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Journal articles on the topic 'Gear grinding temperature'
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1
Ren, Xiao Zhong, and Hai Feng Hu. "Analysis on the Temperature Field of Gear Form Grinding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.809.
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Aiming at the issue on grinding burn of tooth face, the temperature field formed in helical gear form grinding was analyzed. The finite element model of the single tooth of helical gear was firstly established. Considering the nonlinear relation of the physical properties of gear material to temperature, 3D finite element simulation of transient temperature field was performed by using the rectangular moving heat source model. Finally, the temperature field distribution on tooth face was achieved. The study results show that the temperature is relative low when grinding starts, then the temperature increases rapidly, and the temperature reaches the maximum value at the end of grinding; the increase of grinding depth can result in the rise of temperature when other parameters are the constants.
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Lishchenko, N. V., and V. P. Larshin. "Profile Gear Grinding Temperature Reduction and Equalization." Journal of Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (2018): A 1—A 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2018.5(1).a1.
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Ming, Xing Zu, Hong Zhi Yan, Guo Qi He, and Jing Zhou. "Experiment Study on Micro-Hardness and Structure of NC Grinding Surface Layer of Spiral Bevel Gears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 127 (October 2011): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.127.560.
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Through the analyses of experiment,mechanism of dislocation and coupling of grinding temperature and deformation field,many conclusions are gotten.Firstly,a tempering metamorphic layer of lower hardness is formed in hardening zones of grinding layer of spiral bevel gear. Secondly,the microstructure of grinding tooth surface is acicular martensite+residual austenite+ a small amount of carbides,and it’s outside to the inside presents the variation of "fine→coarser→finer".Thirdly, the critical condition of grinding burns is obtained,that is when grinding temperature is above 600°C,metamorphic layer depth is greater than 0.2mm or more. The formation characteristics of grinding cracks is also revealed. These provide a basis for the NC grinding quality control of spiral bevel gears.
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Liu, Xinrong, and Zhonghou Wang. "Research on High-Precision Form Grinding Technology of Gear Based on Ambient Temperature Adaptability." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4619624.
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The thermal error of high-precision computer numerical control (CNC) form grinding machine has become the critical factor affecting its locating precision. Because the thermal error is more complicated to be measured directly, most of the measurement tests are usually aimed at no-load conditions. In this article, a method to evaluate the machine tool thermal error based on the principle of tooth profile error through the gear grinding precision is presented. Based on high-precision CNC form grinding machine need to maintain isoperibol, this paper proposed the ambient temperature as a variable, for different ambient temperature to measure the thermal error of the machine tool. According to the measurement results of the thermal error, the method of partial least squares neural network is used to structure the thermal error prediction model of the machine tool. The experimental data show that the grade of the gear precision can reach four levels at different temperatures. This approach shows a promising prospect in the application of high-precision CNC gear form grinding machine in the future.
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Ming, Xing Zu, Zhong Gun Li, Xian Wen Xiong, and Jing Zhou. "Experimental Research on Grinding Surface Layer Behavior and Process Parameter Optimization of Spiral Bevel Gears." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1707.
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Based on the test analyses of grinding surface layer behavior of spiral bevel gears, many conclusions are gotten. Compressive residual stresses are occurred on grinding tooth surface, tensile residual stresses are located in tooth layer, and change laws of grinding residual stresses are different from ones of grinding surface roughness Ra as the grinding process parameters. A temper layer is occurred in tooth layer after normal grinding, and the micro-hardness of grinding surface is lower. When arriving at the critical condition, namely grinding temperature is above 600 degree Celsius, and metamorphic layer depth is greater than 0.2mm, different degree of grinding burn is produced, and their microstructures are changed. Based on grinding orthogonal test L16(45), the optimizing configuration of grinding process parameters of spiral bevel gear is obtained by using a mean variance analysis of integrated balance method. Based on the test optimization of grinding surface layer behavior, the comprehensive performances of grinding surface, such as grinding residual stresses, surface roughness, micro-hardness and structure, metamorphic layer depth et al, are better. These provide a basis for improvement of grinding surface quality of spiral bevel gears.
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Yang, Shuying, Weifang Chen, Zhiqiang Wang, and Yanfeng Zhou. "Modelling and experiment of gear hob tooth profile error for relief grinding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 13 (May 12, 2021): 2081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054211017297.
