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Academic literature on the topic 'GEC Models'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GEC Models"

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Lee, Myunghoon, Hyeonho Shin, Dabin Lee, and Sung-Pil Choi. "Korean Grammatical Error Correction Based on Transformer with Copying Mechanisms and Grammatical Noise Implantation Methods." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082658.

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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of detecting and correcting various grammatical errors in texts. Many previous approaches to the GEC have used various mechanisms including rules, statistics, and their combinations. Recently, the performance of the GEC in English has been drastically enhanced due to the vigorous applications of deep neural networks and pretrained language models. Following the promising results of the English GEC tasks, we apply the Transformer with Copying Mechanism into the Korean GEC task by introducing novel and effective noising methods for constructing Korean GEC datasets. Our comparative experiments showed that the proposed system outperforms two commercial grammar check and other NMT-based models.
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Musyafa, Ahmad, Ying Gao, Aiman Solyman, Chaojie Wu, and Siraj Khan. "Automatic Correction of Indonesian Grammatical Errors Based on Transformer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 10380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010380.

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Grammatical error correction (GEC) is one of the major tasks in natural language processing (NLP) which has recently attracted great attention from researchers. The performance of universal languages such as English and Chinese in the GEC system has improved significantly. This could be attributed to the large number of powerful applications supported by neural network models and pretrained language models. Referring to the satisfactory results of the universal language in the GEC task and the lack of research on the GEC task for low-resource languages, especially Indonesian, this paper proposes an automatic model for Indonesian grammar correction based on the Transformer architecture which can be applied to other low-resource language texts. Furthermore, we build a large corpus of the Indonesian language that can be utilized for evaluating the next Indonesian GEC task. We evaluate the models in this dataset, and the results show that the Transformer-based automatic error correction model achieved significant and satisfactory results compared with the results of previous research models.
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Lin, Nankai, Boyu Chen, Xiaotian Lin, Kanoksak Wattanachote, and Shengyi Jiang. "A Framework for Indonesian Grammar Error Correction." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (May 26, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3440993.

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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is a challenge in Natural Language Processing research. Although many researchers have been focusing on GEC in universal languages such as English or Chinese, few studies focus on Indonesian, which is a low-resource language. In this article, we proposed a GEC framework that has the potential to be a baseline method for Indonesian GEC tasks. This framework treats GEC as a multi-classification task. It integrates different language embedding models and deep learning models to correct 10 types of Part of Speech (POS) error in Indonesian text. In addition, we constructed an Indonesian corpus that can be utilized as an evaluation dataset for Indonesian GEC research. Our framework was evaluated on this dataset. Results showed that the Long Short-Term Memory model based on word-embedding achieved the best performance. Its overall macro-average F 0.5 in correcting 10 POS error types reached 0.551. Results also showed that the framework can be trained on a low-resource dataset.
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Afraimovich, E. L., E. I. Astafyeva, A. V. Oinats, Yu V. Yasukevich, and I. V. Zhivetiev. "Global electron content: a new conception to track solar activity." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 2 (February 26, 2008): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-335-2008.

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Abstract. We developed a method and programs for estimation of the global electron content (GEC) from GPS measurements, using the ionosphere models IRI-2001 and NeQuick. During the 23rd cycle of solar activity, the value of GEC varied from 0.8 to 3.2×1032 electrons, following changes in the solar extreme ultra violet (EUV) radiation and solar radio emission at 10.7-cm wavelength. We found a strong resemblance of these variations, with discernible 11-year and 27-day periodicities. A saturation effect of GEC is found when F10.7 increases. We found that GEC is characterized by strong seasonal (semiannual) variations with maximum relative amplitude at about 10% during the rising and falling parts of the solar activity and up to 30% during the period of maximum. It was found that the relative difference between model and experimental GEC series increase as the smoothing time window decreases. We found that GEC-IRI seasonal variations are out-of-phase with experimental GEC values. The lag between model and experimental maximum of GEC values can reach several tens of days. The variations of GEC lag, on average, 2 days after those of F10.7 and UV. GEC completely reflects the dynamics of the active regions on the solar surface. The amplitude of the 27-day GEC variations decreases from 8% at the rising and falling solar activity to 2% at the maximum and at the minimum. We also found that the lifetime of contrast long-living active formations on the Sun's surface in EUV range for more than 1 month exceeds the one in radio range (10.7 cm).
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Cybulsky, A. V., J. C. Monge, J. Papillon, and A. J. McTavish. "Complement C5b-9 activates cytosolic phospholipase A2 in glomerular epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 269, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): F739—F749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.269.5.f739.

