis in a Real-World, Retrospective Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 5383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185383.
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(1) Introduction/aim: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects 8–33% globally. The gold standard examination technique in diagnosing GERD is 24 h pHmetry ± impedance. Recently, new diagnostic criteria were introduced by the Lyon Consensus for GERD diagnosis. Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic yield of pHmetry + impedance using the Lyon Consensus criteria in a real-world study. (2) Patients and methods: Our study included 249 consecutive patients (M/F: 120/129, mean age 50 ± 15 years) who underwent 24 h pH+ impedance monitoring in our department, during a 5-year period. Epidemiological, endoscopic, clinical, and 24 h pH+ impedance data were retrospectively collected. (3) Results: Typical GERD symptoms were reported by 140/249 (56.2%) patients, whereas 99/249 (39.6%) patients reported various extraesophageal symptoms. Endoscopic findings supportive of GERD based on the Lyon Consensus were present in 42/185 (22.7%). An AET value of >6% was observed in 60/249 (24.1%). GERD diagnosis according to the Lyon Consensus criteria was set in 63/249 (25.3%) patients; a rate significantly lower than that observed by implementing the older criteria (32.1%), p < 0.001. In the multivariate analysis, the existence of endoscopic findings supportive of GERD diagnosis as defined by the Lyon Consensus (p = 0.036), a De Meester score of over 14.7, and the presence of typical GERD symptoms were correlated to GERD diagnosis (p < 0.001, respectively) using the criteria defined for pH–impedance monitoring. (4) Conclusions: Changes in the diagnostic criteria concerning the 24 h pH–impedance monitoring of GERD based on the Lyon Consensus led to a conclusive GERD diagnosis in approximately 25% of the patients. This rate of GERD diagnosis is reduced in comparison to the one confirmed with the use of previously established criteria.
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Bich Nguyen, Van. "Role of esophageal symptoms in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children with recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases." MedPharmRes 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32895/ump.mpr.6.2.5.
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Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of comorbid diseases, that worsen the course and outcomes of respiratory pathology. The study aimed to determine role of esophageal symptoms in the diagnosis of GERD in children with recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases (RCRD). Methods: The study included 125 children (70 boys, 55 girls), median 3,75 years (interquartile range, IQR – 1,21-9,38 years), with RCRD, refractory to standard therapy. GERD was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and complex instrumental examination, including fluoroscopy esophagus with contrast, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS), 24-hour esophageal pH-monitoring, dual pH-multichannel intraluminal impedance (pH-MII). Results: In children with RCRD, the frequency of GERD was 86,4%. Among children without esophageal manifestations of GERD, pathological reflux was confirmed by instrumental methods in 81% of patients; in children with esophageal manifestations - 92%, with no statistically significant differences (p = 0,0637). Nonacid reflux is more common in patients without esophageal manifestations of GERD. Conclusions: The frequency of GERD in children with RCRD is very high. It is possible to screen GERD in children with RCRD, independent on the presence of clinical esophageal symptoms.
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Małczak, Piotr, Magdalena Pisarska-Adamczyk, Piotr Zarzycki, Michał Wysocki, and Piotr Major. "Hiatal Hernia Repair during Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease symptoms changes." Polish Journal of Surgery 93, no. 5 (June 18, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9356.
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Introduction Obesity is associated with a higher prevalence of various comorbidities including gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is yet still unclear whether LSG exacerbates or alleviates GERD symptoms. Available date in the literature on LSG influence on GERD are contradictory. Material and methods Systematic review of literature comparing GERD in sleeve gastrectomy versus sleeve gastrectomy with concomtitant hiatal repair. The review was conducted in January 2021 in accordance to PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria involved reporting GERD and comparison of above mentioned techniques. Primary outcome of interest were alleviation of GERD and “de-novo” GERD symptoms. Secondary outcomes were operative time and morbidity. Results Initial search yielded 831 records. After the review and full-text screening 5 studies were included in the analysis. There were no differences in terms of GERD outcomes, p=0.74 for alleviation, p=0.77 for new symptoms. Concomitant hiatal hernia repair significantly prolongs sleeve gastrectomy by 38 mins. Conclusion There are no differences in GERD between hiatal hernia repair during sleeve gastrectomy in comparison to sleeve gastrectomy alone. More high-quality studies are required to fully evaluate this subject.