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Gear hob is an important tool that is most used in gear processing. Hob accuracy directly exerts an overwhelming influence on the quality of the processed gear. Generally, the hob tooth profile accuracy is mainly determined by relief grinding process. Studies on tooth profile errors of gear hobs caused by severe friction and cutting with the high-speed rotation of the wheel during the form grinding machining of hobs are limited. Thus, a theoretical model of the tooth profile error prediction under different machining parameters was established based on the analysis of coupling influence of high temperature and high strain rate on gear hobs in the relief grinding process. The model was completed on the basis of the dynamic explicit integral finite element method of thermo-mechanical coupling. Through the prediction model, the influence of the grinding depth ap, feed speed Vw and grinding speed Vs on the tooth profile error can be analysed. In addition, an algorithm for accurately calculate the grinding wheel axial profile by combining instantaneous envelope theory and hob normal tooth profile was proposed. The hob relief grinding experiments were carried out using the proposed grinding wheel profile algorithm. The relative error of the prediction obtained by comparing the calculation results of the prediction model with the experimental results is within 10%. Results prove the validity of the prediction model. This finding is greatly important for optimising the accuracy of hob relief grinding.
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Kruszyński, B. W., and C. A. van Luttervelt. "Prediction of temperature and surface integrity in gear grinding." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 34, no. 5 (July 1994): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)90048-5.
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Dychtoń, Kamil, Andrzej Gradzik, Łukasz Kolek, and Krzysztof Raga. "Evaluation of Thermal Damage Impact on Microstructure and Properties of Carburized AISI 9310 Gear Steel Grade by Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing Methods." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185276.
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Advanced aircraft gearboxes operate under high mechanical loads. Currently, aircraft gears are manufactured from chromium–nickel–molybdenum steel grades such as AISI 9310 or Pyrowear 53. The major causes of gear failure are wear and fatigue cracking. As the crack initiation occurs predominantly on the component surface, the gears are routinely subjected to surface hardening processes such as low-pressure carburizing and case hardening. The gears are manufactured in a multiple operation process, in which teeth grinding is a crucial step. Selection of improper grinding conditions can lead to local heat concentration and creation of grinding burns, which are small areas where microstructure and properties changes are induced by high temperature generated during grinding. Their presence can lead to significant reduction of gear durability. Therefore destructive and non-destructive (NDT) quality-control methods such as chemical etching or magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measurements are applied to detect the grinding burns. In the area of a grinding burn, effects related to the over-tempering or re-hardening of the carburized case may occur. In this paper, the results of the studies on the characterization of microstructure changes caused by local heating performed to simulate grinding burns are presented. The areas with the over-tempering and re-hardening effects typical for grinding burns were formed by laser surface heating of carburized AISI 9310 steel. Analyses of the microstructure, residual stresses, retained austenite content, and non-destructive testing by the MBN method were performed. The correlation between the MBN value and the properties of the modified surface layer was identified. It was also found that the re-hardened areas had similar characteristics of changes in the Barkhausen noise intensity, despite the significant differences in the width of the overheated zone, which depended on the laser-heating process conditions.
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de Oliveira Teixeira, Patricia, Jens Brimmers, and Thomas Bergs. "Investigation of Mechanical Loads Distribution for the Process of Generating Gear Grinding." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5010013.
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In grinding, interaction between the workpiece material and rotating abrasive tool generates high thermo-mechanical loads in the contact zone. If these loads reach critically high values, workpiece material properties deteriorate. To prevent the material deterioration, several models for thermomechanical analysis of grinding processes have been developed. In these models, the source of heat flux is usually considered as uniform in the temperature distribution calculation. However, it is known that heat flux in grinding is generated from frictional heating as well as plastic deformation during the interaction between workpiece material and each grain from the tool. To consider these factors in a future coupled thermomechanical model specifically for the process of gear generating grinding, an investigation of the mechanical load distribution during interaction between grain and workpiece material considering the process kinematics is first required. This work aims to investigate the influence of process parameters as well as grain shape on the distribution of the mechanical loads along a single-grain in gear generating grinding. For this investigation, an adaptation of a single-grain energy model considering the chip formation mechanisms is proposed. The grinding energy as well as normal force can be determined either supported by measurements or solely based on prediction models.
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Umezaki, Yoji, Yasutsune Ariura, Toshio Suzuki, and Ryohei Ishimaru. "High-Speed Finishing of Hard Gear Teeth with cBN-Tipped Hob." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 5 (September 5, 2008): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0348.