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In rat membranous nephropathy, complement C5b-9 induces glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury and proteinuria, which, in some models, is partially mediated by eicosanoids. By analogy, sublytic C5b-9 injures plasma membranes and releases arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosanoids in cultured rat GEC. In this study, we demonstrate that, in GEC, sublytic C5b-9 stably increased the activity of a high-molecular-mass cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which we identified as "cPLA2." This increase was abolished with inhibitors of protein kinase C. C5b-9 did not affect low-molecular-mass membrane-associated or secretory PLA2 activities. In GEC that stably overexpress cPLA2 activity and protein (produced by transfection of cPLA2 cDNA), immunoblot analysis showed that sublytic C5b-9 induced a decreased mobility of cPLA2, consistent with cPLA2 phosphorylation. Incubation of cPLA2-transfected GEC with sublytic C5b-9 significantly increased production of free AA and prostaglandin E2, whereas, in control GEC, the C5b-9-induced changes in free AA and prostaglandin E2 were small. Furthermore, both C5b-9-dependent sublytic cytotoxicity and cytolysis were enhanced in GEC overexpressing cPLA2, compared with control cells. Thus C5b-9 increased cPLA2 activity, probably via phosphorylation involving a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Phospholipid hydrolysis by cPLA2 resulted in release of substrate for eicosanoid synthesis and in enhancement of C5b-9-dependent GEC injury. Both processes may facilitate glomerular damage in membranous nephropathy.
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Zhao, Zewei, and Houfeng Wang. "MaskGEC: Improving Neural Grammatical Error Correction via Dynamic Masking." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 01 (April 3, 2020): 1226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5476.

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Grammatical error correction (GEC) is a promising natural language processing (NLP) application, whose goal is to change the sentences with grammatical errors into the correct ones. Neural machine translation (NMT) approaches have been widely applied to this translation-like task. However, such methods need a fairly large parallel corpus of error-annotated sentence pairs, which is not easy to get especially in the field of Chinese grammatical error correction. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to improve the NMT-based GEC models by dynamic masking. By adding random masks to the original source sentences dynamically in the training procedure, more diverse instances of error-corrected sentence pairs are generated to enhance the generalization ability of the grammatical error correction model without additional data. The experiments on NLPCC 2018 Task 2 show that our MaskGEC model improves the performance of the neural GEC models. Besides, our single model for Chinese GEC outperforms the current state-of-the-art ensemble system in NLPCC 2018 Task 2 without any extra knowledge.
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Amato, Timothy W. "On Difference Equations, Probability Models and the “Generalized Event Count” Distribution." Political Analysis 6 (1996): 175–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/6.1.175.

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In this article, the mathematical and probabilistic foundations of Gary King's “generalized event count” (GEC) model for dealing with unequally dispersed event count data are explored. It is shown that the GEC model is a probability model that joins together the binomial, negative binomial, and Poisson distributions. Some aspects of the GEC's reparameterization are described and extended and it is shown how different reparameterizations lead to different interpretations of the dispersion parameter. The common mathematical and statistical structure of “unequally dispersed” event count models as models that require estimation of the “number of trials” parameter along with the “probability” component is derived. Some questions pertaining to estimation of this class of models are raised for future discussion.
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Li, Jiquan, Junliang Guo, Yongxin Zhu, Xin Sheng, Deqiang Jiang, Bo Ren, and Linli Xu. "Sequence-to-Action: Grammatical Error Correction with Action Guided Sequence Generation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (June 28, 2022): 10974–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21345.

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The task of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) has received remarkable attention with wide applications in Natural Language Processing (NLP) in recent years. While one of the key principles of GEC is to keep the correct parts unchanged and avoid over-correction, previous sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models generate results from scratch, which are not guaranteed to follow the original sentence structure and may suffer from the over-correction problem. In the meantime, the recently proposed sequence tagging models can overcome the over-correction problem by only generating edit operations, but are conditioned on human designed language-specific tagging labels. In this paper, we combine the pros and alleviate the cons of both models by proposing a novel Sequence-to-Action (S2A) module. The S2A module jointly takes the source and target sentences as input, and is able to automatically generate a token-level action sequence before predicting each token, where each action is generated from three choices named SKIP, COPY and GENerate. Then the actions are fused with the basic seq2seq framework to provide final predictions. We conduct experiments on the benchmark datasets of both English and Chinese GEC tasks. Our model consistently outperforms the seq2seq baselines, while being able to significantly alleviate the over-correction problem as well as holding better generality and diversity in the generation results compared to the sequence tagging models.
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Cybulsky, Andrey V., Richard J. Quigg, and David J. Salant. "Experimental membranous nephropathy redux." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): F660—F671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00437.2004.