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Suherman, Linda, Robby Ramdani, Vina Septiani, Wiwik Indrayani, Alfi Nurul Islamiyah, and Putri Hasyim. "POLA PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA PASIEN GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) DI SALAH SATU RUMAH SAKIT DI BANDUNG." Pharmacoscript 4, no. 2 (August 26, 2021): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36423/pharmacoscript.v4i2.713.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) adalah salah satu bentuk gangguan pencernaan dimana HCl naik dari lambung ke esofagus, sehingga menimbulkan gejala klinis dan komplikasi yang menurunkan kualitas hidup seseorang. Di Indonesia prevalensi GERD sudah mencapai 27,4%. Bahaya GERD jika tidak ditangani akan mengganggu kerja sistem pencernaan dan meningkatkan resiko kanker esofagus. Sehingga diperlukan pengobatan yang tepat. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran profil dan rasionalitas penggunaan obat pada pasien GERD di salah satu Rumah Sakit di Bandung periode Januari - Desember 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif non eksperimental menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dari 41 rekam medik pasien GERD di instalasi rawat inap yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi secara retrospektif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penderita GERD sebagian besar adalah perempuan sebesar 53,66%, berdasarkan usia paling banyak pada usia 26-35 tahun sebesar 29,26 %. Obat GERD yang paling banyak digunakan adalah kombinasi 2 obat Pantoprazol + Sukralfat sebesar 58,54%. Penggunaan obat pada pasien GERD sudah rasional dengan persentase penggunaan obat berdasarkan tepat obat 100%, tepat dosis 97,56%, tepat interval waktu pemberian 97,56% dan tepat rute pemberian 100%.
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Cheung, W. Y., R. Zhai, M. Kulke, R. Heist, K. Asomaning, C. Ma, Z. Wang, L. Su, D. Christiani, and G. Liu. "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene polymorphism, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) risk." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 11029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.11029.
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11029 Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of key cancer genes, such as EGF A61G, are associated with an elevated risk of EAC, but the lack of full penetrance indicates that the effects of these SNPs on esophageal carcinogenesis are modified by additional genetic or environmental variables. Since GERD is an established risk factor for EAC, we evaluated whether the association between EGF polymorphism and EAC development is altered by the presence of GERD. Methods: EGF genotyping of DNA samples was performed and GERD history was collected for 309 EAC patients and 275 matched healthy controls. Associations between genotypes and EAC risk were examined with adjusted logistic regression. Genotype-GERD relationships were explored using analyses stratified by GERD history and joint effects models that considered severity and duration of GERD symptoms. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between cases and controls except that EGF variants (A/G or G/G) were more common (p=0.02) and GERD was more prevalent (p<0.001) in cases than in controls. When compared to the EGF wild type A/A genotype, the G/G variant was associated with an increased risk of EAC (OR 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2–3.0; p=0.007). Stratified analyses revealed that the G/G variant contributed to a substantial increase in EAC risk among individuals with GERD, but a slight decrease in risk for GERD-free individuals (see table). In the joint effects models, the odds of EAC was also highest for G/G patients who either experienced frequent GERD of more than once per week (OR 21.8; 95% CI, 5.1–94.0; p<0.001) or suffered GERD for longer than 15 years (OR 22.4; 95% CI, 6.5–77.6; p<0.001). There was a highly significant interaction between the G/G genotype and the presence of GERD (p<0.001). Conclusions: EGF A61G polymorphism exerts its effect on EAC susceptibility through an interaction with GERD. Performing EGF genotyping for patients with severe or longstanding GERD can help to identify individuals at the greatest risk of EAC. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.