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The hobbing finish of hard gear teeth such as case-hardened gears is anticipated for practical use in high efficiency production. We studied wear and finished surface properties in cutting tests using a cubic boron nitride (cBN) hob cutter in high-speed cutting at 900 m/min of case-hardened steel. The cBN content in tip ingredients is related to wear, and tips high in cBN content are superior in wear resistance. The high thermal conductivity of cBN tips helps transfer cutting temperature heat to chips, melting and adhering them to the relief surface. Flaking may occur on the cutting edge but new chipping does not occur although chipping may exist after grinding. Finished surface roughness is influenced by horning on the cutting edge. Round horning leads to a smooth surface. High-speed finishing with cBN-tipped hobs is analyzed in view of cBN tip grinding and finished surface properties, in addition to wear properties.
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Su, JianXin, QingXun Ke, XiaoZhong Deng, and XiaoZhong Ren. "Numerical simulation and experimental analysis of temperature field of gear form grinding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 97, no. 5-8 (May 12, 2018): 2351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2079-6.
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Dai, He, Shilong Wang, Xin Xiong, Baocang Zhou, Shouli Sun, and Zongyan Hu. "Thermal error modelling of motorised spindle in large-sized gear grinding machine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 5 (March 28, 2017): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417696335.
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Thermal errors are one of the most significant factors that influence the machining precision of machine tools. For large-sized gear grinding machine tools, thermal errors of beds, columns and rotary tables are decreased by their huge heat capacity. However, different from machine tools of normal sizes, thermal errors increase with greater power in motorised spindles. Thermal error compensation is generally considered as a relatively effective, convenient and cost-efficient approach in thermal error control and reduction. This article proposes two thermal error prediction models for motorised spindles based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and support vector machine, respectively. In the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system–based model, the temperature values are divided into different groups using subtractive clustering. A hybrid learning scheme is adopted to adjust membership functions so as to learn from the input data. In the particle swarm optimisation support vector machine–based model, particle swarm optimisation is used to optimise the hyperparameters of the established model. Thermal balance experiments are conducted on a large-sized computer numerical control gear grinding machine tool to establish the prediction models. Comparative results show that the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model has higher prediction accuracy (with residual errors within ±2.5 μm in the radial direction and ±3 μm in the axial direction) than the support vector machine model.
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Shi, Xiaojun, Xiao Yang, Gangqing Chen, and Weiku Wang. "Thermal structure design optimization and temperature control for worm gear grinding machine using flood cooling technology." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 108, no. 7-8 (June 2020): 2419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05600-7.
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Fan, Kaiguo. "Research on the machine tool’s temperature spectrum and its application in a gear form grinding machine." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 90, no. 9-12 (November 15, 2016): 3841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9722-x.
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Ji, Jiandu, Rongjing Hong, Fuzhong Sun, and Xiaodiao Huang. "Thermal characteristic analysis of Z-axis guideway based on thermal contact resistance." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 10 (October 2018): 168781401880532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018805321.
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The Z-axis feeding system of large computer numerical control (CNC) gear grinding machine tools generates lots of heat during processing, which leads to tilt and pitch deformation of the Z-axis guideway and reduces the machining accuracy. In view of this situation, a three-dimensional finite element analysis method is proposed to conduct transient thermal-structural coupling analysis of the Z-axis guideway and feeding system. Considering the microscopic contact state on machine tool joint surfaces and using the root mean square measurement method, the fractal parameter is identified and the thermal contact resistance at the joints is calculated. The friction heat on the guideway is calculated and the thermal value of the motor is obtained. Then, the heat generation rate of the bearing and the screw nut is calculated according to the friction torque. The convective heat transfer coefficient is determined according to the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number. The finite element model is established to obtain the finite element simulation results of thermal error. Finally, the experimental platform for measuring the temperature and thermal deformation of the large computer numerical control gear grinding machine tool is set up, and the accuracy and reliability of the method is verified.
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Yi, Jun, Tan Jin, and Zhaohui Deng. "The temperature field study on the three-dimensional surface moving heat source model in involute gear form grinding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 103, no. 5-8 (May 3, 2019): 3097–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03752-9.
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Denkena, B., T. Grove, P. Dzierzawa, and F. L. Kempf. "Kontinuierliches Wälzschleifen*/Continuous gear grinding. Thermal and mechanical loads during continuous gear grinding with cBN grinding tools." wt Werkstattstechnik online 109, no. 06 (2019): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2019-06-75.