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Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Active and passive Heymann nephritis (HN) in rats are valuable experimental models because their features so closely resemble human MN. In HN, subepithelial immune deposits form in situ as a result of circulating antibodies. Complement activation leads to assembly of C5b-9 on glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) plasma membranes and is essential for sublethal GEC injury and the onset of proteinuria. This review revisits HN and focuses on areas of substantial progress in recent years. The response of the GEC to sublethal C5b-9 attack is not simply due to disruption of the plasma membrane but is due to the activation of specific signaling pathways. These include activation of protein kinases, phospholipases, cyclooxygenases, transcription factors, growth factors, NADPH oxidase, stress proteins, proteinases, and others. Ultimately, these signals impact on cell metabolic pathways and the structure/function of lipids and key proteins in the cytoskeleton and slit-diaphragm. Some signals affect GEC adversely. Thus C5b-9 induces partial dissolution of the actin cytoskeleton. There is a decline in nephrin expression, reduction in F-actin-bound nephrin, and loss of slit-diaphragm integrity. Other signals, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, may limit complement-induced injury, or promote recovery. The extent of complement activation and GEC injury is dependent, in part, on complement-regulatory proteins, which act at early or late steps within the complement cascade. Identification of key steps in complement activation, the cellular signaling pathways, and the targets will facilitate therapeutic intervention in reversing GEC injury in human MN.
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Lichtarge, Jared, Chris Alberti, and Shankar Kumar. "Data Weighted Training Strategies for Grammatical Error Correction." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (October 2020): 634–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00336.

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Recent progress in the task of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) has been driven by addressing data sparsity, both through new methods for generating large and noisy pretraining data and through the publication of small and higher-quality finetuning data in the BEA-2019 shared task. Building upon recent work in Neural Machine Translation (NMT), we make use of both kinds of data by deriving example-level scores on our large pretraining data based on a smaller, higher-quality dataset. In this work, we perform an empirical study to discover how to best incorporate delta-log-perplexity, a type of example scoring, into a training schedule for GEC. In doing so, we perform experiments that shed light on the function and applicability of delta-log-perplexity. Models trained on scored data achieve state- of-the-art results on common GEC test sets.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GEC Models"

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Pedersen, Michael. "Modular languages for systems and synthetic biology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4602.

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Systems biology is a rapidly growing field which seeks a refined quantitative understanding of organisms, particularly studying how molecular species such as metabolites, proteins and genes interact in cells to form the complex emerging behaviour exhibited by living systems. Synthetic biology is a related and emerging field which seeks to engineer new organisms for practical purposes. Both fields can benefit from formal languages for modelling, simulation and analysis. In systems biology there is however a trade-off in the landscape of existing formal languages: some are modular but may be difficult for some biologists to understand (e.g. process calculi) while others are more intuitive but monolithic (e.g. rule-based languages). The first major contribution of this thesis is to bridge this gap with a Language for Biochemical Systems (LBS). LBS is based on the modular Calculus of Biochemical Systems and adds e.g. parameterised modules with subtyping and a notion of nondeterminism for handling combinatorial explosion. LBS can also incorporate other rule-based languages such as Kappa, hence adding modularity to these. Modularity is important for a rational structuring of models but can also be exploited in analysis as is shown for the specific case of Petri net flows. On the synthetic biology side, none of the few existing dedicated languages allow for a high-level description of designs that can be automatically translated into DNA sequences for implementation in living cells. The second major contribution of this thesis is exactly such a language for Genetic Engineering of Cells (GEC). GEC exploits the recent advent of standard genetic parts (“biobricks”) and allows for the composition of such parts into genes in a modular and abstract manner using logical constraints. GEC programs can then be translated to DNA sequences using a constraint satisfaction engine based on a given database of genetic parts.
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Zhai, Menghua. "Deep Probabilistic Models for Camera Geo-Calibration." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/74.

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The ultimate goal of image understanding is to transfer visual images into numerical or symbolic descriptions of the scene that are helpful for decision making. Knowing when, where, and in which direction a picture was taken, the task of geo-calibration makes it possible to use imagery to understand the world and how it changes in time. Current models for geo-calibration are mostly deterministic, which in many cases fails to model the inherent uncertainties when the image content is ambiguous. Furthermore, without a proper modeling of the uncertainty, subsequent processing can yield overly confident predictions. To address these limitations, we propose a probabilistic model for camera geo-calibration using deep neural networks. While our primary contribution is geo-calibration, we also show that learning to geo-calibrate a camera allows us to implicitly learn to understand the content of the scene.
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Corr?a, F?bio Mathias. "Metodologia de avalia??o da requeima e sele??o de gen?tipos de tomate resistentes a Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/525.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Fabio Mathias Correa.pdf: 2421517 bytes, checksum: 7f7f9e77fc6d68db6e05dbd9994c1e38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The late blight of the tomato, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) of Bary it is one of the main diseases of the tomato. However, the quantification of the severity of the disease, doesn't possess a standard method of evaluation and that, it can interfere in the comparison of results among and inside of experiments, once the scale of evaluation of the disease should be standardized. A diagrammatic scale should represent all variation of the existent disease in the field and to make possible necessary evaluations and perfected, independent of the existent differences among appraisers. Another important factor in the epidemiological studys, is the correct application of the methodologies of evaluation of treatments or cultivars. Therefore, the present work has as objectives: 1) to develop and to validate a diagrammatic scale for quantification of the severity of the late blight in tomateiro leaves and 2) to compare the use of AUDPC (area under disease progress curve), certain according to Shanner & Finney (1977), with the use of mixed models and mixed lineal models widespread in the selection of gen?tipos of resistant tomateiro to the requeima. Three diagrammatics scales were proposed for evaluation of the late blight in tomato leaves. The first scale, denominated scale-detailed, it was composed by nine values of severity intensity (0, 3, 6, 12, 22, 40, 60, 77 and 90%), the second climb, call of having scale-simplified, it was composed by seven severity values (0, 3, 12, 22, 40, 60 and 77%) and the third scale, of having James-modified, composed by seven severity values (0, 1, 5, 10, 16, 32 and 50%). For the validation of the scales, 24 appraisers accomplished two evaluations in leaves 50 tomato leaves with different severity levels, where the precision, acuracy and repetibility were appraised through simple lineal regression, analysis of variance of the mistakes and correlation coefficient. Among the proposed scales, two came as tools that allow a good precision and acuracy in the evaluation of the severity of the late blight in tomato leaves, being the detailed scale and the simplified scale. With relationship to the analysis methods, the use of direct AACPD, calculated by the sum of Riemann, and of mixed and mixed models widespread, it was verified that the direct use of AUDPC, doesn't get to describe all existent variation in the sample, probably for the great number of treatments. The use of mixed models widespread, that it considers the distribution of Poisson, it was shown more appropriate for to describe the epidemic caused by late blight in tomato, being more suitable in the selection of tomato cultivars seeking to the resistance the this disease.
A requeima, causada por Phytophthora infestans ? uma das principais doen?as do tomateiro. Para quantificar a severidade da doen?a, n?o h? um m?todo padr?o, o que pode interferir na compara??o de resultados entre e dentro de experimentos, uma vez que a escala de avalia??o da doen?a deve ser padronizada. Uma escala diagram?tica deve representar toda a varia??o da severidade no campo e possibilitar avalia??es precisas e acuradas, independente das diferen?as entre avaliadores. Outro fator importante no estudo epidemiol?gico ? a correta aplica??o das metodologias de avalia??o de tratamentos ou gen?tipos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou: 1) desenvolver e validar uma escala diagram?tica para quantifica??o da severidade da requeima em folhas de tomateiro e 2) comparar o uso da ?rea abaixo da curva de progresso da doen?a (AACPD), com o uso de modelos mistos e modelos lineares mistos generalizados na sele??o de gen?tipos de tomateiro resistentes ? requeima. Tr?s escalas diagram?ticas foram propostas para avalia?ar a requeima em folhas de tomateiro. A primeira, denominada escala-detalhada, foi composta por nove valores de intensidade de severidade (0, 3, 6, 12, 22, 40, 60, 77 e 90%). A segunda escala, chamada de escala-simplificada, foi composta por sete valores de severidade (0, 3, 12, 22, 40, 60 e 77%) e a terceira, de Jamesmodificada, composta por sete valores de severidade (0, 1, 5, 10, 16, 32 e 50%). Para a valida??o das escalas, 24 avaliadores realizaram duas avalia??es em 50 folhas de tomateiro com diferentes n?veis de severidade, e a precis?o, acur?cia e a repetibilidade dos avaliadores foram avaliados atrav?s de regress?o linear simples, an?lise de vari?ncia dos erros e coeficiente de correla??o de Pearson. Dentre as escalas propostas, duas (escala detalhada e escala simplificada) apresentaram uma boa precis?o e acur?cia para a avalia??o da severidade da requeima em folhas de tomateiro. Quanto aos m?todos de an?lise, constatou-se que o uso direto da AACPD, obtido pela soma de Riemann, n?o conseguiu descrever toda varia??o existente na amostra, provavelmente pelo grande n?mero de tratamentos. O uso de modelos mistos generalizados, que considera a distribui??o de Poisson, foi mais adequado para descrever a epidemia, sendo mais indicado na sele??o de gen?tipos de tomate resistentes a doen?a.
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Betrabet, Chinmay Suresh. "Inorganic-organic hybrid materials and abrasion resistant coatings based on a sol-gel approach." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40188.