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Für die Leistung und die Standzeit der Zahnräder im Getriebe sind die Oberflächen- und Randzoneneigenschaften der Zähne entscheidend. Die Kenntnis der durch den Schleifprozess erzeugten Temperaturen ist von besonderem Interesse, da thermische Schädigungen ein Bauteil für den Einsatz unbrauchbar machen. Die Messung von Temperaturen nahe der Kontaktzone ist aufgrund der gekoppelten Rotation von Werkstück und Schleifwerkzeug aufwendig. Eine werkstückseitige Messung bietet eine einfachere Lösung dafür, die auch die Untersuchung unterschiedlicher Werkzeuge erlaubt. Surface and subsurface properties of the gear teeth are crucial for the performance and service life of gears inside the gear train. The knowledge of temperatures generated by the grinding process is of particular interest, as thermal damage causes the gear to be unusable. The measurement of temperatures near the contact zone in this case is not trivial, due to the coupled rotation of workpiece and grinding tool. A measuring system attached to the workpiece offers a less complicated solution for this, and allows the examination of different tools.
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Molenda, Justyna, Adam Charchalis, and Adam Barylski. "Research on Tool Temperature Dependence on Lapping Grains Size." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.159.
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Commonly used as a finishing operation, lapping has been used for achieving ultra-high finishes and close tolerances between mating pieces. Its carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing a relative motion between them resulting in a finish of multi-directional lay. The grains activity (sliding and rolling) in the working gap causes not only the material removal but also the temperature rise of lap plate. This work presents the results of lapping plate temperature rise research. The investigation has been conducted to check the influence of grains size on. It was made during flat lapping with use of ABRALAP 380 lapping machine and infrared camera Thermo Gear G100. The lapping machine executory system consisted of three working conditioning rings. Plate temperature was measured during ceramic (Al2O3) elements lapping. The elements were valve sealing parts. After grinding they were processing with three abrasive grains sizes: F400/17, F800/6.5 and F1200/3. The abrasive mixture was boron carbide powder mixed with kerosene and machine oil with grain concentration 0.25. Other lapping parameters remained constant during process. The wheel speed was 60 rev/min and lapping pressure 0.04 MPa. In the next step the statistical analysis was conducted. It was analysed if the plate temperature is influenced by the grains size. A hypotheses testing method was use. Results were calculated for temperature rise values measured after 300 minutes of machine working. According to them the influence of abrasive grains size on plate temperature rise is statistically insignificant, what is not consisted with the model.
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Wei, Xian, Feng Gao, Yan Li, and Dongya Zhang. "Thermal Errors Classification Compensation without Sensor for CNC Machine Tools." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (August 16, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5752932.
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Both multicollinearity and utilization deficiency of temperature sensors affect the robustness and the prediction precision of traditional thermal error prediction models. To address the problem, a thermal error prediction model without temperature sensors is proposed. Firstly, the paper analyzes the temperature field and thermal deformation mechanisms of the spindle of a CNC gear grinding machine in accordance with the parameters, efficiencies, and structures of the machine spindle and bearing. A preliminary theoretical model is established on the basis of the mechanism analysis. Secondly, the theoretical model is corrected according to the actual operation parameters of the machine. Thirdly, verification experiments are carried out on machine tools of the same type. It is found that the corrected model has higher precision in predicting thermal errors at the same rotational velocity. The standard deviation and the maximum residual error are reduced by at least 39% and 48% separately. The prediction precision decreases with the increase in prediction range when predicting thermal errors at different rotational velocities. The model has high prediction precision and strong robustness in the case of reasonable prediction range and classified prediction. In a word, prediction precision and robustness of the model without temperature sensors can be effectively ensured by reasonably determining the prediction range and practicing classified prediction and compensation for thermal errors at different rotational velocities. The model established can be applied to machine tools that have difficulties in arranging sensors or those whose sensors are significantly disturbed.
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Yakimov, O., S. Uminsky, N. Klimenko, L. Bovnegra, and Yu Shikhireva. "ENSURING THE QUALITY OF MANUFACTURING GEAR TRANSMISSIONS IN POWER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING." Аграрний вісник Причорномор'я, no. 94 (December 25, 2019): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.21.