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Novel inorganic-organic hybrid materials made previously in the laboratory have utilized acids catalysts such as HCI, acetic acid, toluene sulfonic acid and polystyrene sulfonic acid to catalyze the sol-gel reaction. The sol-gel reaction can also be catalyzed under near neutral (i.e. 5 < pH < 7) and basic conditions. The effects of synthesizing hybrid materials under near basic and basic conditions has not been studied. Attempts to synthesize hybrid materials from polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO) end functionalized with triethoxy silyl groups and, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) under basic conditions met with only partial success. The films obtained had low mechanical stability. This was attributed to the low reactivity of the triethoxy species under neutral and basic conditions. In contrast, films with good mechanical stability were obtained when the TEOS was replaced with titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIOPR). The microstructure of the TIOPRlPTMO hybrid synthesized under near neutral conditions was generally similar to the acid catalyzed PTMOffIOPR hybrids.
Ph. D.
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Chung, Hyoju. "GEE with large cluster sizes : high-dimensional working correlation models /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9545.

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Keogh, Andrew James, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Geo-chemical budget models of the Penrith Lakes Scheme." THESIS_CSTE_EID_Keogh_A.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/472.

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The Penrith Lakes Scheme is a series of inter-connected lakes, produced by the rehabilitation of a sand and gravel quarry, for water quality treatment and recreational uses. Presently, 5 lakes are operational comprising 4 upstream lakes for treatment of storm-water and quarry discharge and a single downstream recreational lake as the Sydney International Regatta Centre used during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. This report is the result of a study, during 1998-2003, with an aim to develop dynamic budget models of water, sediments and nutrients for these lakes, providing suitable data for long-term management planning and evaluation of short-term operational management.Findings showed that while progressive reassessment and refinement will be required as management control increases, the approach provides the foundation modelling procedures and frame-work for suitable hydrological and water quality management of the Penrith Lakes Scheme, and may be extended to include further lakes, water sources and management strategies.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Keogh, Andrew James. "Geo-chemical budget models of the Penrith Lakes Scheme /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040528.121937/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2003.
"A thesis submitted to the School of Engineering and Industrial Design, University of Western Sydney, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references and appendices.
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Lee, Woojin. "Polymer gel based actuator : dynamic model of gel for real time control." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10939.

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McSweeny, Andrew. "Genome Evolution Model (GEM): Design and Application." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1290550446.

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Costa, João Pedro Tavares Pereira da. "Caracterização de serviços de Internet geo-replicados." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11881.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
Com o aumento da popularidade de serviços distribuídos que recorrem à geo-replicação, a comunidade científica tem efectuado um esforço activo para desenvolver modelos de consistência e esquemas de replicação, que permitam a estas aplicações encontrar um equilíbrio adequado entre desempenho e a exposição da camada de replicação para os utilizadores destas aplicações. No entanto, é pouco claro quais os modelos de consistência que são oferecidos por aplicações reais e extremamente populares, como por exemplo o Facebook ou o Twitter. Nesta tese é proposta uma metodologia e é descrita uma arquitectura que pretende validar um conjunto de propriedades relevantes relativas ao modelo de consistência oferecido por aplicações reais de grande escala. Em particular a nossa abordagem permite verificar violações de propriedades de sessão bem conhecidas, assim como verificar se a causalidade entre os efeitos das operações observados pelos utilizadores é violada. Adicionalmente, a nossa abordagem tenta também inferir a janela de divergência observada pelos clientes. Desta forma consegue-se observar que garantias de consistência são respeitadas por um serviço distribuído sem que seja necessário ter conhecimento sobre o seu funcionamento interno, permitindo construindo melhores modelos de consistência. Esta metodologia serve ainda como uma ferramenta auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um serviço distribuído, permitindo verificar se este oferece o modelo de consistência esperado.
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Books on the topic "GEC Models"

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G, Marsh J., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. The GEM-T2 gravitational model. Greenbelt, MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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G, Marsh J., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. The GEM-T2 gravitational model. Greenbelt, MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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G, Marsh J., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. The GEM-T2 gravitational model. Greenbelt, MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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Bayoumi, Tamim, Hamid Faruqee, Douglas Laxton, Philippe Karam, Alessandro Rebucci, Jaewoo Lee, Ben Hunt, and Ivan Tchakarov. GEM: A New International Macroeconomic Model. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781589063754.084.

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Awo, Nwata Rie. Ule Asusu igbo (Wasc/Gce): (Model Past questions Wasc/Gce). Onitsha: Jet Publishers (Nig.) Ltd., 1985.

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Model-driven design of geo-information services. Enschede, The Netherlands: ITC, 2004.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Transportation and Air Quality. Assessment and Standards Division. Greenhouse gas emissions model (GEM) user guide. [Washington, D.C.]: Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.

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General Motors Corportation. Truck Division. and General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division., eds. Do it yourself service manual: C/K models. [Pontiac, Mich: GMC Truck Division, Truck & Bus Group, General Motors Corp., 1988.

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Haddon, Margaret Ruth. Gel permeation chromatography standards and model polyethylene compounds. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1989.

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Open networked "i-learning": Models and cases of "next-gen" learning. New York: Springer, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "GEC Models"

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Najafzadeh, Mahsa, and Suresh Jagannathan. "Geo-Replication Models." In Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63962-8_186-1.

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Najafzadeh, Mahsa, and Suresh Jagannathan. "Geo-replication Models." In Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies, 783–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77525-8_186.

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Zhang, Yue, and James B. D. Joshi. "GEO-RBAC Model." In Encyclopedia of Database Systems, 1–2. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7993-3_1509-2.

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Zhang, Yue, and James B. D. Joshi. "GEO-RBAC Model." In Encyclopedia of Database Systems, 1244–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_1509.

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Zhang, Yue, and James B. D. Joshi. "GEO-RBAC Model." In Encyclopedia of Database Systems, 1614–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8265-9_1509.

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Park, H., Y. R. Oh, J. W. Lee, and G. Chung. "Snow Damage Prediction Model Using Socioeconomic Factors." In GCEC 2017, 1067–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_75.

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Huang, Yu, Zili Dai, and Weijie Zhang. "SPH Models for Geo-disasters." In Geo-disaster Modeling and Analysis: An SPH-based Approach, 23–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44211-1_2.

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Barron, Eric J. "Pre-Pleistocene Climates: Data and Models." In Climate and Geo-Sciences, 3–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2446-8_1.

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Ghil, M. "Deceptively-Simple Models of Climatic Change." In Climate and Geo-Sciences, 211–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2446-8_11.

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Chunko, Kongphon, and Vacharapoom Benjaoran. "Implementation of Construction Safety Knowledge Management via Building Information Model." In GCEC 2017, 431–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "GEC Models"

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Gonenc, Abdurrahman, Emrullah Acar, Idris Demir, and Musa Yilmaz. "Artificial Intelligence Based Regression Models for Prediction of Smart Grid Stability." In 2022 Global Energy Conference (GEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gec55014.2022.9986814.

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"MATCHING TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS’ SPOTS." In International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003702401110117.

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Kang, Fei, Siyuan Wu, and Junjie Li. "Rockfill Dam Constitutive Models’ Calibration Using Gaussian Process Regression-Response Surface Model with Jaya Optimizer." In Geo-Risk 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484982.025.

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Yang, Xibei, Xinzhe Li, and Tsau Young Lin. "First GrC model - Neighborhood Systems the most general rough set models." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing (GRC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/grc.2009.5255031.

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Almikati, Abdurrahman, Shadi Najjar, and Salah Sadek. "Assessment of Model Uncertainty for Settlement-Prediction Models of Spread Footings on Clays Reinforced with Aggregate Piers." In Geo-Risk 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484999.034.

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Sklyarov, Valery, Iouliia Skliarova, Dmitri Mihhailov, and Alexander Sudnitson. "Multilevel models for data processing." In 2011 IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeegcc.2011.5752494.

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Cameron, Matthew D., Mohammed Faizal, and Abdelmalek Bouazza. "Soil Temperature and Moisture Variation for the Different Operating Modes of a Model Energy Pile." In Geo-Chicago 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480168.074.

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Dubrule, Olivier, and Igor Escobar and Danila Kuznetsov. "Multi-disciplinary inversion of Earth models." In GEO 2008. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.246.121.

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Kurashima, Takeshi, Tomoharu Iwata, Takahide Hoshide, Noriko Takaya, and Ko Fujimura. "Geo topic model." In the sixth ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2433396.2433444.

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"A NOVEL GAUSSIAN FITTING APPROACH FOR 2D GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SATURATED PROTEIN SPOTS." In International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003789803350338.

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Reports on the topic "GEC Models"

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Narayanan, Badri, Thomas Hertel, and Mark Horridge. Linking Partial and General Equilibrium Models: A GTAP Application Using TASTE. GTAP Technical Paper, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp29.

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CGE models are utilized for the evaluation of trade policy reforms, yet they are typically highly aggregated, limiting their usefulness to trade negotiators interested in impacts at the tariff line. Partial Equilibrium (PE) models used for disaggregate analysis lack the benefits of an economy-wide analysis required to examine the overall impact of trade policy reforms. This suggests the need for a PE-GE, nested modeling framework to support trade policy analysis. In this paper, we develop a PE model that captures international trade, domestic consumption and output, using CET and CES structures, market clearing conditions and price linkages, nested within the standard GTAP Model. In addition, we extend the welfare decomposition of Huff and Hertel (2001) to this PE-GE model to contrast the sources of welfare gain among models. To illustrate the value-added of this model, we examine the impact of multi-lateral tariff liberalization on the Indian economy, with special focus on the auto sector, using PE, GE and PE-GE models. The PE model does not predict the change in overall size and price level for the industry well, while the GE model underestimates the aggregate welfare gain due to tariff averaging. It also fails to account for the change in industry composition resulting from trade reform. These findings are robust to wide variation in model parameters. We conclude that the linked model is superior to both the GE and PE counterparts.
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Narayanan, Badri, Thomas Hertel, and Mark Horridge. Disaggregated Data and Trade Policy Analysis: The Value of Linking Partial and General Equilibrium Models. GTAP Working Paper, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp56.