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The development of modern power engineering goes along the line of continuous increase of speeds, efficiency and power units. Gears and gearboxes are crucial parts of modern mechanisms and occupy an important place in the domestic power engineering industry. The strength and durability of gears, in addition to design factors, to a large extent depends on the processing techniques. The final stage of manufacturing such wheels is the gear grinding operation. In the process of tooth-grinding, complex and unique thermomechanical processes take place in the thin surface layer. As a result of short-term heating to high temperatures, structural transformations, called prizhogami, occur in such a surface layer, and in some cases even micro and macro-cracks. In addition, there are cases of manufacturing gears with hidden grinding defects (for example, the appearance in the surface layer of teeth of large tensile stresses), which reduces the service life, and in some cases causes the teeth to break under operating conditions. The development of effective measures to ensure the quality of the surface layer during a gear grinding operation largely depends on the ability to predict (or calculate) temperatures and residual stresses along the depth of the cemented tooth layer. A method for calculating the internal residual stresses arising during gear grinding of wheels from cemented steels is proposed. On the basis of the performed calculations and experiments, the ways of improving the quality of manufacturing the working surfaces of gears used in units of thermal and nuclear power plants are proposed and substantiated.
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Molenda, Justyna, and Adam Charchalis. "The Influence of the Temperature of the Elements of the Lapping Machine Executory System on the Results of the Lapping Process." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.871.
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Commonly used as a finishing operation, lapping has been applied for achieving ultra-high finishes and close tolerances between mating pieces. It can be carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing relative motion between them resulting in the finish of a multi-directional lay.The activity of grains (sliding and rolling) in the working gap causes not only the removal of the material but also a rise in the temperature of the lap plate. The authors of this work analyse the influence of the temperature of the elements of the lapping machine executory system on the results of the lapping process stimulated applying ABRALAP 380 lapping machine the executory system of which consisted of three working conditioning rings. The temperature of the elements of the executory system was measured employing Thermo Gear G100 infrared camera. The workpieces were ceramic (Al2O3) valve sealing parts. After grinding, they were being lapped during 15 and 20 minutes. Machining was started following 10, 140, and 270 minutes of the working time of the machine (tp). The abrasive mixture was boron carbide powder with grain number F400/17, mixed with kerosene and machine oil with grain concentration equal to m = 0.25. Two sets of lapping parameters were executed:lapping pressure p = 0.051 MPa, and lapping speed v = 27 m/min;lapping pressure p = 0.03 MPa, and lapping speed v = 38 m/min.The rate of material removal in g and mm and roughness parameters Raand Rkof the surface were analysed.The conducted studies showed that the temperature of the elements of the machine executory system affected only parameter Rawhich is higher for the surfaces that were processed starting from the 270thminute of the working time of the machine. Only a slight increase in the values of parameter Rawas observed. It can be caused by a change in conditions for the process of material removal due to different properties of grain carrier under a higher temperature. Its viscosity decreases with an increase in temperature, which implies direct interactions between the plate and workpiece surface. Normally those two surfaces interact indirectly via abrasive grains. The rest of the tested lapping results were independent of the temperature of the elements of the lapping machine executory system. The values obtained under different temperatures were almost the same.
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Yakimov, Oleksiy, Natalia Klimenko, Kateryna Kirkopulo, Andrey Pavlyshko, Sergyi Uminsky, and Vladyslav Vaysman. "IMPROVING GRINDING OF GEAR WHEELS APPLIED IN GEARBOXES OF POWER ENGINEERING." Cutting & Tools in Technological System, no. 95 (December 26, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-7405.2021.95.06.
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Development of modem power engineering follows the line of continuous increase in speed, coefficient of corrosive action and capacity of units. Gears and reducers are responsible parts of modem machinery and occupy an important place in the domestic power engineering construction. Durability and wear resistance of gears, apart from the design factors, also depends on the technological methods of treatment. The final stage of production of such wheels is the operation of gear grinding. In the process of gear grinding in a thin surface ball there are complex thermomechanical processes. As a result of short-time heating to high temperatures, structural transformations, burns, and in some cases even micro- and macro-thicknesses occur in such a surface bail. In addition, there are cases of making tooth wheels with adjacent defects grinding (for example, the appearance of the surface of the ball teeth of large tensioning forces), which reduces the life of the work, and in some cases causes a breakdown of the teeth in operating conditions. Development of effective measures to ensure the quality of the surface of the ball on the operation of grinding baggage in part depends on the possibility of predicting (or calculation) of temperatures and residual loads on the depth of the cemented teeth ball. The method of calculation of internal surplus Toads occurring during grinding of wheels with cemented steels is suggested. On the basis of the performed calculations and experiments the ways to improve the quality of production of working surfaces of gears, which are used in the wits of thermal and nuclear power plants are suggested and grounded.