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Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are now routinely utilized for the evaluation of trade policy reforms, yet they are typically quite highly aggregated, which limits their usefulness to trade negotiators who are often interested in impacts at the tariff line. On the other hand, Partial Equilibrium (PE) models, which are typically used for analysis at disaggregate levels, deprive the researcher of the benefits of an economy-wide analysis, which is required to examine the overall impact of broad-based trade policy reforms. Therefore, a PE-GE, nested modeling framework has the prospect of offering an ideal tool for trade policy analysis. In this paper, we develop a PE model that captures international trade, domestic consumption and output, using Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) and Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) structures, market clearing conditions and price linkages, nested within the standard GTAP Model. In particular, we extend the welfare decomposition of Huff and Hertel (2001) to this PE-GE model in order to contrast the sources of welfare gain in PE and GE analyses. To illustrate the usefulness of this model, we examine the contentious issue of tariff liberalization in the Indian auto sector, using PE, GE and PE-GE models. Both the PE and PE-GE models show that the imports of Motorcycles and Automobiles change drastically with both unilateral and bilateral tariff liberalization by India, but the PE model does a poor job predicting the overall size and price level in the industry, post-liberalization. On the other hand, the GE model overestimates substitution between regional suppliers due to “false competition” and underestimates the welfare gain, due to the problem of tariff averaging in the aggregated model. These findings are shown to be robust to wide variation in model parameters. We conclude that the linked model is superior to both the GE and PE counterparts.
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Cook, Samantha, Matthew Bigl, Sandra LeGrand, Nicholas Webb, Gayle Tyree, and Ronald Treminio. Landform identification in the Chihuahuan Desert for dust source characterization applications : developing a landform reference data set. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45644.

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ERDC-Geo is a surface erodibility parameterization developed to improve dust predictions in weather forecasting models. Geomorphic landform maps used in ERDC-Geo link surface dust emission potential to landform type. Using a previously generated southwest United States landform map as training data, a classification model based on machine learning (ML) was established to generate ERDC-Geo input data. To evaluate the ability of the ML model to accurately classify landforms, an independent reference landform data set was created for areas in the Chihuahuan Desert. The reference landform data set was generated using two separate map-ping methodologies: one based on in situ observations, and another based on the interpretation of satellite imagery. Existing geospatial data layers and recommendations from local rangeland experts guided site selections for both in situ and remote landform identification. A total of 18 landform types were mapped across 128 sites in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico using the in situ (31 sites) and remote (97 sites) techniques. The final data set is critical for evaluating the ML-classification model and, ultimately, for improving dust forecasting models.
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Tschirhart, V., S. Pehrsson, N. Wodicka, J. A. Percival, C. W. Jefferson, T. Peterson, and R G Berman. Geophysical contributions to a synthesis of western Churchill geology and metallogeny. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330639.

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The geophysical data sets available for the western Churchill Province have had a bearing on the understanding of its structure, evolution and metal endowment. New data were acquired and interpreted during the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program (2008-2020). Regional, high-resolution aeromagnetic, and targeted gravity and magnetotelluric surveys were collected in GEM, in conjunction with geological mapping projects, in order to provide control on bedrock features beneath widespread glacial overburden and flat-lying sedimentary basins. Quantitative estimates of three-dimensional geometry were obtained in key areas through geophysical models integrating the geophysical characteristics with local rock property measurements. These geophysical data sets contributed to new knowledge and interpretations in three related research fields: 1) location and nature of Rae cratonmp;gt;'s boundaries within the western Churchill Province; 2) definition of internal Rae architecture; and 3) identification of reactivated structures controlling gold and uranium mineralization. The new data, models and emerging tectonic and metallogenic frameworks will serve as guides for future exploration in this remote, complex, challenging region.
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Kerr, D. E., A. Plouffe, J E Campbell, and I. McMartin. Status of surficial geology mapping in northern Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331420.