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Jin, Tan, Jun Yi, and Ping Li. "Temperature distributions in form grinding of involute gears." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 88, no. 9-12 (June 4, 2016): 2609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8971-z.
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Pang, Zi Rui, Hai Lun Yuan, Jin Wu Xu, and Cheng Ming Wang. "Study on Carburizing and Quenching Cracks of Large Low-Alloy Gears." Advanced Materials Research 266 (June 2011): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.266.110.
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Technology and metallographic of three kinds of representative gears were analyzed in this paper according to characteristics of carburizing and quenching, and technology problems met with during the carburization process of large low-alloy gears in Citic Heavy Industries Co., Ltd were also taken into account. Three conclusions are demonstrated through experimental results. Firstly, although carburization technology is normal, grinding cracks can be caused by hard particles included in matrix. Secondly, if carbon concentration of carburization layer is too high or too steep in carburizing technology, carbide will aggregate in reticular or structural stress will not be average during the subsequent quenching technology. And therefore grinding cracks are caused. Moreover, retained austenite of surface layer and subsurface layer will be over standard and thus grinding cracks will be caused if quenching temperature is too high during quenching technology after carburizing.
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Wegener, Konrad, and Atsushi Matsubara. "Special Issue on Advanced Material Driven Design of Machine Tools." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0261.
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The design of machine tools strongly depends on the materials chosen. Increasing requirements on machine tools require the joint optimization of material and design and thus also drive the development of new materials in this field. Digital technologies finally creating a digital shadow of the machine in development also enable the required co-development taking into consideration dynamic, thermal and long term influences and behavior, enabling state and health monitoring to increase the performance of the machine tool to the maximum possible. The choice of material for the different components of machine tools is today even more difficult than ever. The recent review paper by Möhring et al. [1] sheds light on the vast field of properties and decision opportunities of combining materials at hand with design features. In former times, cast iron was the predominant material for machine bodies and has left its footprints on the design of machine tool bodies lasting still up to now. Because massive machine bodies have been the wealth of good properties, high accuracy, stiffness, good material damping properties have been attributed to cast iron design, then with increasing strength requirements higher strength cast irons came into fashion having much less material damping and finally lead to welded frames. Today requirements of dynamics and thermal behavior change the scene again. The goal is to achieve high productivity with high accuracy, which typically is a contradiction. But increasing dynamics requires distinguishing between moving bodies and their non-moving counterparts, and opens the floor for multimaterial design. For moving parts, which have to move with high dynamics meaning, high speed, high acceleration, high jerk, light weight design prevailed with the utilization of standard materials. Because manufacturability plays a major role, the bionic structures have to be degraded to thin walled rib structures as demonstrated in Fig. 1, while in future additive manufacturing will remove that restriction and enable some real bionic structures. Furthermore material choice has a huge impact on inertia savings which opens the door for CFRP, which becomes especially interesting, when the anisotropy of this material is exploited as shown in Fig. 2. From the manufacturability truss structures then result shown in Fig. 3. For the nonmoving elements, the base body, cast iron, welded steel, polymer cast, and concrete are typical materials chosen. Also aluminium structures are discussed despite the fact that aluminium has only one third of the stiffness of steel, but it offers much better thermal conductivity equalizing temperature differences faster and thus reduces the warp of the structure, which typically causes larger errors than an isotropic thermal expansion. For the choice of materials no generalizable guideline exists. The question which material is the better choice is not answerable in generality, because design follows material, which means that a sound comparison requires completely new design approaches for the different materials, where the difference between metal and polymer concrete or CFRP is really large, offering different potentials. As an example, a design of a fast moving bridge of a gantry machine might be considered. The guiding of a support on this bridge with roller guidings imposes severe problems to the design due to the material mix and different thermal expansion coefficients. Thus the choice of CFRP for the bridge necessarily must be followed up by a decision of the guiding principle, where in this case aerostatic bearings were considered as the most promising possibility. Also the potentials for function integration into the material are of major interest for the material choice, as this is easily possible for low temperature castings like for mineral cast, CFRP, or concrete. This integration of functionalities actually is a fairly new approach and relates again the machine body design to inspiration from biology, as for instance trees or leaves are from the point of view of materials weaker than our technical materials, but have a fine integration of functionalities as transmittance of information and nourriture. Sensor integration opens the field for “feeling machines” also inspired from biology, which enables the machine to detect its embedding environment and react accordingly. Cheap and miniaturized sensors are on the other side the developments that enable this approach of machine design. In the age of compensation, Industrie 4.0 and biological transformation, this functional integration will have a huge impact on material choice. Also in terms of thermal issues in machine tools, the material choice plays a major role, as thermal elongation is a physical property which is influenced by material choice. A much larger influence comes from design as indicated already above. With growing importance of compensation besides sensor integration, especially the thermal linearity and reproducibility are of crucial importance, which makes multi material design a non-trivial design task. The discussion on the superiority of thermally fast reacting machines or thermally slow reacting machines has not come to an end yet. Problematic are machines composed of components that react fast and those that react slow. A major step in that direction is the discovery of thermal resonances in [5], which shows that temperature change frequencies can depending on the machine design lead to higher or lower thermal displacements of the TCP and therefore need to be taken into account in the design phase and are significantly influenced by the choice of materials. Restrictions and influences are also coming from the process a machine tool has to enable. The material choice must take into account the influence of different media as for instance the metal working fluids as well as the debris like hot chips etc. The aforementioned discussion is mainly a discussion of main structural parts of machine tools. It must be pointed out that a machine tool is more than the sum of its structural elements, as also covers, which typically get forgotten in all academic discussion of behaviors of machine tools, but are significant for the influence of the environment on the machine tool. Also here the material choice plays a major role. Finally material choice to a large extent decides on the costs of a machine tool, but due to the huge amount of influence factors a sound fact based decision requires a nearly full design elaboration of various material choices and the summation of costs at the end of this process. This special issue with its various individual papers elucidates different aspects of the influence of materials on the design of machine tools without being capable of offering clear rules for material choice. ===danraku===1) Isolating material to exclude environmental influences on machine tools is proposed. ===danraku===2) A new guiding system with rollers and sliding guidings is proposed and the different materials for the sliding part are investigated. ===danraku===3) Gears from bamboo fibres are proposed and the manufacturability as well as their performance are discussed. The gears offer great advantages from the environmental point of view. ===danraku===4) CFRP for spindle shafts is evaluated and CFRP spindles are compared with steel spindles within the same geometric boundary conditions. The performance increase in compliance and thermal stability is significant. ===danraku===5) A topological optimization of a grinding machine tool structure is presented and showed drastically increased performance. The difficulty to transfer it to a mass producible machine tool structure is pointed out. ===danraku===6) A design of a CFRP ram for a high speed stamping press is presented and testing procedures to ensure the ability of the ram to withstand billions of impacts are designed and carried out. ===danraku===7) CFRP can beneficially applied for the cutting tool structure and besides enhancing dynamics in terms of mass and damping the material also is a valuable basis for smart tools. There are good arguments for each of the materials, which cover the whole scope of machine tool functionality: manufacturability, stiffness, strength, specific mass, thermal properties, function integrability, reproducibility, availability, environmental friendliness, and costs.
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Lishchenko, N. "PROFILE GEAR GRINDING TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION." Transactions of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, February 28, 2018, 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/1995-0519.2018.1.100-108.
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Guerrini, Giacomo, Adrian H. A. Lutey, Shreyes N. Melkote, Alessandro Ascari, and Alessandro Fortunato. "Dry Generating Gear Grinding: Hierarchical Two-Step Finite Element Model for Process Optimization." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 141, no. 6 (April 12, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4043309.
Full textAbstract:
Recent developments in the automotive industry have led to more stringent requirements for transmission gear quality. This aspect, combined with a massive increase in the number of gears produced per year, has seen generating grinding become the finishing method of choice for mass production of gears. Due to the intrinsic nature of grinding, this process remains the only manufacturing phase that still requires the widespread use of lubricant. With the aim of improving the environmental sustainability of this process chain, recent attempts at performing dry grinding without lubricant have highlighted the critical aspect of thermal damage produced under these conditions. In the present work, a two-step finite element modeling approach is presented for predicting thermal damage during dry generating gear grinding. Grinding forces and thermal energy generated by the interaction of a single grain with the workpiece are first calculated based on real grain geometry acquired via computed tomography. Results of this single-grain model are then applied at a gear tooth level together with process kinematics to determine the temperature distribution during dry generating grinding. Single-grain and generating grinding tests are performed to verify the predicted onset of thermal damage and the ability to optimize process parameters using the proposed hierarchical modeling approach.