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The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program has facilitated the availability of new and converted surficial geology maps and associated digital data sets for large sectors of northern Canada, leading to about 70% of the North being mapped and digitally available. Development of the Surficial Data Model and Canadian Geoscience Map (CGM) series has streamlined the publication process and created a common standard digital-map format and geodatabase. Based on traditional and more recent remote predictive mapping methodologies, there are now three types of surficial geology CGM maps produced: surficial geology, reconnaissance surficial geology, and predictive surficial geology. The considerable number of new surficial geology maps published during the two phases of the GEM program, as well as upcoming map publications, has resulted in an increase of 12% in map coverage north of 60°, constituting a significant legacy of the GEM program.
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Lavoie, D., N. Pinet, S. Zhang, J. Reyes, C. Jiang, O. H. Ardakani, M. M. Savard, et al. Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Moose River, and Foxe basins: synthesis of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program activities from 2008 to 2018. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326090.

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As part of its Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program, the Geological Survey of Canada included the Hudson Bay Basin in its research portfolio with the goal of generating a modern understanding of its geological framework and a precise knowledge of its hydrocarbon systems. The Hudson Bay-Foxe Basins GEM-1 project led to the proposal of modern stratigraphic frameworks and produced extensive geochemical data on hydrocarbon source rocks as well as data on diverse burial-thermal indicators. Satellite data were acquired over the entire offshore domain in the search for evidence for active hydrocarbon systems. For the Hudson-Ungava GEM-2 project, the aim of the research activities was to better understand local and regional factors associated with the burial and exhumation histories as they pertain to regional or local hydrocarbon prospectivity. This research led to a basin-scale stratigraphic framework coupled with detailed analyses of hydrocarbon generation and the appraisal of the best potential reservoir units.
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Boesten, J. J. T. I., M. C. Braakhekke, E. L. Wipfler, E. A. van Os, and M. J. J. Hoogsteen. GEM 4 model for soilless cultures: model description and parameterisation. Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536706.

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Koo, Bonsoo, and Oliver Linton. Let's get LADE: robust estimation of semiparametric multiplicative volatility models. Institute for Fiscal Studies, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2013.1113.

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McClenaghan, M. B., W. A. Spirito, S. J. A. Day, M. W. McCurdy, and R. J. McNeil. Overview of GEM surficial geochemistry and indicator mineral surveys and case studies in northern Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330473.

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As part of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program between 2008 and 2020, the Geological Survey of Canada carried out reconnaissance-scale to deposit-scale geochemical and indicator mineral surveys and case studies across northern Canada. In these studies, geochemical methods were used to determine the concentrations of 65 elements in lake sediment, stream sediment, stream water, lake water and till samples across approximately 1,000,000 km2 of northern Canada. State-of the-art indicator methods were used to examine the indicator mineral signatures in regional-scale stream sediment and till surveys. This research identified areas with anomalous concentrations of elements and/or indicator minerals that are indicative of bedrock mineralization, developed new mineral exploration models and protocols, trained a new generation of geoscientists and transferred knowledge to northern communities. The most immediate impact of the GEM surveys has been the stimulation of mineral exploration in Canada's north, focussing exploration efforts into high mineral potential areas identified in GEM regional-scale surveys. Regional- and deposit-scale studies demonstrated how transport data (till geochemistry, indicator minerals) and ice flow indicator data can be used together to identify and understand complex ice flow and glacial transport. Detailed studies at the Izok Lake, Pine Point, Strange Lake, Amaruq deposits and across the Great Bear Magmatic Zone demonstrate new suites of indicator minerals that can now be used in future reconnaissance- and regional-scale stream sediment and till surveys across Canada.
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McClenaghan, M. B., W. A. Spirito, S. J. A. Day, M. W. McCurdy, R. J. McNeil, and S. W. Adcock. Overview of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program surficial geochemistry and indicator-mineral surveys and case studies in northern Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331421.

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As part of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program, which ran from 2008 to 2020, the Geological Survey of Canada carried out reconnaissance-scale to deposit-scale geochemical and indicator-mineral surveys and case studies across northern Canada. In these studies, geochemical methods were used to determine the concentrations of 65 elements in lake-sediment, lake-water, stream-sediment, stream-water, and till samples across approximately 1 000 000 km2 of northern Canada. State-of the-art methods were used to examine the indicator-mineral signatures identified through regional-scale stream-sediment and till surveys. As a result of this research, areas with anomalous concentrations of elements and/or indicator minerals that are indicative of bedrock mineralization were identified, new mineral exploration models and protocols were developed, a new generation of geoscientists was trained, and knowledge was transferred to northern communities. The most immediate impact of the GEM surveys has been the stimulation of mineral exploration in Canada's north, with exploration efforts being focused on high mineral-potential areas identified in GEM regional-scale surveys. Regional- and deposit-scale studies demonstrated how transport data (till geochemistry, indicator minerals) and ice-flow indicator data can be used together to identify and understand complex ice flow and glacial transport. Detailed studies at the Izok Lake, Pine Point, Strange Lake, and Kiggavik deposits, and across the Great Bear magmatic zone, demonstrate new suites of indicator minerals that can now be used in future reconnaissance- and regional-scale stream-sediment and till surveys across Canada.
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