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Sagraloff, Nadine, Thomas Tobie, and Karsten Stahl. "Suitability of the test results of micropitting tests acc. to FVA 54/7 for modern practical gear applications." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen, July 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10010-021-00508-4.
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AbstractA high load carrying capacity regarding micropitting is requested in many modern gear applications.The lubricant used has a great influence on the micropitting resistance of a gear-lubricant-system. As a result, it is highly recommended that a lubricant with a sufficient micropitting load-carrying capacity be used to avoid micropitting. Lubricants usually contain additives, which also have a strong effect on micropitting load-carrying capacity depending on operating temperature. As a result, the load-carrying capacity of gear lubricants cannot be determined theoretically and has to be determined by physical testing.A well-established test procedure to determine load-carrying capacity with regard to micropitting is the FVA/FZG-micropitting test according to FVA 54/7, which is also the basis of the recently published standard DIN 3990-16. This test method was defined about 30 years ago with standardized test gears, which differ from gears commonly used in modern applications. Therefore, the practicability of the test method needs to be reviewed and the suitability of the test results for modern practical gear applications needs to be verified.For this purpose, screening tests were conducted with case-hardened gears of materials 16MnCr5 and 18CrNiMo7‑6 to investigate the influence of the material on the results of the micropitting test. Additionally, the influence of test gears designed under consideration of practical applications on the test results was comprehensively examined. For this purpose, the micro-geometry (flank modifications), macro-geometry (helical gears) and grinding method (profile grinding) were altered.The results show that the results of the micropitting test according to FVA 54/7 with standard test gears made of 16MnCr5 can be applied to gears with the material, micro- and macro-geometry as well as grinding methods used commonly in practical applications. This paper presents and summarizes the results of these experimental investigations.
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"Construction and Analysis of Grinding Temperature Model for Gear Processed by Form Grinding Technology." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 58, no. 3 (2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2022.03.295.
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Su, JianXin, YanZhen Zhang, and XiaoZhong Deng. "Analysis and experimental study of cycloid gear form grinding temperature field." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, August 18, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05832-7.
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Guo, Hui, Xuyang Wang, Ning Zhao, Bibo Fu, and Li Liu. "Simulation analysis and experiment of instantaneous temperature field for grinding face gear with a grinding worm." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, March 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09036-z.
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YANG, Shuying, Weifang CHEN, Su NONG, Lei DONG, and Houyun YU. "Temperature Field Modelling in the Form Grinding of Involute Gear Based on High-Order Function Moving Heat Source." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4022998.
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Qi, Junde, Bing Chen, and Dinghua Zhang. "A calibration method for enhancing robot accuracy through integration of kinematic model and spatial interpolation algorithm." Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, May 4, 2021, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4051061.
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Abstract Industrial robots are finding their niche in the field of machining due to their advantages of high flexibility, good versatility and low cost. However, limited by the low absolute positioning accuracy, there are still huge obstacles in high precision machining processes such as grinding. Aiming at this problem, a compensation method combining analytical modeling for quantitative errors with spatial interpolation algorithm for random errors is proposed based on the full consideration of the source and characteristics of positioning errors. Firstly, as for the quantitative errors, namely geometric parameter and compliance error in this paper, a kinematics-based error model is constructed taking the coupling effect of errors into consideration. Then avoiding the impact of random errors, the extended Kalman filtering algorithm (EKF) is adopted to identify the error parameters. Secondly, based on the similarity principle of spatial error, spatial interpolation algorithm is used to model the residual error caused by temperature, gear clearance etc. Based on the spatial anisotropy characteristics of robot motion performance, an adaptive mesh division algorithm was proposed to balance the accuracy and efficiency of mesh division. Then, an inverse distance weighted interpolation algorithm considering the influence degree of different joints on the end position was established to improve the approximation accuracy of residual error. Finally, the rough-fine two-stage serial error compensation method was carried out. Experimental results show the mean absolute positioning accuracy is improved from 1.165 mm to 0.106 mm, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the method in this paper.